Indigenous Population of Greater Western Sydney

Home , Bidjigal, Greater Western Sydney, Parklea, South Western Sydney, Sydney, Toongabbie

CENSUS 2016 TOPIC PAPER

Indigenous population of Greater Western Sydney

By Amy Lawton, Social Research and Information Officer, WESTIR Ltd

2016

This work is Copyright. Apart from use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part can be reproduced by any process without the written permission from the Executive Officer of WESTIR Ltd.

All possible care has been taken in the preparation of the information contained in this publication. However, WESTIR Ltd expressly disclaims any liability for the accuracy and sufficiency of the information and under no circumstances shall be liable in negligence or otherwise in or arising out of the preparation or supply of any of the information WESTIR Ltd is partly funded by the NSW Department of Family and Community Services.

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By Amy Lawton, Social Research and Information Officer, WESTIR Limited

Acknowledgment of Country / Statement of Commitment

We respectfully acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land which Western Sydney covers, the Dharug people of the Dharug Nation, and pay our respects to Elders past and present. We acknowledge that Dharug people were the first people of the Western Sydney area and have strived to retain their culture, identity and special connection with country for more than two centuries of non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander settlement. We recognise the valuable contribution made by Dharug people to the local community in working towards a future of mutual harmony and respect.

Table of contents

Introduction ...... 1 Aim of the paper ...... 3 Regions and terms used in this report ...... 3 A note about GWS boundary changes ...... 3 Snapshot: Indigenous population of Greater Western Sydney ...... 5 Population ...... 5 Age ...... 7 Schooling ...... 7 Higher education ...... 9 Employment and volunteering ...... 10 Income ...... 14 Family household composition ...... 15 Dwelling characteristics ...... 16 Language ...... 20 Need for assistance ...... 22 Conclusions ...... 25 References ...... 27 Appendix A: Time series tables, Indigenous population, GWS, 2006 – 2016 ...... 28

Introduction

The path to recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) people in the Australian Census has been long and complicated. Before 1967, the question about Indigenous status was mainly used to exclude ATSI people from official population statistics as required by the Constitution at that time. This changed when the Holt government called the 1967 referendum to make two notable changes to the wording of the Australian Constitution – to recognise ATSI people so the government could pass laws relating to them, and to include ATSI people in official population statistics. Since the 1971 Census, the Indigenous status question has been used to understand ATSI sociodemographic outcomes and observe how their situations are changing over time. It is also used to inform policymaking such as many

Closing the Gap targets which are monitored using Census data (Biddle & Markham 2017; Capuano 2017).

The 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Census showed that 649,171 people in Australia identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, equating to 2.8% of the national population. This was up from 2.5% of the national population in 2011. Over 60% of Australia’s ATSI population lived in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland. The median age for an ATSI person in Australia was 23 years, up from 21 years in 2011. ATSI people had a much younger profile than the non-Indigenous population, with more than half (53%) aged under 25 years in 2016. The proportion of ATSI young people (20 – 24 years) who completed Year 12 or equivalent increased from 37% in 2011 to 47% in 2016. ATSI people in 2016 were more likely to live in family households and were half as likely than their non- Indigenous counterparts to report an equivalised household income of $1,000 or more (20% Indigenous compared to 41% non-Indigenous). For more information, please see the ABS Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population 2016 Census Data Summary.

There are about 29 Aboriginal clan groups of the Sydney metropolitan area, with most generally acknowledging that the Dharug people occupy the inland area from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains within the Greater Western Sydney (GWS) area (See Figure 1). The larger clan grouping of Dharug people consisted of smaller clans or bands, including Burramattagal (Parramatta), Bidjigal (Castle Hill), Toogagal (Toongabbie), Cabrogal (Cabramatta), Boorooberongal (Richmond), Cannemegal (Prospect), Gomerigal-tongara (South Creek), Muringong (Camden), Cattai (Windsor), Kurrajong (Kurrajong), Boo-bain-ora (Wentworthville) and Mulgoa (Penrith) (Heiss & Gibson 2013).

Figure 1: The Aboriginal nations of Greater Sydney

Please note: This map indicates only the general location of larger groupings of people, which may include smaller groupings such as clans, dialects or individual languages in a group. Boundaries are not intended to be exact. Not suitable for use in native title and other land claims. For more detailed information about the groups of people in a particular region, contact the relevant land councils.

(Source: Horton 1996)

Regionally, GWS is an area of growing national importance and has one of the fastest growing populations in Australia. It is also a region of increasing cultural and linguistic diversity, with a significant ATSI population.

Aim of the paper

The aim of this paper is to explore the demographic characteristics of the ATSI population in GWS, based on the ABS 2016 Census data.

Regions and terms used in this report

GWS is made up of the following 13 Local Government Areas (LGAs):

• Blacktown • Hawkesbury • Blue Mountains • Liverpool • Camden • Parramatta • Campbelltown • Penrith • Canterbury – Bankstown • The Hills Shire • Cumberland • Wollondilly • Fairfield

This paper also covers two additional LGAs, Lithgow and Wingecarribee, but are not included in GWS totals.

GWS is also compared with data for Greater Sydney, Rest of Sydney, FACS Western Sydney District, FACS South Western Sydney District and New South Wales (NSW):

• Greater Sydney and NSW are compiled from ABS boundaries. • Rest of Sydney is calculated by subtracting the totals of Greater Sydney with the totals of GWS. • FACS Western Sydney District (FACS WS District) is made up of Blacktown, Blue Mountains, Cumberland, Hawkesbury, Lithgow, Parramatta, Penrith and The Hills Shire LGAs. • FACS South Western Sydney (FACS SWS District) is made up of Camden, Campbelltown, Canterbury – Bankstown, Fairfield, Liverpool, Wingecarribee and Wollondilly LGAs.

The term Indigenous is used in this paper to classify those who identified as Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin. Those who are non-Indigenous did not identify with any of the origins above. In addition, the term Indigenous household describes any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. Overall, these terms have been chosen for ease when comparing Census data between Indigenous and non-Indigenous households and populations.

All data tables are based on place of usual residence, unless otherwise stated.

A note about GWS boundary changes

Changes in the GWS boundary have occurred over time due to LGA amalgamations in the eastern part of the region in 2016. Time series analysis on Indigenous population change in GWS from 2006 – 2016 can easily be undertaken as this data is available (with updated LGA boundaries) through the ABS Time Series Profile. The ABS ATSI Profiles however have not updated LGA boundaries for Census data prior to 2016, therefore time series analysis for

other variables affecting the Indigenous population (such as age, education, family structure etc) is not as easily obtained.

The variables in this paper follow the outline of the ABS ATSI Profile but have been reconstructed in ABS TableBuilder Pro so that time series analysis can be undertaken on a regional level. Time series analysis has been undertaken for 2006, 2011 and 2016. GWS data for 2006/11 has been reconstructed following 2016 LGA boundaries to allow more accurate comparison with 2016 data – in particular, the addition of Canterbury LGA to reflect the formation of Canterbury – Bankstown LGA in 2016. Please note however that the 2006/11 data does not include a small area between The Hills and Hornsby Shires that was acquired by Parramatta LGA in 2016.

Detailed analysis for the Indigenous population on a LGA level is not outlined in this paper, but is available from WESTIR Ltd upon request.

Snapshot: Indigenous population of Greater Western Sydney

Population

In 2016, a total of 41,887 people identified as Indigenous, equating to 1.8% of the GWS population. This was higher than Greater Sydney (1.5% of the total population) and Rest of Sydney (1.1%) but lower than NSW (2.9%). The LGA in GWS with the highest proportion of Indigenous people was Penrith (4.0% of LGA population) and the lowest proportion was found in The Hills Shire (0.5%).

The Indigenous population in GWS grew from 1.4% of the total population in 2006 and 1.6% in 2011. This represented a 58.2% increase since 2006 and a 27.2% increase since 2011. The GWS LGA with the largest Indigenous population growth was Camden, with a 196.5% increase in since 2006 and 73.4% increase since 2011 (See Table 1).

