Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 1965-1974

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 05 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.228

Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Drumstick Tree ( oleifera - A Review

Lovepreet Singh, Jyoti and Jatinder Singh*

Department of Horticulture, SAGR, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds Moringa oleifera is also known as ―Miracle Tree‖ and it’s almost all parts have nutritional and pharmacological properties. It is highly nutritious crop cultivated mostly in all parts of Classification, the world. It is a valuable food crop, grows very fast and even beyond food it serves many Distribution, benefits. It has been used to fight against malnutrition, especially among young ones and Nutritional and lactating mothers. Its various parts are used for different purposes. It is the richest Medicinal, Water plant source of Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Minerals present in this tree include K, Mg, Purificat ion Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe. Its various parts are used for the treatment of various diseases. It Article Info is resistant to drought duration because of long taproot system. Its cultivation is very simple and requires fewer efforts. It plays an important role in conservation of soil, water, Accepted: 17 April 2019 and mitigating climatic change. This review article provides a brief overview about the nutritional importance, health benefits, and their production technology including water Available Online: purification properties. 10 May 2019

Introduction Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka in Indian states. Fuglie (1999) described many Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) is uses of Moringa tree like: biomass indigenous to Indian subcontinent and has production, animal forage, biogas, domestic become naturalized in the tropical and cleaning agent, in feeding programs to fight subtropical areas of the world. Tree occupies against malnutrition especially in Africa like important position in the Indian vegetable countries, as blue dye, for fencing purpose, as industry. It is a drought tolerant, fast growing, fertilizer, green manure, for gum extraction perennial and easily adapted to diverse eco and honey juice-clarifier, various medicines, and farming systems. It is still supposed to be as ornamental plantation, as bio-pesticide underutilized plant in family Moringaceae. against seedling damping off, rope making, Regional names of Moringa are Drumstick tannin purpose for tanning hides and water tree, Sajna, Horseradish tree, Mulangay, purification. Kelor, Saijihan, and Benzolive, (Fahey, 2005). Almost all parts of the tree may be Almost all parts of the plant contain some edible and have been consumed from long remarkable properties including medicinal times. Moringa is cultivated in Tamil Nadu, and pharmaceutical etc. Due to this reason,

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 1965-1974 irrespective of the era and area the have It is a fast-growing, deciduous tree having always been important for humankind since height of 10–12 m and trunk diameter of 1.5 commencement of life (Singh et al., 2012). ft. It has an open crown of fragile, drooping All these properties make it unique branches and the leaves are tri-pinnate. The biomaterials for food and allied uses. flowers are aromatic and five unequal Different preparation from Moringa leaves, yellowish-white petals. The flowers are about flowers, and fruits are used in Indian 1.0–1.5 cm long and 2.0 cm in diameter. They subcontinent for various purposes. Due to are produced on slender, hairy stalks in high nutritional value, it is a popular vital clusters, which are 10–25 cm lengthy. food source against PEM, which is quite Flowering appears after 6 months of planting. common in under developed and developing In cooler regions, flowering occurs once in countries. April and June month while in some areas, having constant seasonal temperatures and It is used in more than 80 countries to relieve rainfall; flowering occurs twice or even all vitamin and mineral deficiencies, supporting year-round. cardiovascular system, blood-glucose levels, reducing malignancy by neutralizing free The fruit is a three-sided brown colored radicals, excellent support for anti- capsule 20–45 cm sized dark brown seeds of inflammatory and immune system of the diameter 1 cm. Three whitish papery wings body. Above all, it has probable benefits in help the seeds to scatter by water and wind. mental alertness, improvement in eyesight, During cultivation tree is cut back every year general weakness, lactating mothers, to 1 - 2 meter to limit height so that menopause, bone strength, and depression harvesting may became easy. The research (Nouman et al., 2014). work done at TNAU, which has modernized cultivation. Moringa belongs to mono generic family named Moringaceae, and this family includes Moringa is grown in tropical and subtropical 12 of various type trees etc. (Olson, areas with annual rainfall of 760 to 2500 mm 2002). Moringaceae family exhibits a wide and temperature ranging from 18-28 °C. It range of tree forms, like bottle to cylindrical grows in any soil type except waterlogged shaped trees, or tuberous type shrubs (Olson ones. Slightly alkaline clay along with sandy and Carlquist, 2001). Although Moringa tree loam soils is considered ideal due to their is indigenous to India and Pakistan (Duke, good drainage properties (Abdul, 2007) 2001) but according to (Fahey, 2005) this (Table 2). genus is native to various countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa, Bangladesh, Present status in India Namibia, India and Madagascar in the northwestern province of the Himalayans. In India, it is grown for its leaves flowers, and This tree is extensively cultivated in dry areas pods. Its pod is a prevalent vegetable in south of tropical type in Middle East and Africa part of India and appreciated for their (Nouman et al., 2013). Trees of Moringaare noticeably inviting flavor. Marimuthu et al., widely disseminated various tropical areas (2001) stated that Moringa seeds have no such as Ghana, Philippines, Ethiopia, Haiti dormancy, due to this property planting can Uganda, Nicaragua and several other nations be done soon after maturity and remain viable of the world in which soil is suitable for for up to one year. Spotty germination is survival of Moringa (Table 1). recorded in case of older seeds. It flowers and

