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Size Variation of the End Permian Conodont Neogondolella at Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang and Its Significance

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Size Variation of the End Permian Conodont Neogondolella at Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang and Its Significance 4 Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences 2006 Vol.49 No.4 337 347 337 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-006-0337-1 Size variation of the end Permian conodont Neogondolella at Meishan Section, Changxing, Zhejiang and its significance LUO Genming, LAI Xulong, JIANG Haishui & ZHANG Kexin Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China Correspondence should be addressed to Lai Xulong (email: [email protected]) Received October 12, 2005; accepted December 20, 2005 Abstract This study is based on both a generic and species level investigation of the individual size of the latest Permian conodont Neogondolella Pa elements collected from Meishan Section A, Changxing, Zhejiang Province. In this study, an obvious size reduction of Neogondolella Pa elements within bed 24e of the upper Changxing Limestone is recognized. The size variation of the Neogon- dolella occurs simultaneously with some important events including the negative shift of δ 13C, change in the ratio of the abundance of cyanobacterial biomarkers versus that of other general bacterial biomarkers and the shallowing of the sea water. Through the investigation of the paleoenvironmental changes and the analysis of the paleoecology of the conodont genus Neogondolella, the authors propose that the major factors for the size reduction of species of the conodont genus Neogondolella are food shortages caused by the mass extinction, the shallowing of the sea water as well as the in- crease in opacity of the sea water during the end Permian. The same phenomenon of Neogondolella size reduction is also observed in preliminary research from the same horizon at Shangsi Section, Sichuan Province. All the evidence suggests that there was a mass extinction that occurred at the horizon of bed 24e, and the evidence supports the viewpoint of a multi-phase mass extinction during the Permian and Triassic transition in South China. Keywords: Meishan Section, end Permian, conodont, Neogondolella, size reduction. Recent works reveal that the size reduction of or- ary[5], and various organisms around the Per- ganisms during the Permian-Triassic transition is of mian/Triassic boundary[1,2,6]. Generally, former studies great importance for research on biotic mass extinction considered the Lilliput Effect to be the dwarfism of and recovery in this period[1,2]. Initially, Urbanek organisms caused by the reduction of original produc- (1993) observed a decrease in the size of Silurian tivity in the living environment. graptolites during the biotic crisis, and used the term The largest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic oc- “Lilliput Effect” to define the size reduction in sur- curred during the Permian-Triassic transitional pe- viving animal taxa[3]. Subsequently, researchers re- riod[7 9]. The study of this mass extinction is signifi- [4] ported a decrease in size of late Devonian conodonts , cant in assisting our understanding of the current heart urchins across the Cretaceous/Tertiary bound- relationship between the biosphere and the environ- www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com 338 Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences ment, and hence it is attracting global attention. this extinction is not yet widely accepted. Therefore, the Global Stratotype Section and Point Conodonts survived throughout the Per- (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Meishan mian-Triassic mass extinction event and into the Tri- Section in Zhejiang has received intensive multidisci- assic, and as a result many authors assume that there plinary study by various research groups, including was no obvious change in conodonts during this lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, sedimentology, se- time[19]. However, the study of large samples may pro- quence stratigraphy, isotope geochemistry, evento- vide insight into conodont changes in this interval. The stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy[10]. size measurement of abundant conodont specimens is The cause and the pattern for the Permian-Triassic time-con- suming, and so far this kind of study has not mass extinction is still controversial[11 13]. Some au- been undertaken for the Permian-Triassic transition. In thors propose a single-episode catastrophic mass ex- the current study measurements of large samples of tinction occurred, while others argue for a multi-epi- conodonts from Meishan Section were recorded. The sode mass extinction. Wu et al. (1994)[14] proposed measurements indicate that the number of small sized that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction is a multi- individuals of the conodont Neogondolella were found episode mass extinction consisting of three episodes. to increase abruptly in bed 24e. Their contention is based on research at Huayingshan Normally, the size variation