Table 1: Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change

5 year 10 year Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous status change change persons population persons population persons population (2011 - 16) (2006 - 16)

Region Blacktown LGA 7,054 2.6% 8,200 2.7% 9,526 2.8% 16.2% 35.0% Blue Mountains LGA 946 1.3% 1,318 1.7% 1,823 2.4% 38.3% 92.7% Camden LGA 652 1.3% 1,115 2.0% 1,933 2.5% 73.4% 196.5% Campbelltown LGA 3,829 2.7% 4,730 3.2% 5,971 3.8% 26.2% 55.9% Canterbury-Bankstown LGA 1,870 0.6% 2,181 0.7% 2,552 0.7% 17.0% 36.5% Cumberland LGA 1,201 0.7% 1,276 0.7% 1,394 0.6% 9.2% 16.1% Fairfield LGA 1,113 0.6% 1,323 0.7% 1,483 0.7% 12.1% 33.2% Hawkesbury LGA 1,162 1.9% 1,609 2.6% 2,393 3.7% 48.7% 105.9% Liverpool LGA 2,193 1.3% 2,676 1.5% 3,012 1.5% 12.6% 37.3% Parramatta LGA 1,271 0.7% 1,547 0.8% 1,694 0.7% 9.5% 33.3% Penrith LGA 4,053 2.4% 5,387 3.0% 7,741 3.9% 43.7% 91.0% The Hills Shire LGA 364 0.3% 520 0.4% 813 0.5% 56.3% 123.4% Wollondilly LGA 759 1.9% 1,036 2.4% 1,552 3.2% 49.8% 104.5% Lithgow LGA 606 3.1% 898 4.5% 1,208 5.7% 34.5% 99.3% Wingecarribee LGA 531 1.3% 802 1.8% 954 2.0% 19.0% 79.7% Greater Western Sydney 26,467 1.4% 32,918 1.6% 41,887 1.8% 27.2% 58.3% Greater Sydney 43,512 1.1% 54,744 1.2% 70,135 1.5% 28.1% 61.2% Rest of Sydney 17,045 0.8% 21,826 1.0% 28,248 1.1% 29.4% 65.7% FACS WS District 16,657 1.5% 20,755 1.8% 26,592 2.1% 28.1% 59.6% FACS SWS District 10,947 1.2% 13,863 1.4% 17,457 1.6% 25.9% 59.5% New South Wales 138,509 2.1% 172,625 2.5% 216,176 2.9% 25.2% 56.1% (Source: 2016 ABS Time Series Profile, Table T01, T06a, 06b)

The map on page 5 shows the distribution of the Indigenous population in GWS in 2016. The map shows the concentrations of the Indigenous population were found in Blacktown, Hawkesbury, Penrith, Camden and Campbelltown LGAs. Unfortunately, the map also shows major concentrations of Indigenous people within the correctional centres of the region (notably, Parklea, Silverwater, and John Morony in Berkshire Park).

Age

Chart 1 shows the age distribution of the Indigenous population in GWS in 2016. Indigenous people in GWS had a much younger age profile than the non-Indigenous population, with more than half aged under 25 years of age (55.0% of Indigenous population). In comparison, just over one third of non-Indigenous people in GWS were aged under 25 years age (34.2% of non-Indigenous population). The difference between the two populations was also marked in the 65 years and over age group. The proportion of Indigenous people in the 65 years and over age group was considerably smaller than for non-Indigenous people (4.5% Indigenous compared to 12.4% non-Indigenous). These findings were similar to regional and state trends.

Chart 1: Age distribution by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the number of Indigenous people in all age groups increased between 2006 and 2016, however the proportion of Indigenous people in younger age groups (less than 25 years old) declined and those in the older age groups (45 years and over) increased in this time period. When looking at growth rate, the older age groups (45 years old and over) grew at a faster rate over the last five to ten years than younger age groups (less than 25 years old). This suggests that the Indigenous population in GWS is ageing in place (See Table A.1 in Appendix A).

Schooling

Table 3 shows the type of education institution attended by Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in GWS in 2016. In 2016, most Indigenous people in GWS were attending infants/primary school (15.3% of the Indigenous population) or secondary school (11.0%). This is most probably due to the young profile of the Indigenous population outlined in the previous section. A total of 3.0% of Indigenous people in GWS in 2016 stated that they were attending a technical or further educational institution and 2.9% stated that they were attending a university or other tertiary institution. When compared to the non-Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS had a higher proportion of people attending

preschool, infants/primary, secondary and technical or further education institutions and a lower proportion attending university or other tertiary institutions. This was similar to regional and state trends, although the Indigenous population in GWS had a higher proportion of primary/secondary school attendees and a slightly lower proportion of tertiary attendees than the Indigenous populations of Greater Sydney, Rest of Sydney and NSW.

Time series analysis shows that Indigenous people in GWS who attended university or other tertiary institutions increased by 195.6% since 2006 and 68.8% since 2011. Attendance by Indigenous people at technical or further educational institutions also increased by 94.8% since 2006 and 7.0% since 2011 (See Table A.2 in Appendix A).

Table 3: Type of educational institution attending by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

Type of Technical or University Not stated Educational Infants / Further or other Preschool Secondary Other and not Total Institution Primary Educational Tertiary applicable Attending Institution Institution Indigenous status number (%) 1,350 6,414 4,625 1,276 1,200 304 26,712 41,874 Indigenous 3.2% 15.3% 11.0% 3.0% 2.9% 0.7% 63.8% 100.0% 39,699 2,152,040 Non-Indigenous 199,196 154,768 45,349 113,875 22,116 1,577,032 1.8% 9.3% 7.2% 2.1% 5.3% 1.0% 73.3% 100.0% 270 1,660 1,164 276 476 129 109,289 113,266 Not stated 0.2% 1.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 96.5% 100.0% Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

In 2016, there were 8,393 Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who stated that they had completed Year 12 or equivalent, equating to 30.7% of the Indigenous population. This compares to 57.1% or 973,610 non-Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who stated that they had completed Year 12 or equivalent. When compared to regional and state trends, GWS had a lower proportion of Indigenous people aged 15 years and older that completed Year 12 or equivalent than Greater Sydney (34.8% of the Indigenous population aged 15 years and over) or Rest of Sydney (48.6%) but a higher proportion compared to NSW (28.4%) (See Table 4).

Table 4: Highest year of schooling by Indigenous status aged 15 years or older in GWS, 2016

Not stated Total aged Highest Year of Year 12 or Year 11 or Year 10 or Year 9 or Year 8 or Did not go to and not 15 years and School Completed equivalent equivalent equivalent equivalent below school applicable over Indigenous status number (%) 8,393 2,699 8,523 3,532 1,904 182 2,051 27,346 Indigenous 30.7% 9.9% 31.2% 12.9% 7.0% 0.7% 7.5% 100.0% 973,610 1,705,726 Non-Indigenous 98,186 352,611 99,555 95,374 37,423 48,929 57.1% 5.8% 20.7% 5.8% 5.6% 2.2% 2.9% 100.0% 4,444 644 2572 833 858 279 81,519 91,149 Not stated 4.9% 0.7% 2.8% 0.9% 0.9% 0.3% 89.4% 100.0% Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who completed Year 12 or equivalent grew from 20.6% of the Indigenous population aged 15 years and over in 2006 to 30.7% in 2016. This represented a 159.3% increase since 2006 and 62.8% increase since 2011. Overall, Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS have increasingly completed higher levels of schooling over time – that is, Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who had completed Year 12 or equivalent grew at a

faster rate than those who completed Year 10 or below since 2006 (See Table A.3 in Appendix A).

Higher education

Table 5 shows the highest educational attainment of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS in 2016. Most Indigenous people in GWS stated that they had attained Year 10 or above (39.6% of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over) or Years 9 or below (15.7%). For postgraduate qualifications, 17.3% of Indigenous people stated that they had attained a Certificate III & IV qualification (17.3%), followed by Advanced Diploma/Diploma (6.8%), bachelor degree (4.9%) or a postgraduate degree (1.2%). When compared to the non- Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS had a lower attainment of all post-school qualifications (except Certificate qualifications) and a higher proportion who only completed a form of secondary education. This was similar to regional and state trends, although a lower proportion of Indigenous people in GWS had attained postgraduate and bachelor qualifications when compared to Indigenous people in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney, but not NSW as a whole.