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 1965-1974 fruit yearly but in some regions twice. Its like quercetin and kaempferol. Fresh leaves of cultivation is suitable for dry regions, as it is Moringa are a good source of carotenoids easy to cultivate without expensive irrigation with pro-vitamin A. They contain 6.6–6.8 methods. mg/100 g of β-carotene, greater thanapricots, pumpkin and carrots (Kidmose et al., 2006). Various types of planting systems are used for Bark of Moringais boiled in water and soaked sowing purpose like; direct sowing and in alcohol to acquired drinks and infusions transplanting of young seedlings along with that can be used to cure various ailments joint stem cuttings.2 or 3 seeds, at depth of 2-3 cm pain, diabetes, hemorrhoids hypertension, and spacing of1 m for leaf production while poor vision, anemia, tooth ache, and uterine spacing should be more i.e. 3 to 5 m for disorder (Yabesh et al., 2014). production of seed, leaf and pod. It has been observed that Moringa gives better results Medicinal properties with direct sowing. This tree may be easily cultivated in diverse eco systems and inhabits These are used to cure health related problems a distinctive position in the vegetable like sore throat, ear infections, sprain, industry. In Southern India, best sowing time hypertension, cough, anxiety, headache, is September month. Sowing time should be hysteria, skin infections, epilepsy, for exactingly followed otherwise the flowering intestinal worms, respiratory disorders, joints will be overlapped with monsoon rains and pain, anemia, blackheads, pimples cholera, ultimately result in flower shedding. The seed diarrhea bronchitis, lactation diabetes, rate is 260-270 g/acre. Pinching is very abnormal blood pressure, swelling chest necessary when the plant attains height of75 congestion conjunctivitis, asthma, fever, cm. This practice will stimulate the growth of scurvy, tuberculosis and semen deficiency side branches and the height of the tree is also (Mishra et al., 2012). Moringa tree have been limited. Kumar et al., (2000) observed that proved to contain several chemical pinching of growing terminals at60 days after compounds having beneficial sowing seeds was better than pinching at 90 pharmacological properties with potential days. Fruits are harvested before they develop medicinal applications. They comprise fiber. Approximate yield is 250-400 cholesterol lowering compounds, antiulcer, fruits/year/tree. In old garden of coconut in hypoglycemic, with infectious skin curing, Tamil Nadu Moringa tree have been anti-hypertensive, antispasmodic, and successfully cultivated as intercrop anticancer properties (Anwar et al., 2007). (Marimuthu et al., 2001). Moringa leaf extracts have been used to A single gram of Moringa is important manage hyperthyroidism and anti-Herpes because its leaf powder contains 25 times iron Simplex Virus Type-1 (Lipipun et al., 2003). of spinach, 10 times the vitamins of carrots, 9 Moringa pod and seeds contains high times the protein of yoghurt, 0.5 times the nutrients, and phytochemical compounds such vitamins of oranges, 15 times K of banana as amino acid, vitamins β-carotene, protein, fruits, and 17 times Ca of milk. Apart from minerals, and various phenolics (Farooq et al., these fatty acids, minerals, and amino acids 2007). According to Ayurveda, traditional are also found (Teixeira et al., 2014). The medicine system Moringa can prevent more leaves of Moringa tree are rich source of than 300 diseases (Ganguly et al., 2013). minerals and vitamins and exhibits Moringa seed oil also known as Ben oil and antioxidant activity and phenolic compound resists rancidity. In modern times, this tree

