DOCSLIB.ORG

Ten Events That Shaped the 20Th Century American City

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ten Events That Shaped the 20Th Century American City FEATURE Ten Events That Shaped the 20th Century American City 1850 resulted in drastic reduction in the 1 1847: THE BEGINNING by Laurence Gerckens, AICP OF MASSIVE IMMIGRATIONS need for farm labor. Later immigrants, finding little security in farming, congre- Between 1865 and 1917 more than gated in cities, where the factory system 25 million people immigrated to the Editor’s Note: Over the years I’ve found that many citizen planners are quite interest- had created a demand for a large mass of United States. Starting in 1846-47, ed in broader issues concerning America’s relatively unskilled labor. By 1900, New American immigration increased land use and development pattern. I thought York City tenements housed 1,500,000 sharply, driven first by the Irish potato it might be beneficial to provide PCJ readers people. blight and subsequently by failed democ- with some historical perspective — to help racy movements in Europe. In the 1850s, see how we’ve gotten to where we are. Plan- 2,598,000 immigrated to America; the ning historian Larry Gerckens (who has pre- 1860s and ‘70s brought 5,127,000 more, viously contributed several articles to the while the 1880s and the ‘90s would bring PCJ) generously accepted the challenge of another 8,935,000. Even higher rates of trying to provide an overview of some of the immigration — over 8,000,000 new resi- key historical events that have shaped our dents per decade — followed until the cities. Obviously, it’s no easy task to sum up First World War. complex events in a few sentences. Neverthe- Early immigrants found homes on less, I think you’ll find that Gerckens ably met the farms, but the mechanization of the challenge. agriculture initiated by the mass manu- As a follow-up to this article, Gerckens is facture of the mechanical horse-drawn preparing two additional short articles for the Massive immigration, mechanization reaper by Cyrus Hall McCormick in PCJ: one examining the most significant fail- ures in 20th century American urbanism, the of the farms, and the factory system cre- other looking at key planning success stories. ated an urban complex consisting of I hope that by looking back, this series of arti- dense multi-storied factories in the city cles will help us better understand the forces center intermingled with rapidly and that have shaped — and in many ways con- often poorly constructed multi-storied tinue to shape — our cities and towns. tenements, the homes of millions of recently arrived Americans that became the focus of 20th century slum clearance and urban redevelopment programs. Above and below. Tenement interior layout and exterior view. From: Jacob Riis’ famous exposé, NATIONAL PARK SERVICES STATUE OF LIBERTY MONUMENT How the Other Half Lives. Immigrants being given a mental test at Ellis Island and a 1905 view of the Main Building of Ellis Island where millions of immigrants were processed before their entrance. into America. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 30 / SPRING 1998 12 3 1886: INVENTION OF THE ELECTRIC TROLLEY CAR In 1886, J. Van Depoele put the first successful electric trolley car into operation in Montgomery, Ala- bama. It did for the upper-middle class what the earlier steam locomotive did for the wealthy: it gave them ready access to the perimeter of the city, per- mitting them to remove themselves from the urban poor and the filth and ugliness of the urban-industrial environ- ment. The electric trolley car allowed for A yard water closet, photographed by the New Drawing of Clinton J. Warren’s Unity Building, the creation of higher income-class cor- York City Tenement Housing Department. Chicago, 1891, showing the iron and steel frame construction. From: Industrial Chicago (Good- ridors extending outward from the city Tenement Housing speed Publishing Co., 1891). center, removing from the city center all “The cleansing of the Augean stables but the lower-middle- and the lower- was a small task compared to the cleans- 2 1885: INTRODUCTION income. With this came development of ing of New York’s 82,000 tenement hous- OF THE STEEL-FRAMED new retail centers and services at trolley es, occupied by nearly three millions of stops beyond the city center — such as people, representing every nationality and “SKYSCRAPER” Shaker Square outside of Cleveland. every degree in the social scale.… With the construction of a nation- Finer homes and apartments lined trol- Some of the conditions which are found wide system of railroads focused on ley routes, which provided prestigious in these buildings surpass imagination. It Chicago as a central distribution locations that were both convenient to does not seem possible that human beings can actually live under them and transportation and highly visible. point and creation of an immense retain the least vestige of health. Many Land in the quadrants between the internal market for goods through cases have been found where the plumb- immigration, land prices in downtown branches of the trolley system (beyond a ing fixtures have been removed and the Chicago skyrocketed. In order to prof- four-to-eight block walking distance pipes left open, permitting sewer gas to itably utilize such expensive land, from the trolley lines) commonly find its way into the apartments and per- income from multi-floor rentals was remained undeveloped for residential meate the building. In