Table 5: Level of Highest Educational Attainment by Indigenous status aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2016

Graduate Secondary Secondary Level of Highest Diploma and Advanced Postgraduate Bachelor Certificate III & Certificate I & Education - Education - Supplementary Not stated and Total aged 15 Education Graduate Diploma and Degree Level Degree Level IV Level II Level Years 10 and Years 9 and Codes not applicable years and over Certificate Diploma Level Attainment above below Level Indigenous status number (%) 315 180 1,333 1,869 4,742 66 10,829 4,292 877 2,719 27,346 Indigenous 1.2% 0.7% 4.9% 6.8% 17.3% 0.2% 39.6% 15.7% 3.2% 9.9% 100.0% 93,201 159,126 Non-Indigenous 22,645 262,011 160,386 243,121 1,543 598,255 88,494 76,963 1,705,726 5.5% 1.3% 15.4% 9.4% 14.3% 0.1% 35.1% 9.3% 5.2% 4.5% 100.0% 266 70 779 732 1,434 0 3,741 1,264 563 82,283 91,149 Not stated 0.3% 0.1% 0.9% 0.8% 1.6% 0.0% 4.1% 1.4% 0.6% 90.3% 100.0% Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series data for highest educational attainment is not available through the ABS, however it is available for level of education in non-school qualifications (See Table A.4 in Appendix A). The non-school time series data shows that the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS in all categories of non-school qualifications has increased since 2006. The largest growth rates were seen in Indigenous people attaining postgraduate degrees (from 0.5% in 2006 to 1.2% in 2016, representing a 325.7% increase since 2006), advanced diploma/diplomas (from 3.5% in 2006 to 6.8% in 2016, representing a 238.0% increase since 2006) and bachelor degrees (from 3.3% in 2006 to 4.9% in 2016, representing a 155.9% increase since 2006).

Table 6 shows the field of study (non-school qualification) of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS in 2016. This data applies to all those for whom this question in the Census was relevant, minus those who inadequately described or did not provide their field of study. The top fields of study for Indigenous people in GWS were Management and Commerce (21.6% of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over), Society and Culture (20.4%), Engineering and Related Technologies (13.6%), Health (9.2%) and Education (9.1%) and Food, Hospitality and Personal Services (9.0%). When compared to the non- Indigenous population in GWS, there is a higher proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who had studied Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies (2.6% Indigenous compared to 1.4% non-Indigenous), Society and Culture (20.4% Indigenous compared to 12.4% non-Indigenous) and Food, Hospitality and Personal Services (9.0% Indigenous

compared to 5.3% non-Indigenous). This was similar to trends for the Indigenous population in Rest of Sydney and Greater Sydney.

Table 6: Field of study (non-school qualification) by Indigenous status by 15 years and over in GWS, 2016

Indigenous % total Non-Indigenous % total Non- persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous Not stated Field of Field of Study (non-school qualification) years + population 15 years + population 15 15+ study total (number) years + (number) years + Natural and Physical Sciences 96 1.0% 29,435 3.5% 74 29,627 Information Technology 160 1.7% 49,120 5.8% 113 49,389 Engineering and Related Technologies 1,295 13.6% 150,035 17.7% 778 152,116 Architecture and Building 763 8.0% 51,249 6.0% 319 52,343 Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies 246 2.6% 11,623 1.4% 75 11,954 Health 879 9.2% 78,517 9.3% 355 79,768 Education 868 9.1% 67,941 8.0% 309 69,163 Management and Commerce 2,062 21.6% 226,824 26.7% 822 229,686 Society and Culture 1,940 20.4% 104,934 12.4% 436 107,324 Creative Arts 311 3.3% 30,079 3.5% 134 30,521 Food, Hospitality and Personal Services 853 9.0% 45,018 5.3% 280 46,153 Mixed Field Programmes 55 0.6% 3,236 0.4% 119 3,379 Total 9,528 100.0% 848,011 100.0% 3,814 861,423 Field of study definitions: • Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies includes fields of study around Agriculture, Horticulture and Viticulture, Forestry Studies, Fisheries Studies and Environmental Studies. • Health includes fields of study around Medical Studies, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental Studies, Optical Science, Veterinary Studies, Public Health, Radiography, Rehabilitation Therapies and Complementary Therapies. • Education includes areas of study around Teacher Education, Curriculum and Education Studies and other Education. • Management and Commerce includes fields of study around Accounting, Business and Management, Sales and Marketing, Tourism, Office Studies, Banking, Finance and Related Fields, and Other Management and Commerce. • Society and Culture includes fields of study around political science and policy studies, human society and welfare, behavioural studies, law and justice, librarianship, information management and curatorial studies, language and literature, philosophy and religion, economics, and sports and recreation. • Food, Hospital and Personal Services includes Food, Hospitality and Personal Services. • Mixed Field Programmes includes General Education, Social Skills and Employment Skills Programmes.

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the fields of study with the highest growth among Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS over the last ten years was Mixed Field Programmes (an increase of 292.9% since 2006), Society and Culture (an increase of 270.2% since 2006) and Management and Commerce (an increase of 180.2% since 2006) (See Table A.5 in Appendix A).

Employment and volunteering

Table 7 shows the labour force status of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS in 2016. In 2016, there were 13,753 Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who were employed and 1,962 who were not employed. This represented a labour force participation rate of 57.5% and an unemployment rate of 12.5%. When compared to the non- Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS had a higher unemployment rate (12.5% Indigenous compared to 7.1% non-Indigenous) and a lower labour force participation rate (57.5% Indigenous compared to 62.9% non-Indigenous). This is similar to regional and state trends, although Indigenous people in GWS had a lower labour force participation rate and higher unemployment rate than Indigenous people in Greater Sydney (Indigenous labour force participation rate 59.2%; unemployment rate 11.7%) and Rest of Sydney (61.6% and 10.8% respectively), but not NSW as a whole (54.4% and 15.3% respectively).

For a more detailed look at employment trends, please see quarterly Small Area Labour Market (SALM) data released by the Commonwealth Department of Jobs and Small Business.

Time series analysis shows that the Indigenous labour force participation in GWS grew from 53.9% in 2006 to 57.5% in 2016. Conversely, the Indigenous unemployment rate in GWS declined from 16.4% in 2006 to 12.5% in 2016. Since 2006, the number of Indigenous people in GWS that were employed grew at a faster rate than those unemployed or not in the labour force (See Table A.6 in Appendix A).

Table 7: Labour force status by Indigenous status by 15 years and over in GWS, 2016

Indigenous Non-Indigenous Total persons 15 persons 15 Not stated Labour Force Status persons years + years + 15+ 15+ (number) (number) Persons aged 15 years and over 27,346 1,705,726 91,149 1,824,221 Employed (a) 13,753 996,613 4,632 1,014,998 Not employed (b) 1,962 75,634 425 78,021 Total labour force 15,715 1,072,247 5,057 1,093,019 Not in labour force 11,022 613,748 5,594 630,364 Labour force not stated 545 19,713 80,447 100,705 % Unemployment (c) 12.5% 7.1% 8.4% 7.1% % Labour force participation (d) 57.5% 62.9% 5.5% 59.9% % Employment to population (e) 50.3% 58.4% 5.1% 55.6% (a) Employed includes those who worked full-time, part-time and those who were away from work. (b) Not employed includes those who were looking for both full-time and part-time work. (c) Unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the total labour force. (d) Labour force participation rate is the number of persons in the labour force expressed as a percentage of persons aged 15 years and over. (e) Employment rate is the number of employed persons expressed as a percentage of persons aged 15 years and over. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Table 8 shows the industry of employment for Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS in 2016. This data applies to all those for whom this question in the Census was relevant, minus those who inadequately described or did not provide their industry of employment. The top industries of employment for Indigenous people in GWS were Health Care and Social Assistance (14.0% of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over), Construction (12.0%), Public Administration and Safety (10.4%) and Retail Trade (10.3%). When compared to the non-Indigenous population in GWS, there was a slightly higher proportion of Indigenous people in GWS in utility, hospitality and public service industries. This is similar to regional and state trends, although Indigenous people in GWS were less likely to be in professional service industries than Indigenous people in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney.

