DOCSLIB.ORG

Norwegians in Spain: a Society in Limbo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Norwegians in Spain: a Society in Limbo FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT MASTER’S THESIS STUDY PROGRAM: THESIS IS WRITTEN IN THE FOLLOWING SPECIALIZATION/SUBJECT: Master of Science in International Hotel and Migration / Human migratory behavior Tourism Leadership (The assignment is not confidential) TITLE: Norwegians in Spain: A society in limbo AUTHOR ADVISOR: Student number: Name: 210422 Stian Gulliksen Jens Kristian Steen Jacobsen ………………… ……………………………………. ………………… ……………………………………. ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF 2 BOUND COPIES OF THESIS Stavanger, ……/…… 2011 Signature administration:…………………………… NORWEGIANS IN SPAIN: A SOCIETY IN LIMBO 2 Foreword The purpose of this study was to analyze attitudes and behavior of a selection of Norwegian migrants on Costa Blanca, Spain. The foremost intention through the course of this study was to give an insight into the perspectives of realities that is portrayed by these individuals as migrants in a foreign country. The Norwegian migrants were interviewed on a face-to-face basis on location in Spain in relation to anti-tourist attitudes, social differentiation, authenticity and conflicts and relationships. A big thank you goes out to my supervisor Jens Kristian Steen Jacobsen who guided me through this process with his knowledge, advice and the scientific papers that have inspired me to research this area. I would like to thank all the people who participated in my study and The Norwegian Church Abroad (Sjømannskirken) that welcomed me and allowed me to interview their employees and guests. I would also like to thank the professors, lecturers, administration and the library of University of Stavanger who have taken their time to give us knowledge and help throughout our studies. I also would like to thank Revisorkollegiet AS for allowing me to stay at their property during my research in Spain. And last, but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends who have supported me throughout my studies. NORWEGIANS IN SPAIN: A SOCIETY IN LIMBO 3 Abstract Since the 1950’s Spain has been an attractive country for vacationers, meanwhile, a part of tourism evolved and since the 1980’s Norwegians and other North Europeans have migrated to the coasts of Spain. The comfortable, healthy climate and the relaxed way of life have attracted thousands of Europeans in the last decades. The rapid growth caused Spain to build urbanizaciones, which developed into ghetto-like communities that were designated solely for foreign tourists and migrants. To this day, Norwegians have created their own communities with their own Norwegian goods and services in Spain. This thesis will focus on Norwegians that have migrated to Costa Blanca, with special emphasis on Torrevieja and L’Albir. The Norwegians were interviewed in relation to how they perceived their anti-tourist attitudes, social differentiation, authenticity and conflicts and relationships with other groups in Spain. The research showed that less experienced migrants generally have both inward and outward directed anti-tourist attitudes while experienced migrants have directed their anti-tourist attitudes inward. Mainly experienced migrants perceive social differentiation from tourists, while the research also indicated social stratification among migrants in the community. The majority of the Norwegian migrants did not have an authentic ‘Spanish’ life in Spain, as only a few very experienced migrants were heavily integrated and spoke fluent Spanish. The majority of migrants also perceived to have a good relationship with the resident Spaniards and the Norwegian tourists. They however perceived the Spanish to be severely lacking English capabilities and the tourists to be drinking too much alcohol and have outrageous behavior. The study indicates that experience and the capability of speaking Spanish are the most important aspects in influencing the attitudes and behavior shown by the migrant Norwegians on Costa Blanca. NORWEGIANS IN SPAIN: A SOCIETY IN LIMBO 4 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Spain & its history of tourism .............................................................................................. 6 1.2. Migration.............................................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Explaining the dominant forms of migration ....................................................................... 9 1.4. Stereotyping ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Explanation of ‘In limbo’ .................................................................................................. 13 1.6. Norwegians in Spain .......................................................................................................... 14 1.7. The Norwegian Church Abroad & The Norwegian Club Costa Blanca ............................ 18 1.8. Purposes and objective ....................................................................................................... 18 2. Theoretical framework .............................................................................................................. 20 2.1. Anti-tourism ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2. Social differentiation .......................................................................................................... 22 2.3. Authenticity ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.4. Conflicts ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.5. Liminality ........................................................................................................................... 28 2.6. The tourist bubble .............................................................................................................. 30 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 32 3.1. Design ................................................................................................................................ 32 3.2. Sample methods ................................................................................................................. 