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The Role of a Local Trade Union in the Promotion of Direct Employee Voice in Workplaces: Towards Organised Disintermediation?

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The Role of a Local Trade Union in the Promotion of Direct Employee Voice in Workplaces: Towards Organised Disintermediation? UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BERGAMO Scuola di Alta formazione Dottorale Corso di Dottorato in Formazione della Persona e Mercato del Lavoro Ciclo XXXI Settore scientifico disciplinare IUS07 The role of a local trade union in the promotion of direct employee voice in workplaces: Towards organised disintermediation? Supervisore: Chiar.mo Prof. Michele Tiraboschi Tesi di Dottorato Ilaria ARMAROLI Matricola n. 1038941 Anno accademico 2017/2018 Al lavoro, come quello di mio papà e di mia mamma, e a chi, ogni giorno, ci mette il cuore per rappresentarlo. INDEX CHAPTER 1. FRAMING THE ISSUE ........................................................................ 2 1. 1. Fall and decline of trade unions ........................................................................ 3 1.2. Is there a future for trade unions? ...................................................................... 6 1.3. Trade unions faced with the challenge of new forms of worker voice ............ 14 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................... 20 1.5. Conceptual background and research hypotheses ........................................... 28 1.6. The structure of the research project ................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 37 2.1. The “frames of reference” of industrial relations ............................................ 37 2.2. Employee voice ................................................................................................ 49 2.2.1. Representative employee voice ................................................................. 57 2.2.2. Direct employee participation ................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT ....................................................... 124 3.1. Ontology, epistemology, theoretical framework and methodology............... 124 3.2. Case study development ................................................................................ 129 3.2.1. Environmental constraints ....................................................................... 130 3.2.2. Institutional structure .............................................................................. 142 3.2.3. Cognitive frames ..................................................................................... 162 3.2.4. Action ...................................................................................................... 179 3.3. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 234 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................... 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 273 DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 300 WEBOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 302 1 CHAPTER 1. FRAMING THE ISSUE The future of capitalism appears to be highly uncertain today. The financial crash of 2008 has been described as just the latest, evident symptom of a long-standing crisis, firstly emerged in the 1970s with the rise of financial markets, privatisation pressures and a decline in the bargaining power of labour1. Today, economic stagnation, alarming unemployment rates and social misery, as well as environmental concerns, demographic changes and uneven technological advancements put a strain on many Western, highly interconnected, economies. According to Polanyi, only a social countermovement, spurred in response to the development of the three “fictitious commodities” (i.e. land, labour and money, which cannot be considered as real commodities as they were not originally produced to be sold on a market), would have protected us from the instability and inherent tensions of the system, as it did during the Nineteenth century and again after the First World War2. However, there are reasonable fears today that the stabilising “double movement” (implying the emergence of institutional limitations to market expansion) might have stopped, and that capitalism might have hit the point of no return as a result of the increasing commodification and distortion of the former “fictitious commodities”3. Pursuant to this view, the crisis of labour movement, as the traditional, institutional watchdog protecting labour from full marketisation, may partly explain the current hardship of working population, and along with the erosion of the other safeguards of land and money, make the perspective of a socially disembedded economy more and more realistic. In the following lines, I will deepen the reasons behind the presumed “sufferings” of labour representation (notably, trade unions) and after describing latest market-oriented changes in work organisation, I will conclude by providing the perspective of a union- driven countermovement for the embeddedness of some traditionally managerial practices within the framework of industrial relations: an approach that will be empirically investigated further in this research. 1 See, among others, Harvey, D., The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism, Profile Books, 2010; Hyman, R., “What future for industrial relations in Europe?”, in Employee Relations, 2018, 40 (2): 569- 579; Streeck, W., “How will capitalism end?”, in New Left Review, 2014, 87, 35-64. 2 Polanyi, K., The Great Transformation, Beacon Press: Boston, 1944. 3 Streeck, W., “How will capitalism end?”, in New Left Review, 2014, 87, 35-64. 2 1. 1. Fall and decline of trade unions It has been argued that «worker voice used to mean trade unions»4 and that unions represented the almost universal public policy answer to the need of worker voice. Despite differences in trade union membership, power, and role in the workplace and society, this condition did characterise the vast majority of European countries until the end of the Twentieth century. However, with very few national exceptions, the reality today has changed on a global scale. Circumstances, such as the decline in trade union density and collective bargaining coverage5, the reduced union political influence, and the increasing marginality of union discourses in society6, are raised several times by literature. Notably, several studies show that throughout Europe, trade union membership rates have declined since the 1980s. Bargaining coverage has proven to be more resilient than trade union density (especially thanks to extension-clauses in some EU countries and labour law regulation), even though it has significantly decreased in several countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Greece, Germany and Portugal7. The main reasons behind these developments are often ascribed to deindustrialisation, globalisation and international 4 Ackers, P., “Trade unions as professional associations”, in Johnstone, S., Ackers, P. (eds.), Finding a Voice at Work? New Perspectives on Employment Relations, Oxford University Press, 2015, 95. 5 Addison, J. T., Bryson, A., Teixiera P., Pahnke, A., Bellmann, L., “The Extent of Collective Bargaining and Workplace Representation: Transitions between States and their Determinants. A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Great Britain”, in Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2013, 60 (2): 182-209; Carrieri, M, Feltrin, P., Al bivio. Lavoro, sindacato e rappresentanza nell’Italia d’oggi, Donzelli, 2016; Colvin, A. J. S., Darbishire, O., “Convergence in Industrial Relations Institutions: The Emerging Anglo- American Model?”, in Industrial & Labour Relations Review, 2013, 66 (5): 1047-1077; Vachon, T. E., Wallace, M., Hyde, A., “Union Decline in a Neoliberal Age: Globalization, Financialization, European Integration, and Union Density in 18 Affluent Democracies”, in Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 2016, 2, 1-22. 6 Ackers, P., “Trade unions as professional associations”, in Johnstone, S., Ackers, P. (eds.), Finding a Voice at Work? New Perspectives on Employment Relations, Oxford University Press, 2015, 100; Colvin, A. J. S., Darbishire, O., “Convergence in Industrial Relations Institutions: The Emerging Anglo-American Model?”, in Industrial & Labour Relations Review, 2013, 66 (5): 1047-1077; Crouch, C., Traxler, F. (eds.), Organised industrial relations in Europe: What future?, Aldershot, Avebury, 1995. 7 European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW), Just Go For It! A compendium of best practices from all over Europe on involving young people in trade unions, 2017; Ibsen, C. L., Tapia, M., “Trade union revitalisation: Where are we now? Where to next?”, in Journal of Industrial Relations, 2017, 1-22. 3 migration8, government measures in response to economic crisis9, technological development and the advent of a so-called consumer capitalism10, as well as the shift in forms of employment from full-time permanent to precarious and temporary status, the increasing diversification of the workforce and the apparently greater influence of individualism on society11. The reference to these processes is particularly important due to their implications on work organisation and workforce in traditional businesses, which directly impact trade unions’ constituency and essential role. In particular, it has been contended that the development of a post-industrial society and the
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