Table 8: Industry of Employment by Indigenous status by 15 years and over in GWS, 2016

Indigenous % total Non-Indigenous % total Non- persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous Not stated Industry Industry of Employment years + population 15 years + population 15 15+ total (number) years + (number) years + Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 87 0.7% 5,930 0.6% 24 6,041 Mining 37 0.3% 2,008 0.2% 0 2,045 Manufacturing 799 6.3% 77,368 8.2% 340 78,507 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 157 1.2% 9,338 1.0% 43 9,538 Construction 1,529 12.0% 96,069 10.2% 467 98,065 Wholesale Trade 311 2.4% 39,329 4.2% 137 39,777 Retail Trade 1,303 10.3% 101,749 10.8% 427 103,479 Accommodation and Food Services 1,008 7.9% 60,840 6.5% 257 62,105 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 914 7.2% 64,054 6.8% 286 65,254 Information Media and Telecommunications 145 1.1% 18,740 2.0% 59 18,944 Financial and Insurance Services 370 2.9% 50,753 5.4% 153 51,276 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 160 1.3% 15,446 1.6% 61 15,667 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 386 3.0% 64,876 6.9% 176 65,438 Administrative and Support Services 476 3.7% 34,564 3.7% 172 35,212 Public Administration and Safety 1,318 10.4% 57,220 6.1% 238 58,776 Education and Training 1,171 9.2% 73,900 7.9% 271 75,342 Health Care and Social Assistance 1,780 14.0% 114,925 12.3% 519 117,224 Arts and Recreation Services 243 1.9% 12,757 1.4% 64 13,064 Other Services 504 4.0% 38,288 4.1% 182 38,974 Total 12,698 100.0% 938,154 100.0% 3,876 954,728 Industry of employment definitions: • Mining includes Coal Mining, Oil and Gas Extraction, Metal Ore Mining, Non-Metallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying, Exploration and Other Mining Support Services. • Construction includes Building Construction, Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction and Construction Services. • Retail Trade includes Motor Vehicle (and parts) Retailing, Fuel Retailing, Food Retailing and other Store-Based and Non-Store Retailing. • Financial and Insurance Services includes Financial and Insurance Services and Superannuation Funds. • Public Administration and Safety includes Public Administration, Defence and Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services. • Health Care and Social Assistance includes Hospitals, Medical Services, Residential Care Services and Social Assistance Services. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the industries of employment with the highest growth among Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS over the last ten years was Mining (an increase of 164.3% since 2006), Construction (an increase of 160.0% since 2006) and Financial and Insurance Services (an increase of 137.2% since 2006) (See Table A.7 in Appendix A).

Table 9 shows the occupation for Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS in 2016. This data applies to all those for whom this question in the Census was relevant, minus those who inadequately described or did not provide their occupation. Most Indigenous people in GWS stated that they were Community and Personal Service Workers (15.4% of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over), Clerical and Administrative Workers (15.2%) and Technicians and Trade Workers (14.3%). When compared to the non- Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS were less likely to be in managerial or professional roles and more likely to be in community service or manual labour occupations. This is similar to regional and state trends.

Table 9: Occupation by Indigenous status by 15 years and over in GWS, 2016

Indigenous % total Non-Indigenous % total Non- persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous Not stated Occupation Occupation years + population 15 years + population 15 15+ total (number) years + (number) years + Managers 1,047 7.9% 108,515 11.1% 398 109,940 Professionals 1,700 12.8% 200,580 20.6% 644 202,951 Technicians and Trades Workers 1,906 14.3% 136,295 14.0% 686 138,902 Community and Personal Service Workers 2,048 15.4% 97,911 10.0% 474 100,437 Clerical and Administrative Workers 2,026 15.2% 156,171 16.0% 619 158,821 Sales Workers 1,247 9.4% 92,852 9.5% 413 94,521 Machinery Operators and Drivers 1,561 11.7% 86,724 8.9% 489 88,755 Labourers 1,756 13.2% 96,272 9.9% 596 98,637 Total 13,291 100.0% 975,320 100.0% 4,319 992,964 Please note that there are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the occupation with the highest growth among Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS over the last ten years was Managers, growing from 2.8% in 2006 to 3.8% in 2016. This represents an 138.5% increase since 2006 (See Table A.8 in Appendix A).

Figure 2 shows the volunteering rates of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in GWS in 2016. A total of 3,732 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they carried out voluntary work for a group or organisation, equating to 8.9% of the Indigenous population. This was lower than the non-Indigenous population in GWS who stated that they carried out voluntary work (11.6%). When compared to regional and state trends, GWS had a lower proportion of Indigenous people who carried out voluntary work than Greater Sydney (10.6% of Indigenous population), Rest of Sydney (13.2%) and NSW (10.0%).

Figure 2: Voluntary Work for a Group or Organisation by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

GWS GWS

8.9% 11.6%

Greater Sydney: 10.6% Indigenous Non-Indigenous Greater Sydney: 14.3% Rest of Sydney: 13.2% Rest of Sydney: 16.8% NSW: 10.0% NSW: 15.8%

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who carried out voluntary work grew from 7.0% of the Indigenous population in 2006 to 8.9% in 2016. Since 2006, there proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who carried out voluntary work grew at a faster rate than Indigenous people who did not carry out voluntary work (See Table A.9 in Appendix A).

Income

Chart 2 shows the equivalised total weekly household income by Indigenous household indicator in GWS in 2016. Indigenous households in GWS were more likely to report a weekly household income between $500 - $999 (31.3% of the Indigenous households), followed by nil - $499 (26.5%). When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, there was a higher proportion of Indigenous households in GWS reporting a weekly household income of $999 or less (52.5% non-Indigenous compared to 57.8% Indigenous) and a lower proportion of Indigenous households reporting a weekly household income of $1,000 or more (34.1% non-Indigenous compared to 30.7% Indigenous). Overall, GWS had a higher proportion of Indigenous households in lower income brackets (less than $1,000 per week) than Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney, but not when compared to NSW as a whole.

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of GWS Indigenous households with a weekly household income of $999 or less declined from 74.1% of the Indigenous households in 2006 to 57.7% in 2016. Conversely, GWS Indigenous households with a weekly household income of $2,000 or more grew from 0.6% in 2006 to 3.8% in 2016. This represented a 953.4% increase since 2006 and 232.7% increase since 2011. Since 2006, GWS Indigenous households with a weekly household income of $2,000 or more grew at a faster rate than GWS Indigenous households with a weekly household income of $999 or less (See Table A.10 in Appendix A).

Chart 2: Equivalised total household income (weekly) by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Please note: This chart is based on place of enumeration. • An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. • The income category ‘Other’ includes 'Partial income stated', 'All incomes not stated' and 'Not applicable'.

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Chart 3 shows the total weekly personal income of Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in GWS in 2016. While most did not state an income or was considered not applicable (40.1% of Indigenous population), if they did state an income, Indigenous people in GWS were more likely to report earning nil - $499 per week (28.5%), followed by $500 - $999 per

week (16.5%). When compared to non-Indigenous people in GWS, there was a lower proportion of Indigenous people in GWS reporting a weekly personal income of $999 or less (52.2% non-Indigenous compared to 45.0% Indigenous) but there was also a lower proportion reporting a weekly personal income of $1,000 or more (23.9% non-Indigenous compared to 14.4% Indigenous). This was similar to regional and state trends.

Chart 3: Total personal income (weekly) by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS with a weekly personal income of $999 or less declined from 47.9% of the Indigenous population in 2006 to 45.5% in 2016. Conversely, Indigenous people with a weekly personal income of $2,000 or more grew from 0.6% in 2006 to 2.3% in 2016. This represented a 498.7% increase since 2006 and 160.1% increase since 2011. Since 2006, Indigenous people in GWS with a weekly personal income of $2,000 or more grew at a faster rate than Indigenous people with a weekly household income of $999 or less (See Table A.11 in Appendix A).

Overall, the Census data over time shows that the Indigenous population in GWS have been increasingly earning higher incomes on a personal and household level.

Family household composition

Table 10 shows the family household composition by Indigenous household indicator in GWS in 2016. A total of 82.1% of the Indigenous households in GWS identified as a one family household. Of those in one family households, most lived as a couple with children (42.4% of the Indigenous households) followed by one parent families (29.0%) (not shown in table). A total of 10.5% of Indigenous households in GWS identified as multiple family households, 4.1% identified as lone person households and 3.3% lived in group households. When compared to the non-Indigenous households in GWS, it was more common for Indigenous households in GWS to identify as one parent families (29.0% Indigenous compared to 11.8% non-Indigenous) (not shown in table), multiple family households (10.5% Indigenous compared to 8.4% non-Indigenous) and to a lesser extent, group households (3.3% Indigenous compared to 2.4% non-Indigenous).

