CONCERNING WATER RESOURCES and WATER QUALITY IMPACTS RELATED to GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES in OREGON A

SUMMARY REPORT CONCERNING WATER RESOURCES AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS RELATED TO GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES IN OREGON a

LARRY S. SLOTTA PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY CORVALLIS, OREGON 97331

AUGUST 1979

The work reported herein was partially supported through an Oregon Graduate Center contract with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of the University of California for the conduct of the "Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Study Workshop", held March 28-29, 1979 in Portland, Oregon. Partial support was also provided as part of Oregon State University's Water Resources Research Institute 1979 contract with the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission for Water Assessment of Emerging Energy Technologies. ABSTRACT

This report provides a survey of Oregon's Known Geothermal Resource Areas (KGRA's) particularly in regards to regional water resource characteristics and 1979 geothermal development activities. Water use requirements were estimated from a projected 25 year development scenario for nine major geothermal resource areas in Oregon. The potential water use requirements significant include: the Alvord and Vale KGRA'S, which reportedly have geothermal resources particularly suited for electrical power generation, and the Cascades' hot water resources,which have potential use in direct heating.

A review of the chronological account of geothermal activities and impacts was projected for each of Oregon's KGRA's. Water quality issues and concerns regarding prospective goethermal activities within the resource areas were identified and ranked. The major concerns were: potential surface water pollution and degredation, changes in the groundwater regime, both chemical, thermal and hydraulic, erosion and sedimentation, subsidence and land mass movements. Disparate concerns were associated with the region because of different prospects for resource development and the variety of topography associated with the sites.

Water quality baseline information was collated on Oregon's geothermal resources. The chemical attributes of Oregon's hot springs and wells were compared and considered as models for heated waters to be drawn for electrical power generation or direct use heating. On the basis of water quality standards, most of the thermal spring waters would be undesirable to discharge directly to surface waters following thermal recovery. A call was made for improving the Csurface and sub- terrainean) water quality data base, establishing meaningful monitoring of the potential of Oregon's geothermal energy resources. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

. iii List of Figures ...... List of Tables ...... iii

1. Introduction ...... 1

1.1. Objectives ...... , , . . . , 2 1.2. Scope ofInvestigation ...... 2

II. OregonGeothermalProjections ...... , 4

11.1. Oregon'sCKGRA'sl Known Geothermal Resource Areas . . 4 11.2. ResourceApplications and Economic Value...... 7 11.2.1. Historical Applications of Geothermal Resources...... 7 11.2.2. General Statewide Developments ...... 9 11.3. Water Resource Characteristics and Development Activ- ities ofOregon's KGRA's...... 11 11.3.1. Western Cascades ...... 11 11.3.1.1. Breitenbush Hot Springs ..... 11 11.3.1.2. Carey Hot Springs ...... 18 11.3.1.3. McCredie Hot Springs...... 19 11.3.1.4. Belriap-Foley...... 19 11.3.2. High Cascades...... 23 11.3.2.1. Mt. Hood...... 23 11.3.2.2. Newberry Crater ...... 26 11.3.3. Brothers Fault Zone...... 27 11.3.3.1. Burns Butte ...... 27 11.3.3.2. Newberry Crater (see 11.3.2.2.) 26 11.3.4. Southern Basin and Range ...... 29 11.3.4.1. Alvord...... 29 11.3.4.2. Crump Geyser...... 34 11.3.4.3. Klamath Falls ...... 34 11.3.4.4. Suirmer Lake Hot Springs ...... 3 11.3.4.5. Lakeview...... 40 Ir.3.5. Snake River Plain...... 41 11.3.5.1. Ontario ORE-IDA ...... 43 11.3.5.2. Nyssa ...... 44 11.3.5.3. Adrian...... 45 11.3.5.4. Vale...... 46 11.3.5.5. Bully Creek ...... 48 11.3.6. Columbia River ...... 49 11.3.6.1. LaGrande...... 49 11.3.6.2. Powder River...... 50 11.3.6.3. Grande Ronde River...... 51

III. Water Quality...... 52 111.1. Introduction ...... 52 111.2. Regulation Delineations Regarding Water Quality and

Geothermal Resource Developments ..... , , . , 54

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continuedi

111.3. Water Quality Concerns and Issues...... 57 1113.1. Introduction ...... 57

111.3.2. Identification of Water Quality Impacts , 58 111.3.3. Ranking of Water Quality and General Envi- ronmental Impacts of Geothermal Activities 64 1113.4. Water Quality Baseline Information Avail-

able on Oregonts Geothermal Resources . 72 1113.5. Lack of Information on Geothermal Waters and Recommendations for Water Resource Monitoring Associated with Geothermal Developments ...... 85

IV. Recommendations and Closure...... 94

V. Acknowledgements ...... 98

Vt. References ...... 99 Vt.l. References Cited in Text...... 99

VI.2. References Obtained Through a Computer Search . . . . 106 VI.2.l. Geothermal Energy Data Base, Oak Ridge, Tennessee...... 106

VI.2.2. Tulsa Data File, University of Oklahoma . . . 109 VI.2.3. Enviroline Data Base, Environmental Informa- tion Center, New York, New York...... 132 Vt.2.4. Environmental Periodicals Bibliography, Environmental Studies Institute, Santa Barbara, California...... 142

APPENDICES

I. Oregon's Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop Water Quality Session Record.

II. Geothermal Development - Impact on Water Quality.

III. Summary of Laws Requiring or Related to Geothermal Pollution Control

IV. Administrative Requirements for Development of Geothermal Resources The State of Oregon.

V. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 1979 Environmental Protection Stipulations.

VI. Water Quality Standards, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

VII. Environmental Effects of Known Pollutants.

ii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page 1. Oregon'sResourceAreas Known (KGRA1 and Potential ...... CPGRAI Geothermal 6 2. Oregon's [-tot Springs and WellIater Chemistry.....62

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page I. Oregon KGRA Potential Power Characteristics and Estimated Water Use...... 5 Ila. Locations, Temperatures, Volumes, and Energies of rdentified [-lot-Water Hydrothermal Convection Systems >150°C...... ,12 lib. Locations, Temperatures, Volumes, and Thermal Energies of rdentified [-tot-Water Hydrothermal Convection Systems 90-150°C...... 13 lic. Areas Favorable for Discovery and Development of Local

Sources of Low-Temperature C<9O°C). Geothermal Water . . 15 III. Water Quality Standards. and Acceptable Limits for Drinking, Irrigation, and Livestock Waters...... 60 IV. Chemical Attributes of Oregon's Hot Springs and Well Waters...... 61 V. Chronological Account of Geothermal Activities and Impacts ...... 68 VI. Environmental (Water Resource and Water Quality) Bib-

liographic Data Cross Reference for Oregon"s KGRAts . . 73 VII. Bibliographic Water Quality Parametric Summary Rele- vant to KGRA Site Assessment...... 74

111 Tv I. INTRODUCTION

The environmental issues which will determine the acceptability of geothermal resources utilization need to be resolved for exploration of Oregon's resources. Known hydrothermal reservoirs in Oregon need to be assessed and demonstrated by the state and industry to utilize hydro(geo)- thermal resources optimally in terms of economic and environmental constraints.

Environmental impact data relevant to geothermal resource development are sparse since there are only three sites in the world with a significant history of geothermal power generation. While electrical power production from geothermal power resources is a relatively new industry, geothermal hot water and steam have been used beneficially for centuries. Non electrical space and direct heat uses by industry have been manifest for decades. The growing shortage of oil and natural gas is expected to cause a rapid increase in the utilization of geothermal resources; concurrently there is an increased environmental conscious- ness regarding exploration, development and utilization of natural resources which brings us to examine the potential water resource and water quality impacts associated with the development of geothermal resources within the State of Oregon. Geothermal energy, like any other energy source, can be exploited to result in negative impacts on the water quality of an area.

However, hopefully through examination of available information on geothermal resources, the nature of geothermal fluid's chemical attributes, and improved technology for pollution control, there will be minimal impacts on Oregon's water resources. Accordingly, this report is to provide an in-depth perspective of the key water quality issues surrounding development of geothermal energy in the State of Oregon.

This report supercedes the March 1979 Oregon Geothermal Environ- mental Overview Workshop's water quality sessions' record, which Is presented as Appendix I. This report expands on the workshop discussions and subsequent reviews. Additional bibliographic documentation has been provided concerning Oregon's environmental water data base and on the water related impacts and water assessments of emerging energy technologies associated with the potential regional geothermal developments.

1.1. OBJECTIVES

The goals of this project parallel those of the overview workshop, which are: + Identify water quality issues of concern in the development of geothermal energy. + Prioritize these water quality issues. + Inventory and assess the available data on these issues. + Determine gaps in the data and information for clarifying water quality issues for Oregon's KGRA's. + Suggest needed water quality studies for Oregon's KGRA's.

In accomplishing these goals it was, hoped to also satisfy some tasks associated with Oregon State University's ttater Resources Research Institute's efforts with the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission on providing a "Water Assessment of Emerging Energy Technologies" with a focus on geothermal activities in the State of Oregon, including: + selection of candidate areas for potential location of emerging (geothermal) technologies + compare siting criteria of geothermal energy technologies to siting characteristics in each water accounting unit + evaluate resource requirements of energy development patterns and water accounting unit's resource availability + quantify water deficits of emerging energy deployment patterns

1.2. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

The purpose of this reporting effort is to assess current and future water quality issues facing the State of Oregon as concerns the potential development of geothermal energy as a resource. A systematic statewide investigation of water resource and water quality information relating to potential geothermal activity has been made. Characteristics and potential activity for Oregon's known geothermal resource areas LKGRA) were identified. Estimates of water use for J.irect heat utilization and power production were compiles; combined Western Cascade use projections were the largest of the systems considered, being as much as 40,00G 1/s (1400 cfs) for supplying 2000 N1Wt direct heating.

A section of this report delineates regulations regarding concern for maintaining water quality during geothermal resource developments.

A comparison was made of recently reported water chemistry of the state's thermal springs and wells with accepted water quality standards for human, irrigation and livestock consumption. On the basis of present water quality standards, most of Oregon's thermal waters would be undesirable for dispostion to surface waters.

A ranking of general environmental impacts (ecological, air, water, solids and noise pol1ution was made for seven identified KGRAs of the state encompassing periods from pre-lease exploratory through field and operational stages of geothermal energy extraction. The scenario offered from the geothermal projections section was used for estimating water requirements of geothermal activities; a discussion on this matter was included because it was felt that the topic has not been seriously addressed in previous environmental reviews because of the lack of accurate information on particular geothermal site potentialities.

Available bibliographic materials regarding water resources and water quality for the Oregon KGRA regions were cross referenced. Limited information was found. Accordingly, baseline studies and geothermal monitoring studies emphasizing the gathering of water resource and water quality information were recommended.

Appendices were included which covered: the water quality session record of Oregon's Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop, a general paper on geothermal development impacts on water quality, a summary of laws requiring or related to geothermal pollution control, administrative requirements for development of geothermal resources in the State of Oregon, the 1979 environmental protection stipulations of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, and water quality standards of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

This reporting effort depended on receipt of available published findings and reports of others and was not intended to be original research. A discussion of geothermal resource types (hot water, dry

3 steam, geo pressured hot water, hot dry rock, and magma) was not included in this report as Oregon's geothermal resources are generally classified as hot water dominated. General clarification of geothermal resource types can be found in (27). Similarly discussions on production technology of various power from various geothermal resource types can be found in (86) and (76). Economic analysis of water resource and water quality impacts and waste water treatment technology were considered as beyond the scope of the work outlined for this reporting effort. Geo- thermal energy development pollution control technologies, including processes concepts and costs of waste water treatment and disposal are covered in a recent EPA publication, (36). It is recommended that this report is periodically edited and upgraded to include economic analysis of proposed geothermal projects waste water treatment as new information is made available regarding Oregon's geothermal sitings, and as baselines 0f water resource and water quality become better developed.

We are grateful for the information that has been made available for inclusion into this report and hope that those who have contributed to elements of the various sections will recognize their work or comments, whether or not it has been appropriately cited, and will understand our efforts and will accept our thoughts of appreciation.

We hope that by providing the information found in the subsequent sections that rational development of geothermal resources can progress whilst making a minimal or least negative impact on our environmental resources. Finally, we feel we have adequately identified the probable occurrence of water resource and water quality impacts associated with geothermal activities in Oregon's KGRAs; we wish to emphasize that the severity of the effects may be low even though the chance of occurrence might be ranked high.

II. OREGON GEOTHERMAL PROJECTIONS

11.1. OREGON'S (KGRAs) KNOWN GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE AREAS

Table I is a current compilation of regional known geothermal resource area (KGRA) reservoir temperatures, electrical power potentials,

4 & TABLE I. OREGON KGRA POTENTIAL POWER CHARACTERISTICS AND ESTIMATED WATER USE. DIRECT (1SF -______POTENTIAL AREA ______SUBSURFACE TEMP ______MW&TEP1iTAE (2) ELECTRICAL POWERREQULRFMENTS (3) [T1WA1[W ______c0VEIi5f CYCIL ______PRESENT ______I'fl'It FLUID REQUIRED1/s (5) 3-5(total) yrsjiw ______FLUID REQUIRED1/s (5) 5-25(total) yr MWt FLUID REQUIRED1/s (5) ALVORDKOHAKLAMPTII - 50,300 FALLS acres 180 - 210 130 306No 2500 - 5000 FLASH 60(6) 600 - 1200 72(6) 720 - 1440 VALEKORAK(RA - 176,835- 22,998 acres acres 160 - 180 710 6141 - 12,830 FLASHBIHARY/ LOWVERY 5 50 - 100 ONTARIOGLASS BUTTES - liRE IDA UNKNOWN UINAK!/FLASH 28 280 - 560 01 LA GRANDE 120 No LOWVERY 2-3 20-30 to 40-60 MT.KGRALAKEVIEW HOOD - 12,165 acres 160 123 1025 - 2050 BINAHY/FLASHBIHARY/ .48 (4) 4.8 - 9.6 15 2 150 - 300 KGRA -CASCADES 8,671 acres 170 - 200 BINARY/FLASH 100 1000 - 2000 20 - 40 2100 21,000 - 42Jtrn (1) Source - Bowen, R. G. b.a. GeothermalPersonal coirinunicatlon Environmental July Overview 1979 Study Workshop Presentation Mar 26-29, - __ ___ FLASH 1979 __ I______(6) Personal5432 conmiunicatlon with Paul LlneauSourceMW electrical (011) - -Environmental lowerWiluiier, Aug forbound; 1979 Rodney30 years Readiness Howard, 0. et.al. J.Document H."Potential Ed. "Present Sept. Environmental 1918 Status DOE/ERD-0005 and Issues Future Related Prospects to Geothermal for Non Electric Powerupper Uses Generation ofbound; Geothermal inrelated Resourcesto personal Oct., coninunication 1975 with Paul lineau (011) July 1979 Oregon" The Ore Bin Vol. 39 no. 5 May 1977 UCRL - 51926 Oregon Geothermal Resources P%vr I 1 ' I Jiac,rarc4t --i------bakzm -- gEYI JIOOV(' I I ----- 1 r-LA __L -- 1 1 I @nd L, - - L_J VLL 'I CRA12L_ri I Li64 UT1E uTTE - _'i ci, I I ALVODt I I I I KLM\ATh ! I I I FIGURE 1. OREGON'S KNOWN (KGRA) AND POTENTIAL (PGRA) GEOTHERMAL [1 I(;R RESOURCL ARLIS. U intended power cycle types and water utilization estimates associated with projected geothermal developments within Oregon. KGRAS and PGRAs for Oregon are delineated on Figure 1.

Because the site specific locations, depth of strata, resource quality and volume to be tapped of most of these potential geothermal developments are not firm; it is difficult to relate what aquifers and water courses might be specifically influenced by recovery and use of the available geothermal energy. Similarly, since the Statets geothermal resources have not been fully assessedin terms of, developmentchar- acter (liquid dominated, liquid dominated-binary, or vapor dominated), production type(electrical power vs. space heating), reservoir extent (strata depth, geologic formation, resource qulaity and potential tap- able volume), it is difficult to discuss geothermal exploration, development and production activities which would significantly impact water quality aspects of particular aquifers and watersheds. The lack of such information has been a failing of most Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) which have been written to date (1979) for the development of Oregons geothermal resources.

In this report we too must deal with regional KGRAs rather than specified sites for discussing possible water quality impacts connected to exploration and development of geothermal energy within the state. There is limited information to share on possible water quality impacts which would be constituted as quantitative because the type of resource, its depth, quality and production characteristics at specific sites in the general KGRAs have not as yet been determined or announced. In other words, a scenario of projected development activities has been designated (Table I) for which we are to next consider the water The scenario 4 resource (quality) issues of this speculative development. may be either an under or an over estimate of the possible developments in the State of Oregon.

rr.2. RESOURCE APPLICATIONS AND ECONOMIC VALUE

11.2.1. Historical Applications of Geothermal Resources

Geothermal energy is the heat energy that exists within the earths

7 crust. Geothermal energy is one of only a few energy resources indigenous to Oregon. Although identified geothermal resources in Oregon have lower temperatures than in some other areas of the United States, resource assessment and utilization is taking place in the state. It should be noted that Oregon has presently the most extensive geothermal direct utilization of any state, examples include greenhousing (Lakeview, Kiamath Falls, Cove, Vale), agricultural applications and processing (Kiamath Falls, Ontario, Vale), space heating (kalniath Falls, Lakeview, Vale, Hot Lake, Haines, Breitenbush Hot Springs, Ontario) and numerous geothermally heated spas and pools (32).

Geothermal utilization in Oregon pre-dates the white man. rndians used the hot springs for cooking and medicinal purposes, as did early settlers. The first large scale comercial use of geothermal was in Kiamath Falls in the 1890's and early 1900's, in a large resort-spa on the site of Kiamath Union High School (57). In 1928, Butler's Natatorium was constructed to take advantage of the hot water resource underlying the city. At present, over 400 wells serve more than 500 structures in Klamath Falls, including a hospital, city schools and the Oregon Insti- tute of Technology. Other uses include mile pasteurization, concrete curing, highway snow removal, laundry hot water and heated swimming pools. Some locations utilize waste hot water discharged into storm sewers. Overall, about 60 megawatts thermal (MWt) of the present 61 MWt total of direct use geothermal energy is being utilized at Klamath Falls, see Table I.

Some geothermal operations at Kiamath Falls have resulted in significant economic benetits. For example, Medo-Bel Creamery estimates its annual fuel savings at $20,000. At Oregon Institute of Technology's old campus, annual fuel costs were about $100,000 (at pre-inflation prices). At the new larger campus (440,000 square feet), OtT spends about $25-30,000 annually for its geothermal heating system; if oil were used it would cost $250,000 (11,000 bbls of equivalent oil). The economic value of the geothermal resource as energy can be computed on a site specific basis by comparing geothermal heating costs to conventional fuel costs. In most cases, the initial capital investment is higher for geothermal than for conventional fuel, but savings in fuel purchases over the life of the project usuallyexceed this gap relatively quickly in cases of direct heat applications. As conventional fuel prices rise, the economic value of geothermal energy as a substitute ofthese fuels will also rise (57).

11.2.2. General Statewide Developments

It is probable that Oregon will eventually realize significant electric power generation from its geothermal reserves, but this is not a near term prospect.

Estimates of future direct use of Oregon's "beneficial heat' total 3,232 x 1018 J available. This resouce would develop 3416 MWt for 30 years of exploitation or only 1Q25 MWt for a centuryof use L531, Simi- larly, the future electric power potential for the state is 2Q31 MWt for 30 years of exploitation or 677 M1t-centuries. Estimates of future electrical power potential from Oregon's geothermal sources are influenced by the optimism of estimators relative to consideration of the total resource development and expected technological break-throughs. The resource potential summed from (53) U.S.G.S. Circular 790(dated 1978) is more conservative than offered in U.S.G.S. Circular 726 (dated 1975) and the corresponding estimates made by Bowen (98), as shown in

Table I.

Direct use applications--especially in agricultural processing, greenhousing and district heating--hold the greatest immediate potential. For example, Ore-Ida Foods is converging its Ontario plant to geothermal process-heat. This facility processes about one million pounds per day of frozen potato and onion products. If successful, the geothermal conversion project will reduce fossil fuel consumption by half and result in a net annual savings of $1 million. The new system is scheduled for operation in late 197g.. Other potential agricultural applications include greenhousing, crop dehydration, alfalfa drying, beetsugar processing and mushroom growing. The Geo-Heat Utilization Center (OITT) has produced an assessment of "Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Klamath and Snake River Basins, Oregon" (44).

A three year geothermal resource assessment was initiated in 1976 at Mt. Hood. This cost-sharing project involves the Oregon DOGAMt, USGS, US-DOE and US-FS. Drilling at Timberline Lodge was completed in 1978, did not reach target depth and accordingly a suitable geothermal resource has not yet been identified for development of space-heating and snow removal systems.

Northwest Natural Gas Company (NWNG), continues to drill at Old Maid Flat on the west flanks of Mt. Hood. NWNG envisions a $50 million project involving a 43 mile (69.2 km) pipeline (48 inch diameter (1.22 m)) to major industrial users in the Portland area (including Oregon City and Caman, Washington) to supply geothermal district heating, pulp and paper processing industries.

Kiamath Falls has received a DOE/DGE grant for a downtown geothermal heating district. The project Phase I is designed to provide heating for 14 city, county, state and federal buildings and is scheduled for operation by 1980. Total costs will be approximately $1.5 million of which approximately 75% will be contributed by DOE. Phase II will cover 11 city blocks by providing additional connections to adjacent building. Phase III will provide heating to 54 user blocks and will be completed in 3 to 5 years through a bonding program; the bonding will be repaid by connection and user fees. Subsequently Klamath Falls will examine its geothermal resources for additional applications.

As these examples indicate, Oregon is in the forefront of geothermal direct use development. Add to this Oregon's geothermal electrical potential and the contribution of the resource to the state's energy future appears highly significant. Additional information on geothermal resource developnent in Oregon is given in Section 11.3. regarding th.e individual resource sites.

The narrative for some of this section was abstracted, updated and revised from (32) "Preliminary Geothermal profile, State of Oregon" Geothermal Policy Project, National Conference of State Legislatures, 1405 Curtis Street Sutie 2300, Denver, Colorado, October 1978, pages 7-9 and personal coninunications, (20), (3), and (37).

10 11.3. WATER RESOURCE CHAR.ACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF OREGON'S KGRAs

Oregon's geothermal resources are primarily the liquid dominated type, as opposed to being vapor--dominated (dry steam) or geopressured. As noted in Table I, Oregon is blessed with moderate and low temperature liquid geothermal resources for development. A listing of the locations, temperatures, volumes, and energies of identified hot-water hydrothermal convections systems within Oregon are given in Table It, (53). Follow- ing this listing is a narrative of the water resource characteristics and activities of Oregon's KGRAs regions, including: Western Cascades, High Cascades, Brothers Fault Zone, Southern Basin and Range, Snake River Plain, and the Columbia River Region.

11.3.1. Western Cascades

11.3.1.1. Breitenbush Hot Springs KGRA (32)

Total KGRA acres: 13,445 Surface Temperature: 99°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 150°C Approximate number of hot springs: 60 Natural surface discharge: 56.66 1/s

Present Development Status Space heating in two resorts and pool heating. Temperature gradient holes have been drilled by the Sunoco Energy Co. and the Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Sale to Sunoco of 5818 Acres in 4 parcels for geothermal development took place in 1979; 1 parcel received rio bids (1,029 acres). Twelve noncompetitive lease have been issues in 1979 covering 15,887 acres.

Interest has been shown in examining the resource to assess the feasibility for direct-use or electrical applications.

Surface Water (15) Streams in the Breitenbush Geothermal Area (BGA) drain into the North Santiam and Clackamas River systems. Among the larger tributary streams are the Breitenbush River, Collawash River, Whitewater Creek, Woodpecker Creek and Devils Creek.

The average discharge of the North Santiam River measured over a 48-year period at a gaging station 0.5 mile below Boulder Creek is 1,017 cubic feet per second (c.f.s.), or 736,800 acre-feet, per year. This

11 ENERGIES OF IDENTIFIED HOT-WATER HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTION TABLE ha. SYSTEMSLOCATIONS, .15O°C -- TEMPERATURES, VOLUMES, AND SOURCE - GEOLOtICAL Mean SURVEY CIRCULAR 190(53) Name of area LongitudeLatitude (0(l) temperatureEstimate, ofreservoir temperaturereservoir (lean i.servoirvolume Mean reservoirenergythermal Comments Wellheadthermal energy Weilbeadavailable(10 worl. Electzic,al (MW, Erenergy (°W) 1°C) (°C) (km3) 0 (10 P J) 1 G 0 N (10 J) J) 30 yr) Newberry caldera 121 14 43 43 230 280180 230 t 20 41 6 16 27 6 10 Reported hottemperaturescalders.along springs the appear shores estimated to of be East drowned (or Late other and Eumaroles Quaternary Paulins which Lake volcanoes. issuein Pleistocene Reservoir temperatures are inferred and based on 6.9 1.71 740 Crumps Not Sprinis 119 53.0 42 13.8 173144 (A)(I) 185 167 1 9 12.8 7.2 * 6.72.8 3.0 * 1.2 Several hot temperaturesprings and seeps 121°C and at 201one iigeysering depths sinter well; deposits.maximum wet. 1.630.74 0.380.144 160 61 Mickey Hot Springs 118 20.742 40.9 201 (I) 221100 (A) (K) 101205 81 10 1* 2.1 2.26.9 * 1.03.5 Rot spring, sinter.to 73°C discharging 100 L/min, mud pots; extensIve 0.56 0.117 19 r\) (lotAlvord (Ilorax) hot SpdngLake area 118 31.642 2032.6 161 (J) 165231148 (C)(K) (A) 191 1 14 0.35.0 * 3.5 4.0 * 1.7 Several hotsprings0.5 springs km2. to 96°C to 16°C and liacharglng one large pooi500 L/min(lake); In total area diacharga about 0.99 0.22 91 118 36 176 (I) 110231 (K)'' 1 0 5 1.79 4 0-36 3500 1./mm; sinter. nd seeps to 52°' discharging 200 1./mOn. 0.056 24 110 23 143 (I) 180 f m..t springsisotope geothermometer gives 235°C and may indicate leakage from Lakes Sulfate-water 0.l Neal Hot Springs 117 27.644 01.4 181 (1) 173 (A) 180 * 0 3.3 * 0.9 1.56 * 0.44 Not springsSprings). to the01°C systems discharging in the 100hivord 1./mm; Desert sinter. (Not Alvord and Mickey hict 0.39 0.084 36 Vale hot Springs 1.17 14.043 59.4 151 (1) 161152210 (K)(A) 157 4 2 117 * 54 45 * 21 Larg. areaAnotheranomaly. suggested sulfate-water by audlo-magnetotelluric isotcpe determination survey give. and 200°C. heat tiv Hot springs in to groups to 91°C, but low (low rates. 11.2 2.0 110

I I (For reservoir eeperature estimates. first number is sost likely value, subecrpt is maximum TABLE lib. THERMALLOCATIONS, CONVECTION TEMPERATURES, SYSTEMS VOLUMES, 9O-.15O°C. AND THERMAL value, and superscript(531 is minimum value. ENERGIES OF IDENTIFIED HOT-WATER HYDRO- [.etters indicate ethod used to estimate temperature. is tol1ows NovolumesB.1.. letter Quartz indicries and condntLvecodcr-t&se, enrr.jles a subjective arei'i- given estimate. to two corrected.significant figures. 13.C. QuartzChalcedony adiabatic Mean values of temperatures volume, and reservoir thermal F.S. Chalceduny,Criatobelite pH- corrected energy are followed by standard deviations. I.B.C. Na-k-Ca Na-kAmorphous utica 1..K..1. Sulfate-waterNa-K--Ca,Surface Hg-corrected isotopeTemperatures given to three significant figures; in most cr- 0.N.H. Rermec.MixingReported 1916 well i.atitude (°N) Estimates of however, if the first digit is 1, three Mean Mean reservoir Mean significant figures are given in order approximate to more closely uniform percentage aceurscy) Wellhead No. Name of a, ea i.ongiLude (°W) temperaturereservoir 1°C) temperaturereservoir (ct) reservoirvolume (km3) (l0 energythermal 3) ComBenta (1018 3)energythermal flen(ici.,t(10)8 he.t I) Sumrrer I.ak,' 'rI Springs 120 42 38.313.5 112 (I) 134101 (A) (13) 118 i 6 7.8 a 2.8 02,2 68 0.8 5 Three springsgeothermometer to 43°C0 discharging gives about 15 L/min. 190°C. 0 N Sulfate-water isotope 0.54 0.130 Lakevie,. a,,- rilunterm 120 42 12.0 113 (1) 150 * 3 15.3 a 5.6 5.6 1 2.0 51 Fisher 11cr and flarrI' I,ich hot tjr ;' Ing 42 17.921.6 149 (C) 158 95 (0) (II) 114 i 7 3.3 6 0.9 0.89 a 0.26 Several springsseveralainter. to 96°Cshallow discharging wells used 2500 for space1./mini heating. travartine and Two geothermal exploration wells 189 and 1658 deeph 1.39 0.33 -erg H"r;- I ngs 119 44 00.046.5 123 (5,3) 123 (5,3)99 (Ii) 108 i 6 3.3 * 0.9 0.84 ± 0.24 Spring discharging 35 L/min at 68°C. 0.22 0.053 hlarney I.ak.- .rr.a 119li9 43 10.938,6 100 (3) 105126 (A)(0,3) 114 1 3.3 6 0.9 0.119 a 0.26 SeveralSpring springs dischargingmay beto 68°Cunreliable. 40 dischacjing1./mis at 46°C. 550 1./sin. CO2-rich water; geothermometera Reservoir may be 0.21 0.050 Crane Hot S;. irge 118 43 26.403.2 124105 (0,3) 133 (A)99 (0) 6 3.3 6 0.9 0.11 a 0.26 larger than estimated. 0.22 0.053 Riverside ares 118 4J 28.038.4 96 (I) 118lii f 10 3.3 a 0.9 0.33 a 0.28 Two springs to 70°C discharging 550 1./sin. 0.23 0.055 Mcflermitt area 111 12 45.604.111.3 116 (13) 143 (A)64 CE) 98 6 8 3.3 a 0.9 0.15 * 0.22 Several springs toto 52°C63°C dischargingdlschar;ing 150200 1./Mm.1./sIn. 0.1880.23 0.0450.016 Medical HotS; ings 111 45 37.501.1 91 90(0) (1) 120 (A)66 (I) 96 * 12 3.3 1 0.9 0.13 a 0.23 Several springs to 60°C in two groups discharging 200 1./sin. 0.183 0.044 UtIle VaJl'-y .,rea 117 Ii 30.053.5 118 (0,1) 145118125 (A)(0,1) 121 i 6 3.3 a 0.9 1.31 ± 0.29 Several springsgeothsereroiseter to 10°C diechar3ing gives 215°C. 550 1./sin. Sulfate-water isotole 0.25 0.061 TABLE Ib. (Continued) Mean Mama of area LongitudeLatitude (°N) Eatimatea oftemperaturereservoir 1°C) temperaturereservoir Ilean1°C) reservoir volume Mean1km3) (l0r.aervoirenergythermal .1) Comment. Welthead(1018 lbeneigythermal Beneficel IIOI8 ,, heat Mount Hood area 45 22.5 90 (0) 122 6 12 0.9 0 II 0.29 I romarolea and acid-aulfateC apriu:gm to 90°C 0 H remervoir temperaturea 0.24 Carey (Auatln) 121 45 01.242.5 125 (0) 190 87 (0) 104 * 9 3.33.3 + * 0.9 0.800.96 +* sev.ra' -neing.are to 91°C dimcharg1n. 930 L/m',i. peculativei may be a small vapor-dominated myateis. 0.20 0.043 Breitenbush Hot SpringaHot Springs 122 44 se.s46.900.6 98 (D) 126 99 (A)(0)(I) 125 * 10 3.3 * 0.9 0.99 1 0.2902I Several apringsgeothermometer to 92°C dlacharging glvea 181°C. 3400 L/min. Sulfate-waterSulfate-water ie"-'e 0.25 0.059 Kahneetvh Hot Springs 121 44 51.9 121 (A) 102149 (1) 109 6 3 3.3 6 0.9 0.85 * 0.24 Several aI.ringsicotope to geothermometor52°C dlchurging giver 200 L/ein.195°C. 0.21 0.051 Delknap 110k Springs 121 41 11.612.9 113 (DI 113 02 (I)(0) 11) 1 14 3.3 6 0.9 0.08 * 0.28 Three springs to 71°C discharging 300 L./min may be part of a larger 0.22 0.05J Foley hot Sprinjo 122 44 09.803.2 108 (0) 148 81 (0)(8) 99 1 7 3.3 * 0.9 0.16 1 0.22 your springsapatea to 19°C, that system includes may Foley be larger hot Springs.and include Belknap Hot 0.190 O06 flcCredie (Winino)hot Springs 122 43 05.911.342.6 106 (1) 96 (D) 111 81 (1)(A) 91 * 4 3.3 1 0.9 0.68 * 0.19 Several spring.Springs to 73°C 6 km dlscargingto the northea:it. about 75 L/min. 0.170 0.Cl Umpgua Hot Springs 43 17.5 131100 96 (A)(J)(0) 112 * 7 3.3 * 0.9 0.87 6 0.25 Two springs to 16°C discharging less than 20 1./mini travertine. .raoms ,e unreliaLle. 0.22 0.02 Elamath lulls area 121 42 03.044.5 131 (A) 138104 (0)(8) 124 * 7 10.6 4 3.0 3.1 6 1.1 Several wellsoperation.9 km2to 121 area m, mgxisum of ailicitied temperature roka. 93°C at 127 (7) m Thermal water used in gceenhou.. 0.18 0.1:1 hllamath Falls are, 121 42 1611 104 (0) 131 99 (A)(H) 111 * 7 114 4 55 30 * 15 Several wellsSulfate-waterAreaheating, ranging includes downhole in depthisotope14°C temperatures springsfrom geothermometer 40 at. to Olene550 as musedhigh Gap gives as 13 for 113°Cabout km apace to 190°C, arethe reported.southeact. 7.4 1.7h