some of the hous- needed. Architect William Le Baron use and was often used for foundries, es, where the owner has not employed a Jenny’s ten-story Home Insurance Build- slaughter houses, garbage dumps, and, responsible janitor or housekeeper, the ing, built in Chicago in 1885, was the in the 1920s, the first close-in airports. tenants have used the dumbwaiter shaft as a chute for the disposal of rubbish, first tall building constructed utilizing Many of the residential trolley corridors fecal matter, and garbage… In some of the principles of modern “skyscraper” of the early 1900s became strip commer- cial corridors when the private automo- these houses the water closets have been construction. The building had cast iron stopped up for weeks, the bowls over- bile replaced the station-stop focused and steel beams and girders supporting flowing and the floors covered.” trolley car. each floor that were fastened together continued on page 14 From: First Report of the Tenement House Depart- and bolted to cast iron and steel ment of the City of New columns, creating a cage-like metal York (New York: 1903) frame that acted as the main load-bear- 5-7. ing members of the building. This system of construction com- bined with a safe passenger elevator (a steam-driven elevator with a safety brake had been patented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1861) made the modern high-rise structure possible, resulting in Trolleys like this one from Rock Island, the familiar densely built cluster of busi- Illinois, could be found ness towers that constituted the skyline in cities across the of the American city throughout the U.S. at the turn of 20th century. AUGUSTANA COLLEGE LIBRARY, SPECIAL COLLECTIONS the century. PLANNING COMMISSIONERS JOURNAL / NUMBER 30 / SPRING 1998 13 Ten Events… continued from page 13 4 1893: THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION Over 27 million people attended Chicago’s Columbian Exposition, the great world’s fair of 1893. Visi- tors to the “The White City,” as the fair was often called, were stirred by the majestic grouping of public buildings and their associated open spaces and plazas — designed as a unity and planned both functionally and esthetical- ly for the benefit of the citizen-visitor. Brilliantly lit by Edison’s electric lights and kept immaculately clean, the all- white composition stood in marked con- trast to the sooty blackness and disorder of Chicago and other large American CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY cities. View across the west end of the Main Basin, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893. Architect Daniel Hudson Burnham, soul-elevating public environment His Ford Motor Company, organized in of Burnham and Root, coordinated the embellished with reflecting pools, ter- 1903, focused on producing a simple and design and construction of the fair. He races, and sculpture. Millions came to inexpensive automobile. Following lim- provided for generous and attractive the fair and for the first time experienced ited success with his “Model N,” he public parks and plazas between the what an American city could be: beauti- introduced the “Model T” in 1908. This exhibit buildings, baby changing stations ful, clean, healthful, functional, efficient, sturdy black vehicle, with its 4-cylinder and other amenities to meet the needs of cultured, and people-centered. 20-horsepower gasoline engine, sold for visitors, efficient transportation both to Millions left the fair determined to $825. More than 10,000 were sold in its and within the fair, and an inspiring and realize some part of that potential in their first year of production. With sales own home town. Businessmen returned approaching 200,000 a year, Ford intro- to their commercial clubs to promote duced the moving mass assembly line Columbian Exposition “city plans” for the improvement of their system at his plant in Highland Park, communities and to promote state legis- Michigan in 1914. “It was indeed worth a journey of a lation that would permit their cities to thousand miles to stand on the north plan for the future. Based on this enthu- bridge of the great lagoon… here is such siasm for public improvement, Burnham, accord between the parts and the whole design that every column, every section, the “Father of American City Planning,” every angle is an object of grace and dig- would: guide the re-planning of Wash- nity… If any fault is to be found with this ington, D.C.; chair the development of a Columbian Exposition, it will be on civic-center plan for Cleveland; draft full account of the inability of the human city plans for Manila and San Francisco; mind to compass and appreciate it.” and prepare the first American metropol- — C.C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modernism 1 Modernism
    Modernism 1 Modernism Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.[2] [3] [4] Arguably the most paradigmatic motive of modernism is the rejection of tradition and its reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody in new forms.[5] [6] [7] Modernism rejected the lingering certainty of Enlightenment thinking and also rejected the existence of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator God.[8] [9] In general, the term modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an Hans Hofmann, "The Gate", 1959–1960, emerging fully industrialized world. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 collection: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. injunction to "Make it new!" was paradigmatic of the movement's Hofmann was renowned not only as an artist but approach towards the obsolete. Another paradigmatic exhortation was also as a teacher of art, and a modernist theorist articulated by philosopher and composer Theodor Adorno, who, in the both in his native Germany and later in the U.S. During the 1930s in New York and California he 1940s, challenged conventional surface coherence and appearance of introduced modernism and modernist theories to [10] harmony typical of the rationality of Enlightenment thinking.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12. the Avant-Garde in the Late 20Th Century 1