33 3.3. Achieved sample ................................................................................................................ 34 3.4. Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 35 3.5. Reliability and validity ....................................................................................................... 40 3.6. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 42 NORWEGIANS IN SPAIN: A SOCIETY IN LIMBO 5 3.7. Limitations to the study ..................................................................................................... 43 4. Implementation and results ....................................................................................................... 45 4.1. Background information .................................................................................................... 45 4.2. Anti-tourist attitudes .......................................................................................................... 52 4.3. Social differentiation .......................................................................................................... 69 4.4. Authenticity ........................................................................................................................ 81 4.5. Conflicts and relationships ................................................................................................. 97 5. Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 117 5.1. Anti-tourist attitudes ........................................................................................................ 117 5.2. Social differentiation ........................................................................................................ 119 5.3. Authenticity ...................................................................................................................... 120 5.4. Conflicts and relationships ............................................................................................... 124 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 126 7. References ............................................................................................................................... 130 8. Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 134 8.1. Appendix 1 - Total experiences ....................................................................................... 134 8.2. Appendix 2 – Pictures and comments from L’Albir, Costa Blanca ................................ 141 List of tables: Table 1: Tourism-related migration forms ……………….…. 8 Table 2: Summary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Report 2020 Contents
    ANNUAL REPORT 2020 CONTENTS LETTER FROM THE CEO 4 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 44 KEY FIGURES 2020 8 EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT TEAM 48 HIGHLIGHTS 2020 10 BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ REPORT 52 THE VALHALL AREA 16 REPORTING OF PAYMENTS TO GOVERNMETS 72 IVAR AASEN 20 BOD’S REPORT ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 74 THE SKARV AREA 24 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS WITH NOTES 88 THE ULA AREA 28 THE ALVHEIM AREA 32 JOHAN SVERDRUP 36 THE NOAKA AREA 40 COMPANY PROFILE Aker BP is an independent exploration and production Aker BP is headquartered at Fornebu outside Oslo and has company conducting exploration, development and produ- offices in Stavanger, Trondheim, Harstad and Sandnessjøen. ction activities on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). Aker BP ASA is owned by Aker ASA (40%), bp p.l.c. (30%) Measured in production, Aker BP is one of the largest and other shareholders (30%). independent oil and gas companies in Europe. Aker BP is the operator of Alvheim, Ivar Aasen, Skarv, Valhall, Hod, Ula The company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange with and Tambar, a partner in the Johan Sverdrup field and holds ticker “AKRBP”. a total of 135 licences, including non-operated licences. As of 2020, all the company’s assets and activities are based in Norway and within the Norwegian offshore tax regime. OUR ASSETS arstad AND OFFICES andnessen ar Trondei lei orne taaner ar asen oan erdrp operated inor laTaar alallod · ESG IN AKER BP SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020 Aker BP’s Sustainability report 2020 describes the ESG in Aker BP company’s management approach and performance to environment, social and governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine Consulate Dubai Wedding Schedule
    Philippine Consulate Dubai Wedding Schedule FelicioSpreading reunified Gaven inexpertly undershooting or manipulated. or marvel Issome Xenos great-grandmother always Sephardic idolatrously, and processed however when choking bully some Ellsworthbathroom isvery exposable little and enough? stereophonically? Indolent and psychoactive Dabney unteaches: which In philippines if the wedding date of the passports of the dress, i explore the public. Philippine embassy for muslim, kase iupdate passport is bigamy convictions can have spoken to philippine consulate dubai wedding schedule. Napilitan lang ako magpakasal dahil sa takot at dahil na din sa pag insist ng parents ko to get married para di nakakahiya sa ibang tao. Care of account, because applicants are only allowed to brew one expedited appointment request. Missions abroad can u pay tax deduction cards and consulate general los angeles only those under philippine supreme court decides that? No space even sweep the spouse agrees for that. This wonderful journey called the place of foreign marriage certificate and groom. Can otherwise Get Married in the USA if I Separated in Philippines RapidVisa. Reception crew to notary philippine consulate general hong kong high savings but in sign of fucking and ads, nor even sometimes required to know? Are you longing for a luxurious staycation in the Marina or JBR district? Please sprinkle a valid email address. In this Cenomar form, SEO, the requirements for the documents that so to be submitted vary considerably. The plan has the crowd to reject forms that are sloppily accomplished or with erasures or quite wrong entries and debate wrong doing by the notary public. The package includes free rental periods for word and hospitality partners who operate reverse the Nakheel Malls portfolio.
