COUNCIL

MINUTES of MEETING of the CHILDREN’S COMMITTEE held in VIEWFORTH, STIRLING on THURSDAY 19 MARCH 1998 at 10.30 am

Present:-

Councillor Tommy BROOKES (in the Chair)

Councillor Rob BALL Councillor Ian LAMBIE Mrs Heather BOVILL Councillor Corrie McCHORD Depute Provost Margaret BRISLEY Mrs Sheena MacDONALD (Co-opted) Councillor David DAVIDSON Provost John PATERSON (Substitute) Mr Derek ROBERTSON (Co-opted) Councillor Ann DICKSON Councillor Helen SCOTT Councillor Tom HAZEL Councillor Ann STRANG Councillor Helen HODGINS Mrs Pam VINEY (Co-opted) Councillor Pat KELLY Ms Kirsty KENNEDY (Co-opted)

Also Present:-

Councillor Gillie THOMSON Councillor John WYLES

In Attendance:-

Mr Pat Begley, Head of Social Work Services, Housing and Social Services Mr Derek Cullen, Principal Officer (Contracts), Education Services Ms Margaret Doran, Head of Services to Schools, Education Services Mr Peter Farquhar, Principal Solicitor, Civic Services Mr Bob Jack, Director of Civic Services Mr Gordon Jeyes, Director of Education Services Ms Linda Kinney, Head of Children’s Services, Education Services Ms Carol Kirk, Principal Officer (Access), Education Services Mr Bob McGowan, Education Development Team Leader, Education Services Ms Felicity McLelland, Head of Community Support, Community Services Mr Don Monteith, Press and PR Manager Ms Jill Preston, Director of Housing and Social Services Mr Ian Robertson, Head of Planning and Resources, Education Services Ms Joyce Allen, Committee Officer, Civic Services (Clerk) Mrs Margaret Murray, Committee Officer, Civic Services

Apologies:-

Apologies for absence had been received from Councillor Catherine Organ and Mr Tom Boyle. CH108 MINUTES

Children’s Committee - 22 January 1998

Decision

The Committee approved the Minutes of the Meeting of the Children’s Committee held on 22 January 1998 as a correct record of the proceedings.

CH109 QUESTIONS

The Chair confirmed that no questions had been received in terms of Standing Order Number 23.

CH110 RESULTS OF THE CONSULTATION PROCESS ON THE PROPOSED CLOSURE OF KINBUCK PRIMARY SCHOOL

The Chair invited Mr David Barbour to address the Committee on behalf of Kinbuck School Board.

Mr Barbour pointed out that the report before the Committee referred to the educational case for the closure of Kinbuck as being strong, which totally contradicted the consultation document which had identified financial considerations as the single strongest argument. He suggested that the consultation process had followed a pre-set agenda.

He indicated that the community case for the school remaining open was clear and incontestable and children in Kinbuck enjoyed a first class standard of education. The School Board considered that the small financial saving which would arise from the closure could have been made in an area of education expenditure which could withstand a temporary cut. Mr Barbour also explained that the projected school rolls, based on actual census figures, revealed an intense pressure on primary school provision over the whole of the area within the next five years. In light of the Government’s recent announcement on additional spending for front-line services in the classroom, Mr Barbour implored the Committee to look to the longer term and keep Kinbuck Primary School open.

On 22 January 1998, (Paragraph CH100 refers) the Committee agreed that the proposed closure of Kinbuck Primary School with effect from 26 June 1998 and the transfer of the pupils to Newton Primary School from session 1998/99 be the subject of formal consultation. All interested parties, including relevant School Boards were invited to make written comments on the proposals to the Director of Education Services and a Public Meeting was held in Kinbuck Primary School. A report by the Director of Education Services provided details of the comments received and made recommendations on the proposals. The Director of Education Services commented that the period of debate, consultation and reflection had shown the high regard in which Kinbuck Primary School was held. He stressed that it was not possible to separate the educational case from the financial considerations, as all the educational issues raised in the consultation document could be countered by significant financial investment. Given the high level of capital investment in primary school provision already undertaken in the Dunblane area and the limited resources available to the Council, it was acknowledged that a major refurbishment of Kinbuck Primary School was not likely to be prioritised in the near future. If the school was to be closed, scarce capital resources could be more effectively targeted in future years.