    Chapter 12. The Avant-Garde in the Late 20th Century 1 The Avant-Garde in the Late 20th Century: Modernism becomes Postmodernism A college student walks across campus in 1960. She has just left her room in the sorority house and is on her way to the art building. She is dressed for class, in carefully coordinated clothes that were all purchased from the same company: a crisp white shirt embroidered with her initials, a cardigan sweater in Kelly green wool, and a pleated skirt, also Kelly green, that reaches right to her knees. On her feet, she wears brown loafers and white socks. She carries a neatly packed bag, filled with freshly washed clothes: pants and a big work shirt for her painting class this morning; and shorts, a T-shirt and tennis shoes for her gym class later in the day. She’s walking rather rapidly, because she’s dying for a cigarette and knows that proper sorority girls don’t ever smoke unless they have a roof over their heads. She can’t wait to get into her painting class and light up. Following all the rules of the sorority is sometimes a drag, but it’s a lot better than living in the dormitory, where girls have ten o’clock curfews on weekdays and have to be in by midnight on weekends. (Of course, the guys don’t have curfews, but that’s just the way it is.) Anyway, it’s well known that most of the girls in her sorority marry well, and she can’t imagine anything she’d rather do after college.
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Music from the Late 19Th Century to the Early 20Th Century: the Creation of a Distinct American Musical Sound
    Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2019 May 1st, 12:30 PM - 1:45 PM Classical Music from the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century: The Creation of a Distinct American Musical Sound Ashley M. Christensen Lakeridge High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the Music Theory Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Christensen, Ashley M., "Classical Music from the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century: The Creation of a Distinct American Musical Sound" (2019). Young Historians Conference. 13. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2019/oralpres/13 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. CLASSICAL MUSIC FROM THE LATE 19th CENTURY TO THE EARLY 20th CENTURY: THE CREATION OF A DISTINCT AMERICAN MUSICAL SOUND Marked by the conflict of the Civil War, the late 19th century of American history marks an extremely turbulent time for the United States of America. As the young nation reached the second half of the century, idle threats of a Southern secession from the union bloomed into an all-encompassing conflict. However, through the turbulence of the war, American music persisted. Strengthened in battle, the ideas of a reconstructed American national identity started to form a distinctly different American culture and way of life. This is reflected in the nation’s shift in the music written after the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks at the ''America's Millennium'' Celebration December
    Administration of William J. Clinton, 1999 / Dec. 31 7 I think we would all agree that we are most opening the storehouse of human knowledge fortunate to be alive at this moment in his- for people across the globe and offering the tory. We end this century and the millen- promise of alleviating the poverty that still nium with soaring optimism. Never before haunts so many millions of our children. We has our Nation enjoyed, at once, so much see scientists rapidly approaching the day prosperity, social progress, and national self- when newborns can expect to live well past confidence, with so little internal crisis or ex- 100 years, and children will know cancer only ternal threat. Never before have we had such as a constellation of stars. But by far, my most a blessed opportunity and, therefore, such a solemn prayer for this new millennium is that profound responsibility to build the more we will find, somehow, the strength and wis- perfect Union of our Founders' dreams. dom in our hearts to keep growing together, When our children's children look back on first, as one America and then as one people this century, they will see that this hopeful on this ever smaller planet we all call home. and promising time was earned by the brav- If you look at the glowing diversity of race ery and hard work of men and women who, and background that illuminates America's in the words of our great poet laureate, house on this evening, a vivid illustration, we Robert Pinsky, did not merely celebrate our see that human capacity is distributed equally oldest ideals like trophies under glass but across the human landscape, I cannot help kept them bright with use.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20Th-Century Portugal: a Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications
    challenges Project Report State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20th-Century Portugal: A Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications Rui Jorge Garcia Ramos * , Eliseu Gonçalves * , Gisela Lameira * and Luciana Rocha * Center for Studies in Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Via Panorâmica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.J.G.R.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (L.R.); Tel.: +351-22-605-71-00 (L.R.) Abstract: Stable access to affordable quality housing is a core feature of public health principles and practices. In this report, we provide an update on the research project “Mapping Public Housing: A Critical Review of the State-subsidised Residential Architecture in Portugal (1910–1974)” (MdH), developed between 2016 and 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto (FAUP) in Portugal. This funded research project (PTDC/CPC-HAT/1688/2014) brought together an international and multidisciplinary team composed of architects, sociologists, historians, an economist, an anthro- pologist, information scientists and archivists, from different academic levels (senior researchers, postdoctoral, PhD and Master’s degree students), adopting a variety of approaches and operating in a range of different contexts. The aim of the research undertaken was to investigate the reality of social and state-subsidised housing in terms of its architecture, while, at the same time, seeking to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon and of the transition to a democratic regime. Furthermore, this research project was designed to contribute towards the development of common ground for supporting decisions in the environmental, social and economic fields relating to housing Citation: Ramos, R.J.G.; Gonçalves, E.; Lameira, G.; Rocha, L.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism As a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union
    Momentum Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 6 2018 Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Robert Levine University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum Recommended Citation Levine, Robert (2018) "Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union," Momentum: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modern Architecture & Ideology: Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Abstract This paper examines the role of architecture in the promotion of political ideologies through the study of modern architecture in the 20th century. First, it historicizes the development of modern architecture and establishes the style as a tool to convey progressive thought; following this perspective, the paper examines Swedish Functionalism and Constructivism in the Soviet Union as two case studies exploring how politicians react to modern architecture and the ideas that it promotes. In Sweden, Modernism’s ideals of moving past “tradition,” embracing modernity, and striving to improve life were in lock step with the folkhemmet, unleashing the nation from its past and ushering it into the future. In the Soviet Union, on the other hand, these ideals represented an ideological threat to Stalin’s totalitarian state. This thesis or dissertation is available in Momentum: https://repository.upenn.edu/momentum/vol5/iss1/6 Levine: Modern Architecture & Ideology Modern Architecture & Ideology Modernism as a Political Tool in Sweden and the Soviet Union Robert Levine, University of Pennsylvania C'17 Abstract This paper examines the role of architecture in the promotion of political ideologies through the study of modern architecture in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Paradox of Inequality in the Twentieth Century
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (SPP) School of Social Policy and Practice September 2005 Women and the Paradox of Inequality in the Twentieth Century Michael B. Katz University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Mark J. Stern University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Jamie J. Fader University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/spp_papers Recommended Citation Katz, M. B., Stern, M. J., & Fader, J. J. (2005). Women and the Paradox of Inequality in the Twentieth Century. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/spp_papers/45 Permission granted by George Mason University Press. Reprinted from Journal of Social History, Volume 39, Issue 2, 2005, pages 65-88. Publisher URL: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_social_history/v039/39.1katz.pdf This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/spp_papers/45 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women and the Paradox of Inequality in the Twentieth Century Abstract Throughout American history, male/female has defined an enduring binary embodied in access to jobs, income, and wealth.Women’s economic history shows how for centuries sex has inscribed a durable inequality into the structure of American labor markets that civil and political rights have moderated but not removed. This economic experience of women reflects the paradox of inequality in America: the coexistence of structural inequality with individual and group mobility.Women, like African Americans, have gained what T.H. Marshall labeled civil and political citizenship. No longer are they legally disenfranchised, and discrimination on account of race and gender is against the law.