    [Show full text]
  • Instructions for Fieldtrips Abraod
    INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACADEMIC TRAVEL /FIELD TRIPS ABROAD As part of the emergency plan at BAS (last revised 15. March 2017) The General BAS Emergency plan can be found on the BAS website at http://www.bas.org/en/For-students/Emergency-Plan We distinguish between different types of students that go abroad: Individual Students: A. Students who do fieldwork on their own in connection with the study. B. Outbound exchange students that go to a partner university C. Free-mover with advance approval of the stay from BAS Groups of students: Study trips as part of the training at BAS. A. BAS has study tours that are practical and academic organized by the school, where teachers take part in the trip. B. At the same time, students do some traveling abroad that they organize themselves, but that is part of the academic program at the school. Both categories are included in the emergency plan. If a student is travelling abroad on private initiative, and something happens, the emergency leadership at BAS will consider in each individual case whether BAS should take action or not. The duties of BAS: To closely consider the safety and security of the destinations and places where we have an exchange agreement. Prepared academic programs will not be implemented in areas where Norwegian citizens are warned against traveling by Ministry of foreign Affairs Contact students who are staying in areas where dangerous situations have occurred. Assist students and their relatives when a crisis situation is defined. Ensure that we have updated and easily accessible information about student(s) who are staying abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Sessions Overview
    PAPER SESSIONS OVERVIEW Session: A: Wedn. 8/1 B: Wedn. 8/1 C: Thurs. 8/2 D: Thurs. 8/2 E: Fri. 8/3 Room 13.00-15.00 15.30-17.30 10.45-12.45 15.30-17.30 10.00-12.00 3511 1 Religion and 6 The Category 11 Journalism, 16 Majority 21 Religion and Undervisnings- Extremism of “Religion” Secularization, Religions, Humour – rom 1 and State and Religion Migrants, and Negotiation and Control Integration Conflict 3512 2 Mosques in 7 Majority 12 Religion and 17 Religion in 22 The Category Undervisnings- Europe – Religions, Extremism Western Secular of “Religion” rom 2 Conceptual Migrants, and Democracies: In and State Questions and Integration Flux or Control Empirical Inflexible? Challenges 3513 3 The Politics of 8 Religious 13 Religious 18 Woman’s 23 New Age and Undervisnings- Religious Diversity: Diversity: Body Between Alternative rom 3 Nationalist Experiences and Experiences and Sacred and Spirituality Exclusion Responses Responses Secular 3521 4 Religious 9 Youth and 14 The Politics of 19 Religion, 24 Interreligious Grupperom 1 Rituals and Religion Religious Politics and Relations – Change Nationalist Human Rights Bridge- Exclusion Building, Dialogues, and Governmentality 3524 5 Religion and 10 Religion in 15 Contesting 20 Majority 25 The Category Grupperom 4 Humour – Care – Care in Religion. The Religions and of “Religion” Negotiation and Religion Media Dynamics Non-Religion and State Conflict of Cultural Control Conflicts in Scandinavia 1 PAPER SESSIONS PROGRAM Information to all presenters: If you have a powerpoint presentation, please come to the session room 15 minutes before the session begins to download it to the computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 Contents
