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Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Edited by Suren(dra) Nath Kulshreshtha and Elaine E. Wheaton Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Sustainability www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Special Issue Editors Suren(dra) Nath Kulshreshtha Elaine E. Wheaton MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Suren(dra) Nath Kulshreshtha University of Saskatchewan Canada Elaine E. Wheaton University of Saskatchewan Canada Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050) in 2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability/ special issues/agricultural climate change). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-725-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-726-1 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... v Preface to ”Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change” ...................... vii Hugo Herrera Resilience for Whom? The Problem Structuring Process of the Resilience Analysis doi:10.3390/su9071196 ......................................... 1 Elaine Wheaton and Suren Kulshreshtha Environmental Sustainability of Agriculture Stressed by Changing Extremes of Drought and Excess Moisture: A Conceptual Review doi:10.3390/su9060970 ......................................... 18 Pamela Berry, Fuad Yassin, Kenneth Belcher and Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt An Economic Assessment of Local Farm Multi-Purpose Surface Water Retention Systems under Future Climate Uncertainty doi:10.3390/su9030456 ......................................... 32 Anita Lazurko and Henry David Venema Financing High Performance Climate Adaptation in Agriculture: Climate Bonds for Multi- Functional Water Harvesting Infrastructure on the Canadian Prairies doi:10.3390/su9071237 ......................................... 54 Wenling Gao and Xinmin Bian Evaluation of the Agronomic Impacts on Yield-Scaled N2O Emission from Wheat and Maize Fields in China doi:10.3390/su9071201 ......................................... 73 Yu Ye, Xueqiong Wei, Xiuqi Fang and Yikai Li Social Vulnerability Assessment by Mapping Population Density and Pressure on Cropland in Shandong Province in China during the 17th–20th Century doi:10.3390/su9071171 ......................................... 88 Dan Wang, Guangyong Li, Yan Mo, Mingkun Cai and Xinyang Bian Effect of Planting Date on Accumulated Temperature and Maize Growth under Mulched Drip Irrigation in a Middle-Latitude Area with Frequent Chilling Injury doi:10.3390/su9091500 .........................................102 Tianyi Zhang, Jinxia Wang and Yishu Teng Adaptive Effectiveness of Irrigated Area Expansion in Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yields in Northern China doi:10.3390/su9050851 .........................................118 Chul-Hee Lim, Seung Hee Kim, Yuyoung Choi, Menas C. Kafatos and Woo-Kyun Lee Estimation of the Virtual Water Content of Main Crops on the Korean Peninsula Using Multiple Regional Climate Models and Evapotranspiration Methods doi:10.3390/su9071172 .........................................132 iii Lisandro Roco, Boris Bravo-Ureta, Alejandra Engler and Roberto Jara-Rojas The Impact of Climatic Change Adaptation on Agricultural Productivity in Central Chile: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach doi:10.3390/su9091648 .........................................149 Heitor Lu´ıs Costa Coutinho, Ana Paula Dias Turetta, Joyce Maria Guimar˜aes Monteiro, Selma Sim˜oes de Castro and Jos´e Paulo Pietrafesa Participatory Sustainability Assessment for Sugarcane Expansion in Goias,´ Brazil doi:10.3390/su9091573 .........................................165 Drake N. Mubiru, Jalia Namakula, James Lwasa, Godfrey A. Otim, Joselyn Kashagama, Milly Nakafeero, William Nanyeenya and Mark S. Coyne Conservation Farming and Changing Climate: More Beneficial than Conventional Methods for Degraded Ugandan Soils doi:10.3390/su9071084 .........................................180 Rebecca F. Graham, Sam E. Wortman and Cameron M. Pittelkow Comparison of Organic and Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies for Reducing Soil N2O Emissions doi:10.3390/su9040510 .........................................194 Honest Machekano, Brighton M. Mvumi and Casper Nyamukondiwa Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Southern Africa: Research Trends, Challenges and Insights on Sustainable Management Options doi:10.3390/su9020091 .........................................208 iv About the Special Issue Editors Suren(dra) Nath Kulshreshtha is a Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Saskatchewan. He received his earlier degrees from Agra University, India, and a Ph.D. in agricultural economics from the University of Manitoba. He has taught quantitative methods, and project evaluation, where the incorporation of environmental considerations is a major focus. His research has focused on resource economics and economics of climate change. He has served various professional societies in capacities such as Editor of the Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Associate Editor of the Canadian Water Resources Journal, and a Regional Editor of the journal Impact Assessment. He has participated in several oversees projects in Indonesia, Zambia and India through the Canadian International Development Agency. He has over 600 publications to his credit, with over 150 refereed journal articles. In 2004, based on his contributions, the Canadian Society of Agricultural Economics selected him as a Fellow of the Society. Elaine E. Wheaton is an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Geography and Planning and the School of Environment and Sustainability, and Emeritus Researcher at Saskatchewan Research Council. She has considerable research experience in the areas of climate change, impacts, adaptations, hazards, risks and vulnerability assessment. Specific sectors of expertise include agriculture, water, health and risk assessment. She has international research experience in several countries, including those in South and Central America, Asia, and Europe. Her awards include the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize certificate for substantial contributions to the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Wolbeer Award for contributions to water resources research, Emeritus Researcher and Distinguished Scientist appointments at the Saskatchewan Research Council, and the YWCA Science and Technology award. She is widely published in refereed science journals and the author of the award-winning book, But Its a Dry Cold! Weathering the Canadian Prairies. v Preface to ”Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change” Globally, our food system is not sustainable, does not provide adequate nutrition to everyone on the planet and, at the same time, changes to our climate threaten the future of farming as we know it (a quote from Achieving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change, final report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, 2012). Agriculture is both part of the problem and part of the solution to climate change. With our great pleasure, we present this book based on articles published in the Special Issue of Sustainability—Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. International research, including the work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has stated that climate change is a reality. Most parts of the world are vulnerable to the impacts of global warming expected under these conditions, as confirmed by international research. Climate change therefore has a strong connection with the sustainability of agriculture, and perhaps of the entire global economic system. This aspect of the relationship between climate change and sustainable agriculture is investigated in this book. Producers facing climate change have the option of adapting to the changed conditions as well partnering in reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reducing the damage inflicted by current and future climate change. This book explores both of these topics. Resilience is an important feature of sustainability and is addressed by Herrera in Chapter 1. Having resilience is a key characteristic of any production system. Although global warming would affect agriculture in different parts of the world differently, a major part of these impacts would be created through increased frequency of extreme events. These events may be observed in the form of changes in extreme cold or heat, or in terms of precipitation—droughts and floods. Under climate change, the frequencies of such events would increase, as well as their intensities and durations. More droughts, for example, would be back-to-back or
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