    [Show full text]
  • 54. Late Modern English: Syntax [Draft Version, June 2011]
    54. Late Modern English: Syntax [draft version, June 2011] Bas Aarts, Maria José López -Couso and Bel én Méndez- Naya 1. Introduction 2. Categorical innovations of the Late Modern English period 3. Statistical and regulatory changes 4. Concluding remarks Abstract The Late Modern English period provides an essential link between the synta ctic innovations of Early Modern English and the established system of Present-day English. This chapter reviews a number of major syntactic developments taking place in the period, involving both categorical and statistical changes. Among the former, we discuss two important innovations in the domain of voice: the rise of the progressive passive, with its implications for the symmetry of the auxiliary system, and the emergence and consolidation of the get -passive. The 18th and 19th centuries also see the completion and/or regulation of long -term tendencies in various areas of syntax, such as the verb phrase (the consolidation of the progressive, the decline of the be-perfect and the regulation of periphrastic do), and subordination (changes in the complemen tation system, in particular the replacement of the to -infinitive by -ing complements, and in relative clauses, with the regulation of the distribution of the different relativizers). 1. Introduction The Late Modern English period has received much less scholarly attention than earlier stages in the history of English, partly because of its closeness to the present day and its apparent similarity to the contemporary language. This neglect has been particularly noticeable in the case of syntax. It is a we ll -known fact that the most substantive syntactic changes in the history of English had already taken place when our period opened, the 18 th and 19th centuries representing mainly a transitional stage between the categorical innovations of Late Middle Engl ish and, especially, Early Modern English and the “established” system of Present-day English.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary for Policymakers Should Be Cited As: IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers
    Summary SPM1 for Policymakers Drafting Authors: Lisa V. Alexander (Australia), Simon K. Allen (Switzerland/New Zealand), Nathaniel L. Bindoff (Australia), François-Marie Bréon (France), John A. Church (Australia), Ulrich Cubasch (Germany), Seita Emori (Japan), Piers Forster (UK), Pierre Friedlingstein (UK/Belgium), Nathan Gillett (Canada), Jonathan M. Gregory (UK), Dennis L. Hartmann (USA), Eystein Jansen (Norway), Ben Kirtman (USA), Reto Knutti (Switzerland), Krishna Kumar Kanikicharla (India), Peter Lemke (Germany), Jochem Marotzke (Germany), Valérie Masson-Delmotte (France), Gerald A. Meehl (USA), Igor I. Mokhov (Russian Federation), Shilong Piao (China), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Switzerland), Qin Dahe (China), Venkatachalam Ramaswamy (USA), David Randall (USA), Monika Rhein (Germany), Maisa Rojas (Chile), Christopher Sabine (USA), Drew Shindell (USA), Thomas F. Stocker (Switzerland), Lynne D. Talley (USA), David G. Vaughan (UK), Shang- Ping Xie (USA) Draft Contributing Authors: Myles R. Allen (UK), Olivier Boucher (France), Don Chambers (USA), Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen (Denmark), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter U. Clark (USA), Matthew Collins (UK), Josefino C. Comiso (USA), Viviane Vasconcellos de Menezes (Australia/Brazil), Richard A. Feely (USA), Thierry Fichefet (Belgium), Arlene M. Fiore (USA), Gregory Flato (Canada), Jan Fuglestvedt (Norway), Gabriele Hegerl (UK/Germany), Paul J. Hezel (Belgium/USA), Gregory C. Johnson (USA), Georg Kaser (Austria/Italy), Vladimir Kattsov (Russian Federation), John Kennedy (UK), Albert M. G. Klein Tank (Netherlands), Corinne Le Quéré (UK), Gunnar Myhre (Norway), Timothy Osborn (UK), Antony J. Payne (UK), Judith Perlwitz (USA), Scott Power (Australia), Michael Prather (USA), Stephen R. Rintoul (Australia), Joeri Rogelj (Switzerland/Belgium), Matilde Rusticucci (Argentina), Michael Schulz (Germany), Jan Sedláček (Switzerland), Peter A. Stott (UK), Rowan Sutton (UK), Peter W.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for Studying Late 19Th-Century and Early 20Th-Century Sites
    GUIDANCE FOR STUDYING LATE 19TH-CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH-CENTURY SITES This document presents an overview of increased costs, dramatically increased analysis the problems we perceive and the decisions times, and significant curation problems. The we make on a daily basis with regard to state’s curatorial facilities are nearly filled to relatively recent historic deposits recorded at capacity with square nails, barrel hoops, archeological sites on land. whiskey bottles, and dinner plates. Moreover, archeological reports are being filled Over the past decades, hundreds of late increasingly with redundant data and th th 19 -century sites (post-1860s) and early 20 - interpretations. century sites have been recorded and investigated in Texas, and a wealth of