The family household composition for Indigenous households in GWS was slightly different to regional and state trends. Indigenous households in GWS were less likely to identify as lone person and group households than Indigenous households in Greater Sydney, Rest of Sydney and NSW.

Table 10: Family household composition (dwelling) by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Multiple Lone Other Family household One family Group family person households Total composition (dwelling) household household household household (b) Indigenous household number (%) indicator (a) 6,604 2,559 2,048 0 62,631 Indigenous households 51,427 82.1% 10.5% 4.1% 3.3% 0.0% 100.0% Non-Indigenous 1,761,829 177,928 135,037 51,565 0 2,126,361 households 82.9% 8.4% 6.4% 2.4% 0.0% 100.0% 0 0 0 0 0 Not applicable 0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Please note: This table is based on place of enumeration. (a) An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. (b) The category 'Other households' include 'Visitors only household', 'Other non-classifiable household' and 'Not applicable'. (c) There are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous households who identified as one family and lone households in GWS declined since 2006, while the proportion of Indigenous households who identified as multiple family households grew in the same period. Since 2006, Indigenous multiple family households grew at a faster rate than other Indigenous family household compositions (See Table A.12 in Appendix A).

Dwelling characteristics

Dwelling structure

In 2016, most Indigenous households in GWS lived in a separate house (85.0% of Indigenous population), followed by semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse (10.1%) and flat or apartment (4.2%) (See Figure 3). When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, there was a higher proportion of Indigenous households in GWS that lived in separate houses and a lower proportion in semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse and flat or apartment. On a regional level, there was a higher proportion of Indigenous households in GWS that lived in separate houses and a lower proportion that lived in semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse and flat or apartment when compared to Indigenous households in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney.

It is also interesting to look at the tenure type of Indigenous households in GWS. In 2016, just under half of Indigenous households in GWS that lived in separate houses owned the dwelling outright or with a mortgage (48.5% of Indigenous households) and just under half rented (47.9%). This was a vastly different picture for other dwelling types, with most of Indigenous households in GWS renting if they resided in semi-detached dwellings (77.8% of Indigenous households) or a flat or apartment (85.1%). When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, Indigenous households had lower rates of home ownership and higher rates of renting across all dwelling types. This was similar to regional and state trends,

although Indigenous households in GWS had slightly lower home ownership rates across all dwelling types when compared to Indigenous households in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney.

Time series analysis shows that most Indigenous households in GWS lived in separate houses since 2006, with the fastest growth rate compared to other dwelling structures (an increase of 71.0% since 2006 and 33.8% since 2011). The proportion of Indigenous households in GWS owning their dwelling (either outright or with a mortgage) grew from 36.6% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 43.7% in 2006. Conversely, the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS renting declined from 58.3% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 52.1% in 2006. Since 2006, Indigenous households in GWS owning their dwelling grew at a faster rate than Indigenous households who rented (See Table A.13 and A.14 in Appendix A).

Figure 3: Dwelling structure by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Please note: This figure is based on place of enumeration. (a) An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. (b) This includes semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse with one storey or two or more storeys. (c) This includes flats or apartments in one to four or more storeys or attached to a house. (d) Other includes caravan, cabin, houseboat, Improvised home, tent, sleepers out, and house or flat attached to a shop, office, etc. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Dwelling payments

Table 11 shows the rental (weekly) ranges of Indigenous and non-Indigenous households in GWS in 2016. While most Indigenous households in GWS did not state their weekly rental payments (49.6% of Indigenous population), those who did were more likely paying $350 - $449 per week in rent (15.0%). Comparisons with non-Indigenous households in GWS was difficult due to the high non-response rate (70.2% of non-Indigenous population). This was

similar to regional and state trends, however a higher proportion of Indigenous households in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney were paying rents over $450 per week when compared to Indigenous households in GWS and NSW.

Time series analysis shows that the Indigenous households in GWS paying less than $350 per week in rent declined since 2006 and those paying over $350 per week in rent grew since 2006. In particular, the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS paying $550+ per week in rent grew from 0.6% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 4.5% of Indigenous households in 2016. This represented a 1132.2% increase since 2006 and 432.8% increase since 2011 (See Table A.15 in Appendix A).

Table 11: Rental (weekly) ranges by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Nil payments - $750 or Rent (weekly) ranges $250 - $349 $350 - $449 $450-$549 $550-$649 $650-$749 Other (b) Total $249 over Indigenous household number (%) indicator (a) Indigenous households 8,091 5,893 9,425 5,351 1,811 637 349 31,071 62,631 12.9% 9.4% 15.0% 8.5% 2.9% 1.0% 0.6% 49.6% 100.0% Non-Indigenous 89,486 85,900 205,635 148,231 66,349 24,547 14,339 1,491,886 2,126,361 households 4.2% 4.0% 9.7% 7.0% 3.1% 1.2% 0.7% 70.2% 100.0% 460 797 765 410 131 217 131,954 135,442 Not applicable 704 0.5% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 97.4% 100.0% Please note: (a) An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. (b) Other includes 'Not stated' and 'Not applicable'. (c) There are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Table 12 shows the mortgage repayments (monthly) ranges of Indigenous and non- Indigenous households in GWS in 2016. Again, most Indigenous households in GWS did not state their monthly mortgage repayments (69.8% of Indigenous households), but those who did were more likely to report a mortgage repayment of $2,000 - $2,599 per month (7.2%). Comparison with non-Indigenous households in GWS was difficult due to the high non- response rate (58.9% of non-Indigenous households). Mortgage repayment trends for Indigenous households varied across the region and state, however there was a lower proportion of Indigenous households in GWS paying less than $2000 a month for mortgage repayments than reported for Indigenous households in Rest of Sydney and NSW.

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS with a mortgage repayment of $1,999 or less per month declined from 15.8% of the Indigenous households in 2006 to 14.0% in 2016. Conversely, Indigenous households with a mortgage repayment of $2.000 or more per month grew from 8.5% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 16.3% in 2016. Since 2006, Indigenous households in GWS with a monthly mortgage repayment of $2,000 or more grew at a faster rate than Indigenous households with a monthly mortgage repayment of $1,999 or less (See Table A.16 in Appendix A).

Table 12: Mortgage repayments (monthly) ranges by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Mortgage repayments $1,000 - $1,600 - $2,000 - $2,600- $3,000 or Nil - $449 $450 -$999 Other (b) Total (monthly) ranges $1,599 $1,999 $2,599 $2,999 over Indigenous household number (%) indicator (a) Indigenous households 791 1,202 3,519 3,236 4,527 2,219 3,444 43,689 62,631 1.3% 1.9% 5.6% 5.2% 7.2% 3.5% 5.5% 69.8% 100.0% Non-Indigenous 49,961 56,191 141,277 121,407 209,156 92,366 202,617 1,253,376 2,126,361 households 2.3% 2.6% 6.6% 5.7% 9.8% 4.3% 9.5% 58.9% 100.0% 95 232 194 294 102 359 133,921 135,442 Not applicable 246 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 98.9% 100.0% Please note: (a) An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. (b) Other includes 'Not stated' and 'Not applicable'. (c) There are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Internet connection

The ABS Census asks whether any member of the household accesses the internet from the dwelling. In the 2016 Census question, this included internet access using desktop/laptop computers, mobile or smart phones, tablets, music or video players, gaming consoles or smart TVs. It also included internet access through any type of connection including ADSL, fibre, cable, wireless, satellite and mobile broadband (3G/4G).

In 2016, a total of 83.8% of Indigenous households in GWS stated that they accessed the internet from their dwelling and 13.1% stated that they did not access the internet from their dwelling. When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, there was a lower proportion of Indigenous households in GWS who accessed the internet from their dwelling and a higher proportion who did not access the internet from their dwelling (See Figure 4). This was similar to regional and state trends, however there was an even lower proportion of Indigenous households in GWS who accessed the internet from their dwelling and a higher proportion who did not access the internet from their dwelling when compared to Indigenous households in Greater Sydney and Rest of Sydney.

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS accessing the internet from their dwelling grew from 53.0% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 83.8% in 2016. This represented a 166.3% increase since 2006 and 45.7% increase since 2011. Conversely, the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS not accessing the internet from their dwelling declined from 41.7% of Indigenous households in 2006 to 13.1% in 2016. This represented a 47.2% decrease since 2006 and a 3.4% decrease since 2011 (See Table A.17 in Appendix A).