a S TABLE lic. AREAS(<90°c) FAVORABLE GEOTHERMAL FOR DISCOVERY WATER. (53)AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SOURCES OF LOW-TEMPERATURE Name o area No. We11a considered Depth! Temperature Mo. 1' nsal springs Temperatura gradierrts'Tln'rm,l Iq.liliC,retiontennperatore° Distolved solids Remarknd Is) (°C) 'ki 1°C/he) (°C) K K 0 (mg/L) 0 N (asterisks relate specific coeunents to column-; at left) Belhrcap hot- Foley Springs 2 '150 14, 22 3 61-89 85, 92 (. '107 1,000-2.500 Heat sourceHot probableSprings.W/m2. lateral migration 1t,clur,es fleikoap Springs C1.alcedony and Ha-il--Ca geotherml.metecs (Belkoap and Foley Hot Springs) KCRA from Foley Springs high-t.n.persture system, andliolocne Bigelow volcanic ,'nters. Heat fbi, 110-140 Willamettp 1'.,ss 2 150 15, 21 3 41-71 80 '97 1.000-4.000 Heat source probable lateral migration 1.,cludes itccredle Hot Springs IICRA. Kitcan from llo10-ene volcanic '-enters. and Wail C.°e;C Hot Springs. Heat flow -'105 Ccaig '_'.leC M0ontinloS - '-" 5 15-885 30-80 11 24-82 96cond.40-50 cony. '89. 92 200-900225-525 wells Bp9s. Dec11 circaSprings). 'Ha-il-Ca'Chalcedo,,yation in complexly faulted graben. .jeothermo.seter (Hot Lake Hot Springs),grothermorse1er chalcedony (McCredie lint Springs). Anoifert Per.rrisr, and Triassle gro,.nntons-s aeo .,riir.vetBasalt and Colun,i:iu heat flow 105 eli/rn2 (ave.). 'fISK. temperaturePivot Basair Group. high NorthernGlass Buttes lial'i.' Basin 73 50-30060-220 22-7210-48 -- 5 21-27 --- 150120-190 110, 125 -__ 400-2,000 --- DeepCirculation circulation5W/rn2. in faults near rim in of craldera(7). rhyolitic dosr., possible usagmaticAtuhters in heat ha5in source. sediments, interlayered Heat flow 122-191 20 30-160 22-25 15 20-68 75-140 '130 100-2.000 respectiv.rly.volcanic ocka. heat flow 80-105 mW/rn2. (rhyoliticQuattz. intrunions). Na-K-Ca geothereo.seters, Aquifers in basin S.s,tl.ern ii.- Bhisin Desert 4 36-97 Deep circulation,zonC).sediments. possible interlayered inagmatic source ")uartz 'jeothermometer volcanic in ihainey Lake high-temperaturerohis. system. Water .uality het In n',ttht (Brotheis fault LakeviewAlvord '15 35-95 16-22 10 41-300 1,300-3,200 Deep circulationSprings)sediments. is 230°C. 'Suitate-oaygen in faults (1). isotope 'Pour qtadient totes <100 geotherinoistter (Alvord, Hot late, and Mickey lint is deep in low-conductivity 15-300 40-94 3 12-94 60-150 - 96-140 '1,000 beep circulationjwells.liii possible heat source in Warner Range to east.depo3its. heat flow JSflS mW/rn2. 'ISa-IC_C' --'otharnror.ets., lI,tt't.rsAguifers and flsrry in valley- rreh illamath Pal ii: '600 20-550 15-95 $ 16-87 80 30-1,000cond. cony. "105 250-3.000 Deep circulationTertiaryspace'Chalcedony. and Pleistocene Na-k-Ca qeottiermometera rocks. for princii'al geothermalheating, Hottestin waters have range faults. Tertiary volcar ic rocks. Heat dissolved flow 60 5( lids <1,000 mg/I.. in tower illamath More reservoirs. thafl 500 wellt used Many aquifers in Lake basin. Inc tures from 1Clost thermal rn*sina,s; grrionts reported in th, r"ported fluid temperatures in wells and test holes and dl"iding table were calculated by subtracting mean by annual air tempera- total depths I springs are deline,l for reirurt ccntuctive',ectivevariationsth thermaldue to gradients in wells. flow in the w.Cls The resulting bIaear eb-roges in and thermal conductivityii. thegradienhs fnrr,ations. do not reflect actualesrtl.a depths crust.of ocoorrence of thermal Atwith most depth, places, and theytherefore may the gradientsCond.' do not be strongly influenced the representwaters or by con- of gradientstemperaturesill 10 C al,ove C shuns. mean annual air femprratn,es,mean annual air (e9'eratI.reS i.t.t this lluermn ii,e,,t,,II wells an crust also locks. definedas those on having tire ha'; s,irIaee is of lemperat.Ircs inio. at least III mliii lion, are reg,ui rrri to hove thermal fected by convection. the - p.obahle conducive gradients, conv.' - af- del liii ag tue exceeiliu.g Ike 30 C/k,. average [or cool ía vocal, ie arc as Inc lute I I.e tempo rat lire fluid 11,49 5;, I ft isl Cr1in,, (trio I it-I ii. ci,,,,., ,iesc ri he,! above selecting and for Stile for cTeel,era$,,res of .. h-waterre equilibrationorpli.:ur; r:,l eStimatedwaters effects by means of chemical .jeothe;awoeerers; Sonic ii,ter[ere,a-,., high .ostly unreli- r atl.,ns *1,1.lher.tJ ii wright, wells a,,,l esio',iaily su'rings. I.. a few aren, (or *1,5.-h i.y.lr.'l"gc ii. a,l,li Ii,,.,, rrgl;llIaI con,h.ct lee i.o.0 ri:ir 5ily)l - flow l5'iSIfli:j liii Oviy Cl, - lit) were rise'. ronsh,te.-ai,lu.favor:,h,i lily liii (h,e 1,,r r,f dIssolved- vol 0 _ low-tcn'j:r,,' miens p0: situp lu-n, and other factors ;ire of mixing, accountedin some areas whecp 1o, 4,01 cojiside. ed tel ial,Ie eq..) I ibrat ion trmp..rat.Ires rnn.'..nt for ml-. ref Io,,al l,eat llou I4aciP ),jgl,.- 11.0 lieu. iv pe:-tot If greater lit;,,, l.,s,,,-..t,i,: i.,i (dl ,--S:,, I,.,.. I II, no-. I iltenc. lint Fl:Ar,' nt lint of ovalthese lai,le cst --ow- temper ala re waters, estimates fri-c. high- .;ja to,,, ware..,0(0 taken inc from loadvolume. Osivak In this and table. others, Hydrothermal couivectio.t syct..ms with reservoir elaperat Ste (e90°C) 5N I .9:, are qi len. geothetmuitills mile, systei,is win lilt nirt f. ''"'-;'nhity ------lot iced as a I i,l,-Irntr',i 1eo(flf,,r celtrctioo .... ii.I ...,,1i,-,, the ni arms is list.',) Ahihtiiupl, lCaS. reiilll iil'4y coin .c ale., vie itivko,,w,,is - i.,:l l),aI tornUl loins h,ipI,-lewq,c0;t,,i-,' i;,yeraI,h tl-cCia'raturps 9)'( - as,,) iai.ie br tl,e in cinreulve,, Lila pc,,.ui ,ic;,iut haji bats-s10,3 (,; w:,Ier, t'xist in fav,,tai,ie are;,s truly at a (owii, Ike oiriiihty of vii,), it ti,y lor:,l IInst lii ii i"'iq'Orahilre sysfem-;, represents 63.94 inches of runoff per year.

Flow of the Breitenbush River has been gauged since 1932 at the station above Canyon Creek. During that period the average flow has been 533 ft3/second, or 422,400 acre-feet per year, which is equivalent to 74.69 inches of runoff per year.

The sediment yield of streams in the Willamette Basin is low because of favorable physiographic and climatic conditions. Soils derived from the basaltic, andesitic, and pyroclastic rocks underlying the western slope of the Cascade Range were generally quite resistant to erosion, but may be locally unstable. Further protection against erosion is provided by the trees, shrubs, and other plants that grow profusely in the moderate maritime climate.

The Willamette Basin Task Force report indicates that average annual yield of sediment in the High Cascades area is estimated to be 50-150 tons per square mile. The Western Cascades area yield is 150- 300 tons per square mile. Median particle size of streambed sediments taken from the North Santiam at the Mehama sampling station is 120 mm compared to 0.6 mm in samples taken from the Willamette River at Port- land. Weighted mean concentration of sediments measured at the same sites shows 45 ppm for the North Santiam and 71 ppm for the Willamette.

The Geological Survey has obtained temperature data for the North Santiam River below Boulder Creek since 1951. The highest temperature recorded was 19°C and the lowest was at the freezing point at several times during the winters of 1954, 1.56, and 1974.

At the station Breitenbush River above Canyon Creek, the Geological Survey has stream temperatures since 1950. The measured highest temperature recorded was 18°C on July 27, 1973. Freezing temperatures have been recorded on several days in December 1972 and January 1973.

Waters in streams draining the BGA are of excellent chemical and biological quality. These waters have few colonies of coliform and streptococci and have low concentrations of dissolved constitutents, including heavy metals. Concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus also are low. Analyses of .water from Breitenbush and North Santiam Rivers, shown on pages 38 and 39, are representative of

16 waters from streams in the area.

Streams in the area are tributary to riverstapped for domestic water at the following recreation sitesand urban areas: Site Source 051

Oregon City Clackamas River City of Estacada Clackamas River Whispering Falls C.G. Unnamed tributary, N. Santiam River Riverside C.G. Unnamed tributary, N. Santiam River Whitewater C.G. Whitewater Creek (no developed sourcel Cleator Bend C.G. Breitenbush River (no developed source) Breitenbush C.G. Unnamed tributary, Breitenbush River City of Detroit Breftenbush River City of Idanha *Cabjn Creek Breitenbush Forks S. Fk. Breitenbush R.(no developed source) Recreation Resid. Tract Devils Creek Recreation Devils Creek (no developed source) Resid. Tract Breitenbush Hot Springs Mansfield Creek Resort (USFS permit) Villa Maria Lodge Shallow Well Chemeketans Cabin Whitewater Creek (no developed sourcel

*Outsjde the area influenced by the 8G14.

Ground Water (15). LIttle direct information is available concerning ground water in the BGA. The only known developed ground-water supply in the area is the well that supplies Villa Maria Lodge.

The volcanic rocks of the High Cascades, which. occur inthe topographically higher parts of the area, are generally considered tobe highly fractured. They readily receive infiltration from precipitation and discharge water freely to maintain the dry-weather flowof streams. In most places, the regional water table in those rockslies at a depth of at least a few hundred feet, reflecting the high. permeabilityof the rocks and the depth of surface erosion. No wells are known to be drilled in these rocks in the BGA.

The alluvium along the Breitenbush River and theglacial deposits adjacent to local stream valleys consist of unconsolidated, poorly stratified and lenticular beds. Where these deposits have sufficient thickness and lie below the water table, they may contain ground water that could be used locally for domestic sources. Ground water in these deposits, immediately adjacent to streams, probably is in hydraulic

17 continuity with the stream. Thus, these deposits may receive some recharge from the streams when stream stages are high and may contribute to streamfiow during low-flow periods. To date, no wells are known to tap these deposits.

The tuffs and older volcanic rocks of the Western Cascades occur in the western and topographically lower parts of the BGA. They also underlie the High Cascade volcanic rocks at least in the western edge of the High Cascades. Breitenbush Hot Springs apparently issues from these rocks, and they are tapped by a well reported to be a few miles west of the BGA. Generally, these rocks have relatively low permeability and yield water only slowly to wells. Therefore, the hot springs may be associated with an unusual hydrologic phenomenon--perhaps a highly fractured zone or a layer of abnormally hgih permeability. In the Cascade foothills west of Willamette National Forest, these rocks yield water in quantities adequate for domestic supplies to wells ranging from about 100 to 600 feet in depth.

The only data available on ground water quality in theGA is the analysis of water from Breitenbush Hot Springs. (See Table tV.) That water may rise from considerable depth, so probably is not representative of water from shallower aquifers. Water from zones likely to be tapped by wells should be similar to water from streams, but somewhat higher in dissolved constituents. The ground water should be of excellent quality suitable for domestic and other uses.

Stream classification. Breitenbush River and all its tributaries are closed for industrial usage.

11.3.1.2. Carey Hot Springs KGRA(Part of Austin Hot Springs) (32) (North of Breitenbush.1 Total KGRA acres: 7,579 Total State and Private Acres: li50 (160 acres at Austin EtS System Surface Temperature: 86°C being developed by PGE) Estimated subsurface temperature: 125°C Natural surface discharge: 15.83liters/second

Present Development Status: Recreational bathing only. Two shallow temperature gradient holes have been drilled in the vicinity in 1975 and 1976 by DOGAMI. Leasing on the KGRA lands will not be considered until the Clackamas Land Management Planning process has been completed. The document is scheduled forrelease in late 1979. Noncompetitive leasing outside the KGRA is tentatively scheduled following receipt of Forest Service recomendati on.

The potential for utilization of Carey Hot Springs is now well known at this point.

11.3.1.3. McCredie Hot Springs KGRJA (South of Breitenbush) (32)

Total KGRA acres: 3659 Surface temperature: 73°C (164°F) Natural surface discharge: 4.80 1/s Estimated reservoir temperature: 75°C - 120°C

No geothermal development or leasing has taken place in the McCredie area. The draft environmental impact statement possible will be initiated in 1980 and leasing will not be addressed until the document is final.

All Tease applications received for this KGRA have been withdrawn

(97).

Ir.3.L4. Belnap-Foley (McKenzie River area) (32)

KGRA acres 4706 ETS acreage 167,000 Surface Temperature: 71°C Natural Surface Discharge: 75 gpm (5.7 ifs) Estimated Reservoir Temperature: 149°C

Draft EIS in process of review (August 1979); leasing is expected to occur during late 1980 sumer (97). Sunoco Energy Development Company applied for leases in area. Eugene (ater and Electric Board (EWEB) working with various companies for future consideration for electrical power production (71).

The possibility of geothermal resources in the McKenzie River area is suggested by hot springs issuing from Intermediate Age rocks at Belnap,

Foley arid Bigelow. All of these hot springs emerge within a few hundred feet of the 1800-foot contour. It has been suggested that this may represent a regional water table. Whether the hot springs are directly over their heat source or find their way through vents from geothermal systems related to more recent volcanism of the High Cascades farther to

19 the east is a subject of conjecture. Some geologists, suggest that the hot springs known at the surface may be recirculating relatively near surface waters, and that hot water or steam systems deeper underground may be effectively sealed off by relatively impermeable layers of silica derived from the abundant silica ash deposits of the Western Cascades. Chemical and trace element data collected and analyzed by the U.S.

Geological Survey suggest thermal aquifer temperatures for Belnap I-tot Springs ranging from a low of 56°C. to a high of 135°C. (88).

The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries has drilled two wells in the Belnap Foley area for temperature-gradient studies. One of these wells, drilled on the floor of Horse Creek Valley, yielded temperature-gradient measurements well above the 7°C /lOOm minimum often used as a guideline for economically attractive geothermal resources. The second well was drilled on the lower slope of a ridge about 1/2 to 3/4 mile northwest of Belnap Hot Springs. Measurements in this well suggested an above normal, but lower than economically attractive, temperature gradient. Temperature gradients listed for both wells have not been adjusted to correct for lateral movement of cool ground water, a factor than can influence temperature gradient measurements at intermediate depths (88).

Surface Water. (88) Drainage Systems, Reservoirs, and Lakes - The Belnap Foley area is drained by the McKenzie and North Santiam River systems. Among the larger streams are Horse Creek, White Branch, Lost Creek, Deer Creek, Smith River, Parks Creek, Browder Creek, Lynx Creek, and Downing Creek. Also within the area are three reservoirs totaling 259 acres and eight lakes totaling 332 acres.

Trail Bridge, Smith and Carmen Reservoirs are components of a 90 megawatt hydroelectric project operated by the Eugene Water and Electric Board. A unique feature of this project is the diversion of part of the McKenzie River flow through a tunnel into Smith Reservoir, and then back into the McKenzie River at Trail Bridge Reservoir through a power tunnel and penstock.

Discharge - Average discharge of the McKenzie River at the Clear Lake outlet (32-year average is 486 cubic feet/second (cfsl and 352,100

20 acre-feet/year. Minimum discharge during the same period at the Clear Lake outlet was 160 cfs. At the gaging station below McKenzie Bridge the average yearly discharge (66-yearperiod) was 1,693cfs and 1,227,000 acre-feet/year. Minimum discharge during the period of record of this gaging station was 805 cfs.

For the North Santiam River at the Boulder Creek gagingstation over a 50-year period average discharge is 1,020cfs and 739,000 acre-feet! year. Minimum discharge is 250 cfs, recorded in 1.909.

Temperature - Average temperature of the McKenzie River at the McKenzie Bridge gaging station is 45.5°F., with a minimum of 40°F.and a maximum of 51.8°F. Temperatures measured at this station are the lowest in the McKenzie system. Low temperatures are attributable to the subterranean reservoirs, snowmelt, and glacier seepagescomprising the source for this section of the river.

Temperature data have been recorded for the North Santiam River at the gaging station below Boulder Creek since 1951. The highest temperature recorded was 64°F. on July 27, 1973. Temperatures at the freezing point were recorded on several days during the winters of 1954, 1956, and 1974.

Sediment - Discharge of the McKenzie River at the Coburg gaging station is 18 percent of the Willamette River's streamfiow at Portland. Sediment yield at Coburg is 9 percent of the yield at Portland. For the North Santiam River at Mehama, streamflow is 10 percent of the 4illamette River streamfiow at Portland, while sediment yield is 6 percent of the Willamette River sediment yield at Portland. Annual yield of sediment in the study area ranges from 50 to 300 tons per square mile.

Particle size of streambed sediments from the McKenzie River at the Coburg gaging station is 55 mm compared to 0.6 mm for the t4illamette River at Portland. For the North Santiam River at the Mehama gaging station, particle size of streambed sediments is 120 mm.

Weighted mean concentration of sediments measured at the Coburg, Mehama, and Portland gaging stations respectively is 34 ppm, 45 ppm, and 71 ppm.

21 Domestic Use - Surface water from the McKenzie River is the domestic source for approximately 125,000 persons in the City of Eugene and unin- corporated Glenwood, Oakway, and Santa Clara suburban areas. Exact figures are unavailable, but a substantial percentage of the 4,600 residents of the McKenzie Valley east of Springfield also rely on surface waters of the McKenzie River for domestic water supplies.

The North Santiam River is the domestic source for approximately 120,000 persons including residents of Salem, Stayton, Turner, Keizer, suburban east Salem, and the Jan Ree Water District.

Within the study area for the following sites utilize the McKenzie River or tributary streams for comestic water: - Fish Lake Campground - Clear Lake Day Use Area - Clear Lake Resort - Melakwa Boy Scout Camp - Scott Creek Recreation Residence Site - White Branch '(outh Camp - Eugene Water and Electric Board residences

No use is made of surface water from the North Santiam River and tributary streams within or adjacent to the study area.

Groundwater. Little is known about the groundwater conditions of the Western Cascade formations in the study area since there has been little or no drilling exploration of water well drilling. The occurrence of water is probably controlled by the joint and fracture pattern, as many of the sedimentary and pyroclastic rock units which comprise the bulk of the formation are lacking in porosity and are impervious.

The High Cascade formations of the Belnap Foley, McKenzie River area have an extremely complex groundwater system. The combination of extremely porous and broken lava flow units with relatively impervious fine gratned interbeds have produced perched water tables and confined aquifers with very large volume flows. The open and porous nature of the lava formations as well as the glacial deposits retains the bulk of the precipitation and produces an even discharge into the McKenzie River. The upper McKenzie River is primarily spring fed with large volume flows. Many of the springs are not exposed but discharge directly into the bottom of the river. Tremendous flows of water were encountered

22 in the excavation of the Carmen-Smith diversion tunnel that required special design changes and increased cost of construction. The lava field and cinder blankets absorb the melting snow directly into the ground like a huge sponge.

The only utilization of groundwater in the High Cascades has been for water wells for public use at recreational developments. Water wells in the McKenzie River valley are usually shallow and probably tap near surface water. Deeper wells encounter fine grained lake sediments with little or nowater yetld. These deposits blanket the bed-

rock. Well drilling is difficult in the glacial and alluvial deposits due to the coarse boulders which makes advancing the casing difficult.

Nigh Cascades

Ir.3.2.l. Mt. Hood (32)

Total KGRA acres: 8,671 All National Forest Land The KGRA is in an area classified as Wilderness. Surface Temperature: 90°C Estimated Subsurface Temperature: 125°C

The only hot spring in the Mt. Hood area is Swim E{ot Springs which flows at 1.58 1/s at 27°C. East and northeast of Crater Rock near the summit of Mt. Hood are at least 20 fumarolic vents with temperatures ranging from 50-85°C.

A three year resource assessment of the Mt. Hood Volcano was begun in 1977 as a joint effort by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Forest Service and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.

Mt. Hood Geothermal Assessment Project - current status participants: DOGAMI, USGS studies completed (C) or in Progress (rP): DOGAMI: gravity study of Mt. Hood cone & flanks (C) geology study of Columbia River basalts (C) stratigraphy study of Old Maid Flat area (C) geologic and geochemical survey of Mt. Hood andesites (C) heat flow analysis of 13 area wells (C)

(11 drilled by DOGAMr, 1 by NWNG, 1 by NWGTF{ Corp.)

23 USGS: seismic reflection and refraction studies CIP1 spontaneous potential (IP) aerial infra-red study of Mt. Hood cone & flanks (tP) gradient well drilling for hydrologi'cal data (water quality, temperature, and depth) (IP) audiomagnetotelluric (IP) - subcontracted to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories (80)

In association with the Northwest Natural Gas Co., CNWNG1 exploration drilling by the NW Geothermal Corporation, In return for partial funding by USDOE of drilling at Timberline Lodge and Old Maid Flat, is continuing, Drilling took place at Timberline Lodge during 1976, 1977, and 1978. Difficulties hampered the drilling process as the gradient hole string twisted off at 1380 feet. Temperatures were isothermal to 600 feet and thence the thermal gradient was reported as 200°C/km. Drilling provided data for the Mt. Hood geothermal assessment program, however the drilling did not reach target depth and accordingly a suitable geothermalresource wasn't identified for development of space-heating and snow removal systems which had been proposed for the Mt. Hood Lodge area.

NWNG is interested in providing district heating for industrial users in the Portland area; for example, for the processing of wood and paper products. At Old Maid Flat on the west flanks of th.e slope, a hole was drilled to 4002 feet in August 1978; although the results were not conclusive, NWNG reports encouraging temperatures of approximately 79.4°C Flow tests are being considered for this site. They are continuing during 1979 to explore on the west side of Mt. Hood, where twelve holes have been authroized; present drill sites receiving attention include one near highway 26 and another on McGee Creek.

There is some interweaving between interested agencies and developers regarding assessing Mt. Hoodts geothermal resources. The USGS will cooperate on the drilling of two of NWNGs 12 holes.An additional eight holes are part of the continuing (1978-1979) drilling program coordinated by the USGS; presently (August 1979) they are on their 4th hole being drilled about the base of the mountain. Drilling will commence in August 1979 at the base of Poochie Ski Run. The target of these studies is the finding of a suitable reservoir and determining its extent as previously, only marginal temperatures for a quality geothermal resource have been

24 found on the west flanks of the mountain.

Regarding exploration impacts on water qulaity, the majority of the holes have been approved through the USFS environmental impact statement EIS and exploration permit process. To date, impacts on water quality have been minimal. Drill hole locations have been sited to satisfactory sites to minimize environmental concerns, including stream proximity. Above ground mud pits (steel basins) have been used instead of in-group sumps. Restrictions on use of foam in the drilling process has been maintained. (34)

Hydrologic Setting -(102) Mt. Hood lies along the axis of the Cascade Range, and receives most of its precipitation during the fall and winter from storms that originate in the north Pacific and move southward and eastward across the range. The average annual precipitation in about 102 cm at Portland and increases to the east, to a maximum near the crest of the range. Records of the National1eather Service show that at Government Camp the average is 230 cm. Precipitation decreases rapidly to the east and is only 25 cm within 50 km of the crest.

Precipitation falling above an altitude of about 1,500 m on Mt. Hood is inferred to be within a recharge area, and ground water tends to move downward. The transition from recharge to discharge area is manifested by a band around the mountain where springs tend to discharge, and below which perennial streams are common. Above the band, many streams are intermittent; in smaller channels there Is runoff only during spring, from melting snow.

At depths ranging to at least 250m in the vicinity of Timberline Lodge, ground water occurs in perched zones between or within andesite flows. The warm water emanating at Swim Springs may have circulated deeper than some of the perched zones, probably originating at elevations higher than Timberline Lodge. The water comes to the surface at Swim, where there is an abrupt flattening of the topographic slope; Mt. Hood andesite flows tend to dip down the mountain, and some permeable zones may intersect the land surface here. The Swim area also lies near a contact between Mt. Hood andesite flows or andesite debris and pre-Mt. Hood andesite and basalts (4ise, 1968); these older rocks are less permeable and may tend to direct ground water to the surface.

25 Distribution of runoff of streams draining Mt. Hood corresponds that of precipitation. Records of a gauging station on Salmon River, 7 miles southeast of the sumit of Mt. Hood (east of Trillium Lake near highway U.S. 26) show an average runoff of about 80 cm. per year for the drainage area above the gauge. Sandy River has a runoff of 178 cm. above a gauge 30 km west of the sumnvit, and the West Fork of the Hood River has a runoff of 203 cm. above a station 26 km northwast of the. summit. The greatest runoff in the Mt. Hood area is reflected at a station on Bull Run River, 29 km northwest of the summit, where the average is more than 305 cm. The component of any deeply-circulating ground water in most of the springs is probably very small because the runoff is large.

Recently, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries conducted a study of the geothermal resources of Mount Hood. The report of this study (90) published February l979, and contained geochemical analyses of streams, warm and cold springs, gas samples from the fumaroles, and rock samples. Repeated sampling of Swim Springs faters (Mt. Hood's only warm-spring area located on the south flank) showed little overall change in water chemistry between summer and winter. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data and mixing calculations based on analyses of Swim Springs and numerous cold springs, indicated that a large component of the warmwater at Swim is from near-surface (snow and glacier melt) runoff. rt is hypothesized that snow and glacier-melt water near the summit of Mt. Hood passes in close proximity to the hot central "neck' of the moun tam, becomes heated, migrates down-slope and mix with ambient cold water along its path with result that a small portion of themixed warm water surfaces at Swim Springs. (l02)

11.3.2.2. Newberry Crater KGRA (Cascades & brothers fault zonel (32)

Total KGRP acres: 31,284 Paulina Springs: 57°C (135°F) East Lake Springs: 66°C (150°F) Estimated subsurface temperature: Chemical concentrations are too close to those of normal groundwater to apply geothermometrytech- niques.

Present Development: None at present (resort heating in past). promising area as best indicators are recent glass flows (11400 yrs)and hot springs in both Paulina and East Lakes. An apparent problem is that heavy flows of cold ground water.

U.S. Geological Survey is continuing a gradient holedrilling program begun in 1977. USGS well #2 down to 1300' in lake sediments with noob- served heat anomalies.

Lease applications appear to cover the entire area of theNewberry

Volcano. Leasing on non-competitive lands may take place within th.e next 12 months (i.e. summer 1980). KGRA lease sale is speculatively scheduled by 1981.

In 1975 Oregon House JoInt Resolution 31 directed the EnergyFacility Siting Council to designate Newberry Crater and surrounding roadless areas as unsuitable for thermal power plants.

Most of the interest in Newberry has been for power generation. Cori- sidering the rapid growth rate in Deschutes County, direct-use applications may prove economically viable if the resource islocated such that pumping out of the crater would not be necessary.

11.3.3. Brothers Fault Zone

11.3.3.1. Burns Butte KGRA (32)

Total KGRJ\ acres: 640 Surface temperature: 68°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 135°C Estimated surface discharge: 9.17 1/s

No near tern plans for the utilization of the resource are known.

Much of the precipitation falls during the winter months in the form of snowfall. July, August and September are the driest months with less than 10 percent of the annual total precipitation. Precipi- tation in this area is noted to increase at a rate of one inch for each 100 m C300 feet) gain in elevation. Mean annual precipitation at Burns is 15 inches.

Most of the runoff in the lease area occurs in winter and early spring and varies from 2.5 to 5.0 cm (one or two inches),. Warm spring chinook winds cause rapid snow melt and consequently heavy runoff.

As typical of eastern Oregon, the evaporation rate is high with

27 pan evaporation varying from 102 m (40 inches) inthe forested areas to 152 nvi (60+ inches) in the lower, open valleys.

Average annual sediment production is less than one-tenth acre-feet per square mile but varies widely according to geology, soils, amount of runoff, slope, land treatment practices and upstream watershed conditions. Many of the smaller streams have little or no flow except during periods of melting snow and high runoff. t4ater temperatures for many of these streams are comonly 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) or higher in late sununer and near freezing from November to April. They are generally well aerated with dissolved oxygen concentrations near satura- tion levels, averaging 8 to 12 mg/liter.

4ater quality of the perennial streams is good to excellent but decreases substantially in the downstream portions because of increases in mineral content. The amounts of calcium and sodium vary; calcium is usually predominant during high flow periods.

Coliform contamination is generally low in surface waters due to the low human populations density. The coliforni counts are higher in the areas of animal concentrations and soil bacteria.

Ground water is usually found in alluvial deposits and some volcanic rocks at a depth of 18 to 180 m (60 to 600 feet).These volcanic rock aquifers are only moderately permeable but the annual recharge to these aquifers is very low. The quality of the ground water is fair to good. The main water source for the city of Hines is located in alluvial material adjacent to the lease area.

Several reservoirs are located in the goethermal lease areas, most of which are less than 3 acre-feet. The primary purpose of the reservoirs is to provide water for livestock, but also provide water for wildlife and habitat to the aquatic plants and amphibians.The availability of water in these reservoirs is adequate in most years. Projected needs for municipal, industrial, domestic, and livestock water will double by the year 2020. Ground water supplies are estimated to be adequate to meet the demand.

All of the streams flow into the Harney Basin which has no outflow. The Harney Basin watershed provides the all important habitat for waterfowl. However, the Maiheur Lake levels fluctuate greatly from year to year. In 1972, a high water year, 250 cubic hectometers C200,000 acre- feet) flowed into the lake. In 1973, only 90 cubic hectometers (75,000 acre-feet) flowed into Maiheur Lake. During the high water year of 19.72, the Donner und Blitzen River contributed 55 percent of the inflow, with the Silvies River, direct precipitation, and Sodhouse Spring contributed 28, 13, and 4 percent respectively.

In the drought year of 1973, the Donner und Blitzen River was again the principal contributor of water with 62 percent of the total inflow. The Silvies River, direct precipitation, andodhouse Spring contributed 1, 25, and 12 percent respectively.

Groundwater inflow, other than Sodhouse Spring, appears to be negli-

gible. A large amount of the snowmelt runoff does not reach the Malheur Lake because the stream waters are diverted for irrigation use.

Most of the outflow from the lake is from evaportranspiration (81 percent in 1972 and 96 percent in 1973), but some surface outflow from Malheur Lake goes through the Narrows into Harney Lake. Groundwater outflow also seems negligible.

11.3.4. Southern Basin and Ran

11.3.4.1. Alvord KGRA (32)

Total KGRA acres: 176,835 Surface temperature: 76°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 200-210°C Flow rate: 135 GPM 8.52 1/s approximate at Alvord Hot Spring Present Development: None

Active area of exploration. Leases issued in 1976. Injunction delayed competitive sale. Speculation is that there will be a sale in January 1980. Approximately 60 gradient wells have been permitted for drilling in the Alvord Valley.

The Alvord Valley is remote with rough terrain. Utilization, if the resource proves capable, will likely be for power generation.

Lawsuits concerning rejected landlease bids and environmental concerns are pending.

Alvord Valley is a long north-south fault trough east of Steens

29 Mountain is one of the driest parts of Oregon. Alvord Lake itself is a playa, or intermittent lake, usually dry every summer except for a small pool known as Borax Lake, whichis kept filled by a warm spring. Each year is a very shallow pool or lake is created by rain and snowmelt, chiefly runoff from Trout Creek, a spring-fed stream flowing out of the mountainous area to the southeast. The alkaline waters of the lake are not usable for irrigation, and the wide flats that are periodically flooded are barren and do not support even the alkali-resistant plants.

Water

Hydrologic Cycle - Annual precipitation Cfor the Southern Basin and Range) is about 8 inches, distributed rather evenly through the year except for July and August, which together receive only 8 percent of the annual moisture, mostly from thunderstorms. The Steens Mountain, bordering the study area on the west is an effective barrier and as the air rises over the mountain, it loses much of its moisture. The entire study area lies in this rain shadow of Steens Mountain. Annual snowfall amounts to about 23 inches, with over 60 percent of this amount falling in January and February.

These lands are located in a closed basin, the Alvord Desert Basin, a north-south oriented structural valley. Water collects on the many small playas through the area and on Alvord Desert and Alvord Lake, which are both large playas. There tt evaporates.

A number of perennial streams enter the study area from the west, draining the east slope of Steens Mountain. These include Castle Rock, McCoy, Mosquito, Willow, cottonwood, Big Alvord, Little Alvord, Pike, Indian, Wildhorse, Carison, and Bone Creeks. Other drainage ways on the east slope of the mountain are intermittent, running water during spring snowmelt and summer thunderstorms. Trout Creek heading in the Trout Creek Mountains enters the study area from the south. Although a perennial stream, most or all of the flow is diverted for hayland irrigation upstream of the subject area or simply disappears in the ground and water from Trout Creek reaches its ultimate destination, Alvord lake, only in the spring months of exceptional high water years.