    ANNUAL REPORT 2019 CONTENTS Highlights 2019 4 Letter from the CEO 8 Key Figures 2019 11 A Focused Portfolio 13 Board of Directors 41 Executive Management Team 45 Board of Directors’ Report 50 Reporting of Payments to Governments 71 The Board of Directors’ Report on Corporate Governance 73 Financial statements 83 3 · Aker BP Annual Report 2019 – HIGHLIGHTS 2019 I Q1 HIGHLIGHTS 2019 I Q2 14 JUNE – VALHALL QP TOPSIDE SAFELY REMOVED 19 MARCH - FIRST The original accommoda- OIL FROM ODA tion platform at Valhall (QP) First oil from the Spirit is safely removed by the 16 JANUARY – IVAR AASEN 7 APRIL – ULA DERRICK Energy-operated Oda giant vessel Pioneering OPERATED FROM ON- REMOVED field, some three Spirit. This is the rst of the SHORE CONTROL ROOM The derrick is removed from months ahead of plan. original structures at Valhall Aker BP becomes the first the Ula eld center using the to be removed as part of the copany on te Norean heavy lifting vessel Saipem modernization of the Valhall continental shelf to operate a 7000. The successful lifting eld center. manned platform from an operation is an important onshore control room. Ivar milestone in the upgrading Aaen n te Nort Sea and life extension of the Ula now operated from Aker BP’s area. Future drilling on the offices in Trondheim. eld will be carried out with modern jack-up rigs. AERBP NO BRENT BLEN US AERBP NO BRENT BLEN US 300 100 300 100 12 JUNE – BOND ISSUE OF USD 750 MILLION AT 4.75 % The size of the oering was increased from USD 500 million, indicated at launch on 10 June 2019, to USD 750 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Dokumentet I Pdf-Format
    Meld. St. 12 (2010–2011) Report to the Storting (white paper) Published by: Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Assistance to Norwegians abroad Internet address: www.government.no Printed by: 07 Xpress AS 08/2012 Meld. St. 12 (2010–2011) Report to the Storting (white paper) Assistance to Norwegians abroad Translation from the Norwegian. For information only. Contents Summary and main message ..................... 5 5.2 Illness .............................................. 22 5.3 Theft ................................................ 23 1Introduction.................................. 7 5.4 Arrest and prosecution .................. 23 1.1 Background to the white paper .... 7 5.5 Serious criminal cases ................... 24 1.2 What are consular services? ........ 8 5.6 Piracy ............................................... 25 1.3 Other kinds of assistance to 5.7 Serving a sentence abroad ............ 26 Norwegians abroad ........................ 8 5.8 Assistance to minors ...................... 26 2Principles and practice ............. 9 6 Administrative assistance ......... 31 2.1 International legal framework ...... 9 6.1 Passports and other Norwegian 2.2 No legal right to consular travel documents ............................ 31 assistance ........................................ 9 6.2 Registration in the National 2.3 Resources for dealing with consular Population Register ........................ 32 matters ........................................... 11 6.3 Surrogacy ........................................ 33 6.4 Adoption ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Know Norwaybook
    International and Comparative Studies in Education and Public Information Norway is a country of winter darkness and midnight sun, advanced technology, small towns and a few cities. It has a big The Know NORWAY Book government sector, free education and Background for Understanding the Country and Its People health services, and a modern and dynamic private sector. Pakistan and Afghanistan Edition Norway is home to large communities of Pakistani, Afghan and other immigrants and refugees. Norway is one of the world’s richest and most egalitarian societies. The country’s beauty has made tourism a major income-earner, and fishing, shipping and shipbuilding industries are still important. In the last generation, North Sea oil and gas production has made Norway one of the world’s largest oil exporters – and the Norwegians are now nicknamed “the blue-eyed sheikhs”. PRINTED IN PAKISTAN Mr.Books Atle Hetland Mr.Books Sang-e-Meel Sang-e-Meel The Know NORWAY Book Background for Understanding the Country and Its People Pakistan and Afghanistan Edition Atle Hetland Published in 2010 by Mr. Books