The Director stated that the educational case for transferring pupils to Newton Primary School was very strong. Re-zoning the children to Newton Primary School would improve the quality of the learning environment, provide access to a wider curriculum and give them the opportunity to learn in larger age groups where performance could be assessed and compared using a level playing field. In relation to the pupil roll projections which had been challenged in the course of the consultative process, the Director indicated that at a recent planning inquiry the Secretary of State’s Assessor had found clearly in favour of the Local Authority’s method of calculation.

The Director refuted the allegation that the educational case had been neither made nor raised. He stated that, both at the Children’s Committee on 22 January 1998 and at public meetings, it had been emphasised that debate about surplus places should only be taken into the public arena when there were also educational reasons which required to be debated. Thus it was noted that the context was a review of primary education provision taking account educational reasons such as range of teaching and specialist support; facilities and resources; opportunities for peer group action; discussion with children of a similar age; aptitude and ability across the whole curriculum, opportunity to enhance language activity in talking, listening, reading and writing; opportunity for social interaction with children of a similar age; and opportunity to arrange a variety of activities enhancing the formal curriculum. The Director stated that there might not always be agreement about the educational benefits at this stage of a closure debate but that the educational case for closing Kinbuck Primary School was clear. In conclusion, he recommended that the school be closed but that the playground facility be retained as a focal point for children in the village.

The Local Member for Kinbuck expressed the view that the consultative process had been undertaken on the financial case for the closure of the school and not on educational considerations. She also referred to the considerable work undertaken within Kinbuck Primary School on the expressive arts which had resulted in pupils at the school winning 15 prizes in recent art competitions. Concern was also expressed that Kinbuck would lose its sense of community if the school closed and families would ultimately leave the village.

Motion

To approve the recommendations contained in paragraph 3.1 of the submitted report.

Moved by Councillor Tommy Brookes, seconded by Councillor Pat Kelly. Amendment

Following public consultation on the proposed closure of Kinbuck Primary School and taking into consideration the overwhelming community support for the retention of the school, the Children’s’ Committee instructs the Education Service to identify £33,000 savings elsewhere in the establishment in order to retain Kinbuck Primary School.

By taking this action, the Children’s Committee will be demonstrating its support of this Council’s commitment to rural community sustainability and social inclusion in a most practical way.

Moved by Councillor Ann Dickson, seconded by Councillor Helen Hodgins.

The vote on the Amendment was as follows:-

For 6 Against 8

The amendment was defeated by eight votes to six.

The vote on the Motion was as follows:-

For 8 Against 6

Decision

The Motion was carried by eight votes to six and accordingly the Committee agreed:-

(1) that Kinbuck Primary School be closed with effect from 26 June 1998 and the pupils transfer to Newton Primary School from the start of session 1998/99;

(2) that immediate steps be taken to protect the play facility in recognition of the importance of a focal point for children in Kinbuck village.

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted).

CH111 RESULTS OF THE CONSULTATION PROCESS ON THE PROPOSED CLOSURE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

The Chair invited Mr A Price to address the Committee on behalf of Strathard Community Council.

Mr Price expressed the view that the report placed too much emphasis on the benefits of peer group interaction and that this was more than compensated for by the vertical interaction amongst children of different age groups and with the wider community in Kinlochard. Pupils from Kinlochard were also high achievers and benefited from the excellent teacher time available within the small school. Mr Price drew the Committee’s attention to the poor condition of the road between Kinlochard and Aberfoyle which was prone to severe flooding around Echo Rock. Mr Price pointed out that the narrowness and winding nature of the road meant that it would be extremely hazardous to transport children to and from Aberfoyle Primary School. In relation to the urgent remedial works required in the Kinlochard building, it was pointed out that Aberfoyle was an older building which would also require investment. In conclusion, Mr Price stressed that Kinlochard Primary School was at the heart of the community and key to the long term sustainability of the area.

On 22 January 1998 (Paragraph CH100 refers), the Committee agreed that the proposed closure of Kinlochard Primary School with effect from 26 June 1998 and the transfer of pupils to Aberfoyle Primary School from the start of session 1998/99 be the subject of formal consultation. All interested parties, including relevant School Boards, were invited to make written comments on the proposals to the Director of Education Services and a public meeting was held in Kinlochard Primary School. A report by the Director of Education Services provided details of the comments received and made recommendations on the proposals.

