Human Capital Development Before Age Five
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Measurement Systems
Measurement systems Susanne Schennach The Institute for Fiscal Studies Department of Economics, UCL cemmap working paper CWP12/21 Measurement systems Susanne Schennach∗ Brown University March 6, 2021 Abstract Economic models often depend on quantities that are unobservable, either for privacy reasons or because they are difficult to measure. Examples of such variables include human capital (or ability), personal income, unobserved het- erogeneity (such as consumer “types”), etc. This situation has historically been handled either by simply using observable imperfect proxies for each the unob- servables, or by assuming that such unobservables satisfy convenient conditional mean or independence assumptions that enable their elimination from the esti- mation problem. However, thanks to tremendous increases in both the amount of data available and computing power, it has become possible to take full advan- tage of recent formal methods to infer the statistical properties of unobservable variables from multiple imperfect measurements of them. The general framework used is the concept of measurement systems in which a vector of observed variables is expressed as a (possibly nonlinear or nonparamet- ric) function of a vector of all unobserved variables (including unobserved error terms or “disturbances” that may have non additively separable affects). The framework emphasizes important connections with related fields, such as non- linear panel data, limited dependent variables, game theoretic models, dynamic models and set-identification. This review reports the progress made towards the central question of whether there exist plausible assumptions under which one can identify the joint distribution of the unobservables from the knowledge of the joint distribution of the observables. It also overviews empirical efforts aimed at exploiting such identification results to deliver novel findings that for- mally account for the unavoidable presence of unobservables. -
February 9, 2016 — We Congratulate Janet M. Currie, the Henry Putnam Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Chair of T
— February 9, 2016 — We congratulate Janet M. Currie, the Henry Putnam professor of economics and public affairs, chair of the Economics Department and director of the Center for Health and Well-Being at Princeton University, on receiving the 2015 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award from the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) of the American Economic Association (AEA). From the AEA website: “Currie excels in her scholarship, in her teaching and advising, in mentoring, and in her service to the profession. She is an innovative and prolific scholar whose work spans labor, public and health economics. She has made fundamental contributions in many areas and is best known for her work on public policy issues affecting child health and wellbeing. Her work is notable for combining a focus on important, policy-relevant questions with unassailable objectivity and scrupulous attention to methodological detail. Currie’s concern for the development of the next generation of economists is expressed in her dedicated mentorship of colleagues and students, both male and female, who praise her sage, practical, no-nonsense advice and her creativity in devising solutions. She is known for her commitment to gender equity in economics and . led the research team that produced the only rigorous scientific evidence for the efficacy of a mentoring program.” She will become a member of CNSTAT in July 2016 and served on the CNSTAT panel that produced Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program: Final Report in 2003. We congratulate Jeri Mulrow on her appointment as principal deputy director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), effective January 25, 2016. -
Parental Socioeconomic Status, Child Health, and Human Capital Janet
Parental Socioeconomic Status, Child Health, and Human Capital Janet Currie and Joshua Goodman ABSTRACT Parental socioeconomic status (SES) may affect a child’s educational outcomes through a number of pathways, one of which is the child’s health. This essay asks two questions: What evidence exists about the effect of parental SES on child health? And, what evidence exists about the effect of child health on future outcomes, such as education? We conclude that there is strong evidence of both links. Introduction Investments in education pay off in the form of higher future earnings, and differences in educational attainments explain a significant fraction of the adult variation in wages, incomes, and other outcomes. But what determines a child’s educational success? Most studies point to family background as the primary factor. But why does background matter? While many aspects are no doubt important, research increasingly implicates health as a potentially major factor. The importance of health for education and earnings suggests that if family background affects child health, then poor child health may in turn affect education and future economic status. What evidence exists about the effect of parental socioeconomic status (SES) on child health? And, what evidence exists about the effect of child health on future outcomes, such as education? A great deal of evidence shows that low SES in childhood is related to poorer future adult health (Davey Smith et al., 1998). The specific question at the heart of this review is whether low parental SES affects future outcomes through its effects on child health. In most of the studies cited, SES is defined by parental income or poverty status, though some measure SES through residential neighborhood or parental schooling attainment. -
