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UF00007895 ( .Pdf ) SOUTHEASTERN INDIAN ORAL HISTORY PROJECT UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA In cooperation with The Seminole Tribe of Florida INTERVIEWEE: Josie Billie Robert Mitchell INTERVIEWER: Dr. Harry Kersey DATE: April 25, 1969 SUMMARY Dr. Kersey interviews both Josie Billie and Bob Mitchell with particular attention to the education of Billy Conapatchee, Billie's father, and to the breakdown of tribal law, family structure, morals, and religion which resulted from transcultural con­ tacts with white men. Josie Billie was for twenty­ six years the Miccosukees' medicine man until he converted to Christianity and attended the Baptist Bible Institute in Lakeland. His contributions to the interview are hampered by his age and the lan­ guage barrier. Bob Mitchell give his impressions of the cul­ tural problems faced by the Seminoles, discusses Stanley Smith and relates his attempts to acquire land in Conservation Area #3 for the Miccosukees. Mitchell has worked closely with the Florida Indians and was instrumental in founding the Seminole In­ dian Association of Florida. INDEX Baptist Bible Institute (Lakeland, Florida), 5-6 Billie, Jillllllie, 8, 19-20 Billie, Josie, 1-2, 5-6, 7-8, 12 Billie, Ingraham, 19-20 Conapatchee, Billy, 1, 3-5 education, 9, 15-16 farming, 14-15 gasoline sniffing, 16-17 Green Corn Dance, 19-20 Hanson, W. Stanley, Sr., 31-32 Hendry, Captain Francis A., 4-5 income (annual, of Seminoles), 18 Kersey, Dr. Harry (comments upon interview), 33-34 King, Willie, 7, 22 land (attempted aquisition in Conservation Area #3), 10-14 Marmon, Kenneth (BIA agent), 21-22 medicine men; bundle, 7-8, 19-20 Osceola, Joe Dan , 15 religion, 18-19, 23-24 Seminole Indian Association of Florida, 15 Smith, Stanley, 21-26 Tommie, Sam, 5-6, 18 transcultural contacts breakdown of tribal law and family, 17-18, 20-21 reservation influence, 27 tribal organization, 32 B: This is Josie Billie at Big Cypress Indian Reservation. I was born and raised from here. My daddy's name [Indian word (He was known to whites as Billy Conapatchee--ed.)]-and my mother's name [Indian word]. Both of them die. I myself and my sister, both sister and we still live [Josie also has a brother, Ingraham Billie, who is still alive.--ed.], but I got a lot of kinfolks ••• some who are, some don't. All my friend I know for Tamiami Trail. I know from Brighton Indians and Hollywood Indians. I know all them. I know every one of them but children. I don't know much of that, young people. That old people, I know them all. K: When were you born? B: I was born here for this side, Immokalee. Sixteen mile from this side turning down here. Sixteen mile from this side--Immokalee, and I was born down there. I was born and raised. Can't go off nowheres. Stay in ----, get married ---- M: I don't think he knows. B: No, there nothing much now. Rather stay home. But one thing I knew they had. Got much more of that ____? I no take nothing. No give me just, give me the old-age pension and I stay home. Oh, I get along all right. Otherwise get sick by myself. Stay in hospital. White doctor help me out, but another thing I stay in my home. I want truly help--help me to my place. Long as I live I'll stay here. Born and raised from here, this place fourteen mile from here. That's.my tribe--Panther Clan. My father's tribe, Wind Clan. All my kinfolks, all most of them .... That's all I want to say. Then if you want to say, ask me and I answer. I don't understand much English .. K: Do you remember your father talking about going to school? B: My father's name, called [Indian word]. Somebody call for ... white people call him for Billy. Billy Conapatchee, that's what *During the course of this interview some words were spoken in the Miccosukee language. These words cannot be adequately tran­ scribed. When such passages occur, they are transcribed as [ Indian words] • 2 they call it. And myself, [Indian word]. It's an Indian name. That's all I know, and my mother's name, [Irtdian word]. I got three sister. One of them [Indian word]. One of them for ..