The Director of Education Services indicated that there were strong educational grounds for closing the school and transferring pupils to Aberfoyle Primary School. Children would benefit from learning in larger peer groups, have more opportunities to enhance language activity and greater access to a range of resources, equipment and expertise. Whilst acknowledging the concerns with regard to the current condition of the road, he pointed out that children regularly travelled along this road to attend nursery and other facilities in Aberfoyle. The state of the road could be improved considerably by the implementation of a prioritised improvement programme.

Although the projected savings from the proposed closure would be small, it remained the officers’ view that these could be achieved without detriment to the quality of education. In addition to the revenue savings, it would be possible to avoid on-going maintenance and investment needs which would enable the Council to target scarce resources more effectively. In conclusion, the Director of Education Services invited the Committee to approve the recommendations contained in the submitted report in relation to the closure of Kinlochard Primary School, the development in due course of a village playground and the prioritisation of road improvements.

The Local Member expressed the view that the educational case for closing the school had not been made and the proposal was merely a budget cost cutting exercise. He stressed that the local community was extremely happy with the quality of education provided at the school and emphasised the major role played by the school in the long term viability of the community. There was also considerable concern raised at the condition of the road between Kinlochard and Aberfoyle and the safety of children travelling to school. It was suggested that the Council should not be closing rural schools when its rural strategy was still being developed. The Local Member urged the Committee to listen to the views of the local community and agree to retain a highly regarded facility. Motion

To approve the recommendations contained in paragraph 3.1 of the submitted report.

Moved by Councillor Tommy Brookes, seconded by Councillor Pat Kelly.

Amendment

To agree that Kinlochard Primary School be kept open and resourced fully as an expression of this Council’s support for sustainable rural communities.

Moved by Councillor David Davidson, seconded by Councillor Helen Hodgins.

The vote on the Amendment was as follows:-

For 5 Against 8 Not Voting 1

The Amendment was defeated by 8 votes to 5, with one Member not voting.

The vote on the Motion was as follows:-

For 8 Against 5 Not Voting 1

Decision

The Motion was carried by eight votes to five, with one Member not voting and accordingly the Committee agreed that:-

(1) Kinlochard Primary School be closed with effect from 26 June 1998;

(2) the pupils of Kinlochard Primary School transfer to Aberfoyle Primary School from the start of session of 1998/99 on 18 August 1998;

(3) whatever arrangements were made for the disposal of the school the playing field be retained and developed in due course into a village playground;

(4) the road improvements as identified in paragraph 4.3 of the submitted report be prioritised and actioned early in financial year 1998/99.

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted). CH112 HARMONISED COUNCIL LETTING SCHEME FOR SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY CENTRES AND HALLS

Stirling Council inherited two different letting schemes and pattern of charges; one covering schools and former Regional Council community centres and the other covering District Council halls and centres. A joint report by the Directors of Community and Education Services outlined a proposed harmonised Council letting scheme for schools and community centres and halls, with the exception of the Albert Halls. Under the proposed new letting scheme, all community facilities would be banded A to E according to size and function with the rates of charges then being applied according to four categories of use - standard, concessionary (50%), commercial and free. The proposed scheme would be an important step forward in reducing anomalies and simplifying the letting process for users.

The Head of Community Support Services confirmed that the proposals would not affect the membership schemes for the Allan, Alpha, Argyle and centres or the existing powers and responsibilities of Management Committees.

Decision

The Committee agreed:-

(1) to approve the principles underpinning the Council Letting Scheme as follows:-

(i) a uniform system of charges for all Council managed premises, i.e. all schools, halls and centres with the exception of the Albert Hall; (ii) a distinction between weekday and weekend lets, with full cost recovery of caretaker time for weekends where required in halls and centres on top of weekday charges (already agreed by the Community Committee in March 1997). Existing policy on community use of schools to continue;

(iii) keyholding on halls and centres to continue to be available for appropriate activities/groups;

(iv) halls and centres to be used as first choice, with schools only being used where no hall is available or other suitable premises are available;

(v) four rates of charges with free lets available only for Council services or key organisations like community councils or SPUR regeneration groups to meet the Council’s strategic aims of local democracy and social inclusion;

(vi) to achieve value for money a balance be struck between budgetary considerations of reaching income generation targets and social inclusion;

(vii) the charges for facilities to be related to the room size and function and be the same wherever the centre or school is located; (2) to approve the proposed harmonised Council letting scheme and charges for schools and community centres and halls, to be effective from 1 April 1998 and detailed in Appendix 1 to this minute;

(3) to note that the report would be submitted to the Community and Economic Development Committee for consideration on 26 March 1998.