Janet Currie Address
Curriculum Vitae: Janet Currie Address: Personal: Economics Department, UCLA W. Bentley MacLeod, spouse 405 Hilgard Ave Prof. of Law and Economics, USC Los Angeles CA 90095-1477 Joana MacLeod, daughter Telephone: 310 206 8380 Daniel MacLeod, son E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://econweb.sscnet.ucla.edu/currie Education: Ph.D. Economics, Princeton University, 1988 M.A. Economics, University of Toronto, 1983 B.A. Economics, Lorne T. Morgan Gold Medal, University of Toronto, 1982 Professional Employment: Fellow, Center for Health and Well-Being, Princeton University, 2003-4. Full Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1996-present. Associate Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1993. Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 1991. Assistant Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1988. Articles: “Child Research Comes of Age,” forthcoming in Canadian Journal of Economics, August, 2004. “Poverty, Food Insecurity, and Nutritional Outcomes in Children and Adults," with Jayanta Bhattacharya and Steven Haider, forthcoming in Journal of Health Economics. “Socioeconomic Status and Health: Why is the Relationship Stronger for Older Children?,” American Economic Review, v93 #5, December 2003, 1813-1823, with Mark Stabile. “Mother’s Education and the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, VCXVIII #4, Nov. 2003, with Enrico Moretti, 1495-1532. “Who’s Minding the Kids?: Preschool, Day Care, and After School Care,” The Handbook of Education Economics, Finis Welch and Eric Hanushek (eds). New York: North Holland, forthcoming, with David Blau. "Networks or Neighborhoods? Correlations in the Use of Publicly-Funded Maternity Care in California”, Journal of Public Economics, with Anna Aizer, forthcoming. -
Spatial Peer Effects Among Children in Rural India
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Helmers, Christian; Patnam, Manasa Conference Paper Does the Rotten Child Spoil His Companion? Spatial Peer Effects Among Children in Rural India Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011, No. 40 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Committee on Development Economics (AEL), German Economic Association Suggested Citation: Helmers, Christian; Patnam, Manasa (2011) : Does the Rotten Child Spoil His Companion? Spatial Peer Effects Among Children in Rural India, Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011, No. 40, ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Kiel und Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/57928 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. -
Janet Currie
Curriculum Vitae: Janet Currie Address: Personal: Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Married 185A Julis Romo Rabinowitz Building 2 Children Princeton NJ 08540 Telephone: 609 258 7393 E-mail: [email protected] Web page: http://www.princeton.edu/~jcurrie Education: Ph.D. Economics, Princeton University, 1988 M.A. Economics, University of Toronto, 1983 B.A. Economics, Lorne T. Morgan Gold Medal in Economics, University of Toronto, 1982 Professional Employment: Henry Putnam Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University, June 2011- Director, Center for Health and Well Being, Princeton University, June 2011- Director, National Bureau of Economic Research's Program on Children, July 2009-, Co-Director 2015- Visiting Professor, Norwegian School of Economics (NHH), FAIR Center, July 2019- Chair, Department of Economics, Princeton University, July 2014-June 2018 Sami Mnaymneh Professor of Economics, Columbia University, Jan. 2009-May 2011 Editor, Journal of Economic Literature, July 2010-July 2013 Economics Department Chair, Columbia University, July 2006-June 2009 Professor, Columbia University, July 2006-May 2011 Charles E. Davidson Professor of Economics, UCLA, July 2005-6 Fellow, Center for Health and Well-Being, Princeton University, 2003-4, 2009-10 Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1996-2005 Associate Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1993 Assistant Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 1991 Assistant Professor, University of California at Los Angeles, July 1988 Professional Honors and Awards: National Academy of Sciences, Member, elected April 2019. Nomis Foundation Distinguished Scientist Award, Fall 2018. President, American Society of Health Economics, June 2019-2020. Griswold Center for Economic Policy Studies Nicholas J. -
