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The EURON Roboethics Roadmap

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The EURON Roboethics Roadmap The EURON Roboethics Roadmap Gianmarco Veruggio Scuola di Robotica Genova, Italy [email protected] Abstract - This paper deals with the results of the Euron A. Specificity of Robotics Roboethics Atelier 2006 (Genoa, Italy, Feb.-March. 2006), It is the first time in history that humanity is approaching comprising in the Roboethics Roadmap; and it offers a short the challenge to replicate an intelligent and autonomous entity. overview of the ethical problems involved in the development of This compels the scientific community to examine closely the the next generation of the humanoid robots. very concept of intelligence – in humans, animals, and of the Index Terms - Roboethics, Robotics, Ethics. mechanical – from a cybernetic standpoint. In fact, complex concepts like autonomy, learning, I. INTRODUCTION consciousness, evaluation, free will, decision making, The importance and urgency of Roboethics has been freedom, emotions, and many others shall be analysed, taking demonstrated by our recent history. Three of the front rank into account that the same concept shall not have, in humans, fields of science and technology: Nuclear Physics, animals, and machines, the same semantic meaning. Bioengineering, and Computer Science, have already been From this standpoint, it can be seen as natural and forced to face the consequences of their ethics and their necessary that Robotics drew on several other disciplines, like research’s applications because of pressure caused by dramatic Logic, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Biology, and troubling events, or because of the concern of the general Physiology, Philosophy, Literature, Natural History, public. In many countries, public opinion, shocked by some of Anthropology, Art, Design. Robotics de facto unifies the so these effects, urged to either halt the whole called two cultures, Science and Humanities. research/applications, or to strictly control them. The effort to design Roboethics should take care of this Robotics is rapidly becoming one of the leading fields of specificity. This means that experts shall view Robotics as a science and technology: we can forecast that in the XXI whole - in spite of the current early stage which recalls a century humanity will coexist with the first alien intelligence melting pot – so they can achieve the vision of the Robotics’ we have ever come into contact with - robots. It will be an future. event rich in ethical, social and economic problems. The public is already asking questions such as: “Could a robot do B. The Three Laws of Robotics "good" and "evil”? “Could robots be dangerous for In 1942, novelist Isaac Asimov formulated, in the novel humankind?”. Runaround, the Three Laws of Robotics: Like Nuclear Physics, Chemistry or Bioengineering, in a 1. A robot may not injure a human being, or through few years, Robotics could also be placed under scrutiny from inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. an ethical standpoint by the public and Public Institutions 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings (Governments, Ethics Committees, Supranational Institutions). except where such orders would conflict with the First Feeling the responsibilities involved in their practices, an Law. increasing number of roboticists from all over the world, in 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such cross-cultural collaboration with scholars of Humanities, have protection does not conflict with the 1st or 2nd Law started deep discussions aimed to lay down the Roboethics, the Later on he added the 4th Law (known as Law Zero): ethics that should inspire the design, manufacturing and use of 4. No robot may harm humanity or, through inaction, allow robots. humanity to come to harm. The theme of the relationship between humankind and II. ROBOTICS AND ETHICS autonomous machines – or, automata - appeared early in world Is Robotics a new science, or is it a branch or a field of literature, developed firstly through legends and myths, more application of Engineering? Actually Robotics is a discipline recently by scientific and moral essays. born from Mechanics, Physics/Mathematics, Automation and The topic of the rebellions of automata recurs in the Control, Electronics, Computer Science, Cybernetics and classic European literature, as well as the misuse or the evil Artificial Intelligence. This shows that Robotics is a unique use of the product of ingenuity. It is not so in all the world combination of many scientific disciplines, whose fields of cultures: for instance, the mythology of the Japanese cultures applications are broadening more and more, according to the does not include such paradigm. On the contrary, machines scientific and technological achievements. 