(Reference - Joint Report by Directors of Community and Education Services submitted).

Mrs MacDonald (co-opted member) left the meeting at this point.

CH113 PUPIL AND STUDENT WELFARE GRANTS

At its meeting held on 22 January 1998 (Paragraph CH104 refers), the Committee deferred consideration of a report on pupil and student welfare grants to this meeting as part of Education Services overall budget considerations for 1998/99.

A report by the Director of Education Services brought forward proposals to reduce expenditure on pupil and student welfare grants and facilitate tighter budget management whilst continuing to contribute to the Council’s strategic aim of social inclusion. It was projected that the range of measures to reduce and control expenditure, including amending closing days for applications, revisions to payment periods and entitlement criteria would reduce expenditure by £80,400 in financial year 1998/99.

Motion

To approve the recommendations contained within sections 4.7 to 4.11 of the submitted report.

Proposed by Councillor Corrie McChord, seconded by Councillor Tommy Brookes.

Amendment

(1) to approve the revised cut off date for applications for footwear and clothing grants from 31 March to the preceding December;

(2) to approve the proposals in respect of high school bursaries with the exception of the cut off date for applications which should remain at 30 June of the school session;

(3) that the proposals relating to further education bursaries, specialist music and dance provision and Open University support be not accepted.

Moved by Councillor Helen Hodgins, seconded by Councillor Helen Scott. The vote on the Amendment was as follows:-

For 4 Against 8 Not Voting 2

The Amendment was defeated by eight votes to four with two Members not voting.

The vote on the Motion was as follows:-

For 8 Against 4 Not Voting 2

Decision

The Motion was carried by eight votes to four, with two Members not voting and accordingly the Committee agreed:-

(1) Footwear and Clothing Grants

To revise the cut-off date for applications from 31 March to 31 December of the preceding year;

(2) High School Bursaries

(i) to increase the minimum attendance requirement from 80% to 90%; (ii) to restrict the full award to 38 weeks in accordance with COSLA recommendations; (iii) to restrict the delayed award, applicable to pupils leaving at Christmas from 25 to 20 weeks; (iv) to revise the cut-off date for applications from 31 June to 30 September in the preceding year;

(3) Further Education Bursaries

to discontinue support for courses not available at Scottish Incorporated Colleges (but to continue the support for one student to complete her course in session 1998/99);

(4) Specialist Music and Dance Provision

to discontinue support for students seeking financial assistance to attend specialist music and dance schools but to continue to support existing pupils so long as they remain within the specialist schools;

(5) Open University Support

to withdraw financial support for summer school fees and travel.

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted).

Depute Provost Brisley left the meeting at this point. CH114 SCHOOL TERM ARRANGEMENTS FORMULA FOR FUTURE YEARS

Differing school term arrangements between Stirling, Clackmannanshire and Falkirk Councils had caused problems for families whose children attended a primary school in one Council area and a secondary school in the Stirling Council area. A report by the Director of Education Services sought Committee approval to consult with School Boards and Staff Associations on a formula for setting future term dates. The proposed formula had been developed as a result of discussions with Falkirk and Clackmannanshire Councils and would allow the automatic adoption of school term dates without a need for annual consultation.

It was noted that to accommodate the requirement for 195 teacher working days and the variation between the Councils set public holidays, there might be slight differences between the three Councils at the August and Christmas break.

Decision

The Committee agreed that the formula as detailed below be issued to School Boards and Staff Associations for consultation:-

(i) Autumn term on the Monday of the third full week in August;

(ii) October holiday week starts on the Monday of the second full week in October;

(iii) Christmas holiday for two full weeks to include two public holidays on 1 and 2 January; (iv) Easter holiday starts on first Monday in April for two weeks, regardless of when Easter weekend falls.