Essays on the Economics of People and Places
Essays on the Economics of People and Places by Bryan A. Stuart A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Economics) in The University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor Martha J. Bailey, Chair Assistant Professor Dominick G. Bartelme Professor John Bound Professor John E. DiNardo Bryan A. Stuart [email protected] ORCID ID 0000-0001-7268-8623 c Bryan A. Stuart 2017 For Laura ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe debts of gratitude to many people. I am especially grateful for the time and energy of the members of my dissertation committee: Martha Bailey, Dominick Bartelme, John Bound, and John DiNardo. Martha Bailey deserves special thanks for her invaluable feedback and encouragement. Having her chair my dissertation committee ranks among one of the best decisions I made during graduate school. John Bound and John DiNardo provided insightful feedback, and their unique approaches to research have left a lasting mark. Dominick Bartelme provided a fresh perspective and much appreciated encouragement. These individuals substantially improved the research in my dissertation. I also had the good fortune to learn a tremendous amount from my co-authors: David Albouy, Martha Bailey, John DiNardo, Jeffrey Hoopes, Patrick Langetieg, Stefan Nagel, Daniel Reck, Joel Slemrod, Isaac Sorkin, and especially Evan Taylor. Beyond my committee, I am grateful to several other faculty members at the University of Michigan who provided generous feedback and contributed to a rich learning environment. These individuals include David Albouy, Hoyt Bleakley, Charlie Brown, James Hines, Michael Mueller- Smith, Paul Rhode, Matthew Shapiro, Joel Slemrod, Jeffrey Smith, Mel Stephens, and Justin Wolfers. -
Progress Report Grant ID INO1100038
Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group Progress Report Grant ID INO1100038 July 6, 2012 PROGRESS REPORT 2 HUMCAP OVERVIEW 6 Human Capital and Economic Opportunity MEMBERS 17 Global Working Group WORKING GROUPS 28 WORKING PAPERS 37 Table of Contents EVENTS 57 CONFERENCE SUMMARIES 109 WEBCONFERENCES 149 DISSEMINATION 164 CONTACT INFORMATION 182 www.hceconomics.org Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group Progress Report Interim Progress Report of the Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group July 2012 (1) Is the Project on track to be completed within the time frame of the Grant? Yes; we have made much progress over the last 6-months. This report outlines our recent and upcoming activities. (2) If not, what are obstacles or challenges impacting the time line? While we have made much progress, our primary obstacle is scheduling events given the busy schedules of working group leaders and members. However, conference call and webinar technology has helped resolve this challenge. As previously noted, due to cost-sharing with the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, as well as co-sponsorship of events, our spending has been slower than anticipated. For this reason, we expect to request a no-cost extension closer to the end of the award (12/2013). (3) Is the work developing as anticipated? Yes; the work is developing better than expected given our ambitious, long-term goals. Our accomplishments include 18 conferences, workshops, and webinars that have brought together disparate thinkers to address fundamental inequality issues. (Further detail on these activities can be found in the report.) Further, we have 54 working papers that have been viewed 1,724 times, and downloaded 1,127 times. -
Inequality at Birth: Some Causes and Consequences
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INEQUALITY AT BIRTH: SOME CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Janet Currie Working Paper 16798 http://www.nber.org/papers/w16798 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 February 2011 I am grateful to W. Bentley MacLeod for his advice and support and to the MacArthur Foundation and the Center for Health and Well Being at Princeton University for supporting this research. Douglas Almond, and seminar participants at the German Economic Association meetings for 2010, the Harvard Kennedy School and the University of Chicago’s Harris School provided helpful comments on early drafts. Samantha Heep, Katherine Meckel, and David Munroe provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2011 by Janet Currie. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Inequality at Birth: Some Causes and Consequences Janet Currie NBER Working Paper No. 16798 February 2011 JEL No. I12,Q51,Q53 ABSTRACT Recent research shows that health at birth is affected by many factors, including maternal education, behaviors, and participation in social programs. In turn, endowments at birth are predictive of adult outcomes, and of the outcomes of future generations. Exposure to environmental pollution is one potential determinant of health at birth that has received increasing attention. -