Figure 4: Dwelling internet connection by Indigenous household indicator in GWS, 2016

Internet accessed from dwelling

GWS GWS

89.3% 83.8% Indigenous (a) Non-Indigenous Greater Sydney: 84.6% Greater Sydney: 90.5% Rest of Sydney: 85.7% Rest of Sydney: 91.6% NSW: 78.6% NSW: 88.7%

Internet NOT accessed from dwelling

GWS GWS

13.1% 8.2% Non-Indigenous Greater Sydney: 12.4% Indigenous Greater Sydney: 7.2% Rest of Sydney: 11.3% Rest of Sydney: 6.3% NSW: 18.0% NSW: 9.1% Not stated: 3.1% Not stated: 2.5%

Please note: This table is based on place of enumeration. (a) An Indigenous household is any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Overall, the Census data over time shows that Indigenous households in GWS have been increasingly working towards home ownership, increasingly paying higher rents and mortgage repayments, and have increased access to the internet from their dwelling.

Language

Table 13 shows the proficiency of Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in spoken English and other languages in GWS in 2016. Most Indigenous people in GWS spoke English only (93.6% of Indigenous population) and only 2.7% stated that they spoke another language with varying proficiencies in English (from very well to not at all). This was vastly different from the non-Indigenous people of GWS where just over half spoke English only (52.4% of non-Indigenous population) and 46.4% stated that they spoke another language with varying proficiencies in English (from very well to not at all). This was comparative to regional and state trends.

Time series analysis shows modest growth in the number of Indigenous people in GWS between 2006 and 2016 who spoke English only (a 62.9% increase since 2006 and 28.3% increase since 2011) or spoke another language and English very well (a 64.6% increase since 2006 and 32.5% increase since 2011) (See Table A.18 in Appendix A).

Table 13: Proficiency in spoken English/language by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

Speaks other Speaks other Speaks other Speaks other Proficiency in language and language and language and Speaks language and Spoken speaks speaks speaks Not stated (a) Total English only speaks English/Language English: Very English: Not English: Not at English: Well well well all Indigenous status number (%) Indigenous 39,213 828 111 80 83 1,561 41,874 93.6% 2.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 3.7% 100.0% 545,660 256,210 147,759 47,377 27,043 2,152,040 Non-Indigenous 1,127,999 52.4% 25.4% 11.9% 6.9% 2.2% 1.3% 100.0% 3247 1604 964 292 98,450 113266 Not stated 8702 7.7% 2.9% 1.4% 0.9% 0.3% 86.9% 100.0% Please note: (a) Not stated includes 'Not stated - both language and proficiency not stated' and 'Not stated - language stated, proficiency not stated' (b) There are small random adjustments made to all cell values to protect the confidentiality of data. These adjustments may cause the sum of rows or columns to differ by small amounts from table totals. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Figure 5 illustrates the language spoken at home by Indigenous status in GWS in 2016. Most Indigenous people in GWS stated they spoke a European language (that is, a language of Northern, Southern or Eastern European origin) at home (94.2% of the Indigenous population). A total of 214 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they spoke an Australian Indigenous language, equating to 0.5% of the Indigenous population. When compared to non-Indigenous people in GWS, more Indigenous people in GWS spoke a European or Australian Indigenous language and less spoke an Asian or other language. This was similar to regional and state trends, although there was lower proportion of Indigenous people in GWS speaking an Australian Indigenous language at home than Indigenous people in Greater Sydney (0.7% of Indigenous population), Rest of Sydney (1.0%) and NSW (0.8%).

Time series analysis shows the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who spoke European languages remained fairly stable between 2006 and 2016 (from 93.1% of the Indigenous population in 2006 to 94.2% in 2016). The highest growth rate was seen in the Indigenous people who spoke Australian Indigenous languages. This represented a 157.8% increase since 2006 and 45.6% increase since 2016 (See Table A.19 in Appendix A).

Overall, the Census data over time shows that Indigenous population in GWS have mostly been speaking English and European languages, but an increasing proportion have also indicated that they speak an Australian Indigenous language.

Figure 5: Language spoken at home by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

Please note: • European languages include Northern European, Southern European and Eastern European languages. • Asian languages include Southwest and Central, Southern, Southeast and Eastern Asian languages. • Australian Indigenous languages include Australian Indigenous language not further defined, Arnhem Land and Daly River Region languages, Yolngu Matha, Cape York Peninsula languages, Torres Strait Island languages, Northern Desert Fringe Area languages, Arandic, Western Desert languages, Kimberley Area languages and other Australian Indigenous languages. • Other languages include Other languages, nfd, American languages, African languages, Pacific Austronesian languages, Oceanian Pidgins and Creoles, Papua New Guinea languages, Invented languages and sign languages. • Supplementary codes are used to represent country-like entities and groups of countries (alternative standard groupings and authorised standard output options) which are not part of the SACC structure, and to process inadequate data in statistical collections. (Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Need for assistance

The ABS Census uses a set of four questions to capture ‘Core Activity Need for Assistance’. This population is defined as people with disability who need assistance in their day to day lives with any or all of the following activities – self-care, body movements or communication. A person’s reported need for assistance is based on a subjective assessment and should therefore be treated with caution.

Figure 6 shows the proportion of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in GWS who needed assistance with core activities in 2016. A total of 3,497 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they needed assistance with core activities, equating to 8.4% of the Indigenous population. This was higher than the non-Indigenous population in GWS who stated they needed assistance with core activities (5.8%). When compared to regional and state trends, there was a higher proportion of Indigenous people in GWS requiring assistance with core assistance than Indigenous people in Greater Sydney (7.8% of the Indigenous population), Rest of Sydney (7.0%) and NSW (7.6%).

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who needed assistance with core activities grew from 5.1% of the Indigenous population in 2006 to 8.4% in 2016. Since 2006, the number of Indigenous people in GWS who needed assistance with core activities grew at a faster rate than Indigenous people who did not need assistance with core activities (See Table A.20 in Appendix A).

Figure 6: Core activity need for assistance by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

GWS GWS

5.8%

8.4% Non-Indigenous Greater Sydney: 7.8% Indigenous Greater Sydney: 5.1% Rest of Sydney: 7.0% Rest of Sydney: 4.4% NSW: 7.6% NSW: 5.6%

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

The ABS Census also captures people who, in the two weeks prior to Census night, provided unpaid care, help or assistance to family members or others because of disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. This includes people who are in receipt of a Carer Allowance or Carer Payment but does not include work done through a voluntary organisation or group.

Figure 7 shows the proportion of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in GWS who provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability in 2016. A total of 3,993 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability, equating to 9.5% of the Indigenous population. This was lower than the non-Indigenous population in GWS who stated that they provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability (9.7%). When compared to regional and state trends, there was a lower proportion of Indigenous people in GWS providing unpaid assistance to a person with disability than Indigenous people in Greater Sydney (9.7% of Indigenous population) and Rest of Sydney (10.1%) but comparative to NSW (9.5%).

Figure 7: Unpaid assistance to a person with disability by Indigenous status in GWS, 2016

GWS GWS

9.5% 9.7%

Greater Sydney: 9.7% Indigenous Non-Indigenous Greater Sydney: 9.5% Rest of Sydney: 10.1% Rest of Sydney: 9.3% NSW: 9.5% NSW: 10.0%

(Source: ABS Census TableBuilder Pro 2017)

Time series analysis shows that the proportion of Indigenous people in GWS who provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability grew from 7.4% of the Indigenous population in 2006 to 9.5% in 2016. Since 2006, the number of Indigenous people in GWS who provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability grew at a faster rate than Indigenous people

who did not providing unpaid assistance to a person with disability (See Table A.21 in Appendix A).

Overall, the Census data over time shows that the Indigenous population in GWS have increasingly needed assistance with core activities and provided unpaid care to a person with disability. This may reflect the increasing needs associated with an ageing Indigenous population.

Conclusions

In 2016, a total of 41,874 people identified as Indigenous in GWS, equating to 1.8% of the population. The Indigenous population in GWS increased from 1.4% of the total population in 2006 and 1.6% in 2011.