There are three main areas of hot spring activity in the Alvord

30 Valley graben. The northernmost is MiIckey Hot Springs in section 13, T.33S., R.35E., Mickey Hot Springs include fumaroles, several vents, clear pools 8 to 10 feet in diameter, sinter cones, and boiling mud pots. The hot spring system has built a siliceous sinter apron approximately 1,300 feet in diameter. The entire area surrounding the springs had a hollow sound when walked over and water can be heard underground. The flow from Mickey Hot Springs has been estimated at from 20 to 10.0 gallons per minute.

The central area of hot spring activity is the Alvord Hot Springs in section 32, T34S., R34E. Located there are a series of 6 to 8 springs aligned in a north-south direction that Russell (190.3) describes as being situated along the Steens Mountain fault. These springs flow approximately 135 gallons per minute.

The sourthernmost area of hot springs activity is located in and around the old borax works in sections 11 and 14, T.37S, R.33E. There are several thermal springs in this area and they follow a linear trend that have mapped as a fault (figures 4 and 5). This line of hot springs trends N. 20 W. from 2 to 2-1/2 miles south of Alvord Lake. At the southern end of this line of springs a large pool has been formed, called Borax Lake or Hot Lake. It is about 275 yards in diameter and discharges about 900. gallons per minute. The series of hot springs have built up a deposit of porous siliceous sinter, so that they now discharge above the present valley floor. Because the deposited sinter is porous, the static pressure of the springs causes slow seepage of spring water over a considerable surface. Just west of this line of springs there Is an outcrop of cemented, fine-grained conglomerate. This is thought to be a crest of a fault block which has become almost submerged under the action of erosion and the accumulation of more recent detritus at its base. This probably dips westward, and the line of hot springs errupts from the fault along its eastern scarp.

Springs in Borax Lake are the Water source for Borax Lake, Lower Borax Lake Reservoir, and other channels in this drainage.

Water flows out of Borax Lake through two channels, one on the west side and one on the south side. On October 24, 1974, most of this flow went into ponds northeast of the Lower Borax Lake Reservoir, by-passing

31 the reservoir. At other times most of the flow goes into the reservoir. If the Borax Lake were ever breached on the north and east sides, there would not be overland flow to the Lower Borax Lake Reservoir and channels downstream in T.37S., R.33E., sections 3, 10 and 15. Flow from this source is usually greater in the fall than in late summer, but no additional flow data is available.

At the north end of the Lower Borax Lake Reservoir is a dike and

headgate that were build to control water for irrigation. 1-towever, there has been no irrigation here for 5 years. If the flow were adequate, the reservoir could cover 27 to 30 acres. The normal high water floods about 20 acres and the reservoir is 4 to 5 feet deep at its deepest part.

At times there is no overland flow into the reservoir. Then the only flow is accretion from the slightly higher areas to the east.

Channels north of the Lower Borax Lake Reservoir drain into Alvord

Lake. During the summer this flow is about .G1 cfs in places. The northerly part of this channel pools. In places there are flooded meadows 1to 8 inches deep and 1 to 5 acres in size. in the fall, when the flow increases out of the Borax Lake, there is additional standing water.

Alvord Lake is ephemeral. Maximum water depth does not exceed a foot and it is usually dry by mid-summer.

Data in the files of Conservation Division, USGS, show that in 1959 a drill hole was made about a quarter of a mile east of the series of hot springs. It penetrated the porous sinter and produced steam when about 150 feet deep. The well was plugged off and abandoned.

There are a number of BLM owned shallow stockwater wells within or adjacent to the KGRA. Most are powered by windmills. Available data follows:

T37S., R34E, W.M. Calderwood Desert Well Sec. 22: NE¼NE¼ Total Depth 119 feet Static tater Level 94 feet 27 GPM Bail Test with 5 foot drawdown.

Sec. 31: SW¼NE¼ Black Butte Well Total Depth 68 feet Static Water Level 37 feet No Test Data T.32S., R.35E., t4.M. Mann Lake Well Sec. 31: SW¼SE¼ Total Depth 230 feet No Other Data

T.34S., R.35E., W.M. Alvord Well No. 1 Sec. 3: SE¼NW¼ Total Depth 196 feet No Other Data

Sec. 10: SW¼SE¼ Alvord Well No. 2 Total Depth 60 feet No Other Data

Sec. 27: NW¼SE¼ Alvord Well No. 3 Approx. 25 GPM No Other Data

T.35S., R35E., W.M. Alvord Well No. 4 Sec. 3: NW¼SE¼ Approx. 25 GPM No Other Data

T.32S., R.36E., W.M. White Sage Well Sec. 14: SW¼SW¼ Total Depth 160 feet No Other Data

Only in recent years have private land owners in the area drilled irrigation wells. The fact that this is the sump area of a closed basin would indicate that a large quantity of water may be available. Several irrigation wells in the area reportedly yield from 1,000 to 3,000 gpm from total depths of 100 to 40 feet.

Sediment Load - There is no known data on sediment loads carried by the streams of the area, although peak loads are probably lass than 150 ppm.

Dissolved Solids - The hot spring water within the area of the Alvord Valley are saline with total dissolved solids around 3,000. milligrams per liter. Boron and lithium are anomalously high. In fact, boron in the form of borax was actively produced from the Hot Lake area at the turn of the century. Samples taken by Libbey (1960) are summarized below.

Mickey Hot Springs - Sample taken from pool below main pool. Total solids in solution - 0.168 percent. B203 - 33 ppm.

Alvord Hot Springs - Sample taken in main vent. Total solids in solution - 0.298 percent. Spectographic analysis of solids: (1) Concentrations more than 10% -- Silicon, sodium (2) Concentrations lO%-l% -- Potassium (high), Boron Llow), Calcium

33 (3) Concentrations 1%-0.1%

rr.3.4.2. Grump Geyser KGRA (East of Lakeview) (32)

Total KGRA acres: 85,663 Surface temperature: 78°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 180°C Flow rate: 0.073 1/s

Moderate amount of leasing activity and exploration.

Sale of 35,974 acres in 1975 went to Chevron. Reoffer of additional acres were taken by Chevron in 1976. Reoffer of additional lands in 1978 brought no bids. (97)

Very little is known about the Crump Geyser in hydrocycle. (51)

Ir.3.4.3. Kiamath Falls KGRA

Total KGRA acres: 50,300 Surface temperature: 74°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 120°C Flow rate: 3.33 liter/second (Olene Gap Hot Springs)

Kiamath Falls has the most wide spread use of non-electric geothermal applications in the U.S. Over 400 wells supply space heat to 500 structures, including a college campus and a hospital. It is estimated that total use of geothermal energy is 60 MWt. Apparently only a small portion of the area's potential is being used.

In the 1978 summer the city drilled some wells to supply a greenhouse within the college Industrial park adjoining OtT. Problems occurred with the drilling procedure, reportedly with. drilling mud leakage. Temperatures were measured and were found unsatisfactory for development; there is speculation that a cross fault exists between the resource and the wells. Accordingly the Industrial ParkLs pursuit of a local well for its geothermal heat supply has been abandoned with the possible prospects of using surplus hospital and OtT waste heating water.

Klamath Falls is developing a municipal heating district for its central building area. This project is to provide heating for 14 city, county, state and federal buildings by 1980. Following its first year of operation there will be a second phase expansion whereby additional

34 connections will be made to adjacent buildings; thisexpansion will cover 11 city blocks. Phase rrr will be to provide services to 54 user blocks. Optimistic projections have been made for completing phaseIII in three to five years (by 1984). Phase HI would be covered by bonding and repaid by connection and user fees. (20)

Water (11)

Hydrologic Cycle - Annual precipitation in the Kiamath area totals

15 inches. Water in the Kiamath Basin originates as precipitation with the majority of it falling during the period of Octoberthrough March. December and January receive the maximum and minimum occurs duringJuly, August, and September.

The juniper tablelands and pine plateau areas receive most of the precipitation in the form of snow. Mid-winter rains occur frequently at the lower elevations.

Precipitation can be divided into three categories once it has reached the earth's land surface: (1) surface runoff, (21 evaporation and transpiration losses and (3 seepage into the ground (recharge).

Surface runoff is by rivers such as Klamath River and Lost River. They are fed through snow melt, rain and discharge from springs.

Evaporation and transpiration occurs from lakes, from th soil and by vegetation. Evapotranspiration data on the vegetated areas has. been estimated to be 1½ feet/year from large stands of pine trees, and less than 1foot from sagebrush and low lying open lands.

The remaining precipitation that is not lost percolates into the ground water table. Ground water flows through spaces between rocks or fractures. These spaces are generally less than 1 inch in diameter. Ground water can be found in four different aquifers.

Sedimentary Aquifer - stream and lake deposited silt, sand, clay, gravel, peat, chalk, and ash, volcanic ejecta, thin basalt and andesitic lava flows. Specific capacities completed in this unit range from 0.01 to 5 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown and average 0.45 gallons per minute per foot. Some black sand and gravel layers may yield 2.10. gallons per minute per foot of drawdown.

35 Volcanic Centers Aquifer moderate to highly fractured basaltic, dacitic and andesitic lava flows and pyroclastic material associated with erruptive centers. Specific capacities of wells completed in this unit range from less than one to over 100 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown and average approximately 25 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown.

Lower Basalt Aquifer - highly faulted and fractured series of basaltic lava flows separated by layers of scoria and cinders. Specific capacities of wells completed in this unit range from 35-500 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown and average about 145 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown.

Volcanic Ash Aquifer - massive beds of light colored rhyolitic and dacitic ash flows; minor amounts of basalt and volcanic sediments. Specific capacities are largely untested as well logs have not reported this unit within the Klamath Basin. This unit lies below lower basalt aquifer and at considerable depth.

There are many wells (reportedly ASO geothermal wells in 1979) located in the area, however, to date no serious decline in water levels has occurred. This is evidenced by observation wells. Annual water level fluctuations are greater in wells located in the. recharge areas than those in the discharge areas.

Water quality is the highest in the recharge areas and declines in quality as if flows toward the discharge areas.Temperatures corre- spond to quality with the recharge area having the coldest water. Water in wells in the recharge areas have low temperatures of 4G°F to 5G°F and have small quantities of dissolved chemicals. (See tables for water quality.)

There are several localities within the Klamath River Basin that have geothermal groundwater. The larger more developed area is in northeastern Klamath Falls. In 1975 there were approximately 400 wells utilized for heating purposes. The depth of these wells range from 100 feet to approximately 1800 feet. Temperatures average less than lgo°F.

Lost River Subbasin - The Lost River Subbasin is a naturally closed basin. The river originates at the outlet of Clear Lake in

36 northeastern California and drains the eastern 90% of the area considered in this analysis.

Lost River enters Oregon at the southeast end of Bryant Mountain flowing northwesterly on the west side of Langell Valley, continuing westward to the northern end of Poe Valley. It enters Kiamath Valley through Olene Gap flowing southward along the east side of Kiamath Valley and eventually discharging into Tule lake in northeastern Call- fornia.

Other main sources of water contributing to the Lost River drainage system are Gerber Watershed with an average runoff of 50,OQO CES and Bonanza Spring producing 100 cubic feet/sec. A diversion was made between Lost River and Kiamath River for flood control and irrigation purposes. The Lost River Subbasin includes the following five valleys: Langell, Yonna, Swan Lake, Poe, and Kiamath. The regional water table of these valleys is generally the Lost River. The river apparently is the local base level for ground water moving beneath these valleys.

Perched water tables occur above the regional water table, are evidenced by springs in the juniper tablelands and pine plateaus area. Flow from these springs may vary from less than 1gpm to several hundred gpm.

The primary use of water is for irrigation of croplands in the Klamath Project area.

Upper Kiamath Lake - The Kiarnath River drains only a small portion (approximately lO%of the ares. considered in this analysis. The river flows from Upper Kiamath Lake southward through Link River to Lake Ewauna. It flows from Lake Ewauna along the northwest side of Klamath Valley over lava ridges near Keno, descending through a deep canyon into California. ft eventually reaches the Pacific Ocean. The major water source for Upper Kiamath Lake is the Williamson River (outside of the analysis area) and many springs beneath it. The portion of the area considered in this analysis contributes only a minor portion of the Kiamath River flow.

Potential Pollutants - (27) The principal pollutant is heat; this is derived from all wells, whether heat-exchangers or direct consumers of geothermal fluid. Those holes involving heat-exchange do not discharge

37 any mineralized water, as none is produced from the wells. Only those few holes consuming geothermal reservoir fluid have any geothermal discharge.

Water Pollution Potential

Sumary of Baseline Water Characteristics- Kiamath Basin groundwaters fall into two main chemical groups. Cool wells and springs are of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type with low TDS (about 55 ppm). The second type of water, occurring in warm and hot wells and springs mostly within the basins of the Klamath graben, is sodium bicarbonate chloride sulfate water with TDS averaging 700 ppm (and reportedas high as 4,000 ppm). Boron and fluoride concentrations increase with temperature. For a detailed discussion of water characteristics of Kiamath Basin, refer to Geonomics (in press).

Water pollution data are very scarce, incomplete and probably meaningless. They show principally that pulp and paper operations at Kiamath Falls and agricultural irrigation discharge more pollutants and possibly toxic substances than the geothermal system can be shown to contain. Among these industrial and agricultural wastes are pesti- cide residue, various phosphate fertilizers, and sulfate and chloride ions. Partial analyses of water from Klamath Lake and Kiamath River show indications of these.

Potential Water Pollutants - The principal pollutants from this discharge are chloride ions (perhaps 50 to 60 ppm, Table 4,1) and boron, with about 1 ppm on the average. In comparison, local cool surface waters average less than 1ppm boron and 1to 10 ppm chloride.

Other polluting constituents are not recognized from the scattering of partial chemical analyses available to this study. However, no data are available concerning metals or other trace element contents of these waters. When these additional data are obtained, the pollution potential may be altered.

Potential Pollution Mechanisms and Pathways - Direct discharge from thermal wells goes into local surface waters. Most wells do not directly produce the reservoir fluid, but utilize heat-exchanging in the well with cool, meteoric water supplied through the municipal water system. The

p1!] heated municipal water is discharged to the sewer system when depleted of its heat. Those wells (principally OtT and Kiamath Kills) consuming reservoir fluid at the surface, dispose of the heat-depleted fluid in a similar manner.

Level of Potential Pollution - No reason is seen for an increase in pollutants, unless either: 1) New wells are allowed to discharge to the surface instead of being heat-exchanged with cool meteoric water; or 2) Wells are drilled into deeper aquifers (perhaps 900 m (3,000 ft) or deeper).

The latter seems unlikely in the near future, because of the cost of the deeper drilling, and the general lack of interest in exploration for a deep geothermal aquifer for generation of electricity. tf it occurs, new studies of chemistry, heat content and pollutants will be

required.

rI.3.4.4. Summer Lake Hot Springs KGRA (32)

Total KGRA acres: 13,631 Surface temperature: 43°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 140°C

Sale of acreages in 1976 was for 7.521 acreas; however these were relinquished in 1979. Summer Lake Hot Springs is a recreation site with several campsites and a geothermally heated pool. The bathhouse has been heated with geothermal energy for close to 60 years.

(72) Summer Lake occupies the center of the floor of a basin bounded on the west by the bold scarp of forested Winter Ridge and on the east by gentler slopes covered only with desert vegetation. The lake water is shallow and saline. 1hite crusts of crystalline minerals coat the dry part of the lakebed. tn May and June 1941, the water surface was at 4,147.2 feet altitude and the greatest depth was found to

be "less than 2.5 feet1' by a survey party of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The lake is practically dry at times. The lowest recorded water level was measured by leveling as 4,144.86 feet on September 30,

1961. The highest recorded lake level occurred from February to April 1905 at 4,151.4 feet.

39 Most of the inflow comes from spring-fed Ana River.The springs appear at the head of Ana River about 4 miles north of the lake, beneath

the water surface of a reservoir behind a diversion dam completed in1923. The total flow of the springs has decreased from about 140cfs, lg5O-14, to about 90 cfs, 1951-63. The decrease is due in part to back pressure

caused by submerging the springs and to diversions by wells fromthe same underground source of water.

The water of Ana River is used to irrigate meadowlands andto maintain a large refuge for migratory waterfowl. The decrease in spring flow

coupled with increased use of water for irrigation and wildfowlpropaga- tion has caused less water to reach the lake; in recentyear, therefore, the lake level has been consistently about 4 feet lower than ftwas from 1905 to 1912, and the concentration of dissolved mineralmatter is correspondingly greater. The water of streams and springs entering the

lake is relatively soft and is good for irrigation and domesticuse.

A bed of silt and clay on the valley floor extends onto the foot of adjoining rock slopes for about 100 feet above thepresent level of Sumer Lake. The high level of this alluvial deposit testifies to the previously much greater extent of Summer Lake. The clayey alluvium confines the extensive ground-water body in the volcanic bedrock. This ground water has a water table (pressure level) sufficiently highthat the water will flow out over the clay confining layer at 50to 100 feet above the level of the lake. Consequently, drilled wells and natural breaks in the confining blanket of clay allow the artesian ground water to flow from the lava bedrock. Numerous springs spill over the edge of the clay around the west and north sides of the basin, anda few rise in artesian fashion through the clay near the north end of the basin; Ana Springs is the largest of these.

11.3.4.5. Lakeview (32)

Total KGRA acres: 12165 Majority of land in private ownership Surface temperature: 96°C Estimate subsurface temperature: 138°C Flow rate: 600 gpm (37.85 us) Hunters [-tot Spring Existing use: Commercial greenhouse and resort heating.

4G Activity: (19) City swim pool well cleaned out in 1939. Previously well had been rumored to be 200 feet deep but was found to be caved in. The restored well has been lined and logged for temperatures.

Hunter's well was until recently badly scaled up and less than a 3/4 inch stream was being emitted; following use of a cable tool for opening the well a geyser like flow resulted, having a3fl stream. The well has a concrete shaft to 40 feet depth and is connected by tunnel to gravity feed the lodge there. A pump installation for this facility is planned.

Planned Activity: A district heating system is being considered for Lakeview. The goethermal resource is presently unquestioned but additional gradient holes or wells are required before the regions sufsurface temperature contours can be drawn. Approval for drilling tests have been given. Economic and engineering feasibility studies including hydrology, water quality, economics are being organized Cl979) for serving the city with district heating.

A well to 660 feet is being used for observation purposes to determine permeability and resolve questions on the resource; this well may later be used as a possible reinjection site. Three blocks away the city uses a well (for fresh water) drilled to 550 feet but which has been plugged back to 230 feet because of the heat zone. This information is being evaluated by NWNG for selecting a reinjection strata for the district heating system it is considering. Temperatures for these wells have not yet stabilized (August 197a) thermally for establishing reirijection depths. Six additional holes are planned for assessing the resource.

tL3.5. Snake River Plain

The western Snake River basin is divided, for the purpose of discussion, into five subareas, including: Ontario, Nyssa, Adrian, Vale and Bully Creek. To date, there has been no production of geothermal waters in the region except for a few shallow wells near Vale I-lot Springs. However, the presence of other hot springs and warm-water wells in the environs, along with the background knowledge of the subsurface geology from oil and gas tests drilled in the basin, indicate that the required conditions for non-electric utilization are present. The region has an

41 average geothermal gradient of about 85°C/km. Geothermal fluid temperatures in the range of 90° to 1QU°C are expected at ikm. depth at the Grassy Mountain Basalt and from 140° to 165°C from deeper drflhing into the Owyhee Basalt. Fault related geothermal waters are expected

to occur from near the surface to depths of 1km. A discussion of the individual thermal water occurrences is given in the accompanying sections.

Wa ter

Surface Water - The two major rivers in this region are the Malheur River and the Owyhee River. Within the area of the EAR, the Maiheur generally flows west to east, and joins the Snake River north of Ontario, Oregon. Major tributaries of the Malhuer within the geographical boundaries of the EAR are Bully Creek, Willow Creek, and the North Fork Mal- heur River. Thw Owyhee River flows south to north and joins the Snake River south of Nyssa, Oregon.

According to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (lg75, most of Oregon's water quality problems are directly associated with deficiencies in water quantity". With respect to the current established water quality standards in Oregon, both the Malheur and Owyhee Rivers exhibit substantial partial or fulltime noncompliance of temperature, turbidity, and suspended solids parameters. This occurs mainly during Tow flow periods.

Seasonally high turbidity measurements are due to land runoff and irrigation return flows. High temperatures are not due to heated ef-. fluent discharges, but rather from solar radiation heating diminished flows,

Average annual discharge measured at the Owyhee River below the Owyhee Dam is only 252 cfs. Note that discharge values for the Owyhee River are obtained below Owyftee Dam, and do not reflect quantities of water which have been diverted from the reservoir to regions outside the river basin. Maximum flows for the 1970-1975 period was 22,9OQ cfs and the minimum flow was 1.8 cfs in 1973-1974, illustrating the variability of discharge in this region.

Low flow augmentation of the Malheur River would help improve the water quality of this region.A proposalhas been made to divert some water flowing into the Maiheur Lake Basin[a closed basin without any natural outlets which adjoins the MalheurRiver BasinL to a res:ervoir which would be situated between the Malheir River and Malheur Lake Basins. This water would then be used to increaseflows and water quality for either basin. Ground Water - Shallow ground water is recharged annually from precipitation and infiltration.Due to the low precispitatilon rates in this area, ground water is not abundant, and occurrences are.localized and utilized mainly for irrigation.In general, wells within the region produce less than 100 gallons per minute.Notable exceptions occur in gravelly alluvium along the Snake River, and the tdaho Formation. The cities of Nyssa and Ontario have wells which produce more than 1,000 gallons per minute from 40 foot thick gravels, and wells at a sugar refinery at Nyssa produce 200 to 30.0 gallons per minute from the underlying Idaho Formation. Mariner, et al. 074), discusses the chemical characteristics of selected hot springs in Oregon.Three such springs are located within the area of interest, namely Mitchell, and Beulaft Etot Springs, and an unnamed hot spring near Little Valley. Present demand for water in the Malheur River basin is higher than the amount naturally available.More than one-half of the water stored in Owyhee Reservoir is diverted to the Malheur River Basin COregon State ttater Resources Board, 1969). Cow Valley (T.15S., R4OE., and vicinity) had been declared a Critical Ground Water Area by the state in 1956 due to declining ground water levels (Bartholomew, et al., 1973).Since this declaration and resultant controls placed on ground water pumpage, withdrawals have stabilized to a point equal to the recharge, approximately 4,00G acre- feet per year.As long as ground water use remains below this figure, it is expected that the ground water table will remain stabilized (Bartholomew, et al., 1973). (13)

11.3.5.1.OntarioORE-IDA [Near Ontario, Oregon) Private Development Site Acreage: 200 Acres

43 Suface Temperature: No surface geothermal waters Estimated Subsurface C7000 ft) Temperature: 149°C Estimated minimum flow withdrawal rate: 800 gpm C50. 5 l/s) Existing uses: Ontario, OR: None Planned Development: Commercial, tndustrial direct heating

CH2M-Hill Boise office (3) providedengineering feasibility studies for ORE-IDA development on 20Q acres. Regional oil well information related but restricted, wildcat hole information available for relating expected downhole temperatures and water availability for development.

Reinjection of spent geothermal resource waters can't be entirely decided until production well and ORE-IDA industrial heating Is established Estimated depth for reinjection will be between 3000 and 7000 feet to prevent potable water contamination.

Nearly all of the Ontarfor subarea lies within the bottomlands of the Maiheur and Snake Rivers. With the exception of a mall block of hill land in the northwest corner, this is all high-use agricultural, industrial or residential land. Ontario is the trading center of the study area, and probably 75 percentof the population is located in the Ontario subarea. Most of the area is covered with recent alluvium from the Malheur and Snake Rivers; underlying the alluvium are siltstones and claystones of the Chalk Butte Formation with a probably thickness of 1 to 1.5 km. A major northeast-trending geologic structure, the Maiheur River fault (Bowen and Blackwell, 1975) appears to parallel the Malheur River from Vale to Ontario.

Waring (1965) reported a 73°C hot spring along the Malheur River three miles west of Ontario. A field check has failed to confirm this occurrence and local residents did not know of it. No other surface indications are known to be present. The only shallow target zone is inferred from measured well gradients and here above-normal temperature may be found; water volume may not be adequate. (44)

11.3.5.2. Nyssa Subarea (44)

This subarea is largely in the flood plain of the Snake River except for the northwest quarter which is rolling sagebrush-covered hills. Like other bottomlands in the region, high-intensity agriculture is the predominate land use and preishable high-value crops such as sugar beets,

44 onions, potatoes, corn and beets predominate. En the foothills dairying and cattle feeding are important industries. A fruit and vegetable can- nery and a sugar mill are important processorsof local crops and provide year-around employment in the region. The water for irrigation is supplied mainly from surface sources anddelivered by ditches and pipelines. As surface water allocations are used up,groundwater is beginning to supply increasing amounts of irrigation water. Outside of the cities, most domestic water is from shallowwells.

Rocks underlying the subarea are fine-grained claystone,siltsone and sandstone of the Chalk Butte Formation. Terrace gravels cover the lower bench areas and fine-grained alluvium the floodplains of the

Snake River. Two oil well tests show that the Grassy MountainBasalt occurs at a depth of about 1km and the Owyhee Basalt at about 2 km.

There are no geothermal manifestations known in thissubarea; however, temperature gradIents, both.measured and those interpreted from water well logs, show geothermal gradients greaterthan iGa°C/km at several locations. The most prominent geothermal anomaly is the. Cow Hollow geothermal anomaly which extends into the southwesternedge of this subarea. Bowen and Blackwell (1975) have interpreted that this anomaly is caused by hot water or steam moving upward along theWillow Creek fault zone and that drilling to depth of 1 or 2 kmshould locate high-temperature water or steam. There is also a possibility that high- temperature fluids might be located by drilling near thestrike slip fault interpreted by Couch (1977), as some measured gradients and water well data show above-regional graidents along the fault zone. The potential reservoir horizons, the Grassy Mountain Basalt and the Owyhee Basalt are probably nearer the surface in the western part of the subarea so drilling there would not have to be asdeep as in the eastern section. In the eastern part of the Nyssa subarea, it is expectedthat the same deep reservoirs discussed earlier are present, and atdepths similar to those at Ontario.

11.3.5.3. Adrian Subarea (44)

This subarea lies along the transition zone between the Snake River Plain and Owyhee Uplands. Along the eastern edge are the flat bottomlands

45 of the Snake River. In the southwest corner of the Owyh.ee River has eroded a canyon several hundred feet deep. The presence of Mitchell Butte Hot Springs and Deer Butte Hot Springs within Owyhee Canyon, along with several more along this same trend in the Owyhee Basalt to the southwest suggest the presence of a major thermal zone. From geologists' reports it has been related that drilling to a depth of 0.5 to 1km between the Owyhee Canyon and Adrian has a good chance of locating hot water between 500 and 100°C. After leaving the canyon the river meanders through a flood plain and joins the Snake River about 7 km north of Adrian.

Truck gardening takes place along the bottomlands of the Snake and Owyhee Rivers and the raising of hay, alfalfa and other grain crops in the adjacent foothills. In the upland areas cattle raising and dairying are the main land uses. Most of the population in the subarea is located near the eastern edge in Adrian and along State Highway 201 which leads north to Nyssa and Ontario. Farms are present throughout all of the region except in the higher hills in the southwest corner. Surface water provides most of the irrigation water while shallow wells provide most domestic water.

11.3.5.4. Vale KGRA (32)

Total KGRA acres: 23,998 Surface temperature: 73°C Estimated subsurface temperature: 160-180°C Surface discharge: 1.26 1/s Present Development: Several local uses for space heating. Planned Development: Geothermal heating and cooling for a mushroom growing facility.

The city is interested in a district heating system for publically owned buildings. The potential for non-electric applications for space heating and industrial processing (agribustnessYappears excellent.

The Vale subarea has been designated as a Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) by the U.S. Geological Survey and geoth&rmal leases on the federal lands within the block are offered for sale by competitive bid- ding. A total of 8,393 acres of the federal leases have been granted at prices ranging between $3 and $16.16 per acre. Geothermal leases have also been negotiated for much of the private land.

46 Vale Hot Springs, located on the east edge of the city ofVale, has a surface temperature of97°C and a visible flow of 25 to 50 gallons per minute (1.50 to 3.0 1/2). Chemical analysis on the hot spring waters shows it has dissolved solids of 882 ppm. The alkali ratio indicates a minimum estimated reservoir temperature of l57C CMariner andothers,

1975). A shallow well drilled 50 ni east of the hot springs wasreported to have temperatures of 110°C. Other shallow wells with temperatures slightly over boiling are located within a half mile of the hot springs, all on the south side of the Malheur River. On the north side of the river near Vale, just to the north of Rhinehart Buttes, shallow wells do not intersect the high-temperature zone located just south of theriver, but a 320-rn oil test in the SW 1/4 of sec. 21, T. l8S., R45E. shows there is also a high geothermal gradient of l47'C/km on the north side of the river. Warm-water wells and the high geothermal gradients along the Willow Creek fault zone, the west boundary of the. Vale horst, indicate rising thermal waters to the southeast of Vale. (44)

The Vale subarea is made up mostly of rolling foothills of the Owyhee Uplands that form the western and sothern boundary of the Western Snake River Basin. The Maiheur River, one of the principal tributaries of the Snake, has cut a valley one to three miles wide and in places two to three benches or terraces have been formed by this erosion. Willow Creek, a tributary to the Maiheur River, has also eroded a flat valley two to three miles wide and enters the Malfteur Valley at Vale.

Farming activities and all of the homes are located with.in these two valleys and a few of their small tributaries. The uplands, consist- ing of rounded hills, are used for grazing. Land ownership patterns follow the topography, with nearly all of the valley land and near foothills under private ownership and the higher hilly land in federal owner-

ship. The long growing season, nearness to processing plants and relatively abundant water had encouraged the development of large-scale farming within the valleys. Most of the water used for irrigation comes from ditches from nearby surface storage reservoirs.

Water quality of the Malheur River is low at present and intensive irrigation use degrades it further. This stream is seasonally warm, high in sediment and dissolved solids. Concentrations of basic nutrients,

47 nitrogen and phosphorous, are high; phosphorous concentrations are particularly high. High nutrient concentrations have stimulated heavy algal growth. Concentrations of dissolved solids in the Maiheur average over

1,000 mg/i. Bacterial contamination of the Maiheur also exists. Dis- solved oxygen concentration fluctuate with low flows and algal activity. One in ten year low flow for the Maiheur is a low as 32 cfs for a period of one month. Sediment and dissolved solid contributions to the Malheur from National Resource Lands within the area are reportedly insignificant.

Ground water - Several ground water aquifers exist within the area, Quality of water varies among the aquifers; some waters are. not potable. Some deeper wells 500-600' produce warm water. Most potable wells within the town of vale are 20-40'.

The shallow wells are located in flood plain alluvium of the Maifteur River. With few exceptions groundwater for irrigation is limited to shallow gravel zones near existing streams. Lesser amounts of groundwater for stock watering can sometimes be located in perche.d lenses at relatively shallow depths in the foothills.

11.3.5.5. Bully Creek Subarea (9) (44)

Geothermal manifestations in the subarea are Neal EBully Creeki Hot Springs in the NW 1/4 of sec. 9, T. 18S., R. 43E., and an unnamed warm spring about one mile to the northeast of Neal Hot Springs. Neal Not Springs has a maximum surface temperature of 87°C and water analyses indicate that minimum subsurface reservoir temperatures are 173°C to 181°C (Mariner and others, 19741. Two water wells on the east edge of the subarea show above-normal gradients. The Nelson well in sec. 34, T. 18S., R. 43E. has a reported water temperature of 21°C at a depth of 58 m, which indicates a geothermal gradient of 157°C/km. The BLM Vines Hill well in sec. 22, T. 19 S., R. 43 E., has a water temperature of 31°C from a 219-m depth, indicating a gradient of 94°C/km.

A prospective drilling target is along the western edge of the subarea. The Owyhee Basalt appears very close to the surface, probably covered only by a thin layer (0 to 1000 rn) of Chalk Butte Formation. The high temperatures indicated by the geochemical analysis (Mariner, 1974) for Neal Hot Springs may given an indication of reservoir conditions. A fault zone postualted by Couch (3977) from geophysical data appears to be the zone of leakage of the geothermal fluids. From th present indications further drilling along this zone appears to be warranted.

Water - The Bully Creek Subarea is located in tha foothills of the Owyhee Uplands; the Malheur River has excavated a flat valley about 3 km wide through the middle of the area and Bully Creek, following a valley about 1-1/2 km wide, flows in from the northwest. Along the north side of the Malheur River is a broad gravel covered bench with Bully Creek Valley dividing it into what in known as East Bench and West Bench. As an intermittent tributary of the Malheur, Bully Creek usually carries a high sediment load.

Farming takes place in the valley and in the bench area and grazing in the rest of the hills. Most of the irrigation water is provided by surface canals that use water from the Malheur River and from Bully Creek Reservoir.

Ground Water - Bully Creek, north of the main stem of the. Malheur, drains the east slope of lava rock ridge. A few irrigation wells in this area obtain yields of 500 gpm from the lava associate.d with the Idaho Formation, the Maiheur River and Bully Creek flood-plains; more wells will probably be constructed as more is learned about the subsurface of the part of the basin. Several springs are within the area including some which produce warm or hot water. In the East and west Bench areas there is sufficient water for domestic wells in the gravel terraces. Away from the valleys a few stock wells produce small amounts of water from perched zones. Quality of water from these aquifers vary. At least one aquifer contains water with a high dissolved minerals content and Is not potable.