of an organism is re- Section in Sichuan Province. This three-episode model lated to its living environment. Ongoing research into has been widely applied in South China including the the relationship between an organisms size and its pa- Meishan Section[15,16]. leoenvironment is significant for better understanding The three episodes of mass extinction at Meishan the event and the mechanism of the mass extinction Section have been recognized, at the top of bed 24d, during the Permian-Triassic transition. The size reduc- top of bed 26 and the bottom of bed 28[15], or at the top tion of Neogondolella coincides with some important of bed 24d, top of bed 24e and the bottom of bed 28[16]. geological events that happened in the same period. It With regard to these three episodes, Yin et al. (1998, reveals that the conodonts were influenced by geo- 2001) think the major extinction line is located at the logical events in the Permian-Triassic transition (Fig. top of bed 26[10,15], but Wignall and Hallam (1993) 1). assume the major extinction line is at the junction of The reason for conodont survival to early Triassic top of bed 24e and the bottom of bed 25[16]. Con- appears to be due to its relatively strong anti-catas- [20] versely, Fang (2004a, b) proposed that the Per- trophe ability . On the other hand, the “size mian-Triassic mass extinction is a double-episode ex- reduction” of Neogondolella in bed 24e supports the tinction, and places the major extinction line at the theory that the junction of beds 24d/24e is an impor- connection between the top of bed 24e and the bottom tant extinction line. Therefore, to recognize precisely of bed 25, and the end extinction line at the base of the variation of Neogondolella and other conodonts is bed 28. Fang’s (2004a, b) contention is primarily very useful for in-depth research into the geological based on a study of bivalves in South China, however events during the P/T transition. Fang also points out that the ammonites, brachiopods, The size reduction of end-Permian conodonts may gastropods, and non-fusulinids foraminifera have the be caused by the following two factors. Firstly, the same double-episode extinction pattern[11,17]. In con- catastrophic environment led to the death of abundant trast, Jin et al. (2000) consider the end Permian mass juvenile conodonts. Secondly, the increase of dwarfed extinction to be an abrupt catastrophic event, and this adult conodonts was caused by the paleoenvironmen- single-episode mass extinction to have happened at the tal changes. The differences between juvenile and junction of beds 24e/25[18]. Their theory is based on an adult Neogondolella can be distinguished by the char- analysis of the confidence interval of the fossil genera acteristic shape of the platform, carina and denticula- and species during the end Permian. Therefore, al- tion. Normally, a juvenile specimen of this species has though the multi-episode mass extinction viewpoint a slender platform, undeveloped carina and isolated has documented the extinction at the top of bed 24d, denticles. In contrast, the adult Neogondolella element Size variation of the end Permian conodont Neogondolella at Meishan section, Changxing, Zhejiang 339 possesses a robust platform, well-developed carina as upper and lower beds. Detailed investigation and sta- well as denticles merging in the lower part. Based on tistical work were undertaken to reveal temporal pat- the collections used for this study, the authors consider terns in size variation. Firstly, we counted and meas- most of the small size Neogondolella Pa elements to ured the size of all the well-preserved Pa elements of be juveniles. Considering the ‘Lilliput Effect’ is de- the genus Neogondolella in each bed. In order to illus- fined as the dwarfism of organisms caused by the re- trate that the size variation of Neogondolella at the duction of productivity in the living environment, and end-Permian is not caused by different Neogondolella most of the small size Neogondolella in this study species occurring in different beds, the authors also caused by the death of abundant juvenile conodonts. independently counted and measured all the complete Herein we adopt the term ‘size reduction’ instead of Pa elements of the species Neogondolella changxin- ‘Lilliput Effect’ to refer to the size variation phe- gensis-a dominant species with clearly identifiable nomenon in present study. characteristics. 2.1 Size distribution and change pattern of the genus 1 Samples and analytical method Neogondolella Thirteen successive bulk samples ranging from bed In statistical analyses, a larger sample provides a 24 to bed 29 were collected from Section A at Meishan, more precise result. Only a few conodont Neogon- Zhejiang. The sample from bed 24 was divided into 5 dolella specimens were found in the beds above bed sub-beds (beds 24a-e). Bed 27 was also evenly sepa- 24e, and they were poorly preserved. In bed 25 (white rated into 4 sub-beds (beds 27a-d). Each of these 13 clay), only one complete Neogondolella Pa element samples weighed 20 kg. The clay samples collected was found, and its size is 0.557 mm. Only 4 complete from beds 25 and 28 were processed directly by water.
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