Mortality Inequality in Canada and the US
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MORTALITY INEQUALITY IN CANADA AND THE U.S.: DIVERGENT OR CONVERGENT TRENDS? Michael Baker Janet Currie Hannes Schwandt Working Paper 23514 http://www.nber.org/papers/w23514 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2017, September 2018 Michael Baker is Professor of Economics at the University of Toronto. Janet M. Currie is the Henry Putnam Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University. Hannes Schwandt is Assistant Professor of Economics at Northwestern University. Their email addresses are [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]. The authors thank Boriana Miloucheva, Jiaqi Zou, Matthew Schwartzman, and Carolyn Tsao for exceptional research assistance and David Card, Phil Oreopoulos, two referees and participants at the Oct. 2016 authors conference for helpful comments. Financial support from the Canada Research Chairs program and the Princeton Center for Translational Research on Aging (2P30AG024928) is gratefully acknowledged. Much of the analysis for this paper was conducted at the Toronto Region Statistics Canada Research Data Centre, which is part of the Canadian Research Data Centre Network (CRDCN). The services and activities provided by the CRDCN are made possible by the financial or in-kind support of the SSHRC, the CIHR, the CFI, Statistics Canada and participating universities whose support is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the CRDCN’s, its partners, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. -
Essays in the Economics of Education
Essays in the Economics of Education by Brian Christopher Clark Department of Economics Duke University Date: Approved: Peter Arcidiacono, Supervisor Arnaud Maurel V. Joseph Hotz Seth Sanders Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Abstract Essays in the Economics of Education by Brian Christopher Clark Department of Economics Duke University Date: Approved: Peter Arcidiacono, Supervisor Arnaud Maurel V. Joseph Hotz Seth Sanders An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright c 2016 by Brian Christopher Clark All rights reserved except the rights granted by the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Licence Abstract This dissertation is comprised of three essays in the economics of education. In the first essay, I examine how college students' major choice and major switching behavior responds to major-specific labor market shocks. The second essay explores the incidence and persistence of overeducation for workers in the United States. The final essay examines the role that students' cognitive and non-cognitive skills play in their transition from secondary to postsecondary education, and how the effect of these skills are moderated by race, gender, and socioeconomic status. iv To my loved ones: for always supporting me v Contents Abstract iv List of Tables ix List of Figures xi Acknowledgements xii 1 Introduction1 2 Shocked out of Your Major: Do Labor Market Shocks Prompt Ma- jor Switching?4 2.1 Labor market shocks.......................... -
Stochastic Revealed Preferences with Measurement Error∗
Stochastic Revealed Preferences with Measurement Error∗ Victor H. Aguiar† Nail Kashaev† [email protected] [email protected] First version received April 2018; Final version accepted June 2020. Abstract A long-standing question about consumer behavior is whether individu- als’ observed purchase decisions satisfy the revealed preference (RP) axioms of the utility maximization theory (UMT). Researchers using survey or experimental panel data sets on prices and consumption to answer this question face the well-known problem of measurement error. We show that ignoring measurement error in the RP approach may lead to overrejection of the UMT. To solve this problem, we pro- pose a new statistical RP framework for consumption panel data sets that allows for testing the UMT in the presence of measurement error. Our test is applicable to all consumer models that can be characterized by their first-order conditions. Our approach is nonparametric, allows for unrestricted heterogeneity in preferences, and requires only a centering condition on measurement error. We develop two applica- tions that provide new evidence about the UMT. First, we find support in a survey data set for the dynamic and time-consistent UMT in single-individual households, in the presence of nonclassical measurement error in consumption. In the second ap- plication, we cannot reject the static UMT in a widely used experimental data set in which measurement error in prices is assumed to be the result of price misperception due to the experimental design. The first finding stands in contrast to the conclu- sions drawn from the deterministic RP test of Browning (1989). The second finding reverses the conclusions drawn from the deterministic RP test of Afriat (1967) and Varian (1982).