11.3.6. Columbia River

11.3.6.1. La Grande (39)

Estimated important GRA acreage 19,200. acres. Temperatures Site Discharge Surface Underground 85°C 115°C Hot Lake Resort Hot Springs 1700gpm 79°C Hot Lake Courtright Well 30gpm 60°C Medical Hot Springs 50gpm 57°C 109°C Radium Hot Springs 300gpm

49 A Phase I examination of geothermal attributes for the area was initiated in 1975 and is compiled in (39). Economics of space. heating of homes, industrial uses.are being evaluated. Phase It plans for improved resource definition and feasibility analyses proposed for increased geothermal utilization. A potatoe alcohol plant is being considered for development Southeast of Hot Lake,

l4ater - The Baker and Grande Ronde Valleys are. structura.l depressions - produced by folding and faulting. Most of the geothermal springs in the area are associated with faults bordering the valleys. Over 31 warm

water (>210C1 springs and wells in the area have been identIfied. c391

11.3.6.2. Powder River (drainage past Baker). (441

The Powder River rises in the Blue Mountains. The. peak.s beside the headwater reaches of the river are the highest in the range, many of them rising to altitudes of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. From these mountains a. multi- tude of little streams tumble swiftly down the steep canyons. The growing river flows more gently through the round, open valleys near Baker, then more rapidly again through alternating canyons and small irrigated valleys, to join the Snake River at Robinette. The low-water flow of many of the streams is completely used for irrIgation. The water of Rock Creek is used to develop electric power, and Goodrich Creek furnishes the municipal water supply for Baker.

There is as yet no upstream storage to control the floods that occur at rare intervals. Flooding along the Powder River is sometimes due, at least in part, to ice jams as the late winter rains swell the streams. The average flow of the Powder River is 247 cfs near Richiand from a drainage area of 1310 mi2.

The Powder River has a significant concentration of dissolved solids (190 to 200 ppm of which 30 ppm is silica). there the river emerges into open valleys, it has deposited its bedload of gravel and sand to construct alluvial fans, such as the one on which Baker is located. These gravelly deposits yield moderate supplies of water to wells. A total of only a dozen wells are used for irrigation in Baker Valley and the heating area of the Powder River. Not over 200.0 acres are being irrigated by wells in the Powder River Basin. The. chemical

50 quality of the ground water of the basin is mostly good toexcellant.

Ir.3.6.3. Grande Ronde River Cflow past LaGrandei C441

The large fault-block valley that lies between Union and Elgin became known to early French trappers as Grande Ronde., a name that soon was transferred to the river.

Rising in the snowbanks and springs of the Blue Mountains, the. river meanders lazily through the large. flat valley, much of the flow confined in a straightened cutoff channel known as the State ditch. In this valley reach, the principal tributary is Catherine Creek, wftich. drains the southwest side of the Wallowa Mountains; it reaches the valley floor at Union, and from there it winds north through the valley to join the. old channel of the Grande Ronde near Cove. The. river has built a gravelly fan extending from its mountain canyon several miles eastward from

LaGrande. Catherine Creek also flows, across a gravel fan before reach- ing the Grande Ronde. From their confluence, the river meanders widely over a very flat part of the valley floor as far as the,bedrock canyon carved through Pumpkin Ridge, below which the river enters the. smaller Elgin Valley.

Economical supplies of water can be obtained from wells in the. lava bedrock, in the gravelly alluvial-fan deposits, and in the sand and fine gravel beds within the valley alluvium. The water table stands close to the level of the valley floor, and springs flow from the bedrock and gravel aquifers around the edges of the valley. Springs rising along faultlines at Rot Lake contain water that is near boiling temperature.

The river drains 3,g50 square miles, mostly mountainous and forested. Precipitation over the area is moderate (30 inches annually) annual runoff, would cover the basin more than 13 inches deep if it could be spread uniformly over it. The Grande Ronde River at LaGrande average discharge is 380 cfs (from a 678 mi2 drainage area) and at Elgin is 660. cfs (from 1250 mi2 drainage areal. At Troy, where the drainage area is 3,275 square miles and the lowest streamfiow measuring station is operated, the average flow is 3,200 cfs after the upstream needs have, been taken out. The forests, meadows, and irrigated fields of the Grande Ronde basin consumeor evaporate about 18 inches of water. This flow is

51 about twice the total net inflow contributed to the Snake River by all other Oregon streams although the drainage area at Tray is less than a fifth of the total of the combined Snake River tributaries in Oregon (19,150 sq. mi.).

Ground water in the alluvium of the Grande Ronde Valley ranges from soft to only moderately hard; it varies in chemical content temporally and spatially in accordance with adjacent surface runoff. Warm to hot water occurs along geologic faults in the Powder and Grande Ronde River Basins. This water carries large amounts of silica, sodium bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate and is of poor quality.

Hr. LATER QUALITY

lIt. 1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers delineations of OregonsT regulations regarding water quality, geothermal resource developments, and water quality issues and concerns related to proposed geothermal activities within the state.

Discussed in Section ItI.2 is the current understanding among state agencies for the coordinated action of the development of geothermal resources. This proceeds with the developer complying with the Depart- ment of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) rules, regulations and environmental protection stipulations relating to exploration and development of geothermal resources in Oregon. State water quality standards, Forest Service management goals and federal pollution control requirements must be met in the process of development and operation of geothermal systems.

Environmental impacts anticipated with geothermal activities are projected for Oregon*s developments in Section 111.3 water related environmental issues to be considered in geothermal energy direct heat or electrical power project planning include: (104)

t4ater Quality One of the most serious water quality concerns is that geothermal fluids released to natural aquatic bodies will degrade water quality and result in negative impacts to fish and other aquatic organisms. These negative impacts can be avoided by simply preventing

52 geothermal discharges to aquatic bodies or by maintaining those discharges below harmful levels.

The disposal of toxic fluids is closely regulated in Oregon,with no discharges permitted. Direct heat projects should be designed to avoid or minimize equipment failure resulting in accidental releasesof fluids to aquatic bodies. tn areas where the geothermal fluids are potable or of irrigation quality, it may be possible to obtain permits for surface discharge or cascaded uses of the geothermal fluid(e.g., irrigation) after some of the heat is extracted.

Hot Springs: One of the most serious concerns associated with the withdrawal of geothermal fluid is its possible affect on hot spring activity. Geologic and hydrologic data are often insufficient to predict potential impact. As a result, the drilling of geothermal fluids in areas adjacent to hot springs is usually controversial and may be prohibited within a certain radius.

Subsidence: Land slides, liquefaction and mass earth movements may be a problem in any area if net fluid withdrawals exceednatural recharge or injection. The actual incidence of subsidence depends on the nature of the reservoir and the surrounding geologic formations -- in fracture permeability reservoirs, subsidence should be negligible, whereas in sedimentary reservoirs, subsidence could be a substantial problem. In this latter case, subsidence may be reduced through a well- planned program of injection of the geothermal fluids. Moreover, such injection also conserves the geothermal resource and would extend the reservoir's producing life.

Surface disposal of geothermal waters of similar quality of Oregon's thermal spring and well waters would presently be undesirable, based on water chemistry and current standards. Inter basin transfer, reinjection (or recirculationi of associated hydrothermal fluids will involve considerable flows which may significantly effect regional hydrology and must be ranked as a serious concern along with other water quality issues such as discharge of spent fluids to surface waters, erosion and sedimentation impacts, landslides and subsidence, resource depletion and ground water degredation.

53 111.2. REGULATION DELINEATION REGARDING WATER QUALITY AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS

The United States Geological Survey identifies the "geothermal resource base" as all of the stored thermal energy above 15°C to 10 km depth in the earth for the 50 states. Oregon's law establishes 250°F (121.1°C) and well depth greater than 2000 feet C609.8 m) for applying geothermal regulatory requirements under the aegis of the Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI). Wells cooler than 250°F (121.1°C) and shallower than 2000 feet (0.61 km) would be administered by the State of OregonLs Water Resources Department (DWR), whereby a water right would be required for "beneficial use" if industrial use exceeds 5000 gpd (0.22 l/s). It should be noted that development on federal land requires a federal lease (BLM or USFS). and compliance with USGS operating regulations. Drilling on federal land also requires state DOGAMI permits for both shallow and deep wells, and compliance with DEQ regulations. Development on state land requires a DSL lease, DOGAMI permits, and DEQ regulations compliance; and development on private land requires DOGAMI permits and DEQ compliance.

As noted in Table 1, Section ILl and Table II.b,c Section 11.3 some of the KGRA's reservoir waters have temperatures below 250°F (321.1°C). Characteristics of geothermal resources cannot be determined without drilling of deep wells, a process that existing regulations allow only after issuance of permits from DOGAMI. On the DOGAMI permits, copies of the applications to drill are distributed to all potentially interested state agencies (DOGAMI, DWR, DOE, DSL, F&W, Hwy. Comm., etc.) for consideration before a permit is issued.

DWR policy is that geothermal fluids (from wells producing over 5000 gpd (0.22 l/s) must be reinjected or subjected to subsequent water filings. Land disposal of geothermal fluids needs a DEQ (Department of Environmental Quality) permit; while beneficial use does not require a DEQ permit, a water right is needed. A condition of understanding among state agencies seemingly exists for coordinated action on the development of geothermal resources. That is, the commercial developer has been encouraged to follow DOGAMI's "Rules and Regulations...Relating to Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources in Oregont' and if

54 the resource is found with temperatures above 25(1°F (j2l.1°C) and deeper than 2000 feet, production would follow under DOGAMt's authority. rf the resource does not fit this description, its regulatory disposition would be handled on a case by case basis with the pertinent interested

agencies. For this reason the geothermal water quality impacts suggested in the workshop discussions and expanded upon in this report are genera- lized for both warm water near--surface (hydrothermal) systems and deep geothermal systems without concern for temperature or depth limitations.

A survey of environmental regulations applying to geothermal exploration development and use is found in (1) and a general guide for negotiating and obtaining regulatory approvals is given in (102). Detailed information on leasing, statutory responsibilities and legal definitions is also given in the appendicies of this reference.

A sumary of Federal Pollution Control Laws Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency requiring or related to geothermal pollution control is presented in Appendix Ifi, as abstracted from "Pollution control Guidance for Geothermal Energy Developmentu by Robert P. Hartley

(361. The significant federal laws include those applying to all industrial developments, such as: the Federal (ater Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-5(10), the Clean Air Act as amended (PL 91-604 and PL 95-951, the Safe Drinking iater Act CPL 93-523, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 CPL 94-5801, the Noise Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-5741, and the Toxic Substances Control Act CPL 94-469). Laws aimed principally at broad-scale encouragement of energy resource development include: the Geothermal Stream Act of 1970, the Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, and the Geother- mal Energy Research and Development Act of 1974. Laws aimed principally at broad scale protection of environmental values include: the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Fish and L4ildlife Coordination Act, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Wilderness Act, and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Generally these laws, programs and acts have specific goals for maintaining environmental quality and standards, which must be met by commercial or industrial developments.

Oregon's concerns for goethermal development include meeting the

55 government regulations mentioned above. There are. s:uhstantive and pro- procedural requirements which developers are to follow in exploring and developing geothermal energy. Legal and institutional constraints to geothermal development along with a categorization of state laws in Oregon are presented in C56). The article "Administrative Requirements for Development of Geothermal Resources, the State of Oregon C481 is enclosed as Appendix IV. This paper is not a step-by-step checklist of requirements but a guide for overcoming hurdles faced by the geothermal developer. It is noted in the enclosed article that Oregon's 1975 legislature vested all jurisdiction over geothermal wells in the Depart- ment of Geology and Mineral Industries.

The DOGAMI environmental protection stipulations February 19J9.), applicable for exploratory drilling for geothermal energyresources, apparently supercede and make moot previous agreements with other state agencies for conditions which might affect water quality; the DOGAM drilling stipulations are attached as Appendix V. It is noted that a developer can proceed with limited authoritative constraint during the period of resource exploration, providing sufficient care is taken drilling, operating and abandoning test wells and accordingly meeting DOGAMI's drilling rules. If the resource is found then a site specific EIS is required before development can proceed.

DEQ and other agencies review the EIS and provide commentson the planned geothermal development. Appendix VI contains a listing of water quality standards established by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and the Forest Service Stream Management Goals.

Generally, agency EIS review has involved resummarizingsome environmental impact concerns and raising questions regarding federalen- forcement of state environmental protection requirements by federal land managers. (31). It appears that existing state laws, regulations and agency agreements for fluid discharge cover geothermal exploration activities but are inadequate for fluid disposal from field development and operations.

5 111.3. WATER QUALITY CONCERNS AND ISSUES rrr.3.l. Introduction

Early developments of geothermal activities in California (1960) had imposed stringent requirements on water quality limits. As develop- rnents progressed, condensate quantities and surface waste discharges grew with resulting degradation of water quality in nearby streams. Ammonia releases in the surface discharges, were toxic to salmonids and boron posed agricultural problems. Rein.jection of the effluent to lower aquifers provided resolve to the problem of direct discharge of condensate to surface waters. With rein.jection the water quality problems associated with geothermal developments in these areas became more attributable to lax land management then from effluent discharges (i.e., erosion from road construction, failing sump pits and accidental breaks in condensate lines). Now associated requirements are sufficiently tight and methods of construction have become sufficiently improved that even the land management problems are minor. These experiences are important for the development of geothermal resources in Oregon because they show that problems can occur, problems can be mitigated and the resources can be successfully developed with. present day technology without significant adverse impacts to regional water quality.

Water quality management actions within the regulatory system in Oregon will require measures to be taken to prevent geothermal waters from entering surface or ground waters of an area. For those suspecting some eventual degredation of water quality associated with geothermal developments will eventually occur, their concerns should eventually be tempered by a benefit-to-cost analysis related to the development and potential impacts, damage and losses. That is, the probability of the impact should be assessed, the expected harm or loss identified and quantified in terms of net value, and the cost of increased protection to prevent the accidental impact should be put into balance in terms of trade offs with the benefits of developing the resource for its energy supply.

Management of geothermal developments are important but are beyond the scope of this report, which is directed to identifying water quality issues, availability of water quality baseline information and information

57 needs. However, as geothermal energy developments progress, monitori:ng programs will be required to ensure the effectiveness of th program management. Information on stream and ground water quality will be necessary to evaluate impacts, if they occur. This report hopefully will supply identification of sources of available baseline information for geothermal developments now under consideration in Oregon. Moni- toring programs whould be planned to improve this meager data base and initially should be directed to resolve the issues and concerns mentioned in the next section and section rII.3.4.

rrI.3.2. Identification of (ater Quality Impacts

In the process of identifying possible water quality impacts associated with geothermal developments, the first step should be to identify the possible water contaminants that exist in regional geothermal waters of the KGRA and to document the baseline chemical composition of the waters of the area's hot springs and wells. Constituents deleterious to future water reuses should be identified. Information on the basic geothermal waters, condenser exchange waters, process wastes and cooling tower effluents should be found through exploratory drilling and projected process synthesis, analysis and design. Secondly, the probable impacts on surface runoff should be considered in terms of surface water degredation by geothermal plant effluents, drilling and testing runoff to streams, erosion and sedimentation of streams associated with. road construction and site preparation, and land slides and subsidence contributions to stream sediment loads. Thirdly, probability of accidental spills, such as by well blowouts should be assessed. Fourthly, groundwater degredation and interference with nearby wells by leakage of the geothermal well should be considered, in addition to resource degredation and reinjection effects. Finally, cooling tower drift components should be considered regarding their possible chronic effects with possible isolated storm runoffof assembled deleterious constituents.

Baseline water quality information sources for Oregon's KGRAs are presented in the next paragraphs.

Water quality standards for drinking water (Oregon, recommended and mandatory (USPI-iS), irrigating water (threshold and limiting), and livestock feeding (threshold and limiting) for numerous chemical elements and compounds are listed in Table LII. A discussion of the environmental effects of known pollutants, identified through the chemistry of geothermal waters, is found in Appendix VLL (36). Accordingly the limits for potable water are indicated on Figure 2. This information is for use in comparing the quality of Oregon's thermal springsand well water quality data with acceptable use standards.

Table IV is a summary of regional thermal spring and well water chemical analyses recently published in (89). Ranges of concentrations of elements and chemical compounds are listed in mg/i or ppm for each of the KGRA's of Oregon. Accordingly, the range of these concentrations found in Oregon's thermal springs and wells is indicated on Figure 2, along with the range accepted for potable waters.

It is noted that the chemical attributes of the waters of many of Oregon's thermal springs and wells exceed existing water quality standards, including many elements and total dissolved solids, as listed:

Arsenic all areasexceed Cbut LaGrandel Bicarbonate all areasexceed (but Klamatft Falls, Alvordi Boron all areasexceed Bromide exceededby Belnap, Breitenbush, Kiamath, Alvord Calcium exceededby Belnap, McCredie, Klamatft Falls Chloride all areasexceed Copper all areasexceed Fluoride all areasexceed Hydrogen Sulfide exceededby Mt. Hood (gas) and Alvord (waterl Iron exceededby Kiamath, Alvord, Vale Lead all areashave <0.06 standard is ELO5 ppm Lithium exceededby Alvord, Belnap, McCredie, Greitenbush Manganese exceededby McCredie, Breitenbush, Kiamath, Alvord Mercury exceededat LaGrande

pH exceededby Kiamath, Alvord, Burns, Vale, LaGrande Sodium exceededby Belnap, McCredie, Breitenbush, Klamath Falls, Alvord TDS all areasexceed

No standards were found listed for Oregon's water for: Cesium,

59 TABLE III. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND ACCEPTABLE LIMITS FOR DRINKING, IRRIGATION AND LIVESTOCK WATERS.

Drinking Water _fIrrigating Water Livestock Feeding Parameter Reconnenoed Mandatory Oregon rhreshold Limiting Threshold Limiting USPHS USPHS .O5 Arsenic As .01 .01 1.0 5.0 1 Barium Ba 1.0 Bicarbonate 1CO3 range 25-550 500 500 Boron B range <.1-1 .5 .5 2 Calcium Ca range .9-150 500 1000 Chloride Ci 250d 25 100 350 1500 3000 Copper Cu LOd .005 0.1 1.0

Flouride F 1.7 2.2 1,0 1 6

Hydrogen Sulfide HZS .002 34 Iron Fe 1.0 Lead Pb .05 Magnesium Mg range .8-55 250 500 354 Manganese Mn .05 002d Mercury Hg Nitrate NO3 45 13c 200 400 Sodium Na range l.5-500 1000 2000 Sulfate SO4 250 200 1000 Potaslum K range Aluminum Al range <.25 Bromide Br range <.21 Strontium Sr <2a 13 a range<6.5 Lithium LI range.6 Cesium Cs Rubidium Rb Iodine I Antimony Sb Mrionium NH4 .D2 (asM)b .5 (asN)d Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nak Phosphate PO4 Sb2range 50-800 Co3

N2 02 HZ

0144 pH 7.0-8.5 5.0-9.0 6.0-8.5 S.-9.0 lOS 500 100 500 1500 2500 50CC Specific Cond. S.C.

Alkalinity CaCO3 20-430 20 600

*ConcentratiJns listed in mg/i (ppm) Major Source3 - Geonomics. Inc.; Subsurface Enviornmentalssessment for Four Geothermal Systecim For Oregon; The Oregon Adiministrative Rul* Chap. 340

Major Sources - ceonomics, Inc.; Subsurface Enviornmentai Assessment for Four Goethermal Systems For Oregon; The Oregon AdministrativeRulEsChap. 340 Minor Source3 aNamer. Mark J.; Water and Waste-Water TEchnology bEPA; Quality Criteria for Water 1976 C Maximum contaminant level specified in National interim primary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA, 1976) Maximum coitaminant level specified in National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA, 1977a) eAcceptable Range for Potable waters; Geonomics (Figure 4) TABLE IV. CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF OREGON'S HOT SPRtNGS AND WELL WATERS.

Western Cascades Mt. Hooc Klamathi Parameter Beinao McCrecie Alvord Burns Vale LaGrande Lakeview .06 M-.027 .037-2.5 .06 . Arsenic As .35 .08 .51-.54 <.005 .001-05 <1 <'0.1 < Barium Ba <.1. <.1 <.1 <0.1 21550372-1250 49.128 127.198 Bicarbonate HCO3 17 142 624 62-208 Boron 64 17.8-18 4.1-5.43 .32 .01-1.0.39-36 .06-3.991.15-14 .1-2.9 6.9-9.9 13-60 1.2-180.6-17 1-15 Calcium Ca 210-455 460-50090-100 3.0-36.6 3.5-10 8-15 Chloride Ci 1300-13432200-22321170-1300 <1.0 1.8-17024-780 5-38 .5-360 1.0-14098-146 .01 Copper Cu .01 .02 .01 .01.05 <.01-.32 .01 i.(.0l Flouride F 1.2 2.68-2.73.4-4 .23 N-1.7 6.5-17 .5-2.8 .7-9.4 .5-1.7 3.1-6.9 Hydrogen Sulfide HoS gas N-.181 1.0 Iron Fe .02 .02-.1' .02 <.05 P4.1.4 N-.12 ,0i-.05(o2-.4 <.02 .02-.06 Lead Pb <.06 '.06 <.06 <.06<.06 <.06 <.06 N-<36 P4-47 Magnesium Mg .2-13 .9 1.3 2.8-48 N-2.2 1.4-5.7 .05-14.7 <1-1.3 .i..2.4 P4-2,4 Manganese Mn .02 .05-.1 .22 435 N-.1 (.02-.06 <.02 M<'2 Mercury Hg <.3001 .0002 .000l-.0008) .0001-.0007 .0032 .0004 N-2. P4-2.5 P4-3.8 Nitrate P403 <.02 .03-.14 .2-7.2 230.1040 Sodium Ma 364-690910-1000690.720 5.4-136 l9580 30-157 1.4.482 19-130 152-268 Sulfate 504 16&-170 240 96-140 77-205 .6-462 177-367 11-89 1-135 3.3-36 152-265 Potaslum K 15-69 22-28 31-34 .02-11.7 1-18 10.8-69 1.8-6.9.4-16 2.7-5 2.2-5.5 Aluminum Al .01 < .L12 <.Ol-.03N-,058 .008-.28 N-.034 Bromide Br 33 5 .08 1-2 .5 .34 .4 Strontium Sr 1.4 .73 .58P4-42 <.35_.16 <.35 .5-.32 Lithium U .95 1.4-1.981.8-1.9 kol-.013 .C2-.16P4-2.1 .11-.4 .3 .2-.15 Cesium Cs <'.1 .1 .1 <.01<.1-.2 <.31 <.1

I Rubidium Rb .05 .11 .18 .02.1-.33 .02-.09 <.32 .05 Iodine I .2 .1 .01 .01-.2 .06 .38 .08 Antimony Sb <.2 <.2 (.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 <.2 Anmonium NH4 .21.26 .05 54.55 .026.9 .1-1 .31

Carbon Dioxide C0 .68-17.4 Nak Phospnate PO4 .21 .11.51 .25 .09 .C2.18.04-4.5 46.89 .13.21 139 .25

Si02 30.9-9655.4-79 83-182 19-72.3 24-110 72-214 P4-92 32-180 48-81 66-145

CO3 <1 <1 P4-21 P4-4 (1-1 4.9-12 .1-6

Uranium U 0-.0001 .032-7.5

02 .017-1,5 H2 .033-.58

CH4 .0014 pH 7.62 7.29-7.47.31-8.5 7.3 7.0-9..56.73-8.67 7.5-9.57.32-8.71 7.9-4.217.3-3.4 Total DissolvedlOS 2506 4420 2439 983 159-833180-2910 155-499181-1381 148-8S531-505 Solids Specific Cond. 43CC 6670-67304030 1300 173-2701222-4590 194-715115-2400 813-1230 Alkalinity CaCO3 15-21 72 170 83 360-1196 37-1 57

*Concentration ranges listed in mg/i (ppm). Source - USGS and DOGAMIChemical Analysis of thermal Sprngs and Wells in Oregon open file report July 1979.

61 AlBr NaSo4K MnHgNO3 FePbMg CuFH2S BCaCl ArBaHCO3 io_2 1O CONCENTRATION RANGES mg/i (ppm) 1 101 LEGEND io2 FIGURE 2. Source - USGS, DOGAMI OREGONS HOT SPRINGS AND WELLSprings and Wells in Oregon' Chemical Analysis of Thermal CHEMISTRY. OregonAcceptable Hot Springsrange for and Potable Well water water chemical attributes TDSCaCO3 - -. p11 112014 N2Co3U () Na+KPO4Si 02 Sb""4Co2 Rb SrLiCs PJA . ______FIGURE 2. io (Continued) io2 10 CONCENTRATION RANGES mg/i (ppm) i 101 io2 Antimony, Carbon Dioxide, Sodium and Potassium, Phosphates, Uranium, Calcium Carbonates, Rubidium, todine, or Ammonia.

On the basis of water quality standards most of the thermal spring waters would be undesirable to discharge directly into surface waters. Accordingly, disposal of related geothermal waters of similar quality would have to be through ponding with evaporation or reinjection into subsurface strata. Alternatively, surface water transfer and recirculating schemes could be used incorporating down-hole heat exchangers, providing the economics of the situation justifies the development of the geothermal resource. Perhaps appeals could be made for permits to discharge spent direct heat fluid appropriated from one area to subsequently be released into regional streams, if it could be shown that the resultant mix of the waters would meet the acceptable water quality standards, and if energy recovery benefits would be substantial to serve as a justifiable tradeoff.

trL3.3. Ranking of Water Quality and General Environmental tmpacts of Geothermal Activities.

Appendix t presents the water quality session record of Oregon's Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop held March 28-29., 1979 in Portland, Oregon. The primary water quality concerns with geothermal developments for the state were shown in Appendix t, Table I as: hot water disposal to surface waters, surface water degredation by contaminants from the geothermal plant's effluent, erosion and sedimentation impacts associated with construction efforts, land slides and subsidence, groundwater degredation by lowering of phraetic surfaces and subsequent change or regional hot springs' output and resource deple-

tion. These concerns were accordingly ranked jointly by the workshop participants for each of the KGRAs. Subsequent to the. workshop a review of the chronological account of geothermal activities and impacts was made (64) for each of the. KGRAS.

Information for accurate identification and quantification of possible geothermal activity impacts on water resources and water quality is not available at this stage of development of the geothermal resources in the State of Oregon. However, it is possible to estimate the probability for occurrence (not severityl of effects, On a hSk-moderate- low basis, the probability for possible impacts during various stages of geothermal exploration, development and operation activities were estimated and accordingly presented in Table it. These rankings were assembled from reviewing of the Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop's draft Proceedings and available KGRA environmental assessment reports (see Bibliographic Discussion Section rr.4.l.L. ft should be noted that this tabulation covers periods from pre-lease exploratory operations through full field development and operational activities and that the impacts for the Oregon KGRAs are summarized and ranked for ecological considerations, air, water, solids and noise pollution concerns.

Water Resources

Large quantities of energy underlie many of Oregon's geothermal areas; however, to transfer this energy to the surface requires large flows of water.

Fluid requirements for electrical power generation and direct use operations for Oregon's potential geothermal developments are. listed in Table 1, Section t.l. Assuming an average production per well per day of 670,000 gallons of fluid and a total of 10 wells required to supply a 50 megawatt power plant, a total of 6.7 million gal/day or 10.4 Cu. ft./second or 29.4 1/s would be required to support each power plant. This would result in reduction in streamflow from the area to the extent that additional groundwater recharge would be induced to replenish the water pumped. rt is believed that most geothermal reservoirs under economic utilization will be depleted in 25 to 50 years. rt is possible that the geothermal reservoirs in the Cascade areas contain enough water to rnaintin production for as long as they are needed or that they will be recharged by natural means. However areas of the Southern Basin and Snake River plain may have insufficient waters for long term geothermal energy production.

It is interesting to note that direct use of areitenbushts and Mt. Hood's geothermal waters is being promoted for community and commercial heating with projected transport distances as far as 70 km from the source fields. These associated water transfers for such direct use heating are considerable when compared to tributary flows of streams in a watershed. That is, the maximum flow rate of 40,000 is (1412.4 cfs) (Table I) nearly matches the Cascade Rang&s Metolius River'saverage flow of.1479 cfs, which is almost entirely derived from spring flow.

For comparison, the Sandy River near Bull Run has a mean annualaverage flow of 2,302 cfs, and the annual runoff for the Oregon Closed Basin (Burns, Harney, Hart Mountain, and Maiheur Refuge1 is 16.5Q cfs.. The volume of these flow transfers was not seriously considered in the Breitenbush EIS (151 or the Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview t4orkshop (See Appendixflreview of water quality issues related to the development of geothermal energy of Oregon. However, the Belnap-Foley EtS (88) gave adequate menti'on of the problem.

If the upper range of direct use fluid requirements (40,000. l/s) is appropriated from the High and Western Cascades for commercial heating in the Willamette Valley, then consideration on the changes of runoff from the groundwater and geothermal resource connection to streamsup- plies should be given. If pumping of groundwater for geothermal use is found to significantly affect streamfiow, there could be some conflict with fisheries needs during periods of exceptionally low streamflow. Better information for analysis of this possible conflict will be obtained during test drilling and production testing. (88)

In the situation regarding the development of the hydrothermal resources of Mt. Rood, the resource has not become fully identified and accordingly the quality of the resource. waters might be different from the region's thermal springs. From surface information the depth. of the resource might be postulated to be at 1000 feet depth, when after exploration and assessment, it might be developed from 2000 feet. (801 At Mt. Hood, the developers, including NWNG (37) are seeding Columbia River Basalts which should contain waters of satisfactory quality for interbasin transfer, rather than the geothermal resources associated with deep circulation zones found along faults at other sites. f this resource can be established to provide fresh, clean well water then the transfer of direct heating waters to the Portland area would be useful domestic supply. Accordingly the disposal of spent hydrothermal fluids of acceptable quality would provide few problems. f the waters found at the resource level are not of satisfactory' quality' for discharge after commercial heating use in the Portland area., than it ftas been suggested that a surface or water well supply near the geothermal development area be used for the heat exchanger fluids in down hole heat exchangers at Mt. Hood. Subsequently these waters would be trans- fered to the Portland area and used for industrial heating and than released for domestic use.

Ground Water

Pumping of 6.7 million galfday' L294 lfsl from a deep geothermal source would deplete the overall groundwater storage by the volume pumped unless an equal volume was reinjected. Deep sources can be expected to be confined aquifers. The effects of pumping from such aquifers commonly extend over great distances from pumping centers, particularly where the aquifers have relatively low transmissivity values, as would be expected from aquifers in the tuffs and older volcanic rocks. One effect of such development could be the decline in water levels and yields of wells in the affected area, which may extend several miles from the pumping centers. Another possfble effect could be the reduction of flow from hot springs in the environs. If these springs are closely associated withthe source of geothermal fluid, the flow may decline soon after production of geothermal fluid begins. C88)

Disposal of spent direct use fluids appropriated from a different area may have its advantages if the chemical quality of the receiving waters needs refreshing. On the other hand, central continuous reinjection of 40,000 1/s of poor quality fluids to subterranean aquifers would possible create problems such as ground movements, slides and uplifts of the upper strata, and affect regional aquifers, springs and seeps. Discharge of the geothermal waters directly into surface waters might have a negative impact if the thermal waters have elevated temperatures above those of the regional streams.