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted).

CH115 STIRLING COUNCIL’S ADOPTION AND FOSTERING PANEL

A report by the Director of Housing and Social Services outlined the statutory functions of the Panel as determined by legislation, highlighted the range and volume of work undertaken by the Panel since its establishment in May 1996 and described its key role in implementing the Children () Act 1995.

Members expressed the view that they would like to see greater representation on the Panel from people who have had personal experience of adoption and fostering. In response, the Head of Social Work Services confirmed that there was a desire to broaden the membership.

Decision

The Committee agreed:-

(1) to note and endorse the work of the Adoption and Fostering Panel; (2) to receive a further report on the work of the Panel in March 1999; (3) to request Officers to take appropriate steps to increase the number of members on the Panel who themselves have had personal experience of adoption and fostering.

(Reference - Report by Director of Housing and Social Services dated 17 February 1998, submitted).

CH116 ADOPTION ALLOWANCE SCHEME

Adoption allowance schemes recognised the importance of allowances in facilitating the adoption of a number of children who would not otherwise be placed for adoption. The Adoption Allowance Scheme (Scotland) Regulations 1996 were intended to give adoption agencies sufficient flexibility to respond to individual needs and to the circumstances of adopters and children.

A report by the Director of Housing and Social Services sought approval for proposed arrangements to revoke the current scheme and to introduce a new scheme with details of how the requirements of the legislation would be met in respect of eligibility for the award of adoption allowances, assessment of financial circumstances, notification, appeal and review arrangements. The report also set out the number of adopters currently in receipt of adoption allowances under the existing scheme and estimated the potential demand upon the new scheme.

Decision

The Committee approved the adoption allowance scheme as outlined in paragraphs 4.1 to 4.7 of the submitted report.

(Reference - Report by Director of Housing and Social Services dated 17 February 1998 submitted).

CH117 CHILD PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Staff in educational establishments were in a unique position to recognise abuse in children and to build a caring culture in which children would feel their concerns would be listened to. A report by the Director of Education Services outlined draft guidelines for child protection procedures within educational establishments which would be the subject of wide consultation within and across services. The Principal Officer (Access) highlighted the need to raise awareness of child protection issues, the importance of staff being alert to the signs and symptoms of abuse and about the actions they should take and the support mechanisms for children and staff.

Decision

The Committee agreed:-

(1) to approve the draft guidelines on Child Protection for use in educational establishments; (2) to approve the consultative procedure detailed in the submitted report;

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted). Provost Paterson left the meeting at this point.

CH118 TOP PLAY/BT TOP SPORT

On 28 August 1997, the Committee agreed to the implementation of a pilot project involving the provision of sport and physical activity for young people based on the Wallace High School cluster of schools. A report by the Director of Education Services gave an evaluation of the pilot project taking account of the training programme, teaching resources and equipment used and made recommendations for the extension of the project beyond the pilot phase to all Stirling Council primary schools in two phases in 1998/99 and 1999/2000. The extension of the programme would result in a cost of £3,500 in phase 1 and £3,250 in phase 2 to be funded jointly on a matched basis by the Scottish Sports Council through the Youth Sport Trust and Stirling Council.

Decision

The Committee agreed:-

(1) to the extension of the programme from the pilot phase in two phases to accommodate financial demand and training implications;

(2) that phase 1 1998/1999 consist of the schools in the High School cluster (8 schools), High School cluster (4 schools) and the Stirling High School cluster (5 schools). The phase 2 1999/2000 arrangement would consist of the McLaren High School cluster (15 schools), St Modan’s High School cluster (3 schools) and the Dunblane High School cluster (3 schools). The involvement of schools within this phasing programme would be dependant on the inclusion of this programme within individual school development plans and the prioritising of the project within such arrangements;

(3) to approve funding of the project as presented in the two phases:-

! Phase 1 1998/99 £3,500

! Phase 2 1999/2000 £3,250

Joint funding with the Scottish Sports Council on a matched basis using new Government funding for Raising Achievement, would establish appropriate equipment and teaching resources for schools in the phased programme.