data has It is our position that late 19th-century been gathered on a wide range of site types. and early 20th-century sites (a period of These investigations have been divided fairly roughly 1870-1955) should be recorded like evenly between urban settings associated with any other archeological or architectural sites. major development projects, like convention TexSite forms should be completed noting all centers and mass transit facilities, and rural archeological and architectural features settings being examined for reservoir observed (e.g., trash middens, wells, construction or mining. The data collection, outbuildings) and submitted electronically to research, and report documentation has TARL to obtain trinomials. Shovel tests ranged from idiosyncratic examinations of should be excavated to document the vertical individual families in specific dwellings to and horizontal extent of each site, and broad holistic analyses of community-level samples of diagnostic artifacts that can interactions, architectural and historic document the periods of occupation should landscape evolution, and fluctuations in be collected.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Immigration in the 20Th Century
    Struggles for Justice: Mexican Immigration in the 20 th Century A multi-day lesson created by the UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project. Phyllis Goldsmith Director of Teacher Development UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project Find online: ucbhssp.berkeley.edu/hssp_lessons 2015 © UC Regents UNIT MAP Industrialization IMMIGRATION is about Context-background-periodization of waves of immigrants Action/Proposal: Students will do research on the current immigration debate to write a Timeline, charts and maps Policy proposal or letter to the editor: When and who have come to the US? How US immigration What should our current immigration policies be? policies have been influenced by economic US in the World-why people immigrate needs and interests and Case Study: Mexican Immigration the effect on immigrants. Corroborating documents: Push-pull factors Document-based Question: How have What were the push and pull factors opportunities for Mexican immigrants to that influenced immigration? the US changed during the 20 th century? Relationship between economic climate and governmental policy Case study: Asian Immigration How have economic needs influenced US policy? Cross continental rr-Irish/Chinese 1880 Depression- Chinese Exclusion Act Case study: European Immigration Focus Question: Thinking Skills How have competing economic needs and interests shaped immigration policies and the experience of immigrants in the US in the 20 th century? Continuity and Change: Teaching Thesis Progress and decline Cause and Consequence Struggles for Justice: Mexican Immigration in the 20 th Century Historical Investigation Question: How have opportunities for Mexican immigrants to the US changed during the 20 th century? Directions: Read the text below.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONALISM in the LATE 19TH and EARLY 20TH CENTURY Nationalism Became a Dominant Force in Western Society Beginning in the Late 19Th Century
    AP European History Nationalism (1848-1914) M. Holloway NATIONALISM IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY Nationalism became a dominant force in Western society beginning in the late 19th century FRANCE: Second French Republic Constitution: Unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly-elected president of the Republic President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes—the Church, army, property-owners, and business. Universal suffrage Falloux Law: Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for support) The Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon either payment of personal debt or allowance for a 2nd presidential term resulting in his plotting a coup The Second Empire (or Liberal Empire) Emperor Napoleon III, 1851: took control of gov’t in coup d’etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year 1851-1860: Napoleon III’s control was direct and authoritarian. 1860-1870: Regime liberalized by a series of reforms. Economic reforms resulted in a healthy economy Infrastructure: canals, roads; Baron Haussmann redevelops Paris Movement towards free trade Banking: Credit Mobilier funded industrial and infrastructure growth Foreign policy struggles resulted in strong criticism of Napoleon III Algeria, Crimean War, Italian unification struggles, colonial possessions in Africa Liberal reforms (done in part to divert attention from unsuccessful foreign policy) Extended power of the Legislative Assembly Returned control of secondary education to the government (instead of Catholic Church) In response, Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors, condemning liberalism. Permitted trade unions and right to strike Eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners nd Franco-Prussian war and capture of Napoleon III results in collapse of 2 Empire Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe.
    [Show full text]