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(5): 1965-1974 has been promoted as an outstanding primary antibiotic properties (Lopez, 2011). By source of digestible calcium, protein, vitamin experimentation with rabbit, it has been c, and Fe, carotenoids for consumption in revealed that anticipation of atherosclerotic undernourishment is a foremost concern. plaque formation in arteries as well as the Moringa quantitatively offers higher nutrients lipid and cardiovascular diseases, Moringa per gram of plant than other plants. Moringa has therapeutic potential for the prevention of is used for malnourished children and for the same (Chumark et al., 2008). Researches improvement of the immune system, against indicate that Moringa leaf powder encourages AIDS and HIV linked illnesses. It is also used neuro-protection and proves a promising in traditional medicine against various kinds pharmacological significance regarding of illnesses like recovery from liver ethno-medically and nutritionally well-being impairment. Now it is being studied as a bio- of nervous system (Hannan et al., 2014) enhancer of nutrients and drugs because of its (Table 3 and 4).

Table.1 Botanical classification

Kingdom Planate Division Magnoliphyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Family Moringaceae Genus Moringa Species M. oleifera Source-Fahey (2005)

Table.2 Geographic distribution of various species

Shape of Tree Name of species Geographical location Slender shaped Moringa concanensis India MoringaLam. India Moringa peregrina Horn of Africa, Arabia Fiori Red Sea Bottle shaped Moringa drouhardii Madagascar

Moringa hildebrandtii Madagascar Moringa ovalifolia S.W. Angola and Namibia Ethiopia and Kenya Tuberous shrubs Moringa arborea North Eastern Kenya Moringa borziana Somalia and Kenya Moringa longituba Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia Moringa pygmaea Somalia Moringa ruspoliana Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya Moringa rivae Ethiopia and Kenya Source-(Arora et al., 2013)

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Table.3 Medicinal uses and nutritional compositions of moringa

Particular Medicinal usages Nutritional properties Overall Benefit References Part of tree Leaves Contains proteins, fiber and various Having antioxidant, (Rockwood et al., 2013), minerals like Mg, Ca, , S, K, and Fe and anti-diabetic and (Mbikay, 2012), Treat headaches, hyperglycemia, scurvy, skin diseases, Vitamins like A, B-choline, B1-thiamine, anticancer agents, (Fuglie, 2005), Dyslipidemia, asthma, flu, syphilis, pneumonia riboflavin, ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid. anti-proliferative (Jung, 2014), heartburn, malaria, ear infections, bronchitis, and Amino acids like Arg, Val, Thr, Met, Trp, properties. Vitamins (Choudhary et al., 2013) diarrhea, governs cholesterol and blood pressure, acts as His, Ile, Phe, Leu and Lys, are existing. and minerals help in an anti-atherosclerotic agents, neuroprotectant, Various phytochemicals like saponins, improving immune antioxidant antimicrobial anticancer and anti-diabetic phenolics, sterols, quercitin tannins, system. trepenoids, alkaloids besides flavanoids like, glycoside, isothiocyanates, and isoquercitin, kaemfericitin etc.

Seeds Help in treating Chrohn's disease, STDs, epilepsy cramp Comprises oleic acid and antibiotic termed Anti-inflammatory (Rockwood et al., 2013; rheumatism simplex virus arthritis hyperthyroidism, anti- as pterygospermin, along with several fatty and anti-microbial Kasolo et al., 2010; Thurber herpes, gout and acts as anti-inflammatory and acids like linolenic acid, behenic acid, and properties. and Fahey, 2010; Sutalangka antimicrobial agents Linoleic acid. Some phytochemicals like et al., 2013; Nair and phytate flavanoids tannins lectins, saponin, Varalakshmi, 2011) terpenoids and phenolics. In addition to it some minerals, proteins, along with vitamins like A, B, and amino acids and fats. Root Contains cardiac stimulant compound, anti-inflammatory Some alkaloids substances like moriginine Antiulcer and a Bark and anti-ulcer property morphine and minerals like magnesium, cardiac stimulant (Adeyemi and Elebiyo, sodium and calcium 2014; Monera and Maponga, 2012)