Until the Nigh and festern Cascade resources are fully defined and the development options announced there is need to challenge the potential benefits of energy supply and water quality enhancement of the developments with the possible negative impacts. There is continued

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(Continued) // /1 / tMViONMiNiALCIIAtG( IMPACT RFMA8S Sit Wilt I N 1-ti Mill ii P.via.In.yd.iiilrq hotitv.ittnnj. ,io__II/0.,s;ooJIl.,h..-.. lI. I t i.yoplpn.nt3 nj t.niI ( o h Ill )UlIeointvnj.(latt.jo IIi.I Ito.o- to.-l.' I IIfl.tsIon - IIM IN ML-fl 141I H L_1. _M 1. I t - _MIl II H - S.d5.c. 1. tI-Il -L 1_ I Il-Il 6.a j, SoIl/voot.ndl,tt'Ion. H 1-fl I N I _L M-lI - - - 6,1) oI l4todI.nrtt i,ii.Ion vinol. tnt. q.),In i&(.ot(no.,. oir;oilotitonllt,(Oniq N LM N I.1. I M-lI 6.c with oonnt.nty inrnoonI .tnon L.nnp to pintt .yIodi., t. innoot.1 ------(,-on.t.ry) - tI M -- I N - l.bl.a Ttofnoo$..otrri.4o toi iII,(tot ib,tatt)onl tobitot4oa90 ieroti in.1wptntlotJonJa - 1-fl M-L N/I. L-M II .11-It - -- l.c. in I 11 1. 1.-H M-Il 8.a Intliltir, tony it (lotion of loot,_i.o,iit(Ictt(i.flftnp.tnt onion, bw-oo.nni Ion ditinoinonto tO U.b,t-ojo of - itonnoqO.(Ioj,to'&,it4 (nonIl/.onptotIon pintO. innot.n II.t,Iw.',loon of (tnontnryl - N I-N ----I - fl-Il I ------1-N N-li ------8.b flot,,I.(.,toIfLëovnt"°'" °'' NH 1-HI-Il I N-Il t. 1-H H B.c Olo..00t wink, ------H ----- H ------1. N/I ------N ---- N-Il (I) iII.h 112S (ttntOt at Mt Ilooni. 9.a JISI)jnInn?, of offboot ------_.___ WI. liii,;nUottot. bintorinoro,,,il,,tion, tir. o,rf-. .nwt oo.tootwr, K - HH1. ------1. I.. ------1 - 1 --- - 1 Moo tochnoIo)yjreaIj1 iwnioces - rI -- ti)nnr9,of dwt.rdiwt.oioowoto..Joqn pwn1.o.,, o,iQotntwtatlon to. otq(o ronfloonnin h,ilotIn,noIijnvy-toiloo of .(,iootrnIIn iIotnainno, A)ifinno1A.i nil, n,troi ooqwtntlr,oystoo dootarrtkot aittat .f!L__ H IN1.-fl 1-Il I-N I I H-Il II.q.jI.ions qonwrn dIscit.rqws. blotnoot. 10 9.c O.ff .tnnnn% rn I ,tIn.,n il,q I $sa thai £ N I I II I I. M II iLa - Ito;.. - t - ii fli.thnh,oIbtlifo thu/U gj,;___ N L 1. 1. 1 1 L 11.1) Lo-iiiirq otni dl0roo.,l toonn,o of .notrroon,t ninooront..,,to boom,., tn.n(ti ini,thnlo,n-.. of nottinontnotiditlw/o.qototir.vhni,lt.t dtrrontiofl ,tn,o,, nbnnth t II I-li I-N Ii I 1.-N IIH ftn.qulotloot qootn dlocl.orgec-r.doclnq on ,00lrono.'nt. 112 floont P)rt,-.n.nbnt, o,,O(.r-.t1n nlrliiboo molt tfrid flt.wn of Co'otJnn wool ?njnIl.-ation (ow Pto,o.lt (no Drill Itnop,hoil ltnt liv. Pool ot,n.ztlroo -- -- S,iiJn-tot,Iln dint,,rn,non - &nilAo.o..totiron-- .11nt,n,to.o,t d.onnp, to pint-.. air loon of II JI ii N M Il/N fl/I Il/N l.a Dn,t. trIll, ownnontnry bnno,.n.I otrw.no iwnt.nlintt Inn-wi io-t&.it.,ntlbnoL*sp.coolerato)nottewnic 1o11lirn.n (,-.mwotnryl I-I-N I.L I I I.I 1.1)1 .c Wilditfo dI,t,oi,nnot. III I 2 Stor.qw of qnor fniiitio, to wi in', ii!il/n-p.totln.n rot ,fItl,nn(onnt, d.rsoj., (annl itniotonoot qowotbron.) flon-o,l.,fnli'vp'lnotlnon ,ii,tnnnin'onnno ,t.oi ott I nnlwt.nt in,, donir, NIl 1.-NI-N I N I N 3 drillftn.nj nit', nnn,tro,nrtIo, wn.t ,rnti'.p In n'. IOrtotZ.nJ5,11/v notino.,ni..tJwnt o( tonofanon '(aiim ,IIotno-to,o,. onolor inonoononIto..(tnt.j- of nit dl.tnnb,nr.,, onil ownoirn, to onnolorylin,t,. l,00-to. olidi I(.p bnhlt.t E10i, mnJ,Ir,.t .,IlèIll(à diAtoj.iof, -- II 1-HN N .1. Il/fl 11./N Il/NU 4.a folliti'. - Dot. onion lolIntlon 'noI Il-Il I-fl I '- 1. I 4.c (Ii..!!,, 'n I fniotnrl'In.miowii.lil(o not 0. 1. 1 H-Il1. L1. I1 Il-Il1.-N L.a5.1) tron,-n..t,ll,otttoflwn.ynpnl ...... t- Itlimo'Dot, wilt. ------n.n000t.ry Ir I I ii -no'nnl otao.r, lit-n.mmono ( I I I I O on..lnry) '' H-Il II NI -M NN-I I H L H II 5.c TABLE V. (Continued) / / b 7 / 1.o H ( I_/H Il/H P1/fl 7 ttfltori I itip6.a Cie..rInq l.... ter pip-.. ei.. 5o1 I,' .jeL.t Inn di ---_--_-- &IA,e.rt.t Ii.. dl .tCOt.kII. Io-.., l.iI lot .,n.lj(l - - 1-H H-Il - - Q.ciClotc'Jct'I41 .1 H - AA/ Il/H L 1..1. - 6.1) li4t;JU ..-4lennt lend .Ir.wn pto-.b,. to .4 Idli e I.. iIoni. IkL1 iiII N-Il l L I 1 i ti-Ilt-H t.sIlIt d..ogo I-I 1.-H L-M 6.c I-.vy .ql1e.-..t f trnni.l.q/ ,li,nototmnn dI,tmbooe .. t - - - - H H - I II fo'..tstinn p-.11not Iit.t&;Ioe .e.Il,.o.t lot Ith iiy lii iu ------DIeIorhln h,i,tt.tlt,-4totinndl,!,nion'e d.jo to .'lIdIlte rtoury,rrpI fjfl H 1-N[-H I-N t. H Iiii I_ui H-Il ::-i:- 7.c7.b PIP"1'-,.re.tIe,. ot I,,-ooroo, 1o.-rI.... to qeotmnn Ut.4,l.'jK.I,Itot to elld)tt., dlot oi,o..ltt.tlo. eln.,ontoi __. - Mitt H 1/H-It i/ti I L,'M I 1/ti I 1/Il I 1-HN/ti ------8.1)8.a .k.qIl,o) ph-il-, ion'. t.-.,ct lc to o,I Soll/toth.. dl't,nInor..,.t in,-noo.ol polI.,tmnn (dont -- - o,. Iol4totin,,.ot..to .e.lI 1.o(ti.,.,nlidIiI., piont.,Inc. ot donor to Inneosod onIl .00l.n. noenni.ryj IiiI. If HI H H/DIM H/i/H I H/It/H It P.,o g..rn',nt Inn f,oI I Inn) my blnn,ionoe thwIdIl( N I l i i. I 1-ti 9.1) jnen'o ni ------li.Ie,.ttVeq.stotlo. nIt 1ollotmnn dl..tlnoOe kiont) -- - ___%,1 DI.tmInnD'.nojO to pI.nt. i,,n,-nt t1Ion to wildil(n .tt ,nlldlltei In.. .4 HII H IH Il/fl i 1/N Il/N I 1-ti II 1O.b1O.a - I cIn'.nloj of Cron - -- -- c&VtICOL___ -- i4 1l fohI/orq.'t.tIon lInt .froO , - oUfortotIononijo.. dl.t,obenot on, l.,hltnt n,llft- coatol II 1.-H I. I.H li/H .. -- tnrot, .4th oont.ry i,nrroc..4.o.Ilcont ct..... toni lt.-o,g.t)lt,oI.In.j to .41411!.tohilot .tonq. to plor.tn, Io.e.r1t Io.i4..) fiU H-Il H 1-Il 1.-fl _MI:i::- II I ------NL H-Iti-h ------tichah1.b. oIi/"or'o( leon .rnl1o,.., ml oty nnsl,,,et .to.,.js Inno( .qolp- fnIIAoq.totl.nn dl.to.lo.n. - dt..,hon'e 12 II i-ti i-H F_P_I_li_I - flnnonIscIi.* u.n'sden. log In'n'. !,iI/coq.4M Inn dist,olcow - - - Il/ti - -- li/I/ti ------_ - --- enIl,,'nt tool &II/nny,tntlro .ii.trnlnn.o.Issblt.stnntItl-cit inn,lnIit.'t ,,creicratoi 4scgm erosicO .t...m.; 44iir ------n H-If H - 1-ti IN - - IH - - L H IL HIM/i iL N-IliH - -- - 13.c13.b13.& - - II L-M I - II I 14.a ccot, cohen-nt tool ;o;nI.;.y o-on-.oJ ri fi.-.oc,oDIntsIIenSçt1,'ont.nLIco toinitot doog., to plooto. ln,e-ct.. U, .41411I og__ ..lAry) fIi fl-Il H - - - i-ti I - 1:-P I i H TI_ I 1TL IH P4-It1Mfl-It------:::::: hi.c141) I.o..4olnt0000n' ront. lol l/en-1ctot inn dl ..t.olnc So*I/on-j.Iot in, wllIl lie InbItot I em.' - It ------1-P II 14/i il/i ------15.a .00..io.y .i etc...., eo.JI,.,-,,totlrn ii;mtf ;lti, I..-. ,.( I;;,n,AyI .nlft-i. to ploots. (or-n-nt.. .-'iI,hiItelem, Fit..t, I H-Il/il 1-flI-H I I_-P I HI 1/ti i iI 1-NH/Il It 16.a15.b i,IconttlmyiIIOm _cl,.)o-ni!t,It, l,h on-cntmry ------lo-roo.oi Dt,.IIn.to'$l'IC.lton,)o to pio.l,. loc'-.-t, -.oe..Io.y) III H-Il - t - 1-P N I I 16b Iit, .t.o, _Iltl.ow.) '"'° '°°' ------It I_-fl '--P H/Il P4/i ti/It H-Il II ---- 16.c TABLE V. (Continued) 9oOIo.yClivily ol l.0,-r p...lot I.., vct bit I,,, ,.l..t,-.l to (IIVIROtIP,(NIAL CIIANGt IHrACI / ------RHAUKS Hoe 0. S.0lio°o'ot ,- I -- - / / / 1. 1 I. 1. 1.. TIvovol dioioo,1., l,, II.. ol 0 11(1 / 17. tt"tt,.-, o,foatton tI.. > SIr itt req.?ocreao.sInst,-ea,l,.o1,e, lt mon p...l. It, It Ir,yt Stare Fo. . Ii I I L 1. //// 1. ill fll.o..ot.. olooj.. ln.oI air. '0I,-r 0vto.t I,,,., IiI,t I0°00(I00..S to, -I..t too - H ------Stat. t.qt.iatlrn,; q,,,.,,n air missions ...t rink. flio:boo'j..- of - (I0_ot -- It,lI,,l-Iro, yb. ,.i .eo..lo,t,.r, -- Il-fl ti ti-il M/1. 1 I.X 1.11. II M t,flImo bltvoo,t, t.rI..'oloqy lIr.atIy tftI,0:fS riot U:,,,.n dt.oI.00.. y inroo.1,o.,..t toIl/o,t.n(Jo.. Willifo--- dint rv.tIi.,,tiI/yt.ntI,..1v,.Iir.,oflo'.ao'l.ol,,rotlt 0n ll.. fyt.o ioo.on 1 Jfi.r-,iio, of ft ML ti-I. X t1. I1 H 19.c19.b19a frmnJ.o-t ion lot.. bat to, of fault $..Io,,io ..l vi ty. lou-o..lory) Io.toi 1.1..-., CSloJo - / Io,.o. .Lvn.J., ton otr,.0(u,va. 'a.ti it 20 100.1 °llWitl.l, ...l of nlou, too I Ion, .0,1 (or lov.tini of to,. 10-.-n olIl.v-n I.o..l,,rru-ot to(I Itjo. of on, (0 l,io.4k0 (Io. of ..-oyn,...dfoa.LnlI.v,,,to., on-1,dour,. of .toor.. .1. abnov to IrIIT.tlon fo.tl..rn. nynloon to.. I.r.. fonnil.)... b..1- .-0-.$..irq 1. 1. 1. 1. L-M I-ti 1.-ti 21 Ovtv,Ni di .4,... .1 oo,tont ,.-tXo,. W-,to. ioo.on,l,o II ..lorg.. to ..to(r .not out, 1,o,-I, of roll, vol tooln 10.111 l,,ol Ion, of t.o-,,.tf.,,ll lont lvi ion, of 0,1 Io.,t )Oi loJ ..yvl.nn OOI Oponot, lot, (..t, ii M H X I 1-ti ti-il tllcclnorq,Slat, andtot Isnotes. I.dpraI roq,.laIIt,,,,,ove,n 22 lt,inlr.on,,n.vrt IvilirnSot 1,1 ,o(v .11 .100-nI I0. 5...., ,ta.y. vol .ni 1.1 totto .n.roIottoo font lot I..,, ,0 lt ,t,yl.n,.. vi, luol lutloon if lv.roloji .01. .ot..r, q, .d.t'oI 00: i,nb II 1.-Il I-ti H L 1. II NnlnlO0.,y, 11,1 .. do.(. yni l/v...1.-tat Ion, dl .tn,rtonv.n. 0I,tu.l-.nu... to ,vt1,lltt, to,, offv,t piontO. ii I. I ti-ft 1 I-fl ti-H to-I lily r.p.,1, 10.0 ,Ilol,, .11 ,d..n,-oy., lhrtorjl. Ie.sk. Q.,to.vi,ontr,. l.-n. of ooyotic bvI,I(.ot.. v.l I, ri,..1. H I. 1.-ti X L 1. ti-H 25.a .do,, p-u.-rol,n. .Jr,( to.., - too I. I 10.1iv,.. .vuion. lot lo, -,ttrv, of '.1.. no,1,.t,o:lionofto,vl,,n too vol ,o,v,.tvvt.n1111,1 t.vt,.tl,v, IIii H I-ti I X X I. 1. UX tioiv. Piot,,,bl,0 to ..1I,IlIf,. iiH 11I. I I I. 1. 1-H - 25.d f..-..l, f tonI Iti,loo.j.. ofyt onlin IJ%t-rt-vt aol tm,t,ol.o di ttnI,uoo, fI.%Iit,-.nbIo.,lInt ibonI,lo' I.,,o dl nt.v boo tOO-vt, I..b 001 op,..tic lol, tot, tI ftH X I. ti-H t II ii ?6.a la-it .,,,l,I,., of o.-ol,,l Db.:to..r of noll,. aol lool,o I$.lIIImul Ion, of t.,,.lrN.vli(i,.ntb,.,n.11ti,-otI,o lvi .1 ytir of ,,,.toio,t..,t,i..,,tlob L.t ,n,ii,ojoyoiio nytt..n nyobon' H I-ti M X I.I 1-fl H-Il 2/ 5,11.1 oo.O- dlnlon.nI Stunt o.l,vnnl ion ,,f 0.11,1 .11 n-to,, p. f..... Ito 0,5nv It.-, tot I,., Ion. I., no, f no noti..I.l,., .p,nv.luvt. of n.1,.,,..nn (1,... II ti--Il H H-fl 1. H ti-il iiit-l0,q.'t p.-oi.IbIi..d oliltout p.,n'lt 28 vol,.Wv. -ouoIo..,l,i, 1I° ''°ì qon-nani t)l.rlonrvy, of tool,, togont.n.on,tn'onid,-,v In 1-5.11 (lot Ion, of trr,roIro.lI(I.-.llI2 lvi o..lI,-., a ,.f fontlO ,.,ttl,-nt tonI, .yrlin'tot, In I.'.10. ii H H li-Il I 1.-ti ti-li l..o,oid,m,.II,.q,,l.,( I,,.., 11.11 .11,. lv. q,'n I.. need to reflect on the volume of flows being considered for transfer, in event the High and Western Cascades were to be developed for geothermal direct heat use.

IrI.3.4. Water Quality Baseline Information Available on Oregon's Geothermal Resources

Only limited information was found in the process of evaluating water resource (hydrology and water quality impacts associated with. the pro- gressive developments of recovering available geothermal energy in Oregon.

Table II of Appendix I was put together during the March 28-29W, 1979 Oregon Geothermal Overview Workshop water quality session to tabulate: 1) the availability of site specific water baseline information within Oregon's geothermal regions, 21 ongoing or proposed projects which might offer water quality information, 3) the chances of finding adverse impacts for the regions which might limit geothermal developments, 4) suggested projects required to resolve impact concerns, 51 mitigation factors and regulation controls for limiting water impacts, and 6) the expected risks associated with geothermal development in the KGRA.

Several bibliographic searches were made through Oregon State Liniversityts Kerr Library computerized information retrieval terminal. Contacts were made with LRS (Library Information Retrieval System), DOE Technical rnformation Center at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and others. In general it can be said that there. is limited documentation on Oregons geothermal water resources; reference to relevant information, which was found for this survey, is given in Tables V and VLL.

Table VI cites reference numbers associated wilth th.ose of the text's - bibliography for specific topics (including: surface water, ground water, thermal waters, water quality standards and regulations, and KGRA environmental assessment reports).

Table VII provides a summary of the various available reports (totalling 68 in number) which were found relevant for relating water resource information needed for this project. The studies are listed according to type: B - Baseline water quality (before any geothermal developments were initiated), M - Monitoring studies (including discharge and well drilling events), r- Impact Studies (e.g., condensate

72 TABLE VI. OREGON'SENVIRONMENTAL KGRA'S, (WATER RESOURCE AND WATER QUALITY) BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA CROSS REFERENCE FOR o U)C (I) S.- 0)-C a) S.-0) -o Caa) Q) Ca 5- 4-' a) ..0 0) 5.-Ca I >-. CD 0CaU) S.- 4-' 0(V C a)>, . Ca a)5-(a 4-)0rC U) 0U) >- C '-. a) >0C o C) - a) a)>r CL C) 5- ,- . C (1) C)r a)5- Ca U (aCs-a) (aU) ;:. (a Ci (aC C5- 0 I (a 5- 0S.. 0 C) 4-) >, m >, >-, C$ a)S.-(a 4) a)LI 4-)0 ( ra(a5-C0 - U(a - LUa) - - a)5.-Ca 4- 0S..a) V) a) i- > (aE (I)0)1a) D 0)Ca C5-a) ruC5-U C(IS-5- >0 5-()00)C r .4)CaU) Surface Water 66,67,68, CD a)C 15,88 90, 39 J &) C c l0(a 9 Ca 00)12 13, Ca 11,26,46,54, 5-5- 75 a 42 10 cx 8Z 14C) 22 I0 C-' Groundwater 85,931,67 15,88 90,102 55 92 17 9 12 13 49 78,8411,26,43,47, 35 75 42 10 14 26 Thermal Waters 52,896,7,30,50, 15,88 10290, 9 47,58,78,8421,26,45,46,54,78,84 75 42 8 14 23 WaterRegulationsStandards Quality & 79,88,233,36,39,15,16,38, 9 AssessmentReportsEnvironmentalKGRA 8815,16, 90 9 12 13 11,26,27 10 8 14 13 TABLE VII. BIBLIOGRAPHIC WATER QUALITY PARAMETRIC SUMMARY RELEVANT TO KGRA SITE ASSESSMENT. Type of Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed & Frequency Period ofRecord parametersMeasured Bibliographic Citation, Status Coniiients & Evaluations Study B FcspcnsIbleUSGS Water chemistry, Nevada & OregonNo, 35 of Statlonc 1q74 Al, N, P, As, This report 50 C quality lake,Grant,Clackamas,gonspring counties Lane, Harney,in 13, Deschutes,Malheur, - 9 Baker,Klatnatt Ore- +Mn,Strontium,Br,CD2, I,Cu, Rb, D,Hg, 018 Cs,Fe, 02 Ar, N2, CM4, Marion,Union, Uniatlila,Wasco cond.,majorCl,Li,Ca,temp., HCO3, elementsF,Mg, Sb2, pFI,B. Na, SO4, spec K, B USGS Water chemistry sameOregon areas 32 springs as above 1972sumers & 1973 of FICO3,Mg,cond.,Si02,temp., Na, CD3,pl, K,spec. SO4, CA,LI, 52 C Groundwater, Irriga- OwyheeMalheur River River Basin Basin Cl, F, B. 92 C Water Resources Waterqualitytion wells, quality water OregonBurntPowder River RiversRiver Basin Basin and 85 C Oregon051)ResearchEnergy Dept. Inst. estimates,permitsResource leasingAssessment, OregonLakes geothermalstatus, leasIn well 59 Planning report B Area characteristics Alvord,Mt.Vale,NewberryBreitenbush, Hood, Crump,Kiamath Carey, Crater, GeyserMcCredle electricalrentpotential,temp, status flowrate, cur- 77 PrelIminary profile TABLE VII. (Continued) Parameters Status Cormnents & Evaluations Type ofStudy Responsible Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed&No. of Stations Frequency Period ofRecord Measured F BibliographicI This reportCitation, andExploration,Legislative drilling, Issues leasingdata OregonOregon 4033 gradientprospectStatusshallower geothermal, holeswells, than 500' holesOregon, 41 gradient 8,through 1979 Feb. depth, status 23 tionGeothermal research explora- Oregon 1978 AssessmentpermitsWellIda,status, & leasingMt.& Ore-Hood 81 01 Useexploration,lationEnvironmental for geothermal 0ev. regu- & OregonUS-includes those for 2 Geothermalpotential site KiamathVale,Lake,for U.S. Breltenbush,Alvord, Falls, Oregon Mickey,Crump - Hot Chemicalsis,tive analyradloac- analysis 30 completedata compilation in- ResourcesOregon Water groundwaterHydrologic data, quality OregonLakeview JulyDecember 1974- 67 C Department Groundwater levels Oregon 19761968-1972 1 C USGS Water Resources Data Oregon monthly 1977 chargewatercond.temp., qualityspec. dis- 93 C Type of Study ResponsibleTABLE vir. Party Descriptor-Purpose (Continued) Location, Watershed &No. of Stations Frequency Period ofPecord ParametersMeasured Bib1iographlc Citation, Status Coninents & Evaluations Surface water record Oregon monthly 1977 recordsweather dis- This report 68 C wellPrecipitationdeeperStatus permits, ofthan geothermal record 500'well. Oregon 21 wells Nov.current 8, 1978 t chargestatus 24 13 USGS naissanceHydrological recon- wells,Kiamath 20 springs Falls > 300 1974thrufall 1973 Sept. groundwaterhydrologyregional 84 C Sigroundwater,contentflow, butiontemp.content chemical of distri- ft fluids,termediateUses of heat low temp. extrac-to In- Klamath Falls malaquiferuses fluids systemgeother- 18 CenterUtilizationGeo-lleat OtT problemsstudytion, reinjectioncorrosion wellsKlamath Falls, 6 6 months to 1977May by.29, 29,1916 temp.Chemistry rating,SIW,K, & CaCO3, 47 C heatingtypes goethermal Klamath Falls ofgeo-chemistrySi,pit,Ca, well SO4,Na, alkalinity Cl,Ec SIA 45 S Lii Hot water well study samplesKlamath fromFalls 46water wells uniner 1974 characteristicwellchemicalwateranalysis, depth, level temp. 21 C TABLE VII. (Continued) Type of Study Responsible Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed &No. of Stations Frequency Period ofRecord ParametersMeasured BibliographicThis reportCitation, Status Coniaents & Evaluations S USGS Hydrologychemistry and geo- Kiamath Falls 1978tosuniier surmer 1976 waterprecipitation,welltry data,tempera- chemis- 46 C Final report B USGS Assessmenttemp.Resources & energy of for U.S. type Oregon38 springs tested in 1978 ture 53 C wellsConiients on status of B USGS thermalAssessmentsystemsfor U.S. resources types of geo- sys- tested28 sprIngs In Oregon 1975 temp.flow volume rates 98 C wellsConinents on status of 4 USGS Groundtems water study wellsKiarnath Basin 550 1970 levels,occurrence,ground quality water 43 C B EPA elementsStudy of radioactivin waters springsWesternFalls 13testedU.S. wells Klamath & Nov. 1974 availabilitytemp.,230Th,234U,222Rn, pH 226Ra,23'Tb, 238U 58 C G BIM sisEnvironmental Record Analy- Klamath Falls wateracteristicsanticipatedEnviimpacts, supply ronment char- of & 11 C AnalysisComplete Environmental G RIM 1976 quality,temp. wells & flow 9 C Complete Environmental sisEnvironmental Record Analy- DistrictBully Creek, Vale - - characterianticipatedlm-waterpacts, sticEnv.(cnnt supply & Analysis Type of TABLE VII.Party (Continued) Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed & Frequency Period of Parameters Bibliographic Citation, Status Coninents & Evaluations Study Responsible No. of Stations Record quality,temp. &wells flow Measured This report G BIM Environmentalsis Record Analy- Vale Addition 1915 Environmentsupplypacts,Anticipated &water qualit im 12 C AnalysisComplete Environmental wellflow temp. & C Complete Environmental G BIM sisEnvironmental Record Analy- Alvord Desert 1974 pacts,Anticipatedquality,watertemp. wells &supply flow areaim- & 8 Analysis B USGS waterGeology Resources and Ground- Harney Basin Sept.Aug. 1930 1932 - waterenvironmentthermal and ground 75 C tionicalsprings, composi-discharge chem- 55 C B USGS Qualitywater of Ground- BasaltColumbia River Group waterCO3,Mg,Fe,p11, quality- Na,Mn,temp.,SO4, K,1$CO3Al, C1,F,S102, Ca, EPA Groundwater pollu- Northwest, Oregon- 1970 Hardness1103,solids,dissolved PO4, 5,Cl, 94 C tion problems DeschutesR.,Grande Umatilla Ronde, R. R.,Basin Burnt pHSO4,ity, Fe,NO3, Na, aCO3,$102, Alkalin- TABLE VII. (Continued) Type ofStudy Responsible Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed &No. of Stations Frequency Period ofRecord ParametersMeasured BibliographicThis reportCitation, Status Coniiierits & Evaluations B RegionalPacific NW Coma. mentstudyGeothermal feasibility Develop- Northeastern Oregon water,entImpacts,rateical data, makeup flow gradi- chem- of 39 C B tionGeothermal studies explora- testedOregon 86 wells 1975 drillgradientstemperaturetor 4e11hole well datamoni- &data 6 C B BLM mentalment-Geothermal Final statement develop-Environ- Breltenbush Draftleasednent state Oct.re- envIronmentalsupply,Surface waterquality appendixnarrative 1615 C B EPA AssessmentEnvironmental Subsurface Impact Klamath Falls leasedReport27,1978 1976 Nov. re- Eny.impacts)ollUtaflts effects & 27 C FallsstudyMost comprehensive covering Klamath sisstandardsisticsIcal water:hemlcal character chem-wellsater analy- quality B EPA DataAssessmentEnvironmental Baseline Impact Klamath Falls 1978leasedReport Sept.temp.re- flow & supplyhemistry,ydrology,waterecipitatlon, wate gradients 26 C KlamathPart of above Falls study on B DOE Analysismal Development of Geother- Alvord,Vale Mt. Flood, Istics, ievelopmentleasereatatus, character- temp.,(cont,) 99 C lype of TABLE VII. Party Descriptor-Purpose (Continued) Location, Watershed & Frequency Period of Parameters Bibliographic Citation, Status Coniaents & Evaluations Study Responsible No. of Stations Record reservoirInformation Measured This report USGS Groundwater study Baker Valley waterqualitychemicalcharacteri of stic 49 C USGS ResourcesGroundwater Klamath River Basin 1954July-Dec. wellquality,groundwatergeology, records, temp., 54 C characterigroundwateracteristicsaquifer char- sticr LiJ USGS Groundwater data AreaDrewseyheur Harney countiesResource and Mal- 1956-197919791928&l30-2 wells, Others constituentsofsignificancesis,chemIcal chemical well analy- data 35 C USGS Groundwater data CountyNorthernBaker County- Maiheur 197919561950, to 1955, ofchemical signIficancesischemicals well analy- data 17 C USGS ResourcesGroundwater Harney Valley autumnSpringAutumn 19691968 thermalcharge,recharge,occurrence,groundwater qualitywater dis- 42 C availabilityquality,developmentforstreamfiow, future TABLE VII. (Continued) Type ofStudy Responsible Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed &No. of Stations Frequency Period ofRecord ParametersMeasured BibliographicThis reportCitation, Status Coninents & Evaluations B BLM AnalysisEnvironmental Record Burns District 1977leasedStudy re-Feb. pactsabilIty,Water avail.- quallt,nticipated tm 1(1 C B BLM AssessmentEnvironmental Record ResourceNorthern MaiheurArea leasedstudy1978 re- Apr. sis of ground.-raterostsrecipitation,hemical & springs analy- 13 C B OSIJ UI Environmentalgeothermaltypes & location resources issues OregonWest U.S. xploration 101 43 CC raterlectricalollution,olse, qua1it) air p0.- B USGS sisEnvironmental Analy- Mt. Flood sistential of geother-:hemlcala1 waters analy.- Im- 90 C B BLM Environmental Assess Oregon Canyon tudy re- nvlronmental1acts ronment on en- 14 C B ment eased971 Aug. :oncernsacts & im- 83 C ReviewnientGeothermalState Policies of water develop- for OregonU.S.included Oregon Policies regon standard 79 quality standards -______- or temp.,idity, fecaltur-cont.I! ______TABLE Vu. (ContThued) Location, Watershed & Frequency Period of Parameters Bibliographic Status Coninents & Evaluations Type of Study Responsible Party Descriptor-Purpose No. of Stations Record coliforins,Antidegredatlo: Measured ioq This reportCitation, B DOGAMI Thermal Springs & Oregon substancesPolicy,temp., Toxic flowrat 7 C B USGS AnalysisWells of thermal Oregon wellpH,flowistics character Spec. rate, Cond.temp, 89 C DOGAMI springs and wells Mg,Ca,Cs,LI,(TOT), Na Mn+3,Nak,Sr, Ba, Fe+3, Mg,Mn Ca K, Rb, Al,Sb2,Nil4,U,Th,fe(TOT), Pb, F,Hg, NO3,SO4,As Cl, B, Cu, PO4,HBOCO3, r,I Sb, B J. Cooper geothermalofGeneral regions DescrIptIon ofpotential high Oregon IICO3areaIstics,voirthermal character.uses flow reser- 18 C B USGS Groundwater Snake River Basin Informationraterrells, n &ground- irrigationwater C B quirementsAdministrative re- Oregon forrequirements leothermalIevelopmentuninaryuallty of stat 48 C Type of Study ResponsibleTABLE VII. (Continued)Party Descriptor-Purpose Location, Watershed &No. of Stations Frequency Period of Record ParametersMeasured Bibliographic Citation, Status Coninents & Evaluations EPA Quality Criteria U.S. Oregon included This report 28 C DOGAMI explorationgeothermalRulesfor Water relating dev. and to Oregon 22 C B taskState force siting plantNuclear siting and Thermal Oregon sitingtionsusewater restric- toand plant land 66 C B EPA GuidancePollution Control suoiiiarytiontations,pollution technolog, ofpollu limi law 36 C pollutiongeothermaltrol'relating con- to B DOGAMILBL, USGS, Geochemical study FlaitsSprings,Mt. Hood, Old Swim Maid Warm Oct.June 1978 1977 - hydrologygases,waters,analysisGeochemical area rocks of & 102 C USGSPNRBC SurfacetionHydrologic Water Informa- Survey Oregon OverviewWater Resources of 7069 C B USDA, FS Environmental Study Belnap-Foley drainage basins 8872 uingcontin- C effects on biota), R - Resource Studies (e.g., water use studies, etc.) and S - Source Studies (e.g., condensate chemistry cooling tower drift, etc.). The tabulator also includes the location of th.e regional watershed considered, the responsible publishing agency, the purpose of the study, periods of record, water quality parameters measured and comments.

Such cross referencing of information would be an important exten- sion of the Oregon Geothermal Environmental WOrkshop's documentation efforts.

The U.S. Geological Survey at 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston,

Virginia initiated or geothermal resources computer file(GEOTHERM in 1976. (91). The computerized file is an "attribute or properties" file containing basic descriptive and numeric data records which describe and characterize various attributes of regional geothermal resources. Through computer searches one should be able to obtain information on a particular geothermal field or area, associated information on chemical analyses of geothermal effluents and specific information on the well and drill hole including: pressure, temperature, mass flow, volume flow, enthalpy, area, volume, heat, and heat flux. It would be most helpful to gain access to such information directly as geothermal resources are being explored in Oregon but little information is presently available because of the need for maintaining the information as proprietary. Commercial developer's well and drill hole information is maintained confidential by Oregon's Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) for at least four years before releasing it to other agencies

or reporting sources. Accordingly, theUSGS GEOTI-fERMcomputer file can not be expected to be up to date.

The GEOTHERM information was recently used to create USGS Circular 790 Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States- 1978 (53) which was most helpful in preparation of this report. The USGS western

region'sGEOTHERMfile is maintained at Menlo Park by Mr. Jim Swanson (415) 323-8111. Water resource, temperature and quality information on Oregon's hydrothermal systems is currently being reviewed and updated by the USGSoffices at Menlo Park. rrI.3.5. Lack of rnformation on Geothermal Waters and Recommendations for Water Resource Monitoring Associated with Geothermal Developments

There is a paucity of information relating the quality of deep (>2000 feet (0.61Foil)) geothermal reservoirs in Oregon. The baseline chemical composition of surface hot springs and shallow wells of the KGRA are only indicative of what might be expected on commercialy developing the geothermal resource at depth. C891

Many states require observation wells as a permit requirement to provide baseline information on groundwater quality. Wells are. needed for evaluating the geothermal resources and the groundwaters of the state; however even shallow holes are too expensive for the developer to consider unless exploration is to lead assuredly to development of the geothermal resource. tt has been related that for a 4000 foot hole in Eastern Oregon a drill stem test would cost $30,000- (l979) and a 5000 foot well might cost $1,000,000. Such expense would be unjustified if the hole were only to be used for observational purposes on groundwater table drawdown, well interference studies, water quality analyses, and so forth when there is no assurance to the industry that the resource can be economically developed.

rndustry relates that there is no problem in going from exploration wells to development wells, as long as preliminary information is adequate to make predictions of the resource. The developer obviously seeks to find whether a geothermal reservoir will be economically viable, based on whether there exists: sufficient temperature for its intended use (for electric power production tmperatures should be 150. C or greater; for space heating temperatures 50 to 150 C are satisfactory, depending upon the particular use), sufficient volume of geothermal fluid in the reservoir to maintain production for 30 to 50 years or there must be hydrologic conditions that allow recharge of the reservoir, and the reservoir system has a natural means to accumulate fluids (e.g.,, via an impermeable barrier such as by faulting of geologic strata). Test holes are information producers and the data taken is held proprietary (beyond four years on submitting the information to DOGAMr) until the resource has been assessed and leases and claims filed by the developer. Thus considerable time might elapse and expenses accumulated by industry before water resource and quality inforniation might be released through public documents concerning possible environmental impacts. rnitial flow testing only indicates the rate at which the well can be produced, not the life of the well or the ultimate reservoir capacity, nor if recharge potential exists. To determine if a reservoir has sufficient capacity to fulfill the needs of a major industrial or institutional user could require many years of production and long- term testing and monitoring.

After the exploratory and resource assessment period has passed, then some additional baseline information might ultimately be released

regarding the water quality of a geothermal reservoir. Such. information would be most beneficial on suggesting the water quality impacts of developing a KGR.A but might be somewhat incomplete from the regulatory or environmental agency"s perspective, and thus additional observational wells might be required at the development stage, rather than at the time of exploration of KGRA.

The uncertainty of availability of geothermal water, and of its possible effects on the shallower groundwater in the areas can be resolved if the spent geothermal fluid is returned to the production reservoir. Observation wells, might subsequently' be. needed also to monitor where reinj'ection fronts pass, once a geothermal field is developed.

