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Paper 5 Twentieth Century of World (1945-2000) M.A HISTORY PAPER-5 Twentieth Century of World (1945-2000) AUTHOR NAME-Dr.P.K NAYAK Associate Professor,Department of History Indira Gandhi Govt.College Tezu,Dist:Lohit Arunanchal Pradesh. UNIT I- Post World War II World Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The UNO 1.3 Formation 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Structure 1.5.1 The General Assembly 1.5.2 The Security Council 1.5.3 The Secretariat 1.5.4 The Trusteeship Council 1.5.5 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 1.5.6 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 1.6 Specialised Agencies 1.6.1 International Labour Organisation (ILO) 1.6.2 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 1.6.3 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1.6.4 Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) 1.6.5 World Health Organization (WHO) 1.6.6 Universal Postal Union (UPU) 1.6.7 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 1.6.8 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) 1.6.9 World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) 1.6.10 Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (IMCO) 1.6.11 International Finance Cooperation (IFC) 1.6.12 International Development Association (IDA) 1.6.13 UNDP, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UWHCR and UNICEF 1.6.14 GATT, INCB, WIPO and UPOV 1.6.15 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) 1.7 UNO and Human Rights 1.8 Achievements and Failures of the UNO 1.8.1 Kashmir 1.8.2 Congo 1.8.3 Cyprus 1.8.4 Korea 1.9 Accomplishments of the United Nations 1.9.1 Maintenance of International Peace and Security 1.9.2 Social Accomplishments 1.9.3 Economic Accomplishments 1.10 Let Us Sum Up 1.11 Key Words 1.0 Objectives This Unit highlights the origin and achievements of the United Nations Organisation during the post Second World war era. After going through this Unit you will be able to learn: about the formation and functions of the UNO, a world body dedicated to the cause human peace and security; its objectives and its different branches; about UNO’s role in safeguarding human rights throughout the world; about its role in dealing with the vital issues of international politics like the Kashmir crisis, Congo crisis, Cyprus crisis and the Korean crisis arose soon after the World War II was over; and how far this world body of international peace and security was successful in restoring peace and justice in the world from 1945 to 2000. 1.1 Introduction The trauma of the World War I was still fresh in human minds. The horrors and worthless destruction of the war reached high. Estimation of human as well as property loss was beyond the reach of human brain. Post war efforts to forge alliances among belligerent nations to save the world from the scourge of further war could be betrayed. Mutual distrust, aggressive nationalism and imbalanced power structure drove the world towards a logical front. The World War II was the ultimate reality. For the second time the intensity of the war, the use of new types of destructive weapons, the vast scale of casualties and destruction of property made the nations believe in the efficacy of truth and not on power struggle. The whole world now was anxious to scan the utility of establishing a well organized and more powerful world organization on the line of the League of Nations, of course, with a bigger dimension to infuse new hopes and confidence in the teeming millions for everlasting peace and security. The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was but the natural corollary to all such hopes. 1.2 The UNO It is the nineteenth century world politics which facilitated the great realization of establishing an international organization dedicated to the cause of peace. The Congress System, Hague System, Peace Movement and Proliferation of the Universal Organizations created a climate for formation of a League of Nations. As the horrors and worthless destruction of the war reached high, there arose confirming notion among the allied powers that to save the succeeding generation from the scourge of cataclysmic world war, some sort of international organization should be established for the preservation of international peace and cooperation. And the United Nations of Organization (UNO) was created by meetings, declarations and conferences after the holocaust of the World War II. The tempo came in the Opera House of San Francisco where the fifty nations agglomerated, agreed and signed the UN Charter. 1.3 Formation The League of Nations almost became ineffective by 1938. Due to the aggressive activities of Japan, Italy and Germany and the indifferent attitude of the other big powers the league became completely a defunct body. With a view to maintaining balance of power, the big powers again divested to the Pre-War policy of alliances and regional pacts. The World War II broke out in 1939. For the second time the intensity of the war, the use of new types of destructive weapons, the vast scale of casualties and destruction of property had made the people all over the world anxious for peace and security and they felt the necessity of establishing a well organized and more powerful world organization. Some people had thought of the revival of the League of Nations. But most of the statesmen of the world resolved to form such an organization which would be able to infuse new hopes and confidence in the teeming millions for everlasting peace and security. The United Nations was born out of such anxiety and determination. Few years before the end of the World War II efforts had already begun for the establishment of an international organization in the name of United Nations. In June 1941 the representatives of Britain, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa proposed for the first time in the London Declaration the establishment of an international organization in place of regional pacts as the means of enduring permanent peace and security. President Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Churchill issued a declaration known as the Atlantic Charter. 1.4 Objectives The objectives of this UN Charter were to maintain international peace and security; to encourage international cooperation in the sphere of social, economic and cultural development of the world; to develop friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self-determination of pupils and to recognize the fundamental rights and status of all people. To achieve these purpose it was declared in the Charter that - (i) all the signatories to the Charter will recognize sovereignty and equality of all states big and small, (ii) they will peacefully settle all sorts of disputes instead of war or threats of war, (iii) they will help the UNO against secret treaties or violating treaties or engagements, (iv) in the case of determining the frontiers of a foreign country the signatories will not dishonour the opinion of the people of that state, (v) the people of each state will enjoy the right of drafting their constitution according to their own desire, (vi) in the sphere of trade and commerce and economy equal rights of all countries will be recognized, (vii) all the signatories will try to create a favourable condition for all nations so that after the fall of Nazi Germany they can devote themselves to the task of interval reconstruction in freedom from fear and want and (viii) all nations will equally try to preserve peace and security in the world by reducing armaments and ammunition. In January 1942 representatives of 26 nations signed the United Nations Declaration at Washington which subscribed to the principles embodied in the Atlantic Charter. The signatories pledged to continue war against the enemy collectively and not to conclude separately any armistice with the enemy. In the Moscow Declaration of 1943, the Foreign ministers of Britain, USA, Russia and China confirmed the necessity of forming a general international organization based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace loving nations for the preservation of international peace and security. The Moscow Communiqué declared for the first time that "the signatories recognized the necessity of establishing at the earliest practical date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of peace-loving states, and open to membership by all such states, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security". This Article laid down the foundation of the UNO. This was followed by the Teheran Declaration in December 1943 which welcomed all nations into a world family of Democratic Nations. The next collective stage in foundation laying was done in the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in February 1944. After preliminary negotiations an informal conference of the major powers was called. The UN in its main features outlined the most difficult question with concern to Great Veto Power. In this conference an agreement was reached on the principle but soon differences arose as to the extent to which veto should be allowed in the Security Council where a great power was a party to the dispute. There were other gaps on trusteeship and colonial territories as also Soviet claim to include all sixteen constituent republics of USSR as members of UN. These were referred to the view that the Big Three in impending conference at Yalta should take. At Yalta it was agreed that the veto would not apply to procedural matters, and that a party in dispute would not veto where peaceful adjustment of view was involved. But all the decisions involving enforcement of measures required Great power unanimity. The San Francisco Conference was important in this direction for the second time in human history an attempt was made to recreate an international organization.
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