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Atomenergetikai Alapismeretek Atomenergetikai alapismeretek Pór, Gábor Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Atomenergetikai alapismeretek írta Pór, Gábor Publication date 2012 Szerzői jog © 2012 Pór Gábor Kézirat lezárva: 2012. január 31. Készült a TAMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1 pályázati projekt keretében A kiadásért felel a(z): Edutus Főiskola Felelős szerkesztő: Edutus Főiskola Műszaki szerkesztő: Eduweb Multimédia Zrt. Terjedelem: 148 oldal Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Tartalom 1. Atomenergia-termelés ..................................................................................................................... 1 1. Az atomreaktorok története ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Állapot, státus ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Az atomreaktorok korai története ............................................................................. 1 1.3. Előjáték ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.4. A bomba 1939−1945,-47-es évek ............................................................................. 2 1.5. A háború után ........................................................................................................... 2 1.6. Az első atommáglya ................................................................................................. 2 1.7. Az áttörés .................................................................................................................. 3 2. Balesetek ............................................................................................................................... 3 3. Atomerőmű-generációk ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Első generációs atomerőművek ................................................................................ 7 3.2. Második generáció .................................................................................................. 10 3.3. Harmadik generáció ................................................................................................ 10 3.4. Negyedik generáció ................................................................................................ 11 2. Az uránérctől a temetőig. A biztonsági alapelvek ........................................................................ 13 1. A teljes uránéletút ............................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Uránérc-kitermelés ................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Fűtőelemgyártás ...................................................................................................... 14 1.3. Atomerőművi felhasználás (forrás: npp.hu) ........................................................... 15 1.4. Ideiglenes tárolás .................................................................................................... 16 1.5. Reprocesszálás (forrás: npp.hu) .............................................................................. 16 1.6. Hulladékkezelés ...................................................................................................... 17 1.7. Végleges elhelyezés ................................................................................................ 19 2. Az atomenergia alapvető elvei [IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No NE-BP (2008)] ............ 20 2.1. Alapelvek ................................................................................................................ 20 2.2. Az atomerőművek alapvető biztonsági elvei (INSAG-12, IAEA [1999]) .............. 21 2.3. Mélységi védelem ................................................................................................... 23 3. Reaktorfizika ................................................................................................................................ 25 1. Nukleáris fizikai alapok ...................................................................................................... 25 1.1. Kötési energia ......................................................................................................... 25 1.2. Radioaktív bomlás .................................................................................................. 26 1.3. Magfizikai hatáskeresztmetszetek és energiafüggésük ........................................... 27 1.4. Maghasadás a reaktorban ........................................................................................ 28 1.5. Energiafelszabadulás a hasadásban ........................................................................ 30 2. Kritikusság (négy- és hatfaktor-formula) ............................................................................ 30 2.1. Kritikussági tényezők ............................................................................................. 30 2.2. Késő neutronok ....................................................................................................... 34 3. Pontkinetika ........................................................................................................................ 34 3.1. Az időtérben a megoldás: az inverz kinetika, „inhour equation” ............................ 35 3.2. Frekvenciatér: a reaktor átviteli függvénye ............................................................ 37 4. A reaktorok építőkövei ........................................................................................................ 38 4.1. Moderátor ............................................................................................................... 38 4.2. Homogén reaktortól a heterogén reaktorig ............................................................. 39 4.3. A hasadási termékek hatása a reaktivitásra ............................................................. 39 5. Reaktorszámítások .............................................................................................................. 40 5.1. A neutron Boltzmann-egyenlete ............................................................................. 41 5.1.1. A neutron a fázistérben .............................................................................. 41 5.1.2. Hatáskeresztmetszetek ............................................................................... 43 5.1.3. Hasadási neutronok keletkezése ................................................................. 44 5.1.4. Általános neutronmérleg (út a Boltzmann-egyenlethez) ............................ 44 5.2. A transzportegyenlettől a pontkinetikáig visszafelé ............................................... 48 5.2.1. Neutron transzportegyenlet ........................................................................ 48 5.2.2. Diffúziós közelítés ..................................................................................... 50 5.2.3. A pontkinetikus egyenlet ............................................................................ 52 6. Reaktorkinetikai egyenletek késő neutronokkal .................................................................. 53 iii Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Atomenergetikai alapismeretek 7. A transzportegyenlet megoldásai, kritikus reaktorállapot ................................................... 55 8. Sokszorozási tényező, reaktivitás fogalma .......................................................................... 59 9. Diffúziós közelítés .............................................................................................................. 64 10. Térfüggés számítások ........................................................................................................ 66 11. Reaktormérgek kezelése a reaktorfizikában ...................................................................... 71 12. Sztochasztikus számítási módszerek ................................................................................. 72 Javasolt szakirodalom a reaktorfizikai modulhoz ............................................................................ 80 4. Gépészet ...................................................................................................................................... 82 1. A pirmerkör legfontosabb komponensei ............................................................................. 82 2. A primerkör többi fő berendezése ....................................................................................... 84 2.1. Fővízköri rendszer ................................................................................................. 85 2.2. Térfogat-kiegyenlítő rendszer (térfogat-kompenzátor) ........................................... 86 2.3. Reaktorakna ............................................................................................................ 87 2.4. Fékezőcső-blokk (aknafenék) ................................................................................. 87 2.5. Üzemanyagkosár .................................................................................................... 88 2.6. Főelzáró tolózár (rövidítése: FET –alfanumerikus jele: YA11/12 61/62S201) ..... 88 2.7. Főkeringtető szivattyú (rövidíítése: FKSZ –alfanumerikus jele: YA13 ¸ 63D001) 89 2.8. Gőzfejlesztő (rövidítése: GF – alfanumerikus jele: YA12 ¸ 62W001) ................... 90 2.9. Víztisztító rendszer ( rövidítése:TE) ......................................................................
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