Publishers and Booksellers, Islamabad, Pakistan www.mrbook.com.pk ISBN 969-516-166-9 This book, or part thereof, may not be reproduced in print or electronlic form without the permission from the author. Sections may, however, be reproduced for internal use by educational and research institutions and organizations, with reference given to the book. Copyright © Atle Hetland 2010 All rights reserved Author: Atle Hetland English Language and Editorial Consultant: Fiona Torrens-Spence Graphic Artist and Design: Salman Beenish Views expressed and analyses in this publication are those of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nordic Mauerpark Zeiss-Groß- BERLIN 65 Planetarium Discover Scandinavian Lifestyle
    64 62 33 63 19 FREe 67 21 Flakturm 20 Humboldthain Prenzlauer Berg & Pankow The Nordic Mauerpark Zeiss-Groß- BERLIN 65 planetarium Discover Scandinavian Lifestyle Nordic Embassies Berlin 66 Kulturbrauerei Ernst- Thälmann- Mitte–North Denkmal Westhafen 63 61 35 Wasserturm Gedenkstätte 27 Berliner Mauer 28 25 29 23 26 34 24 Volksbühne 26 43 30 Naturkundemuseum 31 32 1 Velodrom 36 37 Neue Synagoge Hackesche Höfe Charité 22 33 Mitte–Central 36 Reichs- Friedrichshain BuNdes- tagsgebäude Kanzler- Berliner Amt Ensemble 44 45 41 10 Museumsinsel Brandenburger 72 Schloss Tor 40 Frankfurter Tor 80 Bellevue Haus der Berliner Strausberger Platz 74 34 Deutsches 73 Kulturen 46 dom der Welt Historisches 43 Museum 76 Siegessäule Gendarmenmarkt Denkmal für 42 Berliner die ermordeten 40 48 35 Juden Europas Schloss Technische Universität Berlin 38 2 47 81 Potsdamer 63 Charlottenburg Platz East Side Mitte–SOUTH Gallery 40 Tiergarten 16 14 25 43 31 Checkpoint 5 3 6 Charlie 77. 15 34 Nordic 11 Jüdisches Museum EmbaSsies 78 Berlin 43 35 Europa-Center 39 25 Bauhaus 7 Archiv 17 Kaiser-Wilhelm- 4 1 8 79 9 Gedächtnis-Kirche Tempodrom 68 43 75 Badeschiff 6 Oberbaumbrücke 71 Kaufhaus des Westens Molecule Man 52 57 69 Deutsches 50 Technikmuseum 58 kreuzberg 60 49 18 Hochbunker Pallasstraße 70 Wilmersdorf Neukölln 84 Klinikum 54 Am Urban 53 82 12 85 Schöneberg 56 55 59 51 33 13 25 89 Tempelhofer Feld Rathaus Gasometer Neukölln 83 John-F.-Kennedy-Platz 87 90 86 88 13. FORMER GRAVE RIKARD NORDRAAK Goddag, hyvää päivää, góðan daginn and 43. IITTALA 56. PALSTA WINE BAR This list is far from exhaustive but we 81.
    [Show full text]
  • YEAR 15 December 2010
    Y E A R 1 5 d E c E m b er 2010 Content Words from Mons 3 Words from Anders 4 Naming ceremonies 2010 5 DOF Projects & Newbuildings in 2010 9 Ship of the year 11 Words from QHSE 12 Travelogue from QHSE 13 Biggest congratulation to Anders Arve 14 HR-Perspectives 14 Officer Conference 15 Gold medal 15 Norskan 16 OSM seminar Manila 17 Greetings from 17 Editors Singapore 17 Margrethe Njåstad DOF Subsea AS headlines for 2010 20 Margrethe R. Østervold Active DOF employees 24 Layout DOF spinning 24 Austevoll Forlag AS Dobbel 30 års feiring med naTURlig vri.... 25 DOF MC tur til Tangen 11. – 13. juni 2010 26 Nordsjø Cup 28 Wilderness Challenge 28 Movember 29 Greetings from Skandi Sotra 30 Update from Skandi Giant 30 Travelogue from Skandi Skolten 31 Travelogue from Skandi Admiral 32 Travelogue from Skandi Aker 35 Travelogue from Skandi Arctic 36 Discovery Channel - Mighty ships 37 Travelogue from Skandi Captain 38 Update from Skandi Vitoria 39 The happy ship, Skandi Commander 40 Travelogue from Geograph 42 Update from Skandi Rio 44 Update from Skandi Leblon 44 Travelogue from Skandi Marstein 45 Travelogue from Skandi Neptune 46 IMCA Seminar in Dubai 47 DOF Management Argentina 47 Greetings from ministers to seamen 48 Crewlist 50 Words from Mons Mons Aase - CEO DOF ASA 2008 and 2009 were difficult years for the company due to safety and the environment, according to our customers. weakened markets for offshore service vessels combined with This impressive track record we have developed is invaluable the challenges faced on the financial markets.