As geothermal activities in the state progress, then the forms and amounts of hot water available for electrical power and direct heating use will become more precisely known. Accordingly, the well and production sites will become identified through sales and leases. Site specific baseline surveys of the. hydrology and water quality of regional (stream and ground waters will need to be advanced prior to geothermal field development and operations in order to evaluate and control the possibility of adverse impacts following siting. These studies will need to be concerned with the transient as well as the. spatial variations of the geothermal and ground water reservoir variables such as: depth, pressure, temperature, mass flow, volume flow, enthalpy', reservoir area, reservoir volume, heat flux, total stored heat, total recoverable heat, reinjection flows, geohydrologic and geochemical Information. Supplying transient flow information according to the requirements for reporting to GEOTHERM, and following a systems perspective as offerred ir C29) on Regulatory Water Qualtiy Monitoring would behelpful. Such. information would be needed for numerical modeling of geothermal reservoirs which would be useful in optimizing operations of power or difect heat plants. Details for surface monitoring of geothermal areas with emphasis on subsidence research is given In [95). rt is recommended that coordinated studies be initiated now to monitor the. effects of development of Oregon's geothermal resources. Runoff from watersheds need to be gaged, stream sedimentation baseline established, ground water levels and quality monitored. This hydrologic and water quality information would serve as proper baselines for evaluating the impacts of geothermal water developments in Oregon. EFFLUENT AND EMISSION MONITORING

Monitoring as described here is primarily for the purppse of determining the quantity of pollutants discharged to the air, surface water, and ground water. As such, monitoring must include sampling and analysis for contaminants at effluent and emission points. These measurements will be required as a part of permit conditions to ensure that permitted loading limits are .n fact met.

Pollutant loading limitations may be based, as discussed earlier, upon effluent and emission standards when such arE: developed. In the interim, those limitations will be based upon calculations and judgments, by the permitting agercy, as to loadings that willllow ambient air and water standards to be ret. Also as discussed earlter, ambient standards may control limitations even after the development of eflluent and emission standards, where the latter would allow ambient standars to be violated. Thus, ambiet.t monitoring at recptor points will also be rquired, in most cases, in addition to effluent .nd emission monitoring.

This docutren suggests pollutant monitoring locations and frequencies. It does not describe actual sampling and anaytical techniques. It recogni:es that initial ttcnitoring may be more cumbersore until the industry and a data base have been sufficiently developed, and until geothermal specific monito- ing methodologieE have been developed. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas is currently engaged in methodology developmen

AIR AND WATER POINT SOURCE MONITORING

Any planned waste liquid discharges or gaemissions resulting from materials used in the geothermal energy conversion process must be monitore! by the operatot in accordance with permit requrements. For liquid discharges, the rquired measurements may include volume, selected chemical constituents, suspended solids, temperature, pH, and radioactivity. Gas emission measurenents will include volume and càncentrations of regulated constituents stch as hydrogen sulfide. Radilogical analysis may be requird. Any or all of the pollutants listed in Sectins IV and V may require measur ment.

Some planted direct discharges and emis3itns are likely to be intermittent, such s at weliheads, vents, and bya:ses, while others maybe continuous, suc.h as at separators, mufflers, s:rubbers, gas ejectors,cooli.g towers, and spEnt liquid drains. It is anti:ipated that, on the whole, continuous discharges, where permitted, will g"eatly exceed intermittent discharges in olutne. Monitoring of wastewater surface discharges and gas emissions should be conducted at each planned discharge site at a frequency commensurate with the character of discharge, e.g. less frequently for discharges of uniform character. Ofter, liquid effluents and gases will be combined and can be sampled simultaneously.

The freçuency, duration, and method of sampling should be such that a calculated average constituent loading ± 50% will encompass the true average loading over any period of. time.

In most cases, it is expected that discharges and emissions will be fairly uniform to the extent that they result from fluid consistently withdrawn from tI-.e geothermal reservoir. This would suggest that high frequency sampling is probably not demanded. The sampling frequency for continuous discharges might reasonably be monthly, with a sampling duration of 24 hours. For treated effJ.uents and emissions, where treatment may not provide consistently predictable results, the required frequency may be weekly or more often. Planr.ed, intermittent, direct discharges, where the content and volume are not known prior to release, should be sampled whenever they occur, for a duration proportional to that for continuous discharges, perhaps 1/7 o 1/30 of the total discharge time.

All discharge permits will require that. monitoring be done by the opEra- tor, that rec.orcs of measurements be maintained for inspection by the regulatory agency, that loading data for all releases be submitted periodically to the regulatory agency and that standard violations be reported. The regulatory apenc.y may sample discharges to confirm operator monitoring results and to determine per1it compliance.

AIENT AIR MONITORING

An initial ambient air sampling and analysis program should be estab-- lished by the geothermal operator for all geothermal energy conversion fail- ities which req.ire emission monitoring. Such a program can be expected :c last at least ur.tii. data accumulation is sufficient to show that ambient air quality standards are not violated or adver;e impacts do not occur as a result of th: emissions.

Ambient air monitoring should be designed on a case-by-case basis to ensure receptor protection (or to detect standards violations) at the fac:i- ity's boundary with other private or public property or even within its boundaries if tl-e property is accessible for public use. Monitoring site, should be selected to conform with principa. directions of pollutant tranort by increased sarpling frequencies at thosepo.nts.

Ambient monitoring sites should be established on the basis of a prir continuous sampling program at all compass octants from the production fa:il- ities or the geographic center of the produ:tion field. Sites should be .t distances from the source(s) sufficient to 'e1ineate pollutant dispersion characterist:cs and to encompass any area w1iere concentrations above ambirt may be caused by such source(s). The conti:iuous sampling program should Te of sufficient duration to include characterLstic weather variations throuhout the year. Sampling should be done within 5 meters (15 feet) of ground level, so that concentrations may be related to terrestrial receptor effects.

Where patterns are developed by the continuous sampling program, the same stations ray be used for monitoring, wi:h the sampling frequencies ascertained from an analysis of the concentrations vs. time distributions. The monitoring program might thus lie somewhere between the extremes of continuous sampling at all stations to no sampling at any stations. The latter would not be expected in most cases.

Any ambient air monitoring program will likely be subject to criticisn, periodic reevaluation, and redesign to confom to expanded or reduced production or to natural factors not known at the time of program establishment. This may be particularly true for larger and expanding production facilities and/or those with relatively high non-condensible gas fractions in the raw geothermal fluid.

AIENT WATER iONITORING

In the past, it has been common to require industries to monitor discharges, but not surface receiving water quality. The bulk of those measurements have been riade by regulatory agencies. Permits may require geotheru.al developers to morzitor ambient water quality. Even if ambient monitoring is not required,'oThntary monitoring will likeLy be to their advantage, particularly if dischar;e loading limitations are based upon water quality standards. Limitations, t-iu; developed, are intended to prevent violations of concentration limits w.thin the receiving waters under all flow conditions.

Nonitorin points should be selected to ensure, as a minimum, that the quality of surfa:e water be monitored where it is accessible to the use of others. In many cases, this may be at the downstream point of intersecticn of the developer's property line and surface drainage. However if the developer's proprty is leased public land, water quality and thus monitoling stations may be maintained within the leasehold, since all but operationa.ly unsafe areas may still be publicly accessible.

Surface atar quality monitoring may be rEquired even if there are nu planned surface water discharges. One of th reasons for this is air pol.u- tants from geothermal operations may result in atmospheric"fallout" contdmi- nation. Another is that, if surface contairme't is employed, leakage may occur.

Water quality monitoring should includc the same constituents and properties for which effluents are monitorec.

The locations, frequency, and duration of surface water ambient moni:cr- ing should be determined after consideratior, ci several factors such as:

. size, flow, and flow variability of the receiving waterbody

e stream trixing characteristics -1

. volume of the discharge

o chemical and physical characteristics of the discharge and the consistency thereof

waste water treatment system characteristics

air emission characteristics

downstream water uses

upstream pollutional discharges

stream ecology

Despite the apparent complexity of the monitoring selection process, the resulting monitoring scheme would be expected to be relatively simple. One extreme might be represented by a uniformly low volume,low salinity discharge into a large flowing stream. Monitoring then might be one grab sample upstream and one do'nstream taken monthly at pointsof well-mixed stream flow. The other extreme might be represented by n high volume, high salinity,relatively nonuniform discharge into a low or variably flowing streamalready contaminated by ustream users. In this ca;e, much more frequent monitorix. might be required at several upstream and downstream stations. Several cioss- sectional grab samples might be taken, flovs measured, and datacompositec. In addition to determining constituent concentrations, effluentloadings mey be confirmed.

Frequency of ambient water monitoring should be commensurate with vai.ia- bility in effluent characteristics and stream flow. However, it appears likely that in most cases, monthly sampling might be acceptable, becauseof the expected uniformity of discharge characteristics.

GROUND WATER MONITORING

Spent fluid is likely to be injected ::n many, if not most, cases to 'r below the gecthermal reservoir to alleviatt reservoir depletion andsubsi dence. Injection is also likely to be the most environmentallyacceptable disposal metr.od for high salinity fluids, if performed properly.

Subsurface injection may be the dispo:;al method of choice, evenif sent fluid cannot be feasibly returned to the gcothrmal reservoir. This is tie case in knowr gecpressured areas, where injectonwould probably be to sh2l- lower aquifers with similar chemical chara'teristics.

Injecticn in any case will have the p)ter.tial, as a resultof unplan.ud or accidental system disruption, of contaminatingaquifers usable for othr purposes, such as drinking water. Such co-itamination could have the most serious consequences. If such contaminatirn occurs, it may be difficult,if not impossible, to return the aquifer to i:s originalcondition. Careful monitoring trvy be the only way to ensure tiat significant contaminationdoes not occur with injection.

91 Because of the serious nature of potential ground water contamination, the Environmental Protection Agency is currently conducting a study to design an adequate ground water monitorIng methodology for geothermal operations. Many other studies of geology, hydrology, scaling and corrosion, reservoir dynamics, etc. by other agencies will have direct bearing on injection technology and, in turn, monitoring methodology. Until monitoring methodologies are fully devt2loped, interim requirements rill necessarily be imposed, based upon state-of-the-art injection technologies.

The ground water chemical characteristics of all aquifers overlyinc the geothermal reservoir should be monitored. The monitored constituents should Include all those that would be measured if the waste water were surface- discharged, and perhaps others, if chemicals are aaded to promote injection.

Methods, principally electro-chenical, are being researched to moni.tor by injection 'e1i instrumentation, the location and extent of migration of injected fluids. Until such methods are perfected, monitoring may require sampling from wells into each aquifer. Sampling, by fluid retrieval, of multiple acuifers from one well should not be encouraged because of potential mixing. Sampling wells should surround the geothermal operation, and all should be :ocated within a few hundred yards of reinjection wells. The capability should exist to sample each aquifer at two or more points doi'n- gradient from principal injection wells. Existing water supply wells may be used where determined appropriate.

The f:equency of ground water aquife: sampling will depend principally upon the rate of injection and the qualit'j characteristics of the injec:ed fluid vs.:hosa of the aquifer. Higher i;ijection rates of more saline 'rines would probablj demand higher frequency sampling than lower injection ratesof "cleaner" :lluids. In most cases, however, it is expected that a 30-day sampling frequen:y will be near the optimum. Various characteristics may etr.and more frequent sampling.

Simple grab samples should be sufficient for ground water monitoring.

LAD-DISP0SED WASTES

Land-disposed wastes requiring control by isolation are determinedby chemical characterization. Monitoring of storage, treatment, and dispcsal sites under control of the geothermal operator will berequired under tte and Federal regulations to determine whether any constituents escapeb) leaching cr percolation to surface and/ot ground watef. Monitoring recuire- ments will be similar to those described 2bove forambient surface watcrs and for ground water. The most significant difference is that probably the uppermost grcund water aquifer may need tc bemonitored.

NOISE MONITOBING

Monitoring of noise is accomplished by noise measurements atthe rcperty line or the 'toundary with other use areas, at points nearestthe noise source. It is prohabie that a set monitoring schedule need notbe established. Rather, measurements should be made upon a change in type ormode of operation.

92 I

Measurement methodologies have been developed for many specific noise sources and can be integrated to measure overall noise at the boundary site.

A noise monitoring program should be established by the operator to assure himself that violations of local, State andFederal regulations 3 not occur. Because noise cannot be ignored, it may be monitored frequently by regulatory agencies.

BASELINE AIR ATD WATER MONITORING

Prior to geothermal energy production, the existing state and natural variations of air and water quality should be determined in detail by the developer in accord with the needs of regulating agencies. Baseline descrip- tions are in fact part of the requiremen: for environmental impact reports and analyses, which in turn are required for all projects on Federal lands and most on state lands. Baseline assessmen: may require long-term, detaila! measurements to establish the basis for differentiating natural and operation- caused changes.

The U. S. Department of Interior's Geothermal Environmental Advisory Panel (GEAP) has prepared a document ent.Lticd "Guidelines for Acquiring Environmental Baseline Data on Federal GothermalLeases."7 The docurr.nt describes procedures for gathering chemial, physical and biological dat.i for a one-year period prior to submission of a ilan forproduction, as recui:ed by the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970. The data are submitted to the U. S. to- logical Survey Area Geothermal Superviso:, who may alter the requiremen:s according to specific needs.

The Dc'partment of Energy, Division of (eothermal Energy has deveioed general recuircmer.ts for describing baseLinE date acquisition and evaiva:ion methodology in environmental reports on :0E-sponsored geothermal activi:es.'° The U. S. lish and .'ildlife Service has preFared a handbook for gatheringand assessing biolcgical data, and for mitig;Itirgimpacts.'9 Each of the sDurces of information should be used by the dev1oFer in setting up a baseline noni- toring program.

Baseline water and air quality moni:oring shouldbe viewed as setting the stage for Jater ambient monitoring durin ftll-scaleoperations. Thus, :.t should incude measurements of the same :onstituentsthat will be monitored later during ccnstruction and operation )f the energyconversion facilit'. With this view in mind, it would be expe:ted that theoperational monitoring would utilize ase1ine stations establised earlier. This of course requires coordinatec. piE nning throughout developmant.

93 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CLOSURE

rt is reconiiiended that geothermal resource and water quality information be made available to the public as early as possible during the exploratory and development stages of the geothermal activity by industry. As geothermal projects become advanced, it will be recognized there will be but a limited amount of money available for basic environmental research, and that it should be spent where it will do the most to alleviate severe impacts to water quality. The research areas felt to be significant are: determining the hydrothermal reservoir characteristics and accurately projecting the potential water needs of the. utility developing the site, ground water contamination, resource depletion, erosion, sedimentation and siltation, effects of transferring hydrothermal waters to other watersheds, and mass soil movements associated with subsidence.

Improved estimates of the magnitude of the resource, the type of heat-energy conversion method, and the size of industry to be served is urgently needed to provide an understanding of the potentiTal water use of the facility. Once these sizes are narrowed, and a specific site selected, then more accurate estimates of impacts can be made. Careful planning to avoid environmental problems, coupled with appropriate mitigation measures for limiting the severity of the impact of problems which cannot be avoided can bring impacts to acceptable levels and at reasonable cost.

There is need for a well planned baseline program for providing water quality measurements in the environs of Oregon's hydrothermal recovery and disposal areas. To conserve and to achieve the greatest beneficial use of Oregon's geothermal resources and to protect the groundwater from damage due to excessive reservoir drawdown or improper disposal of the spent geothermal fluids, a program of reservoir management should be established at the time of initial reservoir development. Groundwater flow tracing and tagging of the geothermal reservoir's water will be important to resolve or allay fears of cross-connections, contamination and depletion of surface and groundwaters.

Records of transient operations of geothermal wells can be used for

94 determining the rate at which. the geothermal well can be produced, not the life or the reservoir capacity, nor if recharge potential exists. Many years of production and long-term testing might be required to determine whether a reservoir has sufficient capacity to supply the needs of a large industrial user. Accordingly, monitoring and engineering studies need to be initiated early in the siting and development program. Monitoring of geothermal water chemistry as the resource is operated will be important if consideration of transfer of the waters to other areas is realistic. In areas where the geothermal fluids are nearly potable or of irrigation quality, it may be possible to obtain permits for surface discharge or cascaded uses after some of the heat is extracted.

Many of Oregonts geothermal sites have high erosion potential and significant sedimentation problems might result from field activities associated with bringing a plant on to line. Although there are concerns with sediment runoff into adjacent streams associated with clear cutting and road construction for logging, Oregonians seemingly accept the trade-offs of the impacts with industrial "progress". It is ques- tioned that development of geothermal resources of Oregonts KGRAtS would provide worse impacts than the logging industry. t is recommended that areas of highly erodible soils of the specific sites e carefully mapped and that sediment loading of the streams be monitored to provide baseline information on possible impacts following operation of the geothermal development.

The primary emphasis of this report has been on the environmental effects that could result from geothermal resource development in the State of Oregon. The environmental effects considered were potential surface water pollution and degredation, changes in the groundwater regime, both chemical and hydraulic, subsidence and induced seismic events, which may in turn affect the ecology and socioeconomic conditions of a site.

The limits to development for specific Oregon KGRAts tied to water resource interests include:

Alvord (300 MWë) water may not be available in sufficient quantities for development and cooling water

95 may have to be transported to site, economics of transmission distances need to be seriously considered. Are.a disturbance and erosional effects are of high. concern regarding geothermal development, reinjected if used would be Emed-higft concern. Vale (770 MWe) most wate.r is already committe,d for irrigation, groundwater degredation of (mediumi concern. Mt. Hood recreational and wilderness area, accordingly would be closed to power development; transfer of waters from region to oth2r watersheds for utilization disposal would need to b.e resolved, High. concern for surface and ground water, hot springs and resource degredation, reinjection if used would also be a prime concern. Newberry Caldera closed to development Burns groundwater degredation potential of (medium to highconcern Klamath principal concern is heat degredation and water level degredation of the resource as currently being used; concern is for hot springs and resource degredation and the attendant effects of downhole heat exchangers and reinjection Western Cascades principal concerns regarding hot springs and resource degredation; reinjection effects; area disturbances, erosion and landslides; and surface. and ground water degredatton Breitenbush near Mt. Jefferson Wilderness and Breitenbush River; accordingly dlosed to power and industrial uses; transfer of waters to other watersheds for utilization and disposal need to be resolved LaGrande hot springs and resource degredation of prime concern if geothermal developments proceed at large scale; groundwater degredation of (medium-high) concern Lakeview water quality, rein,jection and contamination of resource Grump little known about Grump Geyser hydrocycle Ore-Ida water availability and reinjection and contamination of groundwaters of concern.

Environmental impact data relevant to developments of the geothermal resources of the above mentioned areas (with the exception of Klamath Falls) are sparce. It may be related that as the data base is improved then increased benefits on utilization of Oregon's geothermal resources can be achieved through a program of reservoir management. With an improved data base, careful planntng can avoid some of tfte above. mentioned concerns and provide appropriate mitigation measures to reduce the severity of the adverse effects to achieve. acceptable. benefit to cost limits.

9.7 V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This is to thank the participants of the water quality session of the Oregon Geothermal Environmental Wbrkshop, held in Portland, Oregon during March, 1979, for their ideas, time and efforts In contributing to the workshop. Comments and suggestions of the draft reporting of the session's proceedings by participants were most helpful in revising the final reporting of the workshop (Appendix rL and for stimulating the bulk of this volume. Special acknowledgements are due numerous persons in industry, state government, federal agencies, and universities for their endeavors in setting activities and records straight, and for their contributions of reports and materials for review and inclusion in this document. Some. of these individuals are identified in the bibliography under "person communication'; others deserve more credit but for reason of space limitations they must be collectively acknow-

ledged just with "thankst1.

Funding for this study was through the Oregon Graduate Center's contract with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for conduct of the Oregon Geothermal Environmental 1orkshop and through Oregon State Uni- versity's Water Resources Research rnstitute's (WRRr) contract with the Pacific Northwest River &asins Commission for an "Assessment of Energy Technologies". Dr. John Cooper, of the Oregon Graduate Center, is thanked for his help on this project and for his patience in awaiting completion of our reporting efforts. Dr. Peter C. Klingeman, of OSU's WRRr, is similarly acknowledged for his efforts on the PNRBC Project on "Assessment of Energy Technologies".

Maureen Sergent is due much of the credit for assembling the many tables and related contributions to this report. Mrs. Debbie Noble provided information regarding economic aspects of the state's geothermal resources and served as a source contact with several state agencies. Brenda Broadsword of OSU's t4RRis thanked for her typing. VIE. REFERENCES

vrr.i. References Cited in the Text

1. Bartholomew, ¶,4m.S., Graham, Feusner. Ground Water Levels 1968-1972. State of Oregon. Nov. 1973. Ground fater Report 18.

2. Beeland, Mrs. Gene V. Survey of Environmental Regulations Applying to Geothermal Exploration Development and Use. Feb. 1978. EPA-600/7-78-Ol 4.

3. Bissell, Roger. CH2M Hill. Boise Office. Personal Communication. Aug. 1979.

4. Bowen, Richard E. Consultant to DOGAMr. Personal Communication. July-Aug. 1979.

5. Bowen, R.G. Oregon's Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop Presentation. March 1979.

6. Bowen, Blackwell, Hull. Geothermal Exploration Studies in Oregon. Department of Geology and Mineral tndustries. 1977. Misc. Paper 19.

7. Bowen, R.G., Peterson. Thermal Springs and Wells in Oregon. 1970. DOGAMI. Misc. Paper 14. 1970.

8. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Analysis Record. Alvord Desert. Geothermal Leasing Program. Jan. 19.75.

9. Bureau of Land Management. Proposed Geothermal Leasing. Bully Creek Geothermal rnterest Area Vale District. Feb. 1976.

10. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Analysis Record Proposed Geothermal Leasing aurns District. Feb. 1977.

11. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Analysis Record Kiamath Basin for Proposed Geothermal Leasing Lakeview District.

12. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Analysis Record Proposed Geothermal Leasing. Vale Addition. Vale District. July 1975.

13. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Assessment Record for Proposed Non-Competitive Geothermal and Oil and Gas Leasing i.n the Northern Malheur Resource Area.

14. Bureau of Land Management. Environmental Assessment Record for Pro- posed Geothermal and Oil and Gas Leasing in the Oregon Canyon Area. Vale District. August 19.77.

15. Bureau of Land Management. Final Environmental Statement. Geother- mal Development Breitenbush Area. Narrative. 16. Bureau of Land Management. Final Environmental Statement. Geother- mal Development Breitenbush Area. Appendix.

17. Collins, C. A. Groundwater Data in the Baker County- Northern Maiheur County ARea, Oregon. 1979. U.S.G.S. Open File Report 79-695.

18. Cooper, John. General Description of Oregon's Regions of FUgh Geothermal Potential.

19. Covert, William. NLNG. Personal Communication. August 1979..

20. Culver, G. Gene. OtT. Personal Communication. August 1979..

21. Culver, G. Gene; Lund; Svanevik. Klamatft Fails 1-tot ate.r e.11 Study. Oct. 1979. UCRL-l36l4.

22. Department of Geology and Mineral rndustries (DOGAMI). Rules, Regulations and Laws Relating to Exploration and Development of Geothermal Resources in Oregon. July 1977.. Misc. Paper No. 4, Part 2.

23. DOGAMI. Status of Geothermal Prospect tells Permits. Nov. 1978. Gradient Holes Shellower Than 500 feet.

24. DOGAMI. Status of Geothermaltell Permits. Nov. 1978. Geothermal el1s Deeper Than 500 feet.

25. EG&E Idaho, Inc., RMBER Region Geothermal Direct Use Demonstration Projects. June 1979. U.S. DOE.

26. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Environmental Impact Assess- ment Geothermal Baseline Data for Four Geothermal Areas in the United States. Sept. 1978.

27. EPA. Environmental Impact Assessment Geothermal Subsurface Environ- mental Assessment for Four Geothermal Systems. Nov. 1978.

28. EPA. Quality Criteria for water. 19.76.

29. EPA. Regulatory t4later Quality Monitoring A Systems Perspective. Interagency Energy Environment Research and Development Program Report.

30. EPA. Sampling and Analysis of Potential Geothermal Sites. Rough. Draft.

31. Gay, Bob. Department of Enbironmental Quality (IDEQ)1. Personal Communication. July 1979..

32. Geothermal Policy Project. Preliminary Geothermal Profile. State of Oregon. 1978.

100 33. Geothermal Policy Project. Workshop on State Legislative Issues in Geothermal Development. Oct. 1978.

34. Geyer, John. USFS, Mt. Hood, Portland. Personal Communication. Aug. 1979.

35. Gonthier, J. B.; Collins, Anderson. Groundwater Data for the Drewsey Resource Area, Harney and Malheur counties, Oregon. USGS open file Report 77-741. Sept. 1977.

36. Hartley, Robert P. Pollution Control Guidance for Geothermal Energy Development. June 1978.

37. Hook, John. Geological Consultant NWNG. Personal Communication. Aug. 1979.

38. Howard, J.H. Ed., Present Status and Future Prospects for Nonelec- trical Uses of Geothermal Resources. Oct. 1975, UCRL -51926.

39. Huggins, Rich Ed. Northeast Oregon Geothermal Project. Jan. 1978.

40. Hull, Donald A. Goethermal Activity in 1975 The OREBIN Volume 38. No.1. Jan 1976.

41. Kondrat, Christine V. Geothermal Regional Potential. Draft.

42. Leonard, A.R. Ground tater Resources in Harney Valley, Harney County Oregon. Nov. 197Q. USGS Groundwater Report No. 16 Parameters Water Resources.

43. Leonard, Ar. R.; Harris. Ground Water in Selected Areas in the Kiamath Basin, Oregon. Nov. 1974. U.S.G.S. Groundwater Report No. 21.

44. Lineau, Paul J. Agribusiness Geothermal Energy Utilization Potential of Kiamath and Snake River Basins, Oregon. Final Report. March 1978. Geo-I-Iea.t Utilization Center OIT.

45. Lineau, Paul J., Culver, Lund. Kiamath Falls Geo-Heattng Districts. April 1977.

46. Lund, John W. Geothermal Hydrology and Geochemistry of Klamath. Falls, Oregon, Urban Area. July 1978. U.S.G.S. OtT.

47. Lund, John W., Culver, Lineau. Groundwater Characteristics and Carrosion Problems Associated with Use of Geothermal Water in Klamath Falls, Oregon Geo-}-{eat Utilization Center, OtT.

48. Lyons, Tracy. Administrative Requirements for Development of Geother-

mal Resources Geothermal Energy Magazine Vol. 3 No. 9-.

49. Lystrom, D. J.; Nees, Hampton. Groundwater at Baker Valley Baker County Oregon. 1967. U.S.G.S. Atlas HJ\-242.

101 50. Mariner, R. H., Presser, Rapp, Willey. The Mirnor and Trace Elements, Gas, and rsotope Compositions of Principal Hot Springs of Nevada and Oregon. August 19.75. U.S.G.S. Open File Report.

51. Majors, A. K. Warners Lakes Area BLM Supervisor Lakeview. Personal Comunication. August 1979.

52. Mariner, R. H., Rapp, Willey, Presser. The Chemical Composition and Estimated Minimum Thermal Reservoir Temperatures of Selected Hot Springs in Oregon. March. 1974. U.S.G.S. Open File Report.

53. Muffler, L. J. P. Editor. Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States - 19.78. Geological Survey Circular 79.0.

54. Newcomb, R. C., Hart. Preliminary Report on the Groundwater Resources of the Kiamath River Basin, Oregon. July 19.58. U.S.G.S. Open-File Report.

55. Newcornb, R. C. Quality of the Groundwater in Basalt of the Columbia River Group, Washington, Oregon, and tdaho. 19.72. U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 19.9.9-N.

56. Noble, Debbie. M. S. Thesis draft copy 197g.

57. Noble, Devvie. Personal Communication.

58. OtConnell, M. F.; Kaufmann. Radioactivity' Associated with. Geothermal Waters in the Western United States. March. 1976. EPA.

59. Oregon Department of Energy. Geothermal Developments in Oregon. A Planning Report. Feb. 1977.

60. Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Study Workshop. Air Quality Subgroup Summary. March 26-29., 1979..

61. OGEOS. Ecosystems Workshop. March 26-29., 1979..

62. OGEOS. Workshop. Summary: Geological Subsession. March 26-29, 19.79.

63. Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop. Water Quality Subsession. Report by Larry S. Slotta.

64. Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Study Workshop. Report of the Noise Effect. March 26-29, 1979..

65. Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Study Workshop. Socio- economic Subsessiori Summary Report. March 28-29., 1979.

66. Oregon Nuclear and Thermal Energy Council Statewide Siting Task Force Report. July 19.79.

67. Oregon Water Resources Department. Report for the Period July 1974 to December 1976.

102 68. Oregon Water Resources Department. Surface WaterRecords and Precipitation Records of Oregon. 1977 Water Year.

69. Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission. Water Resources Appendix V, Volume 2. April 1970.

70. Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission. Water Resources Appendix V, Volume 1. April 1970.

71. Park, Keith. EWEB. Personal Communication. August 19179.

72. Phillips, K. N.; Newcob, Swenson, Laird. Water for Oregon, 1965. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1649.

73. Pimtentel, Kenneth D. An Environmental Overview of Geothermal Development: The Geysers-Calistoga KGRA. October 1978. Final Draft, Volume 6. Water Quality UCRL-52496.

74. Pimentel, K. D. Ed. Draft Proceedings LLL,'GRIPS. Water Quality Workshop. January 1978.

75. Piper, A. M.; Robinson, and Park, Jr. Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Harney Basin Oregon. 1939. U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 841.

76. Proceedings Second United Nations Symposium on the Developmentand Use of Geothermal Resources. May 20-291, 1975. San Francisco, California. 3 volumes.

77. Reistad, Gordon M. Geothermal Energy: Overview Geothermal Resources for Aquaculture - Proceedings of Workshop, Boise tdaho Dec.13-15, 1977. OSU. Sea Grant College Program.

78. Reistad, GrodonM.; Schmisseur, Shay, Fitch. An Evaluation of Uses for Low to Intermediate Temperature Geothermal Fluids in Kiamath Basin Oregon. March 1973. Bulletin No. 55. Engr. Experiment Station.

79. Review of Water Quality' Standards with Local Governments andInter- ested Citizens. June 1978. State of Oregon.

80. Riccilo, Joe. DOGAMI. Personal Communication. August 1979-.

81. Riccio, J. F.; Newton Jr. Geothermal Exploration in Oregon in 1978, Oregon Geology, Volume 41, No. 3. March 1979..

82. Robinson, Jim. Menlo Park. Personal Communication. August 19791.

83. Sacarto, Douglas M. State Policies for Geothermal Development, Uncovering a Major Resource.

84. Sammel, E. A. Hydrologic Reconnaissance of Geothermal Area Near Klamath Falls, Oregon. 1976. U.S.G.S. Water Resources llnvesti- gation Open File Report. WRI 76-127.

103 85. Slotta, Larry S. Oregon's Environment, Water Quality' Status of Oregon Rivers and Lakes. Water Resources Research. Institute OSU.

86. United States Department of Energy. Environmental Readiness Document. September 1978. DOEIERD-0005.

87. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Geothermal I-tandbook, Geothermal Project. 1g76. NP-21172.

88. U.S. Forest Service. Willamette National Forest. Draft Envilronrnental Statement. Belnap-Foley Area. 1979.

89. U.S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.SJ. DOGAMI. Chemical Analysis of Thermal Springs and Wells in Oregon. 19791. Open-File Report 0-79-3.

90. USGS. Environmental Analysis for One 600 m Deep Geothermal Test Well, Mt. Rood. 1978. EM1O5-8.

91. U.S.G.S. GEOTHERM. Menlo Park, California.,

92. U.S.G.S. Ground Water in Subareas of the Snake River Basin in Oregon. Unpubl ished Paper.

93. U.S.G.S. Water Resources Data for Oregon Water '(ear 1977. U.SIF.S. Water Data Report OR-77-l.

94. Van Der Leeden, Frtts, Cerrillo, Miller. Groundwater Pollution Prob- lems in the Northwestern United States. May 1975. EPA.

95. Van Til, G. J. Guidelines Manual for Surface Monitoring of Geothermal Areas. May l979. Geothermal Subsidence Researcft Management Pro- gram LBL-8617.

96. Viets, V. F.; Vaughan, F{ardilng. Environmental and Economic Effects of Subsidence. May 1979.. Geothermal Subsidence Researh.Manage- ment Program. LBL-8615.

97. Webb, Donna. BLM Distric Office. Person Communication. August 1979.

98. White, D.E; Williams Editors. Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States - 1975. Geological Survey Circular 726.

99. Williams, F.; Cohen, Pfundstein, Pond. Site Specific Analysis of Geothermal De-elopment - Data Files of Prospective Sites. Feb. 1978. Volume ILl.

100. Wimer, Rod. PGE Portland. August 1979. Personal Communication.

101. Wimer, Rodney, D.; LaMori, Grant. Potential Environmental Issues Related to Geothermal Power Generation In Oregon. The Ore Bin Volume 39 No. 5. May 19.77.

104 102. Wollenberg, Harold A., Boen, Bowman, Strsoner.Geocftenrtcal Stuides of Rocks, Water and Gases at Mt. Hood, Oregon. Feb. 19J9. LBL-7029UC 66a.

103. Workshop on Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Resources Development, Anderson, David N., Bowen, Chairmen. DOGAML. State of CaHfornia Department of Conservation.

104. Willard, et. al.Geothermal Resources Council Special Report No. 7. Dtrect Unitlizatton of Geothermal Energy A TechnTcal Handbook. July 1979.Draft.