Indigenous people in GWS had a much younger profile than the non-Indigenous population in GWS, with more than half aged under 25 years of age and less than five percent aged 65 years and over. In saying that, Indigenous people in the older age groups (45 years old and over) grew at a faster rate over the last five to ten years than those in the younger age groups (less than 25 years old). This suggests the Indigenous population in GWS is ageing in place.

Of those who stated an attendance at an educational institution, most Indigenous people in GWS were attending primary or secondary school. Since 2006, an increasing number of Indigenous people aged 15 years and over also stated that they had completed Year 12 or equivalent and attained non-school qualifications. In 2016, the main fields of non-school study for Indigenous people in GWS were Management and Commerce, Society and Culture, Engineering and Related Technologies, Health, Education and Food, Hospitality and Personal Services.

In 2016, there were 13,753 Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS who were employed and 1,962 who were not employed. This represented a labour force participation rate of 57.5% and an unemployment rate of 12.5%. When compared to the non-Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS had a higher unemployment rate and a lower labour force participation rate. Since 2006 however, the Indigenous labour force participation in GWS has grown while the Indigenous unemployment rate has declined.

Of those that answered the Census question, most Indigenous people aged 15 years and over in GWS were employed in Health Care and Social Assistance, Construction, Retail Trade, and Public Administration and Safety. When compared to the non-Indigenous population in GWS, Indigenous people in GWS were less likely to be in managerial or professional roles and more likely to be in community service or manual labour occupations. This trend however seems to be changing, with the highest occupation growth among Indigenous people being in management over the last ten years.

Indigenous households in GWS were more likely to report a weekly household income between $500 - $999. When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, there was a higher proportion of Indigenous households in GWS reporting a weekly household income of $999 or less and a lower proportion reporting a weekly household income of $1,000 or more. Since 2006 however, the Indigenous population in GWS have been increasingly earning higher incomes on a personal and household level.

Most Indigenous households in GWS stated that they lived in a one family household, either as a couple with children or as one parent families, and in a separate house. When compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS, Indigenous households in GWS had lower rates of home ownership and higher rates of renting across all dwelling types. Since 2006 however, the proportion of Indigenous households in GWS owning their dwelling increased and those who rented decreased.

For those answering the Census question, Indigenous households in GWS were more likely to report paying $350 - $449 per week in rent or a mortgage repayment of $2,000 - $2,599 per month. There was a lower proportion of Indigenous households in GWS who accessed the internet from their dwelling and a higher proportion who did not access the internet from

their dwelling when compared to non-Indigenous households in GWS. Since 2006 however, an increasing number of Indigenous households in GWS have access to the internet from their dwelling.

Most Indigenous people in GWS spoke English only, with only 2.7% stating that they spoke another language with varying proficiencies in English. A total of 214 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they spoke an Australian Indigenous language, equating to 0.5% of the Indigenous population. Since 2006, an increasing proportion of the Indigenous population in GWS have indicated that they speak an Australian Indigenous language.

A total of 3,497 Indigenous people in GWS stated that they needed assistance with core activities, equating to 8.4% of the Indigenous population. This was a higher proportion than the non-Indigenous population in GWS who stated that they needed assistance with core activities. A total of 9.5% of the Indigenous population in GWS stated that they provided unpaid assistance to a person with disability, although this was lower than the non- Indigenous population in GWS. Since 2006, the Indigenous population in GWS have increasingly needed assistance with core activities and provided unpaid care to a person with disability. This may reflect the increasing needs associated with an ageing Indigenous population.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2017, Time Series Profile, accessed 6 September 2017, http://bit.ly/2tWbmJJ

Biddle, N. & Markham, F. 2017, Census 2016: What’s changed for Indigenous Australians?, The Conversation, accessed 14 August 2017, http://bit.ly/2vTjmia

Capuano, G. 2017, Recognising indigenous populations in the Census: a short history, accessed 14 August 2017, http://bit.ly/2fDhAvi

Heiss, A. & Gibson, MJ. 2013, Aboriginal People and Place, accessed 14 August 2017, http://bit.ly/2uTJ0Pj

Horton, D. 1996, The AIATSIS Map of Aboriginal Australia, accessed 14 August 2017, http://ab.co/1oXvB0R

Appendix A: Time series tables, Indigenous population, GWS, 2006 – 2016

All data in the tables below have been sourced from ABS Census Table Builder Pro in 2017/18.

Table A.1 Age distribution of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous status persons Indigenous persons Indigenous persons Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) population (number) population (number) population 2016 2016 Age group 0-4 years 3,330 12.8% 4,061 12.5% 4,926 11.8% 21.3% 47.9% 5-14 years 6,956 26.8% 7,809 24.1% 9,638 23.0% 23.4% 38.6% 15-24 years 4,968 19.1% 6,545 20.2% 8,476 20.2% 29.5% 70.6% 25-44 years 6,472 24.9% 7,791 24.0% 10,099 24.1% 29.6% 56.0% 45-64 years 3,479 13.4% 5,002 15.4% 6,838 16.3% 36.7% 96.6% 65+ 743 2.9% 1,132 3.5% 1,882 4.5% 66.3% 153.3%

Table A.2: Type of educational institution attending of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous status persons Indigenous persons Indigenous persons Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) population (number) population (number) population 2016 2016 Type of Education Institution Attending Preschool 742 2.9% 1,093 3.4% 1,350 3.2% 23.5% 81.9% Infants/Primary 4,220 16.2% 4,777 14.7% 6,414 15.3% 34.3% 52.0% Secondary 2,683 10.3% 3,650 11.3% 4,625 11.0% 26.7% 72.4% Technical or Further Education 655 2.5% 1,193 3.7% 1,276 3.0% 7.0% 94.8% University or other tertiary institution 406 1.6% 711 2.2% 1,200 2.9% 68.8% 195.6% Other 126 0.5% 209 0.6% 304 0.7% 45.5% 141.3% Not stated / inadequately described 17,178 66.1% 20,804 64.1% 26,712 63.8% 28.4% 55.5%

Table A.3: Highest year of schooling completed of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

Table A.4: Level of education (non-school qualification) of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

Table A.5: Field of study (non-school qualification) of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 10 year persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous 5 year change Indigenous status change 2006 - years + population 15 years + population 15 years + population 15 2011 - 2016 2016 (number) years + (number) years + (number) years + Field of Study Natural and Physical Sciences 36 0.2% 47 0.2% 96 0.4% 104.3% 166.7% Information Technology 76 0.5% 120 0.6% 160 0.6% 33.3% 110.5% Engineering and Related Technologies 660 4.2% 883 4.3% 1,295 4.8% 46.7% 96.2% Architecture and Building 336 2.1% 400 2.0% 763 2.8% 90.8% 127.1% Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies 101 0.6% 185 0.9% 246 0.9% 33.0% 143.6% Health 349 2.2% 551 2.7% 879 3.2% 59.5% 151.9% Education 399 2.5% 522 2.6% 868 3.2% 66.3% 117.5% Management and Commerce 736 4.7% 1292 6.3% 2,062 7.6% 59.6% 180.2% Society and Culture 524 3.3% 1004 4.9% 1,940 7.1% 93.2% 270.2% Creative Arts 122 0.8% 180 0.9% 311 1.1% 72.8% 154.9% Food, Hospitality and Personal Services 326 2.1% 536 2.6% 853 3.1% 59.1% 161.7% Mixed Field Programmes 14 0.1% 13 0.1% 55 0.2% 323.1% 292.9% Not stated / inadequately described 11,980 76.5% 14,714 72.0% 17,678 65.0% 20.1% 47.6%

Table A.6: Labour force status of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous Indigenous Indigenous 10 year persons 15 persons 15 persons 15 5 year change Indigenous status change 2006 - years + years + years + 2011 - 2016 2016 (number) (number) (number) Labour force status Persons aged 15 years and over 15,703 20,532 27,346 33.2% 74.1% Employed (a) 7,075 9,603 13,753 43.2% 94.4% Not employed (b) 1,390 1,596 1,962 22.9% 41.2% Total labour force 8,465 11,199 15,715 40.3% 85.6% Not in labour force 6,468 8,579 11,022 28.5% 70.4% Labour force not stated 759 745 545 -26.8% -28.2% % Unemployment (c) 16.4% 14.3% 12.5% % Labour force participation (d) 53.9% 54.5% 57.5% % Employment to population (e) 45.1% 46.8% 50.3%