1-4244-0200-X/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE 612 HUMANOIDS’06 (and, in general, human products) are always beneficial and III. THE BIRTH OF ROBOETHICS friendly to humanity. The name Roboethics (coined in 2002 by the author) was This difference in seeing the machines is a subject we officially proposed during the First International Symposium should take into account and analyse. Questions: of Roboethics (Sanremo, Jan/Feb. 2004), and rapidly showed • How far can we go in embodying ethics in a robot? • its potential, because naming things - according to the Which kind of “ethics” is a robotics one? Principle of Composition - gives them reality. • How contradictory is, on one side, the need to implement Philosophers, jurists, sociologists, anthropologist and in robots an ethics, and, on the other, the development of moralists, together with robotic scientists, were called to robot’s autonomy? contribute to lay the foundations of the Ethics in the designing, • Although far-sighting and forewarning, could Asimov’s developing and employing robots. three Laws become really the Ethics of Robots? • Is it right that robots can exhibit a “personality”? A. Main positions on Roboethics • Is it right that robot can express “emotion”? According to the anthropologist Daniela Cerqui, three main ethical positions emerged from the robotics community: C. What is a Robot? Not interested in ethics. Robotics scientists, researchers, and the general public This is the attitude of those who consider that their actions have about robots different evaluations, which should taken are strictly technical, and do not think they have a social or a into account in the Roboethics Roadmap. moral responsibility in their work. Robots are nothing but machines. Many consider robots Interested in short-term ethical questions. as mere machines - very sophisticated and helpful ones - but This is the attitude of those who express their ethical always machines. According to this view, robots do not have concern in terms of “good” or “bad,” and who refer to some any hierarchically higher characteristics, nor will they be cultural values and social conventions. This attitude includes provided with consciousness, free will, or with the level of respecting and helping humans in diverse areas, such as autonomy superior to that embodied by the designer. In this implementing laws or in helping elderly people. frame, Roboethics can be compared to an Engineering Applied Interested in long-term ethical concerns. Ethics. This is the attitude of those who express their ethical Robots have ethical dimensions. In this view, an ethical concern in terms of global, long-term questions: for instance, dimension is intrinsic within robots. This derives from a the “Digital divide” between South and North; or young and conception according to which technology is not an addition to elderly. They are aware of the gap between industrialized and man but is, in fact, one of the ways in which mankind poor countries, and wonder whether the former should not distinguishes itself from animals. So that, as language, and change their way of developing robotics in order to be more computers, but even more, humanoids robots are symbolic useful to the latter. devices designed by humanity to improve its capacity of reproducing itself, and to act with charity and good. (J. M. B. Disciplines involved in Roboethics Galvan) The design of Roboethics requires the combined Robots as moral agents. Artificial agents particularly but commitment of experts of several disciplines, who, working in not only those in Cyberspace, extend the class of entities that transnational projects, committees, commissions, have to can be involved in moral situations. For they can be conceived adjust laws and regulations to the problems resulting from the as moral patients (as entities that can be acted upon for good scientific and technological achievements in Robotics. or evil) and also as moral agents (not necessarily exhibiting In all likelihood, we will witness the birth of new curricula free will, mental states or responsibility, but as entities that can studiorum and specialities, necessary to manage a subject so perform actions, again for good or evil). This complements complex, juts as it happened with Forensic Medicine. the more traditional approach, common at least since In particular, we mention the following fields as the main Montaigne and Descartes, which considers whether or not to be involved in Roboethics: Robotics, Computer Science, (artificial) agents have mental states, feelings, emotions and so Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, Ethics, Theology, Biology, on. By focusing directly on ‘mind-less morality’ we are able to Physiology, Cognitive Sciences, Neurosciences, Law, avoid that question and also many of the concerns of Artificial Sociology, Psychology, Industrial Design. Intelligence. (L. Floridi) Robots, evolution of a new specie. According to this point of view, not only will our robotics machines have autonomy IV. THE EURON ROBOETHICS ATELIER and consciences, but humanity will create machines that EURON is the European Robotics Research Network, exceed us in the moral as well as the intellectual dimensions. aiming to promote excellence in robotics by creating resources Robots, with their rational mind and unshaken morality, will and exchanging the knowledge we already have, and by be the new species: Our machines will be better than us, and looking to the future. we will be better for having created them.
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