105. CH2M Hill.Environmental Report for a Field Experiliient:Food Pro- cessing tndustry - Geothermal Energy.October 1, 1978,

105 vrr.2. References Obtained Through a Computer Search

VII.2.1. Geothermal Energy Data Base, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

TI1L(NCNO) Fc,NP.Ir ANRI 551$OFPOTENTIAL USES OF GEOTHERMAl. ERCPGY IN AGRICULTURE COPPCRaT A'ITHflAT TFLLE PACIFIC NGAIHRPST LADS.. RICHLAPW3. wASH. IUTAI AVAILADILITY O7', NTIS. PC AOl/HE Aol. CUNCEACT NC C0t,TRACT Cy-76-C-oC.- IR3G DATE PEN 1070

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- 21. WORLD, AND POSSIBLYARGENTINA AN EN!?G! AND ITSIMPORTANCE TO THE TI - GECTEERMAL EL MUDO YPOSIPILIDADES (LA !N!RDIA GEOTERNICA,SO IMPORTACtA EN AU- ZUCAL R 12/15-9/75) PROC V 1, PP IP!RO-A1ER GEOL ECONCCNGR (B AIRES, SO - 2ND 3Z9-22, 17 (IN SPANISH) rr - *c.!NTINA; cENG!; cHART; - ACRIcULTUR!;ANOMALY; APPLICATION; 'DEOPEYSiCAL IT EXPLoEATION; FLUID;*GZCLOGIC STRUCTURI D!VELO?MENT; ANOMALY; cTHPPYAL ;PRGIJ NAP; GEOTHERMAL .DIENT: EXPLCRATION; GEOPHYSICALGEOTHERMAL GRADIENT;GEOTHERMAL MA?; *GvOTHL EXPLORATION; HISTOGRAM; MAGMA; NAP; PCZPREVIEW GRAPH HEATING; HIGH TEMPERATURE; SIGNIFICANCE; SPANISH;TEMPERATURE; ROCK SEDIM!NTARY ROCK; O! SURVEY; VOLCANo; WIDE VERMAL ANOMALY;THERMAL GRADIENT;

AN - 247451 AVAILABLE GEOTHERMALOHILLINO FLUIDS TI - EVALUATIONOP COMMERCIALLY REMONT L J - NURER W C;MCDONALD W J; RERM W A; AU SAND--?7-7001. 250 ?P 11/1/6 (AO) SO - REP NO - 1;7e C0RHC5IVITY; DETERIORATION; D!V!LOPMENT UISS OPERATiON; NELL) (C); IT - ACTIVITY; 'DRILLING WELL; DRILLING DRILLING; DRILLING FLUID; FILTRATION; FLOW P!RTY ENGLISH; *EVALUATION EXPLORATORT DRILLING; OIL BASE UP; 2ppftT. ENERGY; GEOTEERMALWELL; HIGE TEMPERATURE; PHYSICAL SEPARATION; FCER; PERFORMANCE; EAL PROPERTY; *TMp!RATU'; VISCOSITY;WATER BASE MUD / - 247174 AN STIMULATION OF GEOTHERMALWELLS TI - !EVIC! FOR F; LEONARD 0 AU - iUSTIN C 5/17/76 tAPPL 6E6.7e';US NAVY SO - U S 4.063,509C 12/22/77, F TT - :978 CTAi; SI; CTIVATION; CHART; COMPOUND;CONFIING PRZSSTJRL; .LCSIV; IT - ENGINEERING; ENGI!ERINGDRAWIN; NGLISr; GESIGN CRITERIA; EOTZRMAL ENERGY; GECTEEF'AL GAS GENERATOR; GZNERTOR; ' GAS; 5T PERFORATOR;MOUNTING;PATENT 'A): ''!LL; INORGANIC; JET?ER?CRATING; EQUIP!NT;*P!RFCPATCR; PFRFCRATED COMPLETION;P!RIORATINC; '?iR!CRATING CHARGE PRESSURIZED; SALT; HAP!D CHARGE; SHAPED POWER; PRESSER!; SODIUM AZIDE; SP!CIRICATICN; 'SHP!D CHARGE PER!ORJTOR; WELL CCPL !HFORATING; DEVICE; US NAVY; ;ATERWELL; i!LL; STEAM WELL; SUSPENSION USA 3EPV + WCRKOVER;*WELL COMPLETION; (P

AN - 238236 FLUID-ROCK INT!RACTI)NSIN A OZOTEERNAL BASIN TI - SIMULATION.Oi PRITCH!VT J N H; BROWNELL 0 H JR;GARG S K; NAYPEE A H AU - PLAKE 'C PP. SEPI 1975;PP-21,55Z/HGA (AC' SO - REP NCNST/RA/N-75/329, - 1977 *ANOMALT; COMPUT!R COMPUTER PROGRAMING; - ALT FUELS ENERGY SOURCES; FrIO IT ENGLISH; EXPLCRATICN; FAULT 'GEOLOGY'; CONVECTION; ENGINEERING; 'GECLoGT; GEaPHYSICAL PLOW; FLUID PROPERTY; GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE; HEAC ANOMALY; 2OTH!RMAL !XPLORATICN; EXPLORATION; 'GECTEERNAL MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS CONVECTION; HEAT TRANSFER; ECHANICS; MOD!L NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL MATHEMATICS; RESERVOIR PHYSICAL PROPERTY;PROGRAMING; RESEARCH; PETROLEUM ENGINEERING; SIMULATION; TEER'AL ENGINEERING; *PEERVOIR FLUIDFLo; ROCK MECHANICS; ANOMALY; TRANSPORT PROPERTY

109 AN - 235823 TI - CCPOSITION AND METHOD FOR DRILLING !ORMATIOS CONTAINING GEOTHERMAL FLUID AU - FISCHER P W JONES J C; PYE 5 PYLE D ! SO - U S 4,213,568. C 3/22/77, F 12/1i..'75; UNION OIL CO CALIFORNIA * 1977 IT - (F) USA; ACID; ACRYLATE; ACRYLIC ACID; ACRYLIC ACID CCOLYMEP; ACRYLIC ACID HOMOPOLYMER; ACRYLONITRILI; ACRYLONITPILE COPOLYMER; ACRYLONITP.ILE OrOPOLTMZR; *ADCITIVE; AIR; AMIN; CHEMICAL REACTION; COAL; COMPOSITION; COMPOUND COMPRESSED GAS CCNCZNTRATICN; 'DRILLIG W!LL'; DRILLING (WELL) (C); *DRILLING FLUID; ENGLISH; FLUID; "FLUID LOSS ADDITIVE; FOAM; *YOAM DRILLING; FOAMING; FOAMING AGzT; GAS; GECTEERMAL ENERGY; HIGH MOLECULAR iEIGHT HIGH TEMPERATURE; LIGNITE; N'IXTURE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MUD ADDITIVE; *.IUD cOMPOSITICN; oRGANIC; ORGANIC ACID; PATENT (A); PHYSICAL PROPERTY; PQLYM!R; POLYMER MUD; PO'ER; SALT; SLURRY; *ST!AM WELL; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT; SUSPENSION; TEMPZRAT!; UNION 'OIL CO CALIFORNIA; WATER BASE MUD *WELL

AN - 262340 TI - (H) INJECTIVITY RESTORATION Cl A HDT-BRINE GEOTHERMAL INJECTION WILL AU - GALLUS J F; MESSER P H PYE D S SO - J PETROL TECHNOL V 30, PP 1225-123, SEPT 1978 (SPE-6761) (ISBN 21492136 SRLA# 240,223 FT - 1979 IT - ACID CLEANING (WELL); ACIDIzING; BRINE; CASE HISTORY; CLEANING; DATA; DEPOSIT; DEPOSIT FORMATION; DISPOSAL; ENGLISH; GEOTHERMAL i!ERGY; INJECTION; INJECTION RATE; *INJCTION WELL; INJCTIVITY; NATURAL ST!AM; *?EYSICAL PRCP!RTY; owz; RATE; SCALE DEPOSITION; SIUCA; STEA'; STEAM WELL; UNION OIL CO CALIFCRNIA; WATER; WAT!?. DISPOSAL; WATER INJECTION; W&T!R VAPoR; *W!LL WELL CLEANOUT; WELL STIMULATION

AN - 22339 TI - (H.) SCALING AND CORROSION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT AU - BISHOP H !; BRICARELLO J H SO - J PETROL TECHNOL V 30, PP 1240-1242, SEPT 1978 SP!-6612) (ISSN 21492136) SRLA# 238,850 El - 179 IT - *kOU!OUS CCRROSICN; SHIN!; UILDINGS; CHEMISTRY; COMPOSITION; ORROSION; CORROSION CONTROL; CORROSICN RATE; DEPOSIT; *DEPCSIT FORMATION; ENGLISH; *GEO'rH!RMAL ENERGY; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; INZUSTR:AL PLPNT; MAINTENANCE; PIPELINE CORROSION; PIPING SYSTEM; ?OEH; 'POW! PLANT; RAT!; REMOVAL; SCALE; SCALi DEPOSITION; SCALE REMOIAL; SYST!1 (&SSIMBLAGE'; WATER; WATER CONTENT

AN - 2229 TI - PROSPECTS FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RECOVER! AU - G!!RT5A J SO - OIL GAS EUROPE MAG V 4, NO 2, PP 33-36, 39-42, 1978 (ISSN 03425622' - 179 IT - ALT FUELS + ENERGY SOURCES; CHANGE; CIRCULATING SYSTEM; CONVERSION; HOT ROCK PRoJEcT; FACTOR; ELECTRIC POWER SCURCE; ENERGY CONVERSIcN; ENERGY SOURCE; ENGH; 'EXPLO9.ATICN; FEASIBILITY: PHACTURING; 'GZOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION; *GEOTHERMP.L ENERGY; HYDRAULIC FRACTURING; NATURL STZM; PCW!P; PRCDUCING; RSCCVERY; !::LL INTERNAT P.ES MIJ 5V ST!AM; STEA1 WELL; *SUPSTRFACE TEMP!RATt'RF; SST!V '.kSSEMPLAG!); *TEM?ERATURZ; WATER; 'lATER PRODUCING; WATIR VAPOR; ZLL; WESTERN EUROPE

110- AM - 261787 - cTIT.I' ATTTTOMP JTOT!LLtIC INV!STIGATIONS N DEOTEERMAL AREAS AU - ECOVER D B; LONG CL SENT!RFIT R SO - GEOPHYSICS 1 43, NC 7. PP 11-1D14, DEC 197EISSN 2016?33' .T -lg? - AMPLITUDE; ANALYTICAL ETECT APPARENT RESISTIVITY; "si' AD PROVINCE; CALIFORNIA CHART; *COLT.PIA PLATEAU; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELZCTRICAL EXPLcRATICN; ELECTP.ICAL PROPERTY; ELECTRICITY; ELECTPCTMAGNETIC FIELD; ELECT?OMAG\'ETISM ENGLISH; 'EXPC?ATON OU!MCY; *GZOPEYSICALEXPLCRATIO';GEOHYSICS 'C); 'rHzL F3Y *I'.EOTHEPLMAL EXPLORATION; GECTHERMAL GRADIENT; ADIENT; GRAPH; .'HEC TNSrR, aIs-oG-AM FtDOERL L)J, , TELLURIC METHOD; NEVADA; NEW MEXICO; 'PEYSICAL ?RCPERTY; E; RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYING; R!SISTIVITY SIGNAL LEVEL; ECTRAL ANALYSIS; sPEcTRUM; SUPSURFACE TEMPERATURE; SURVEYING; TELLJEIC CURRENT !XPLO?ATN; TEMPERATURE; TESTING; THERMAL cONDt-cTIVITY; TEEP'AL C:ENT; THERMAL PROPERTY; UTAH; WATER (SUSUR!AC!'; WAVE AMPLI!J:E; WAVE FREQUENCY; WAVE SPECIRL'M

AN - 261785 TI - CONNAISSANCE GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM I SOUTHERN RAFT RIVER VALLEY, IDAHO AU - HCCVER 0 B TMABEY D R; O'DONNELL J ; 'I:scN C W SO - GEOPHYSICS V 43, NC 7, PP 1470-1484, DEC 199(ISEN 168233 - 1979 IT - AEROMAGNETIC EXPLORATION; ANoMALY; APPARENTRESISTIVITY; 'Ac'UIERR; EASEMENT DEPTH; BASEMENT OCCKBASEMENT STRUCTURE 'GEOL; sou'ER ANCTMALY; BOUCUER GRAVITY MAP CENOZOIC; CHART CROSS SECTICN DATA; DEPTH; EARTH AGE; EARTH GRAVITY; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTRICAL EXLcrIoN, :LEcTRIc Rop:RT7, :L:cRCI, : ois, cio FAULT (G!OLOGY; FORMATION THIC!NE!S; GCLCGIC CROSS SECTION; GCLCGi' STRUCTURE; *GECLOGY GEOPHYSICAL ANOMALY GEOPHYSICAL DATA;DZCREYSICAL EXPLORATION; 'GECPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION; GEOPHYSICAL MAP; GEOPHYSICS (C; 'G!OTEERMAL ENERGY; GEOTHERMAL !XPLORATC\ ''OEOTEEP.MAL INT!RPRETATICN; GRAVITY; GRAVITY ANOMALY; GRAVITY DATA; GRAVITY EXPLORATION; GRAVITY INTERPRETATICN; GRAVITY MA? HYDROTHERMAL FLUIT; *IDAFO; INDEX MAP; INTERPEETATION; LITROLCOY; MAGNETIC EXPLORATION; MAGNETIC MAP; MAGNETO TELLURI METEOD MAP; NORMAL FAULT; PHYSICAL PBCPERTY; PoWER; PRECAMBRIAN; RAFT RIVER AREA; RECONNAISSANCE StRV!YIMG; REGIONAL GRAVITY; *RESZRVOIRRESISTIViTY; ROCK; SALT A!H OR; SELF POTENTIAL; 'ST?uCTURAL GEOLOGY; SURVEYING; TELLURIC CURRENT EXPLORATN; TELLURIC CURRENT INTERPRET; TERTIAY PERIOD; THICKNESS; UTAH

AN - 215E5 TI - IUCR!ASE OF OIL. GAS, AND GEOTHERMI.L EXPLORATION IN CERGON SO - OTE PIN V 4, NO 12. PP 204-22'. DLC 1978 'ISSN 01_481527\ FT - W79 r,------

- 2h9792 TI - P CIFIC NORTHWEST GEOTHERMAL 1977 FEv:r.q--19e DUTLOOK AU - Y)UNGOUIST W SO - OCTEERMAL ENERGY V 6, NC 6, PP 38-43, JUNE 1978 'ISSN 3570" 1V?9

AN - 2'5681 TI - o::OTREpAL ENERGY IN 1977 AU - R1LL D A NEWTON VC JR So - C! BIN V 40, NO 1, PP 8-16, JAN 1I78 FT - 178

AN - 2)5954 TI - P:!LI'INAY HEAT-FLOW MAP ANDEVALUTION 01 OREGON'S GEOTHERMAL ENEGY P')T!NT IAL AU - BACKWELLD D; PCW!N RO; HULL0 A; PZTERSDN NV SO - 0HZ BIN V39, NO 7. PP 109-123 JUlY 1977 - 1V'7

111 AN - 233e3 TI - POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO DEOTHERMAL POWER GENIPATION IN OREGON AU - GRANT A D LP'!ORI P N; WIER R D SO - CR7 PIN V 39, NO 5, PP 73-1, MAY 197'i El- 1977

AN - 235624 TI - SUMMARY OF 1975 GEOTHERMAL ILLIG--WZSTERN UNITED STATES AU - SS!LHA?DT C 7 MATLICK J s; SMITE J L SO - G!OT!RMAL ENERGY V 5. NO 5, PP.8-9, 11-13, 15-17, MAY 1977 IT - 1977

- 232343 TI - GECTRERMAL ACTIVITY IN 1975 AU- HULL D A; NEWTON V C JR SO - OR! PIN V 39, NO 1, PP 7-15, JAN 197' - ;.977

A-N------232919 TI - !XPLCRATION FOR G!CTE!PAL AREAStISING ERCtJRY: A NEW GEOCHEMICAL T!CE! I CUE AU - PUSEC! P R; MATLICK J SIII SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USEOF GEOTHERMALRESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 785-792, 1976 El - 197? ( AN - 232991 TI - G!OTH!RAL SIDNIZICANCE OF !ASTWMDINCREASE INAG! 0! UP?!?. CENOZOIC RYOLITIC DOMES IN SOUTHEASTERNO.EGCN AU - r'ftCLEOD N 5 MCKEE E R WALKER D SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE(F GEOTHERMALRESOURCES S!P PROC V 1, PP 455-474, 1975 F! - 1977

AN - 22'355 TI - !CTR!RAL DRILLING IN KLAMATE FALLS, OREGON AU - STOREY D M SC - SOCK, OREGON INST TECHNOL. KLAMATE FALLS, OR!; PP 192-222, 194 'Ac F! - 1975

AN - 223993 - SELECTED G!OTH!RMAL RESOURCES DATA: HYDROTHERMAL CONVECTICN SYST!M3 IN T! STATES OF ALASKA, ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, HAWAII, IDO, AU - RENNER J L SO - RE? NO CRPU-75-16, USGS/CD-76/ZZ1, 358 P7, FES 1975; ?2-252,3'77/90A AO) FT - 1976

AN - 222297 TI - GZCTEERNAL ACTIVITY IN 1975 AU - ifULL D A; NEWTON VC JR 50 - CR! PIN V 28, NO 1, PP 12-17, JAN 1976 I! -

AN - 219383 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THREE SITES IN ALASKA AU - BOTTGE R G; ROSENPRUCH JC SO - U S PUR MINES INFORM CIRC NO 8692, 44 PP, 1975 FT - 1976

- 211435- TI - G!C?HYSTCAL M!ASrREMENTS IN TEE VALE. OREGON. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCER!A - COUCH R FRENCH.; GEMPERLE N; JOHNSON A SO - ORE PIN V 37, NO 9, PP 125-129, LUG 1975 F! - 19'5

112 AN - 210419 TI - TRE COW HOLLOW GZOT!HMAL ANOMALY, MALREUR COUNTY, OREGON AU - PLACKW!LL U D POWEN ?. 0 SO - OR! BIN V 37, NO 7, P7 105-121, JULY 1975 7! -1975

AN - 194033 TI - SON'! IVPLICATIONS 0! LATE CZNOZOI VOLCANIS!TO GEOTHERMAL PCTENTIL IN TEE EIGH LAVA PLAINS 07 SCUTH-C!NHAL 0HZ0O AU - WALKER G W SO - OH! IN V 36, NO 7, PP 109-119, JULY 1974 F! -1974

A-5 --19195 TI - TELLURIC CURRENT EXPLORATION 7CR GEOTHERMAL ANOMALIES IN OPEGON AU - BCLVARSSON G; COUCH H. ; MAC!ARLAN! C; TANK H i; EITSiTT H M SO - OR! PIN V 36, NO 6, PP 93-107, JUNE 1974 F! - 1974

AN - TI - RELATION C! 0EOTE!RAL PATTERNS TO 1AJOR GOLOGIC FEATURES IN U.S.

AU - S!LTON J ; HORN ' !; LASSLEY H H SO - AAPG S!?M ANNU MTG BSTH 7 1.P 52. APRIL 1974 - 1974

AN - 15E61 TI - GEOTHERMAL LEASING PROCEDURE 70?. STATE LANDS SO - OR! PIN V 36, NO 1, F? 10-11, JAN 1974 F! - 1974

AN - 185927 TI - G!CTE!H.MAL ACTIVITY IN 1573 - POWEN S 0 SO - OR! PIN V 36, NO 1, PP 9-13, JAN 194 - 1974

- 58702 TI - !CTH!MAL ZNERG! AU - REYNOLDS N' J SO - 17TH ANN AAPG HOC!! MT SECT TMTG 10/8-11/e?APER 7! -1967

AN - 71549 TI - GECTRERMAL ENERGY PCT!NTIAL IN OREGON AU - OHOR A SC - OR! ?IM V 28, NO 7, PP 125-135, JULY 1566 - 1966

113 AN - 2e1?57 TI - SOME RESULTS FROM AIJDICMAG'ZTOTELLURIC INV!STIOATICNS IN DEOTEERMAL AREAS AU - HOOVER D B; LONG C L SENTERFIT a M SO - GFO?HYSICS V 43. NO 7. PP 151-1514, DEC 197E (IESM 2ø1Sø33' ET - 1979 IT - ATMPLITUDF; ANALYTICAL METHOD; APPARENT RESISTIVITY; BASI'c AND RANGE PROVINCE; CALIFORNIA; CHART; *CQLUIA PLATEAU; ELECTRIC FIELD; *!LECTICAL EXPLORATION; *ELZCTRICAL PROPERTY; ELECTRICITY; !L!CTROAGNETIC FIELD; ELECTROMAGNETISM; ENGLISi; ''EXPLOATION; FREOUENCY; *GEOPEYSICAL EXPLORATION; GEOPHYSICS (c'; GECTEERTMAL ER;Y; GEOTHERMAt ExPLORATIoN; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT; ADIENT; GRAPE; *T TRANSFER; HISTOGRAM; YDROTHHRMAL FLUID; IDAHO; MAGNETISM; MAGNZTO TELLURIC METHOD; NEVADA; zw MEXICO; OREGON; PEYsICAL PROPERTY; PCR R!CoNNAISSANC! SURVEYING; *RESISTIVITY SIGNAL LEVEL; SPECTRAL ANALYSIS; S?!CTRU; SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURE; SURVEYING; *TELLURIC CURRENT !XPLCRATN TEMPERATURE; TESTING; THERMAL ccNDuTIvITy; THERMAL GRADIENT; THERMAL PROPERTY; UTAH; 'ATER; WATER (SUBSURFACE'; WAVE AMPLITUDE; WAVE FREQUENCY; WAVE SPECTRUM

AN - 252662 TI - PMOT! SENSING APPLICATIONS IN EyDRo-crEERMAL EXPLORATION OF THE NORTHERN BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE - AU - BODLER T W SO - CREGON STATE UNIV PH D THESIS, 235 PP. 197? 'AC' - 1978 IT - *BASIN AND RANGE PROVINCE; CALIECRNIA; DEFORMATION; DISPLACEMENT (GFOLOGY); ENERGY SOURCE ENGLISH; 'EXPLCRATICN; FAULT 'GZOLcGY); rAULTING; GEOLOGIC MAPPING; GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE; GEOLOGY; GEOLOGY (C' 'G!OP!YSICAL EXPLORATION; GEOTHERMAL ENERGY; GZCTEERMAL EXPLORATION; EIGH T!MP!RATURE;ECT WATER; LINEAMENT (GEOLOGY); MAPPIMG; pGN,; iowra; *RADAR; *REM0TE SENSING; ROOX DEFORMATION; 'sI: LOOK RADAR; 5PRING GEOLOGY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; *STRUCTURE MAPPING ''SYSTE (ASSEMBLAGE); TEMPERATURE; THERMAL SPRING; THESIS; TREND (GEOLOGY); *WESTERN US

AN - 3453? TI - CEOTHERTMAL ENERGY: ON THE WAY UP AU - :INTCUL B SO - PACIFIC OIL WORLD V 7, NO 3, PP 2-6, 1. MARCH 1977 F'! - 1977 IT - LAS!A; CALIFORNIA; CHANGE; CONSERVATION; CONVERSION; DEVELOPMENT DRILLING; DRILLING EQUIPMENT; DRILLING RIG; DRILLING (;!LL'; 'LC ipc'o, !L!CIC G:NERAT0R, EL:cTIC 'oESCVCT, :NEG ccE-sc ENERGY SOURCE; ENGLIsH; EXPLORATORY DRILLING; FUEL *G!OTHERMAL ENERGY; C!YSZRS AREA; *ECT WATER; IDAHO; I?ZRIAL VALLEY; MAP;'NATtRAL RESGURCE; NATURAL STEAM; NEVADA; NEWS; NCRTF AMERICA; 'PcwER; STZA; 'STEAM NELL; UNITED STATES; AT 'WATER VAPOR; WELL; WESTERN us; rORLD WIDE

AN - 224548 TI - UMMARY OF 1975 GEOTHERMAL DRILMNO WESTERN UNITED STATES AU - ATLICK J S SMITH J L SO - (IEOTHERMAL ENERGY V 4, MO 6, PP 28-31, JUNE 1976 FT - '.976 IT - ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA; DATA; DEVELOPMENT DRILLING; DISTANCE; DRILLING JATA DRILLING (WELL'; ECONOMIC EACTOR "FNERGY SOURCE; ENGLISH; '!XPLORATICN; ExPLORAToRDRILLING; FOOTAGE; GECPHTSICAL EXPLORATION; 'G!OTEIRMAL ENERGY;'GEOTHEPMAL EXPLORATION; 'GEYSER GRADIENT; HAWAII HOT WATER IDAHO; MAP; NATURAL RESCURCE; NEVADA; NEW MEXICD; NCP.TH ERICA; PACIFIC OCEAN; *PCWER; SEAS AND ccEANS; STATISTICS DATA); STEAM WELL; SUCCESS RATIO; TABLE (DATA); THERMAL GRADIENT; :UNIT!D STATES; UTAH; T!R dELL

fl4 AN - 213355 TI - ASSESSMENT OF CTHERMAL RESCURCES OF TEE UNITED STATES--1975 AU - W'IT! C 5 WILLIAMS C L SO - U S GEOL SURV CIRC NO 726. 15 PP. 1975 El - 1975 IT - ALAS!A; ALT FUELS + ENERGY SOURCZS APPROXIMATION ARIZONA; p; sisss OPERATION; CALCULATING; CALIFORNIA; cHANGE; cHAPAcTFRISTIc; CRP?.T; COLORADO; CGMPcSITICN; DATA; DEVELOPMENT; !ccxrFftcTcR; ENERGY; FNERGY SOURCE; ENGLISH; ENTHALPY; !VALt'ATICN; EXPLORATION; :c:oo1. STP.UCTL'RE; GEOLOGY; GEOPHYSICAL DACA; GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION; GECTHLRAL DTA; 'GECTHEPM.AL EN!RGY; GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATI o; GECTRERMAL ORACI INT; GEOTHERMAL FRCP!RTY; GRADIENT; GP.A?EICAL RIPR!SLNTATION; HAWAII; HEAT; HEAT CONVECTICN; HEAT RECOVERY; HEAT STORAGE; HEAT TRANSFER; ETATE; IDAHO; IGNEOUS ROCK; MAP; ATEEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATEZMATICS 'CNTANA; NATURAL RESOURCE; NEVADA; NEW MEXICO; NORTH AMERICA; :r; PHY!ICAL POP!RT, RECICTI3N, :s:-oIR, REs:;cr cAAc:RI:T c-:s:vo FLUID; RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE; aEVIEW DR SURVEY; acCi; SALT CONTENT; STATISTICS (DATA; STEA'; STEAM WELL; TAStE 'DATA; T!PEAITR!; TKFPAL GADI!NT; THERMAL PROPERTY; THERMODYNAMIC PRoPERTY; UNITED STATES; L'Tn; WASHINGTON;iAIR; *WATER VAPOR; WELL; WYOMING

AM - 213331 TI - CPLIFCRNIA SET FOR GEOTHERMAL SURGE AU - WILSON H SO - OIL GAS J V 73, NO 44, PP 32-34, 11/3/75 KY - 1975 / IT - ANOMALY; CALIFORNIA; CHARACTERISTIC; CONTRACT; DELAY; ECOLOGY + POLLUTION; IC FAc-T-O ELECTRIC POWER SOURCE; ENFRGY SOURCE; E1GLISE; EXPLORATICN; GEOLOGIC EXPLORATION; GEOPEYSICAL EXPLORATION; GEOTHERMAL ANOMALY; GEoTHEPAL !X?LCRATICN; GEOTHEAL GPAD'NT,GE'SES G DIENI', TD-D, TJ VLL!Y; LEGAL CONSIDERATION; LICENSE; NATURAL STEAM; NEVADA; w MEXICO; NEWs; NORTH AMERICA; oRKocL; PERMZBrLITY; ?EPLM!ASILITY 'ROCK'; PHYSCAL PROPERTY; POROSITY; PORCSITY (RCCK); POWER SLANT; RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC; ROCK PROPERTY;'SALTON SEA AREA; STEAM; THERMAL ANoL:Y; THERMAL GRADIENT; UNION OIL CO CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES; UTAH; WkSEINGTON; WATER VAPOR

AN - 232566 TI - GICTE!RMAL ACTIVITY IN 1974 AU -BCWENRG SO - O! PIN V 37, NO 1. PP 9-1, JAN 1;75 El - 1?75 IT - C?.EAGE; CALIFORNIA; CONTRACT; DISTRI3UTION; DRILLING 'WELL; DRY CLE; CcN.o1TC.. K?ToR; VNERGY SCURCE; iNOLISH; !XPLCRATION; *TPLORATO DILLING; GEOLOGY (C; *GECPHYSICAL EX?LOPATICN; CL ENERGY; *EOTHEML EXPLORATION;'LAND AND LEASING; LEASE; LEGAL CCNSICERATI;N; N.TURAL STEAM NEVADA; NORTH AM!RIA; C7!GCN; STEAM; UNITED STATES; UTAH; ATE VAPOR; WELL; ZSTFRN US

AN - 71525 TI - ENERGY AND POWER 0! GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES - RODVARSEON G SO - OR! PIN V 26, NO 7, PP 117-124, JULY 1966 KY - 1366 IT - CONVECTION CURRENT; CURRENT; DENSITY; CCNM!C FACTOR; ENERGY SOURCE; SNGLISE; EXPLORATION; GEOLOGY; GEOPHYSICAL EXPLcRATICN; 'GEcTHERMAL ENERGY; GECTHERMAL EXPLORATION; C1LND NATER; !L; IGNECUS ROK; lAVA; MEASURING; CR!GOL; PERNEAS1LITY; ?ER'EASILITY 'ROCK; PHYSICAL ROP!RTT; aoCx; ROCK DENSITY; ROCK PROPERTY; TESTING; VOLCMIC ROCK; 'i_ dATER (SUESORFACE'; *W!LL

fl5 TI - FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT CR TEE GEOTFERMAL LEASING PROGRAM - BOOT, US CCV PRINTING O!FIC!, ASEINGTCN. DC; V 1-i, APPROX 25ø P173 F! - 1974 IT - ACCIDENT; ACQUISITIGN; ADMINISTRATION; ALASKA; ANALYTICAL rZTCt; ANCMPLT; BUSINESS OPERATION; CALIFCENIA; CANADA; cHz'IcAL; COAL; COL GASIFICATIoN; CONSTRUCTION; CONTAMINATION; CONTRACT; CONTRcL; CC!PSICN PROCESS; CRL'E GIL; DATA; DATA ANALYSIS; *DATA P SZNTATION; DATA FP.GCESSING; DATA RZCO?.DING; DEVELOPMENT DRILLING; DISPCSAL; DRILLINC :OUIPM!NT; DRILLING RIG; DRILLING 'ELL); EARl AZ CCNCMC FACTCR; 1LFCTRIC GENERATOR; ELECTRIC POWER SOURCE; ELEMENT CEEICALTTiP.DY SOURCE; ENGLISH; 'ELVIRON CT ATEMENT; ENVIRCNM!N1 EVALUATION; EXPLORATION; EXPLORATORfDRILLING; FAULT (GZOLOGY; FAUNA; FZASIHLITY; GASIFICATION; GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE; GEOPHYSICAL DATA; GEOPHYSICAL XPL3RATION; GEOTHERMAL ANOMALY; GECTEERMAL DATA; GCTEERMAL ENY; GEOTHERMAL EXPLOPATIOM; GEYSER; GESEP.S AREA; GROUND WATER; HAZARD; IDAHO; IMPORT; INDUSTRIAL PLANT; LAND- AND LIASIND LEGAL CONS IDERATI3N LICENSE; MANAGEMENT; MERCURY; MINERAL; MONITCRING; MCNTANA; NATURAL EARTF ?EENCMENON NATURAL GAS; NTTJRAL RESOURCE; NEVADA; NEW MExIco; 'oisz; NORTH AMERICA; NUCLEAR POWER; Q1GcJ PETROLEUM; PIPELINE; PLANT (3CTANY); TTATIY CONTROL; RECCRDI'G; REpoRT; ROAD; SAFETY; SOIL TARTE); STEAM WELL; SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; SYSTEM 'ASSEMPLAGE); APLE 'DATA); TESTING; THFRMAL ANOMALY; TRANSPCRTATICN SYSTEM; UNITED STATES; "US DEPT INTERIOR; UTAH; VEGETATION; WASHINGTON; WASTE DISPOSAL; ?CLLUTIN-; WATER POWER; WATER SUPPLY; !Lt; WELL TESTING; WORLD WIDE

AN - 22?2 TI - GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF TEE KLAMATE FALLS AREA. OREGON A PRELIMINARY STUD! AU- GROE F A PETERSON N V SO - )RE BIN V 29, NO 11, PP 209-231, MCV 1967 FT - .968 IT - ANALYTICAL METHODCENOZOIC DATA; EARTH AGE; ENERGY SOURCE; ENGLIER; AULT (GEOLOGY); GEOLOGIC MAP; GECLOGIC STRUCTURE; GEOLCGY; 'G!CTHZRMAL :MTRGT; !LAMATE CC, ORE; ELAMATE PALLS AREA; MA?; NATURAL EARTH PHENOMENON; NATURAL STEAM; OREGON; PLEISTOCENE; PLICC!NE; POST 1)?OSITIONAL PROCESS; QUATERNART PERIOD; SILI:IFIcATIDN; SPRING GEOLOGY); STEAM; TABLE (DATA); TERTIARY PERIOD; TESTING; THERMAL SPRING; "VOLCANISM; WATER; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER VAPOR

AN - 79-02609 TI - AN INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO LAND TREATMENT D!SIG AU - lUST, WILLIAM OS - SHEAFEEP AND ROLAND 50 - PRESENTED AT t'SACE/!T AL LAND TREAMENT OF WASTEWATER INTL SYM, EINCVZR, .UG 20-25, 78, Vi, P89 (8)

AN - '9-00468 TI - 'OWARD SF! SCRUEPER-SLUDGE DISPOS.L AU - !LLISON, WILLIAM; AUFMANN, RONALD S. OS - T1S CORP SO - OW!R, JUL 78, V122, N7, P54 (4)

AN - 9-05424 TI - DROUGHT TO FLOOD-A SUDDEN MOISTURE REVERSAL IN CALIFORNIA AU- FRELTON, MARLYN L. OS - NtV OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS SO - EATE!RWIS!, JUN 78, V31, N3, P92, ()

AN - '8-05416 TI - !SCURCES AND NEEDS: ASSESSMENT OF THE WORLD WATER SITUATION SO - IAT!R SUPPLY & MNAGEMENT. 1977. Vi, N, P2'? (39

fl6 AN - 262340 TI - (R INJECTIVITY RESTORATION OFA HOT-BRINE GEOTHERMAL IJECTICN iELL AU - GALLUS J P; ES! P H P 0S (IZSN l4G21Z6) SO - J PETROL TECHNOL V 30, PP1225-1230,SEPT 1978 (S?E-E761 5RLA# 240,023 FT - 1979

AN - 260681 TI - GHCTE!HNAL DEVELOPMENT ANDTHESALTON SEA AU - GOLDSMITH M SO - ENERGY (OXFORD) V 1, NO 4, PP367-373, DEC 1976 'AC) FT - 1979

AM - 259223 TI - RETMOVAL OF BORON AND FLUORIDEFROM GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BY ADSORPTION AU - CR01 W SO - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA UNIV PH DTHESIS, 1978 (AC)

AN - 258870 TI - A TMETHOD OF AND APPARATUS ECHUTILISING ENERGY FROM SUBTERRANEAN GEOTHERMAL SOURCES AU - ATTR!1S H P SO - GR PRIT 1,519,565, C 8/2/78, F3/29/77 (PR U S 4/6/75, APPL 674,243'; SPERRY RAND CORP T -1979

AN - 257648 TI - FEMOVAL OF ARSENIC AND BORON FROM GEOTHERMAL PRINIS AU - CHRISTENSEN 0 C; MCNE!SE J A 50 - 2'D PURDUE UNIV IND WASTE CONE (LAFAtETTE, IND, 5/10-12/77' PROC PP 242-251, 1978 - 1978

AN - 249953 TI - C!OT!ERAL ENERGY AU - CXPURGH F SO - P00K PERGAMON PRESS INC, ELMSFORD, N T; PP 385-4Z3, 1975 'AD) FT - 1978

AN 247767 TI CV!RVIZW OF TEE DEOTEERMAL ENERGY !VELOPMENT PROGRAM AT TEE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY AU flJST!M A L SO CALIF UNIV, LIVERMORE, REP NO UCRL--79340, 45 PP, 4/2G/? AQ' F! :978

AN - 247370 TI - SOME GEOCHEMICAL PROELEMS IN TEE UTILIZATION OF GECTEERMAL WATERS AU - ELLIS A J SO - THERM & CEEM PROEL OF THERM WATERS SYMP (GRENOBLE. FR. 8/29/75) PROC PP 00-109, 1976 (AC) FT - :978

AN 247014 TI - TEE PRODUCTION CT WATER FRCM GEOTHERMAL R!SEP.VCIRS: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATICNS AU - VAUX H J JR SO - WATER RESOURCES PULL V 13, NO 3, P! 469-478. JUNE 17 'AC' VT - 19'E

117 AN - 24345 TI - SON'! GEOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS IN THE UTILIZATICN OF!OTE!RMAL WATERS AU - ELLIS A J SO - TRAL AND CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF THERMAL WATERS SYM? PROCPP 18-1ZG '8Q FT -1978

AN - 24g052 TI - SURFACE DISPOSAL CF GEOTHERMAL BRIMZS AU - MORRISON R SO - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY V 5, NO 8, PP 4-42, AUG 1977 FT -197?