Table A.7: Industry of Employment of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 10 year persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous persons 15 Indigenous 5 year change Indigenous status change 2006 - years + population 15 years + population 15 years + population 15 2011 - 2016 2016 (number) years + (number) years + (number) years + Industry of Employment Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 43 0.3% 49 0.2% 87 0.3% 77.6% 102.3% Mining 14 0.1% 22 0.1% 37 0.1% 68.2% 164.3% Manufacturing 767 4.9% 864 4.2% 799 2.9% -7.5% 4.2% Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 86 0.6% 126 0.6% 157 0.6% 24.6% 82.6% Construction 588 3.8% 786 3.8% 1,529 5.6% 94.5% 160.0% Wholesale Trade 286 1.8% 381 1.9% 311 1.1% -18.4% 8.7% Retail Trade 640 4.1% 946 4.6% 1,303 4.8% 37.7% 103.6% Accommodation and Food Services 470 3.0% 660 3.2% 1,008 3.7% 52.7% 114.5% Transport, Postal and Warehousing 563 3.6% 722 3.5% 914 3.4% 26.6% 62.3% Information Media and Telecommunications 93 0.6% 95 0.5% 145 0.5% 52.6% 55.9% Financial and Insurance Services 156 1.0% 251 1.2% 370 1.4% 47.4% 137.2% Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 102 0.7% 126 0.6% 160 0.6% 27.0% 56.9% Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 205 1.3% 257 1.3% 386 1.4% 50.2% 88.3% Administrative and Support Services 231 1.5% 331 1.6% 476 1.7% 43.8% 106.1% Public Administration and Safety 715 4.6% 970 4.7% 1,318 4.8% 35.9% 84.3% Education and Training 550 3.5% 748 3.7% 1,171 4.3% 56.6% 112.9% Health Care and Social Assistance 827 5.3% 1,294 6.3% 1,780 6.5% 37.6% 115.2% Arts and Recreation Services 119 0.8% 181 0.9% 243 0.9% 34.3% 104.2% Other Services 248 1.6% 397 1.9% 504 1.9% 27.0% 103.2% Not stated / inadequately described 8,923 57.1% 11,274 55.0% 14,508 53.3% 28.7% 62.6%

Table A.8: Occupation of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

Table A.9: Voluntary work of Indigenous population aged 15 years and older in GWS, 2006 – 2016

Table A.10: Equivalised total household income (weekly) of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 HIED Equivalised Total Household Income (weekly) $999 or less 27,581 74.1% 31,470 67.5% 36,163 57.7% 14.9% 31.1% $1,000 - $1,999 3,531 9.5% 8,239 17.7% 16,840 26.9% 104.4% 376.9% $2,000 or more 223 0.6% 706 1.5% 2,349 3.8% 232.7% 953.4% Other 5,876 15.8% 6,184 13.3% 7,280 11.6% 17.7% 23.9%

Table A.11: Total personal income (weekly) of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

Table A.12: Family household composition (dwelling) of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Family household composition (dwelling) One family households 32,062 86.2% 38,990 83.7% 51,427 82.1% 31.9% 60.4% Multiple family households 2,385 6.4% 4,352 9.3% 6,604 10.5% 51.7% 176.9% Lone person household 1,624 4.4% 1,902 4.1% 2,259 3.6% 18.8% 39.1% Group household 1,140 3.1% 1,347 2.9% 2,048 3.3% 52.0% 79.6%

Table A.13: Dwelling structure of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Dwelling structure Separate house 31,143 83.7% 39,797 85.4% 53,263 85.0% 33.8% 71.0% Semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse 4,094 11.0% 4,550 9.8% 6,316 10.1% 38.8% 54.3% Flat or apartment 1,798 4.8% 2,091 4.5% 2,656 4.2% 27.0% 47.7% Other 155 0.4% 132 0.3% 209 0.3% 58.3% 34.8% Not stated or not applicable 23 0.1% 19 0.0% 185 0.3% 873.7% 704.3%

Table A.14: Tenure type of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Tenure type Owned (outright or with a mortgage) 13,633 36.6% 19,657 42.2% 27,361 43.7% 39.2% 100.7% Rented 21,685 58.3% 24,975 53.6% 32,655 52.1% 30.8% 50.6% Other tenure type 563 1.5% 1,022 2.2% 837 1.3% -18.1% 48.7% Not stated or not applicable 1,327 3.6% 1,178 2.5% 1,775 2.8% 50.7% 33.8%

Table A.15: Rental (weekly) ranges of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Rental (weekly) ranges Nil payments - $249 16,337 43.9% 10,997 23.6% 8,091 12.9% -26.4% -50.5% $250 - $349 3,725 10.0% 7,042 15.1% 5,893 9.4% -16.3% 58.2% $350 - $449 468 1.3% 4,215 9.0% 9,425 15.0% 123.6% 1913.9% $450-$549 68 0.2% 1,190 2.6% 5,351 8.5% 349.7% 7769.1% $550 or over 227 0.6% 525 1.1% 2,797 4.5% 432.8% 1132.2% Other 16,384 44.0% 22,638 48.6% 31,071 49.6% 37.3% 89.6%

Table A.16: Mortgage repayments (monthly) ranges of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Mortgage Repayments (monthly) Ranges $1,999 or less 5,870 15.8% 6,450 13.8% 8,748 14.0% 35.6% 49.0% $2,000 or more 3,153 8.5% 7,377 15.8% 10,190 16.3% 38.1% 223.2% Other 28,179 75.7% 32,759 70.3% 43,689 69.8% 33.4% 55.0%

Table A.17: Dwelling internet connection of Indigenous households in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous household indicator households Indigenous households Indigenous households Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) households (number) households (number) households 2016 2016 Dwelling Internet Connection Internet accessed from dwelling 19,712 53.0% 36,031 77.3% 52,488 83.8% 45.7% 166.3% Internet not accessed from 15,532 41.7% 8,486 18.2% 8,200 13.1% -3.4% -47.2% Notdwelling stated or not applicable 1,965 5.3% 2,087 4.5% 1,941 3.1% -7.0% -1.2%

Table A.18: Proficiency in spoken English/language of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous status persons Indigenous persons Indigenous persons Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) population (number) population (number) population 2016 2016 Proficiency in Spoken English/Language Speaks English only 24,077 92.6% 30,570 94.3% 39,213 93.6% 28.3% 62.9% Speaks other language and speaks English: Very well 503 1.9% 625 1.9% 828 2.0% 32.5% 64.6% Speaks other language and speaks English: Well 125 0.5% 106 0.3% 111 0.3% 4.7% -11.2% Speaks other language and speaks English: Not well 79 0.3% 60 0.2% 80 0.2% 33.3% 1.3% Speaks other language and speaks English: Not at all 46 0.2% 36 0.1% 83 0.2% 130.6% 80.4% Not stated 1,160 4.5% 1,031 3.2% 1,561 3.7% 51.4% 34.6%

Table A.19: Language spoken at home of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous status persons Indigenous persons Indigenous persons Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) population (number) population (number) population 2016 2016 Language Spoken at Home European languages 24,209 93.1% 30,738 94.8% 39,436 94.2% 28.3% 62.9% Asian languages 179 0.7% 178 0.5% 320 0.8% 79.8% 78.8% Australian Indigenous languages 83 0.3% 147 0.5% 214 0.5% 45.6% 157.8% Other languages 184 0.7% 168 0.5% 152 0.4% -9.5% -17.4% Supplementary codes 59 0.2% 50 0.2% 70 0.2% 40.0% 18.6% Not stated 1,287 5.0% 1,142 3.5% 1,668 4.0% 46.1% 29.6%

Table A.20: Core activity need for assistance of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016

2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Change Indigenous % of Indigenous % of Indigenous % of 5 year 10 year Indigenous status persons Indigenous persons Indigenous persons Indigenous change 2011 - change 2006 - (number) population (number) population (number) population 2016 2016 Core Activity Need for Assistance Has need for assistance with core 1,329 5.1% 2,143 6.6% 3,497 8.4% 63.2% 163.1% activities Does not have need for assistance 22,929 88.2% 28,667 88.4% 36,307 86.7% 26.7% 58.3% with core activities Not stated 1,739 6.7% 1,620 5.0% 2,082 5.0% 28.5% 19.7%

Table A.21: Unpaid assistance to person with disability of Indigenous population in GWS, 2006 – 2016