(4) training arrangements would be delivered by local based staff and be dependent on the voluntary commitment of teaching staff in the schools; (5) to establish a Steering Group to monitor the implementation of the phased programme in a consistent manner with the pilot phase and that the Steering Group explore possibilities for the extension of physical activity opportunities for pupils outwith schools beyond the pilot phase in response to local needs;

(6) to agree that a summary report by the Steering Group be presented to the Committee at the end of phase 1 and phase 2 implementation.

(Reference - Report by Director of Education Services, submitted).

Prior to the close of business, the Chair in response to a point raised by the Opposition Spokesperson, gave an assurance that all necessary steps would be taken to ensure the safety of children travelling on school transport.

The Chair declared the meeting closed at 1.05 pm

APPENDIX 1

PROPOSED CHARGES FOR STIRLING COUNCIL FACILITIES AND CATEGORIES OF USE (per hour)

1 STANDARD RATE

Band A Games Halls in Centres/Large Units in Schools £13.10 (Games Hall, Swimming Pool - St Modans High School) Band B Large Hall in Centres/Medium Units in Schools £ 8.10 (Assembly Hall, Gymnasium, Conference Room, Lecture Theatre, Workshop) Band C Large Meeting room/Lounge in Centres/Small Units in Schools £ 5.10 (Changing Room, Classroom, Staff Room, Small Hall, Dining Room) Band D Small Meeting Room in Centres £ 3.60 Band E Kitchen in Centres £ 2.10

2 CONCESSIONARY RATE = 50% OF STANDARD RATE

All children’s/youth groups under 16 e.g. Playgroups, mother & toddler groups, uniformed organisations when the amount earned by leaders does not exceed £15 per hour.

Voluntary non-profitmaking/charitable organisations Churches

Band A Games Hall in Centres/Large Units in Schools £ 6.55 (Games Hall, Swimming Pool - St Modans High School) Band B Large Hall in Centres/Medium Units in Schools £ 4.05 (Assembly Hall, Gymnasium, Conference Room, Lecture Theatre, Workshop) Band C Large Meeting Room/Lounge in Centres/Small Units in Schools £ 2.55 (Changing Room, Classroom, Staff Room, Small Hall, Dining Room) Band D Small Meeting Rooms in Centres £ 1.80 Band E Kitchen in Centres £ 1.05

3 COMMERCIAL RATE

Groups where Leaders accrue over £15 per hour through charges to Members e.g. Aerobics Classes Karate Classes Sales Groups Exhibitions/Training/Seminars Band A Games Hall in Centres/Large Units in Schools £30.00 (Games Hall, Swimming Pool - St Modans High School) Band B Large Hall in Centres/Medium Units in Schools £22.00 (Assembly Hall, Gymnasium, Conference Room, Lecture Theatre, Workshop) Band C Large Meeting Room/Lounge in centres/Units in Schools £15.00 (Changing Room, Classroom, Staff Room, Small Hall, Dining Room) Band D Small Meeting Room in centres £11.00 Band E Kitchen in centres £ 6.00

4 FREE LET

1 All core school activities, organisations and clubs within own school. 2 School Board and PTA/PA business meetings within own school. 3 School Board and PTA/PA fund raising activities within own school. 4 Stirling Councillors business meetings within local school. 5 Community Council business meetings. 6 Stirling Council sports/recreation/arts development classes 7 Stirling Council playschemes 8 Stirling Council youth programme activities. 9 Stirling Council adult education programme activities. 10 Stirling Council training courses. 11 Urban Regeneration groups in Raploch, Top of the Town, , St. Ninians (Cultenhove) and Eastern Villages, recognised by the Council. 12 Tenants/Residents Associations. 13 Stirling council Community Support Sponsored Activities within own centres.

All applications for free lets must be signed by an authorised official of the relevant service.

Halls & Centres

At weekends there will be an additional charge on top of the Monday-Friday Letting Charges to cover full recovery cost of caretakers’ wages on Saturdays and Sundays. In certain circumstances lessees may be approved as keyholders and the additional charge for caretaking will not apply.

Schools

The current arrangements for schools as outlined in the current Community Use of Schools Policy applies. The policy states: No community use of schools at weekends or holiday periods unless on a full cost recovery basis. No community use of primary schools after 6.00 pm except:

- for those schools where no alternative facilities exist - for times allocated to young persons groups - unless on a full cost recovery.