• no, she passed away not long ago. M: We're not getting the information. B: I just got one sister over____ That's [Seminole word], her name. Got a lot of children over there. Got two or three daughters. Two or three or four boys ·stay there. M: He doesn't understand the questions you ask .•• B: I understand myself. I need help. M: ... or else he doesn't want to give it to you. K: Right. Fine. Let me try one more time--How did the Indians feel about going to school? When you were growing up, .did the Indians want to go to school •.. when you were a young boy? M: Indians did, I can tell you that. He wants to find out how Indians feel about school. B: Huh? M: About school. This man is a teacher. You understand? B: Yes. M: And he'd like to find out about how your father went to school, and how it happened that he went to school. B: You mean way back? M: Way back. K: Way back. M: He likes to know. B: Oh. M: · You tell him all right about your father. B: A long time ago my forefathers work themself. No sugar. No coffee. No have go to school. Stayed home, make it work for 3 farm field. Raise 'em corn, raise 'em sweet potatoes, raise 'em peas and pumpkin. - Like that. Eat 'em wild meat, bear and deer and turkey. Like that. - The strongest can have live hundred and ten years; some of them a hundred and fifteen years. Live that way, but now young people eat sugar and coffee and candy--sweet stuff, soft drink. All that wrong for our body. But die maybe fifty years, forty years--none live to seventy, I don't think. Get sick worse, worse all the time. Before, awhile back, my forefathers would live long. My daddy, my mother, she live pretty good. Strong as can be. But now my body is weak. All Indian people get weak, but we maybe raise young children. Used to it that like that'd be O.K. But now a lot of young, old people sick. All them sugar____ Some of them was all headache, awful, and backache still bad. So lie down in the bed. Two or three men lie down in the bed now, need help. But some Indian work with us. He take care .•• reservation not too good. [Indian words] work for Indian reservation and he's a good man, that way for pretty good. Some Indians think government sign for automobile, truck, like that. An Indian man for who is make a big boss himself, he keeping for truck. More of them have ____, but he bake himself. I don't like it that. I wanted to say that. I want to report on that. I want to tell about it now. K: Help us out on this. Maybe you, in talking you can •••• M: ---- I'll tell you when. K: Uh huh. M: You don't know the whole story from A to Z ••• K: Well. M: ---- coming down here .•• K: Uh huh. M: ••• to talk to you. K: You say you knew his father? M: Yes. K: Knew Josie's father? M: Right. 4 K: When did he pass away? M: That date I couldn't tell you. I don't remember. K: Did he ever talk about going to school in Fort Myers? M: Not to me he did not, but he mentioned old Captain Hendry got him to go to school. He was very much taken with him. As a young man he showed great promise and of course he went and he lived with him, and he sent him to school. And of course the tribal heads ... it was a different setup then than it was now-­ it was a much better setup then than it is now. This is an organized tribe recognized by the state and federal government, but compared to what the old tribal setup used to be it's a very lax organization. K: Right, the old tribal setup was very rigid. M: Very, very efficient. This is more of a popularity contest. But he was sent word that he had to come home. See, they did not want him to learn to read and write. The fact of the matter is they were going to kill him. And his.father, that's Josie's grandfather, prevailed upon them at the tribal council. His reasoning was in the first place he didn't want his son killed, and they sent word to him to.come back, and when he didn't come when he was supposed to then they just passed the death sentence on him. His father pled his case, and he said it's much better that we have one man that can read and write and he knows what white people do and he can tell us and we know what's going on. U: Because of the treaties and so on. M: That's right. K: How long did your father live in Fort Myers? [This question is directed to Josie Billie.] Do you recall how long he stayed in Fort Myers? B: Stayed about four or five years.
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