Flower Anti-arthritic agents and hypocholesterolemic properties Contains Ca, K and amino acids. Feasible for use by (Fuglie, 2005; Sutalangka et which can cure urinary diseases beekeepers due to al., 2013) nectar. Pods Helps in treatment of joint pain, liver or spleen problems, Rich in lipids non-structural carbohydrates, In the diet of obese (Fuglie, 2005) and diarrhea protein, fiber and ash. Various fatty acids because of PUFA like linoleic acid etc. are present

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Table.4 Macronutrients of Moringa plant in various parts (gram/100gram of plant)

Nutrients Leaves Seeds Pods

Carbohydrates 0.1-10.6g 30-41g 0.1-5.0g Proteins 25-30g 29-38g 6.7-43g Fibers 0.1-28.5g 0.1-7.1g 0.1-27g Lipids 0.1-43.9g 0.1-21g 0.1-38g

Table.5 Table showing treatment efficiency (%) of both coagulants used

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Water purification properties decrease coliform count. Quality of water treated with Moringa seed powder is Moringa seeds in powdered form may contain enhanced through the proteins that encourage cationic polyelectrolytes, which work as a coagulation process (Santos et al., natural flocculent to clarify even the most 2009).Various compounds like tannins and muddled water. This powder joins with the polyphenol, which are present in Moringa and solids present in the water and settles down. have been described to retain antibacterial By doing so, it may remove 90–99% of action (Khosravi et al., 2006). Moreover, bacteria that contained in water (Omotesho et humans (Anwar et al., 2007) also use al., 2013). Noteworthy finding of using Moringa seeds to normalize pH and govern Moringa oleifera as coagulant is the the microbial load in the treatment of water decreasing the primary levels of turbidity at for consumption. Research work carried out 15 mg L–1 with 91.17% of deletion efficiency by (Salazar-Gámez et al., 2016) revealed that where the minimum turbidity was attained Moringa tree seeds were more effective and even with reduced doses used compared to cheaper than aluminum sulfate in decreasing aluminum sulphate at 55 mg L–1 with 85.46% the turbidity of polluted water. Reduction in as recorded in Table 5. turbidity, microbial load, and micro particle content by seeds of Moringa as coagulants Zand and Hoveidi (2015) have highlighted the that can replace other normally used chemical significance of coagulant dosages on coagulant like sand, which may be harmful to turbidity. Increased dosages may rise the cost human, animal, and environmental health of water treatment, which is not practicable. (Mangale et al., 2012). Alternative reason that why over-dosing should be escaped. Because there is a Moringa plant contains more than 90 possibility of re-stabilization of the diluted nutritional compounds including lipids, particles to happen due to the saturation of the proteins, carbohydrates along with dietary polymer bridge. It was reported that when fibers. It is mainly used as a food source to concentration of seed powder was inclined overcome malnutrition, especially in children from 0.016 to 0.08 g/L, rise in turbidity was and infants in the tropics. recorded. Such phenomena may be defined by the existence of free positively charged References particles of the flocculants resisting, leading to the flocks to the water. Pritchard et Abdul, D.A.S., (2007). Economic Importance al.,(2010)reported that extract of the seed of Moringa oleifera in Tafa Local reduced the turbidity activity. They proved Government Area of Niger State NDE that seeds coagulate 80.0–99.5% turbidity Project. Federal College of Forestry process and efficiently leading to clear Mechanization, Kaduna, Nigeria. supernatant. This was simultaneously Adejumo, O.E., Chekujekwy C. N., Kolapo accompanied by a 90.00–99.99% bacterial A. L. and A. O. Olubamima (2013). load decrease in the sludge. Studies conducted Chemical analysis and investigative by Adejumo et al., (2013) revealed that there study on water disinfecting properties was no significant difference in coli form of (Moringaceae) leaf. J. Pharmacol., count after treating water sample with 3:530–4. different concentrations of Moringa leaf Adeyemi, O.S., and T.C. Elebiyo (2014). powder. This might be due to deviations in Moringa oleifera supplemented diets compound concentration, which helps to prevented nickel-induced

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How to cite this article:

Lovepreet Singh, Jyoti and Jatinder Singh. 2019. Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera - A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(05): 1965- 1974. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.805.228

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