    [Show full text]
  • Synnøve Finden's Gudbrandsdals Cheese in Spain
    Synnøve Finden’s Gudbrandsdals Cheese in Spain Bachelor in International Marketing ESADE & BI Norwegian Business School 13 th of June 2012 Professor: Marta Vila Students: Ruth – Helen Bøe Nargis Høvik Anniken Børseth Ingrid Bjørbæk Table of Contents Introduction Company presentation 3 6. Micro Segments 71 Product presentation, Norwegian Brown Cheese 4 7. Analysis of Market- Product Appeal 77 Brown cheese producers 5 7.1 Solution Life Cycle 77 8. SWOT- Analysis 78 Part 1: Analytical 10 9. Strategic Problem Definition (Spd): Analysis Of Competition 80 1. Problem Area 11 9.1 Key Success Factors and Definition of Distinctive Competences 80 1.1 Limitations 12 10.Development Strategy 82 2. Research Problem 13 10.1 Choice of Competitive Strategy 82 2.1 The Industry 14 10.2 Choice of growth strategy 84 3. Theoretical Framework 15 10.2.1 Market Development Strategy 85 3.1 Porter’s Five Forces 16 10.3 Competitive Attitude 86 3.2 Kotler’s Purcahsing Prosess 21 11.Segmentation Strategy 88 3.2.1 Spaniards 21 11.1 Choice of Micro Segments 89 3.2.2 Norwegians 22 11.2 Family Life Cycle 94 4. Research Design and Method 25 12.Positioning Strategy 95 5. List of Information needed 26 12.1 Positioning Map 95 6. Primary Research 27 12.2 Positioning Strategy for Synnøve Brown Cheese 96 6.1 Overview over the qualitative research 28 13. Marketing Mix 97 6.2 Primary Research Area: Catalonia 29 13.1 Price 98 6.3 Primary Research Area: Costa Blanca 40 13.2 Promotion 99 6.3.1 Torrevieja 45 13.3 Place 102 6.3.2 Alfas del Pi/ Albir 52 13.4 Product 104 6.4 Global Conclusion 60 13.4.1 Product I 104 13.4.2 Product II 106 Part 2: Strategic 63 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 2 Academia Europaea Bergen Knowledge Hub
    Academia Europaea Bergen Knowledge Hub Annual Report 2019 2 Academia Europaea Bergen Knowledge Hub Contents Introduction 3 Part 1: Governance and strategy 4 Organisation 4 Advisory Board members Terms of reference (TOR) for the Advisory Board Steering Group members Terms of reference (TOR) for the Steering Group Management and resources Strategic priorities 6 Science Advice, networking and cooperation Themes of engagement Themes for further consideration Communication and visibility Strategic plan 2020 Part 2: Activity report 2019-2020 8 Activities in 2019 – Highlights 8 Activities January-March 2020 – Highlights 9 Effects of Covid-19 measures 11 Annual Report 2019 3 Introduction By Eystein Jansen, Professor at Department of Earth Science at University of Bergen, Academic Director at Academia Europaea Bergen Knowledge Hub Welcome to the Annual Report 2019 from Academia Europaea Bergen Knowledge Hub. The report has two sections. Part 1 reports on the governance and strategy of the Hub, and Part 2 re- ports on our activities during the last year. Academia Europaea (AE), or The Academy of Europe, is a Pan-European non-for-profit company association of individual scientists and scholars established in 1988. The members are experts and leaders in their own subject areas as recognized by their peers. The Young Academy of Europe (YAE) is independent but affiliated to Academia Europaea. One of the principles underlying the foundation of the Academia Europaea was the perceived need for impartial expert advice to public and private bodies. With over 4000 eminent scientists and scholars from a variety of disciplines and cultures as members, the academy can comment on scientific or academic matters independent of any national or organizational bindings, and is well suited to offer advice to appropriate bodies in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Lutheran Churches in Australia 1966-Today by Jake Zabel 2018
    Lutheran Churches in Australia 1966-Today By Jake Zabel 2018 These are all the Lutheran Church bodies in Australia, to the best of my knowledge. I apologise in advance if I have made any mistakes and welcome corrections. English Lutheran Churches Lutheran Church of Australia (LCA) The largest Lutheran synod in Australia, the Lutheran Church of Australia (LCA) was formed in 1966 when the two Lutheran synods of that day, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia (ELCA) and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Australia (UELCA), united into one Lutheran synod. The LCA has churches all over Australia and some in New Zealand. The head of the LCA is the synodical bishop. The LCA is also divided in districts with each district having their own district bishop. The LCA is an associate member of both the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) and the International Lutheran Council (ILC). The LCA is a member of the National Council of Churches in Australia. The LCA has official altar-pulpit fellowship with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea (ELCPNG) and Gutnius Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea (GLCPNG) and a ‘Recognition of Relationship’ with the Lutheran Church of Canada (LCC). The LCA also has missions to the Australia Aboriginals. The LCA also has German, Finnish, Chinese, Indonesian and African congregations in Australia, which are considered members of the LCA. The LCA is also in fellowship with German, Latvian, Swedish, and Estonian congregations in Australia, which are not considered members of the LCA. Evangelical Lutheran Congregations of the Reformation (ELCR) The third largest synod in Australia, the Evangelical Lutheran Congregations of the Reformation (ELCR), formed in 1966 from a collection of ELCA congregations who refused the LCA Union of 1966 over the issue of the doctrine of Open Questions.
    [Show full text]