TI - INJ!CTIVITT RZSTCRATION OF A HOT BRINE GEOTHERMAL INJECTION WELL AU - CALLUS J P; MESSER p H; PYF D s SO - 52N1' ANNU SPE OF AIME FALL TECH CONY PREPRINT NC SP!-6761, 7 P?, 197 FT -1977

AN - 238811 TI - GEOTHERMAL RESCU"RCES OF TEE TEXAS DULY COAST: ENVIRCNM!NTAL CCNCERNS ARISING FROM TEE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WATERS AU - CUSTAVSOM T C; !R!ITLHR C W SO - 2ND ERDA GEP!ESSURED CEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONY PROC V 5(PT 3, PP VP, 1976 (CONff-760222--P5) FT -1977

AN - 238003 TI - GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF TEE TEXAS GULF COAST-- ENVIRONMENTAL CCNCERNS ARISING FROM THE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WATERS AU- GtSTAVSON T C; KREITLER C W SO - BCC, HOUSTON GEOL SOC, HOUSTON; PP 297-335, 1977 FT - 1977

AN - 27323 TI - CFOTRERMAL RESOURCES OF TEE TEXAS GULF COAST-- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ARISING FROM TEE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WATES AU - GtSTAVSON T C; EITLER C W SO - TIXAS UNIV BUR ECON CEOL GEOL CIRC NO 76-7, 38 PP. 1976 FT - iS??

AN - 24536 TI - CCSTS OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT AU - L.HSCN T So - C]:OTHZRMAL ENERGY V 5, MO 3, PP 18-33, MARCH 1977 FT -19'??

AN - 2i095 TI - RYINJECTION OF GEOTHERMAL HOT WATER AT TEE OTA! GEOTHERMAL FIELD

AU - 5AEI ; UBOTA ! so (2D UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & US! OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYP PROC V 2, 'P? 1379-1383, 1976 FT - 177

AN - 2Z194 TI - DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WASTE WATER M REINJECTION AU - CUELLAR C; EINARSSCN S 3 VIDES H A SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE CF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC 2, PP 1349-1363, 1976 El - 197?

fl8 AN - 231.293 TI - GEOTHERMAL STEAM CONDENSATEREINJECTION AU - CEASTEEN A J SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP USE CF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 2, PP 1335-1336, 1976 FT - .977.

AN - 231275 TI - PEHAVIOP C! SILICA IN GECTEERMALAST! WATERS AU - CUELLAR 0 SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OFGEOTHERMAL RSOURCES SYMP PROC V 2, PP 1337-1347, 1976 FT - 1977

AN - 222013 TI - 'TDROLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSCCIATZD ITE DEVELOPING OFOTHEEMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS AU PEARL RE SO - GROUND WATER V 14, NO 3, PP 126-137,MAYJUNE 19' FT 1976

AN - 216936 TI - OEOTHERMAL ENERGY SYSTEM AND CONTCLAPPARATUS AU - MATTHEWS H B; NICECLS F SO - 7 S 3,910,050, C 10/7/75, F 7/12/74;SPERRY RAND CORP FT - 1976

AN - 210548 TI - TAPPING GEOTHERMAL FORMATIONS INL SALVADOR CALLS FOR INNOVATIONS AU - .JR!AIN C SO - OIL GAS J V 73, NO 34, PP 84-90, /25/75 El - 1975

AN 225584 TI ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON GEOTRERMAL DEVELOPMENT AU ROBINSON J SO 5TH ANNU SPE OF AIM! CALIF REG MIG PREPRINT NO SPE-5384. S PP,1575 El 1975

AN 190895 TI E?4VIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OP THE MULTIPURPOSE DEVELOPMENT CF GEOTHERMAl RESOURCES AU 'IILSON J S SO AICHE SYMP SEE NO 136, PP 782-787, 1974 (V 70) ('WATER--1373' FT 1974

AN - 154917 TI - WASTE DISPOSAL IN SALINE AQUIFERS AFFECTEDBY GEOTHERMAL H!ATNC AU - HENRY H R; KOHOUT F A - SO - AAPG & USGS UNDERGROUND WASTE MANAGE &ENVIRON IMPLICATICNS SYMP PA.' FT - 1971

AN - 222213 TI - HYDROLOGICAL PROBLEMSASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS IT - ALT FUELS ENERGY SOURCES; ANOMALY; ACUI!ER ACUIPER RECHARGE; CHAc-r; DEVELOPMENT; DISPOSAL; ZCCNCMIC FACTOR; *NERGY SCU?CE; ENGLISH; "F1 FLOW; GEOLOGIC STuCTtRE; 'O!OLOG!; GEOTHERMAL ANCMALY; 'CECTEERAL HMERG, GOUND_dE, '-EYDPOLOGI YDRoT:A JTD, 'GAL CONSIDERATION; NATURAL STEAM; .NORE AMERIcA; pcwER; ?!2EPoIR; R!SERvOrrID FLOW; STEAM; STEAM WELL; THERMAL ANOMALY; UNITED SlATES; WASTE MATERIAL; WASTE WATER; WATER; DISPOSAL; WATER VAPOR; W!L

119 AN - 25698 TI - ESTIMATE OF TEE LIFETIME OF THE WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD AU - ROBINSON .1L SO - NEW ZEAL J SCI V 20, NO 1, PP 27-29, MARCH 1977 (AG) El - 1979

AN - 259793 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF 0-IL RESERVOIR ACUIFERS (GEOTERMALNA ENERGIJAVODENOG ORUZEMJA NAFTNIE LE'ZISTA) AU - CUBRIC S SO - MAFTA (TUGO) V 29, NO 5, PP 240-248, MAT 1979 (IN.SERBOCROATIAN) (ISN 0027755X - 1979

TI - TEE EFFECT OF THE BROADLANDS GEOTHERMAL POWER SCHEME ON THE WAI!ATO RIVER AU - WILLIS D J $0 - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY V 6, NO 6, PP 25-34, JUNE 1979 (IS.SM 20935722) F! - 1979

AN - 25827 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGYRELATED PROBLEMS OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN POROUS MEDIA AU - RIBANDO R J / SO - CORNELL UNIV PH D THESIS, 179 PP. 1977 (AO) ET 1979

AN - 257710 TI - NUMERICAL MODELING OF LIQUID GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU SCREY ML SO - 13S !OL SURV PROF PAP NO 1044D, 32 PP, 1978 (ISSN 00960446) FT - 1G79

AN - 2!7507 TI - !XPLCRATION FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ON OAHU, HAWAII AU - FERUMOTO A B KELLER 0 v; SOUTO J SO - ADA046,954/40A, 41 PP, 11/i.0/77 (AG) El - 178

AN - 2E5153 TI - TP.! ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION 0! WATERS FROM THE EL TATIO GEOTHZRML FIELD, !JCRT!ERN CHILE AU - G]GGENBACH W F SO - Gi:OCEIM COSMOCHIM ACTA V 42, NO 7, PP 979-989, JULY 1979 - 1c78

AN - 247112 TI - 97RB-97SR STUDIES OF WATERS IN A GEOTHERMAL AREA: THE CANTAL, FRANCE AU - ALL!R! C J STETTLER A SO - EARTH PLANETARY SCI LETT V 38, NO 2, PP 364-372, 2/15/78 El - 1)78

AN - 26696 TI - EIVIRCNMENTAL ISOTOPIC STUDY OF TH CAMPI FLEGREI (NAPLES, ITALY GEOTHERMAL FIELD AU - CORTECCI 0; NOTO P; PANICHI C SO - .1 EYDROL V 36, NOS 1-2, PP 143-159, JAN 1978 IT - 1978

120 AN - 245631 - GOVERNING EQUATICNSICR GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS TI PRITCEETT J I AU - ERO'IN!LL D H JR;GARG S E SO - WATER P.ESOURCES RESV 13, NO 6, PP 929-934, DEC 1977 F! -978

245222 AN SYSTEMS AT THE INSTITUTE 01 NUCLEAR TI ISCTOP! WORE APPLIED TO GECTEEP.N1AL SCIENCES, NEW ZEALAND AU FULSTON J R SO GEOTH!RMICS V 5, NOS 1-4, PP 99-96, 1976 F! 1976

TI - STAPLE ISOTOPIC STUDIES 01 JAPANESE GEOTHERMALSYST!NS AU MATSUH!A 0; SAAI H SO - GFOTEZRMZCS V 5, NOS 1-4, PP 9'-124. 1976 - 1972

AN - 245219 TI - SECONDARY CHANGES IN TEE CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPICCOMPOSITION OF THE GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS IN LARDERELLO FIELD AU - CELATI R D'AMORE F;FERPLARA G C; PANICHI C SO - CEOTEERMICS V 5, NOS 1-4, PP 153-63, 1976 FT - 1978

AN - 245211 TI - GECTEIRMAL TRACING WITH ATMOSPHERICAND RADIOGENIC NOHLE GASES AU - rIZOR H SO - FOTEERMICS V 5, NOS 1-4, PP 21-35, 1976 F! -978

AN - 245209 TI - !EMICAL GEOTHERMOMETERS AND MIXI MODELS FOR GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU - 'OT3RNIER R 0 SO - EOTRERMICS V 5, NOS 1-4, PP 41-50, 1976 F! - 1978

AN 244121 TI ECEARG! OF WATER IN WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD DETERMINED FROM REP!T GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS AU HUNT TM SO NEW ZIAL S GlUt GEOPEYS V 20, MO 2, PP 303-17, 1977 FT 1976

AN - 236737 TI - EOEYDROLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GECTEERMAL POWER PRODUCTION--PEAS! SA AU - PROWN!LL D H JR GARG S E PRITCHETT J 'i; RICE L FRICE M H SO - SYSTEMS, SCIENCE & SOFTWARE REP NOSSS-R-77-2996, NSF/RA-70C17 186 PP SEPT 1976; PB-261.687/eoA (AC) F! - 1977

AN - 236707 TI - GEOH!DP.OLCGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OFGEOTHERMAL POWER PRODUCTION--PEAS! 1 SO - REP NO SSS-R-75-2733, NSF/RA/N-75/335, 100 PP.SEPT 1975; PP-261,6E.'CCA (AC) FT - 1977

121 AN - 2357 TI - AGNETOT!LLUF.IC STUDY OF TEESTILLAT!RSCDALAKES, NEVADA GEOTHERMAL AREA AU- ROS!NBnJM J o; STANLEY w D;'dAL H H so - r S GEOL SURV OPEN FILE REPNO 76-6, 86 PP.1976 AC FT - 9?7

AN - 235571 TI - (N SEALLOW-EOLZ TEMPERATUREEASUREM!NTS--ATEST STUDY ON THE SALTON SEA G!OEERMAL FIELD AU -LEE T C SO - CALIF UNIV. RIVERSIDE. REPNO IGPP-UCR-76-6,NSF/PA-760426, 40 PP. 1;7; PB-262,543/OGA (AO) El - 1977

AN - 235773 TI - ON SHALLOW-HOLE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS--A TEST STUDY IN TEE SALTON SEA GEOTHERMAL FIELD AU -LEFT C SO - GEOPHYSICS V 42, NO 3, PP 572-593, APRIL 1977 FT -1977 / AN - 235735 TI - UM!PICAL MODELLING OF TEE WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR AU - FOP.NZ H N; O'SULLIVAN M J SQ - 47TE ANNU SPE OF AIME CALIF PIG MTG PREPRINT NO SPE-6535, 8 EP, 1977 El - 1977

AN - 235731 TI - LABORATORY STUDIES OF FLUID PRODUCTION FROM ARTIFICIALLY FRACTURED OZOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS AU - :UNSP!DT A; KRUGER 9 LONDON A L SO - '.7TH ANNU SPE OF AIME CALIF PIG MTG PRE?RINT NO SP!-553, 12 PP. 1977 El - i.977

AN - 235730 TI - SCTCPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR STUDIES AU - FRYE 0 A; TRUESDELL A H 50 - 47TH ANNU 5?! OF AIME CALIF PIG MTC PREPRINT NO SPE-6533. 8 P9, 1977 FT -

AN - 235127 TI - SELECTED DATA ON WATER WELLS, GEOTEIRMAL WELLS, AND OIL TESTS IN IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA AU - FRENCH J J; EARDT W I SO - U S GEOL SURV OPEN FILE REP 251 PP. JULY 1976 (AO) IT - 1977

AN - 232918 TI - ;EVIEW OF GEOTHERMALSUBSIDENCE AU - FAIR J A HENDERSON FB III; PHILLIPS SL; SCHWARTZ S H SO - CALIF UNIV, BERKELEY,REP NO LBL--2220,45 9?, SEPT 1975 'AO) El -L9"7

AN - 232895 TI - A PRELIMINARY ANALYSISOF TEE ENERCY ANDWATER REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING GEOTHE?MALENERGY IN ARiZONA AU - GERLACH T M NORTON 0L SO - ARIZONA STATE FUEL ENERGY OFFICE ET ALWATER REQUIREMENTS FOR LCWR COLORADO RIVER BASINENERGY El - 197? 122 AN - 232957 TI - GEOLOCY AND GEOPHYSICS OP TEE CESANO GEOTEE?AL FIELD

AU - PLDI ; CAMELI Ci; LOCARDI E; MOUTON J; SCANDELLARI F SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS D!VZLOP USE 01 GEOTHERMAL RESOT.PCZS SThP PROC V2, PP 871EEl, 1976 - 1977

AN 230945 TI A CRITIOUF OF GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATICN TECHNIQUES AU 11!IDAV T SO 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMALRESOURCES SY.MP ?PCC V2, PP 1143-1154, 1976 1977

AN - 230920 TI - CALCULAIION OFDEEPTEMPERATURES IN GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS FROM TEE CHEMISTRY OF BOILING SPRING WATERS OF MIXED ORIGIN AU - ZOURNIER H 0 THUESDELL A H SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES 5Th? PROC 7 1, PP 837-844, 1976 FT 1977

AN - 232919 ( TI - .EVIEWOF EYDHCGEOCHEMISTRY OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS-- PROSPECTING, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE AU- 1EON A J SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, ?F 775-783, 1976 FT - 1977

AN - 230915 TI - TEP GZCCEMISTRY 0! TEE EL TATIG GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NORTH!HN CHILE AU - t'SICANQUI H; ELLIS A J; MAHON W A J SO - :2ND UNITED NATIONS EVELCP & USE or GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES 5Th? PROC \ 1, ?P 723-711, 1976 FT - 1977

AN - 232913 TI - COOPERATIVE GEOCHEMICAL RESOURCE ASESSMENT OF THE MESA GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM AU - 0?LEN T B SO - DALI! UNIV. RIVERSIDE, REP NO IGP?UCR-76-1, 118 PP, MARCH 1976; PP-257,225/3GA (AO) FT - 1977

AN 230882 TI YDROLOCICAL BALANCE OF LARDERELLO GEOTHERMAL REGICN AU P!TRACCO C; SQUARCI P SO 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V1, PP 521-530. 1976 PT 1977

AN - R30980 TI - ;EOTE!PMAL RESEARCH IN 'dESERN CAMANIA (SOUTHERN ITALY): DZCLOGICIL AND GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS AU - CPMELI C M PUXEDDU M; RENDINA M; OSSI A; SCUARCI P SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE o:' GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES 5Th? PRCC V 1, PP 315-328. 1976 FT - 1977

123 TI - G!OLCICAL SETTING AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF TEE PARBATI VALLEY GEOTHERMAL FIELD, INDIA AU - CRATURVEDI L N SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP USE OF GEOTHEP.MAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 329-33E, 1976 - 1977

AN 230872 TI - SPECIAL ASPECTSOFCENOZOICHISTORY 01 SOUTHERN IDAHO AND THEIR GEOTHERMALIMPLICATIONS AU WAP.NERMM SO - 2ND UNITEDNATIONSDEVELOP& USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 653-63,1976 FT 1977

AN - 23086'7 TI - GEOTHERMALFIELDSIN ZONESOF RECENT VOLCANISM AU- HEAL! J SO - 2ND UNITEDNATIONSDEVELOP& USE OF GECTEEP.MAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1. PP 415-422,1976 FT - 1977

AN - 23866 TI - STRUCTURAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE PERMEABILITIES OF SOME HOTWATER GEOTF.ERMAL FIELDS AU - BROWN! P R L; GRINDLEY 0 W SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 377-386, 1976 ET - 1977

AN - 230865 TI - SUMMARY OF SECTION 2: GEOLOT, HTDaOLOGY, AND GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU - MUFFLER L J P SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SY'? PROC V 1, PP XLVLII, 1976 - 1977

AN - 2328e0 TI - HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GEOTHERMAL FIELD OF AHUACHAPAN, EL SALVADOR AU - CUELLAR G; GEEZZI G; JIM!NEZ M; ROMAGN'OLI P SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESCURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 563-574, 1976 FT

AM - 20853 TI - HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND MASS TRANSFER IN TEE DISCHARGE PORTION OF THE DtNES GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM, IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA, USA

AU - BIRD D ; ELDERS W A SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1. PP 285-295, 1976 FT - 177

AN - 238847 TI - MOVEMENT CF G!OTH!RTMAL FLUIDS AND r!TM?ERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CERRO PRIETO GEOTHERMAL FIELD, PAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO AU - M!RCADO 0 S SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE 0? GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 1, PP 487-494, 1976 F! 1977

124 AN - 232379 TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU - FAUST C R; .MERCER J SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 3, PP 1635-1641, 1976 FT -1977

AN 232378 TI THE EFFECT OF STEADY IITHTRAWAL OF FLUID IN CONFINED GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS AU CHENG 7; LAU K H SO 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 3 PP 1591-1595, 1976 1977

AN - 230365 TI - P.NALYSIS OF WATER LEVELS AND RESERVOIR PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN OTHERMAL WELLS AU - C!LATI R; SQUARCI P; STEFANI G C; TAFFI L SO - 2ND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOP & USE CF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES SYMP PROC V 3, PP 1583-1592, 1976 - 1977 / AN - 230360 TI - OBSERVATIONS OF TEE EFFECT OF A THREE-YEAR SHUTDOWN AT PROADLANDS EOTEFPMAL FIELD. NEW ZEALAND AU - BIXLEY P F; HITC}COCK G W SO - 2ND UNITER NATIONS DEVZLCP & US! 07 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES 5Th? PROC T 3 PP 1657-1661, 1976 FT - 1977

AN - 225660 TI - SOME PROBLEMS INVOLVED WITH SAMPLING GEOTHERMAL SOURCES AU - PURTYMUM W D STOKER A K SO - LOS ALANOS SCI LAB REP NO LA-UR--7-2335, 31 PP. 1975 (AG) FT - 1976

AN - 225212 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. VOL. 2. MAY 175-APRIL 1976 (CITATIONS PROM TE NTIS DATA BASE) AU - SMITH M SO -. NTIS/PS-76/0463/OGA. 195 7?. JUNE 976 (AG) FT - 1976

AN - 224546 TI - WATER REQUIRED TO DEVELOP GECTHERM.'LL ENERGY AU - DOREMAM NIH SO - J AMER WATER WORKS ASS V 68, MO 7, PP 372-375, JULY 1975 FT - j975

AN - 23335 TI - NT!RACTIONS BETWEEN THE STEAM RESERVOIR AND SURRCUNDIND ACUIFERS I. THE LARDERELLO GEOTHERMAL FIELD

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AN - 222455 - GEOCHEMISTRY OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM PROSPECTING AU -OGAA SO - PUTSURI-TAKO V 29, NO 1, PP 72-62. 1976 (IN JAPANESE) F! - 1976

125 AN - 222295 TI - SO! BICLCGICAL IMPACTS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT BY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEV!LCPFP4T AU - TATZ M SO - U S ENVIRON PROTECT AGENCY ENVIRON ASPECTS CF CHEM US! IN 1ELLURILLING OPR C" PROC PP 473-4E6, El 1976

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AN - 220902 TI - A SUBSURFACE STUDY OF THE MESA GEOTHERMAL ANOMALY, IP!RIAL VALLEY, CALIF. AU - LAC H T SO - REP NO CUNER-75-5 NS!/RA/N-75/126, 67PP, 5/5/75; PB-247,0E2/IGA AC FT 1976 / AN - 21E444 TI - MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD APPLIED TO GEOTHERMAL PROSPECTING AU - CORMY G SO - PPOC SOUTH EAST ASIA PETROL EXPLOR 3CC V 2. PP 160-162, OCT 175 FT - 1976

AN - 219265 TI - GFCTH!RMAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE U.3. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN LONG VALLEY. CALIFORNIA, 1972-1973 AL' - MUFFLER L J P; WILLIAMS D L SO - J GEOPHYS RES V 91, NO 5, PP 721-724, 2/10/76 FT 1976

AN - 215376 TI - GZC!ERMAL RILLOLES: CHEMICAL INI!STIGATIONS AU - ELLIS A J SO - U N NEW SOURCES CF ENERGY CONE PROC V 2, PP 209-218, 1964

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AN - 2 4143 TI - MiNERAL CONTENT OF SELECTED GEOTE!RAL WATERS AU - MILES M J SANDERS 3 SO - U S BUREAU MINES REP NO BUMINESOFR-14-75, 43 PP. MAY 1974; P!-240,419/2GA FT - 1'75

126 AN - 211126 TI - OXYGEN AND HTDOGEN ISOTOPE STUDIES 01 TEE LARDERELLO ITALY GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM

AU - CELATI ; NaTO P; PANIcHI C; SQuARCI ; TAFFI L; TONGIORGI I SO - PODK, INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. VIENNA; V 2, PP 3-28, 1974 FT - 1975

AN - 200356 TI - TEE CALCULATION OF AQUIFER CHEMISTRY IN HOTWATER GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU - SINGERS W' TRUESDELL A H SO - J RES US GEOL SURV V 2. NO 3. PP 271-278, MAYJUNE 1974 FT - 1975

AN - 220345 TI - PONNEVILLE SALT ThATS--A POSSIBLE GEOTHERMAL AREA AU - PETERSEN C A; IHELAN J A SO - UTAHEOL V 1, NO 1, PP 71-82, FALL 1974 FT - 1975

AN - 199751 TI - STUDY OF HEAT CONDUCTION MODELS 01 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS AU - MENG C T; SEAW P T SO - GEOTHERMICS SPEC ISSUE 2 V2, PT 2. PP 1270-1274, 1970 'Y 1975

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AN - 199563 TI - GECTE!RAL PRCSP!CTS IN NEW MEXICO AU - SUMMERS W F SO - OFOTEERMICS SPEC ISSUE 2 V 2, PT 2, PP 1009-1014. 1970 - 1975

AN - 199537 TI - THE GEOTEERAL SYSTEM CF THE HAKONE VOLCANO AU - RIRANO T; OI T SO - G!GTRMICS SPEC ISSUE 2 V 2. PT 2, PP 1157-1165, 172

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AN - 129536 TI - F!PLOITATICM 0! TEE MATEUKAWA GEOTHERMAL AREA AU - TMCRI Y SO - GZOTE!RMICS SPEC ISSUE 2 V 2, PT 2. PP 1150-1156. 1970 - 1675

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127 AN - 1911 TI - EOCH!MICAL NIETECDS IN EOTEIRMAL EXPLORATION AU - SIGVALDASON E & CUI.T ORGAN, PARIS PP 49-59. 1973 ElSO -174 BOOK, UN EDUC Sd

AN - 193411 TI - GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONS, I'.PERIAL VALLrr. CALIFORNIA: SPECIAL REPORT TEST WELL MESA 6-1. SO - W74-5139, 44 PB, FEB 1973 El 1974

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P4 - 183907 TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES AU WHITED! SO - POCK, STANFORD UNIV PRESS, STANFORD, CALIF pp esst, 1973 El - 1974

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AN - 183925 TI - WORLDWIDE STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AU - !O!NIG J P SO - TOOK, STANFORD UNIV PRESS. STANFORD, CALIF; ?P 15-58, 1973 - 1974

TI - GEOTHERMAL EMERGY--RESOURCIS, PROIUCTION, STIMULATION AU - !RTGER P; OTT! C SO - BOOK, STANFORD UNIV. PRESS, STANFOFD, CALIF360 PB, 1973 FT 1974

AN - :83837 TI - TIMULATION OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS AU- IWING A H SO - !OOI, STANFORD UNIV PRESS. STAN1CD, CALIF; PP 217-222, 1973 El 1974

AN - :83722 TI - !XPLORATIONS FOR GEOTHERMAL RESCU:CES AU - COMBS J; MUFFLER L J P SO - IOOK, STANFORD UNIV PRESS, STANFOkD, CALIF; PP 95-128, 1973 El - :974

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128 AM - 173826 TI - ABNORMAL PRESSURES AND POTENTIAL C .'TEERMALRESOURCES IN TE RIO GRAND! EMPAYMENT OF TEXAS AU - WALLACE R B JR SO - 2ND LSU ABNORMAL SUBSURFACE PRESSURESIM? PP_CC PP 87-116, 1970 FT - 173

AN - 165781 TI - DISTORTION OF TEE CEOTEERMALFIELD IN AQUIFERS BY PUMPING AU - SCENEIDER R SO - U S G!CL STJRV PROF PAP NO 900-C,PP C27-C272, 1972 FT - 1972

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AN - 156255 TI - PTDRODTNAMIC CCNTROL OF OILAND GAS ACCUMULATION AS INDICATED BY G!OTH!?.MAL, GZOCEMICAL ANDHYDROLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AU - M!INEOLD S SO STE WORLD PETROL CONOR PROCV 2, PP 55-66, 1971 - 972

AN - 142747 TI - OISE MEASURE!NTS IN A GEOTHERMAL AREA AU - POUZE F J; COFORTE T; SORRELLS o SO - 7TH ANNU GEOL SOC AMER CORDILLERAN SECT MUG PRCGRAM V 3. NO 2. PP :24-125, FEB 1971 FT -

AM - 42745 TI - :ECTETRMAL INVESTIGATIONS IN TEZ IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA AU - COMBS J REX R W SO - 67TH ANNU OFOL SOC AMER CORDILLERA' SECT MTC PROGRAM V 3, NO 2. .21-102, FEB 1971 FT - 1991

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129 AN - 11739 TI - GECELECTRICAL EXPLORATION OF A GEOTHERMAL AREA IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AU - MEIDAV T SO - 50TH ANNU AGU MTG 4/21-25/69 TRANS PAPER NO 7108 ET - 1969

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AN - 98000 TI - G!OTH!P.MAL BRINES AU - PERRY F A F SO - 1966 WESTERN RESOURCES CONY 7/5-7/66 PROC PP 155-169, 1967 lET -1968

AN - 89909 TI - GROUNDWATER FLOW AND GEOTHERMAL REGIME OF FLORIDA PLATEAU AU !OHOUT F SO - 1TH ANN GCAGS-SZPM GULF COAST SECT-AAPG REG JOINT MTG10/25-27/67 PAPER - 1957

AM - E!5252 TI - '.H! SALTON_MEXICALI GEOTHERMAL PROVINCE AU - OlENIG B SO - MINERAL INFORM SZRV V 20, NO 7, PP 75-81, JULY 1967 :.967

AM - EU7S8 TI - TRATIGRAPHY OF PRODUCING GEOTHERMAL FIELCE AU - PAYNE M B SO - 52ND ANN AAPG MTG 4/10-1/67 PAPER PT - 1967

AN - "9954 TI - GEOTHERMAL CONDITIONS AND THERMAL ATERS OF CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA AU - HR!!TOV A I SO - AAD NAUK SSSR, NAUCH SOVIT EOTERM tEStED 110 YP, 1955 IN RUSSIAN) El -1967

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AN - 'p1241 TI - 3t7PERR!ATZD STEAM AND MINERAL-ATEL INTERACTIONS IN GEOTERMAL AREAE AU - CRAIG H SC - 47TH ANN AGU MTG PAPER NO 7-37 El - 1966

U. -

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67338 AN WATER RELATED TO GEOTHERMAL TI A E!POTEESIS CONCERNING CYCLIC ILOi OP SALT E!ATING IN THE FLORIDAN AQUIFER AU KOECUT F A SO TANS NT ACAD 5Cr SER 2, V 26, NO 2, PP 249-271, DEC1965 FT 1966

AN - 64968 TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON NEW MEXICCS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES AU - SUMMERS V K SO - N MEX PUR MINES MINERAL RESOURCES CIRC NO 63. 42 PP. 165 FT - 1966

AN - 57287 TI - GEOTEERMAL SURVEYS IN SEDIMENTARYROCKS NEAR GRANTS AND LACUNA, NEW MEXICO AU -ETERLY P E SO - !OPETSICS V 32, NO 3, PP 396-422, JUNE 1965 FT - .965

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AN 75-07984 TI - ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF LEDAL CONSTRAINTS ON GRCUND-WATEP. RESOURCE D!VEL0PN!NT IN IDAHO AL' - RALSTON, DALE R. ORANT, DOIJOLAS L.; SCHATZ,H. LEE;OOLDMAN, DENNIS OS IDAHO BUREAU CF MINESS. GEOLOGY SO - NTIS REPORT P-238 347, NOl 74 122)

AN - 75-g7263 TI - LAND DISPOSAL CFWASTEWATER WIT!!PAY IRRIGATION BYSMALL IC!IGAN MUNICIPALITIES: ARICL'LTURAL, INSTI2UTIONAL, AND FINANCIAL CHARACTER 1ST ICS AU - LEWIS, D.G.; LIBFY, L.'I.; CONNER. L.J. DEESCE. L OS MICHIGAN STAT! UNIV SO - NTIS REPCRT PB-238 364, OCT 74 (111)

AN - 75-4622 TI - HYDROLCOY, AT!R MAIAG NT AND PRC3UCTIVITY AU - PETERSON, DEAN F. OS - UTAH STATE UNIV SO - PRESENTEDAT ALAS 1!ETIMG, NEW YORE CITY, JAN26-31 75 47

AN - 73-5573 TI - SYST!1S APPROACHTO WATER OVALITY MANAGEMENT AU D!NDY, BILL B. ORLOB, GERALD T. SO - J HYDRAULIC DIV1ASCE) APR 73 799 N4 P573(15) / AN 73-02298 TI - WATER RESCURCESIN TEE NORTHERN SA!RA SO - NATURE AND RESOURCES(UNESCO) JUL-SP 7278 N3 PG (S)

AN -J9-22346 TI - GETT1NG INTO HOT WATER: THE USE OF EJECT HEAT IN AUACULTtRI AU- NIEVES. LESLIE; WELLS, !VIN OS - BATTELL! PACIFIC NORTEWEST LABS, WAH SO - COMMERCIAL FISH FARMER, JAN 79, 15. N2, P12 (4)

AN - -0233 TI SULFUR EMISSIONCONTROL FOR DETHE?JIAL POW!! PLANTS AU- VELKER, JOHN A, AXTANN,ROBERT C. (S - PICZTCN UNIV SC J ENV SCIENCE ETALTE-ENV SCIENCE; ENGINEERING, 1978. 713, NH, ?Z! (11)

TI - ABSTRACTS OFPAPERS SO - ASSN FOR. ARID LANDS STUIES 1ST ANNUAL CONI PRCCE!DINGS. TEXAS. APR 27-29, 78 (20

AN - 78-01930 TI - DISTILLATION I AU - NISHIMOTO,i.; BARAK, A.Z.; AWERBUCT, L.; HOROWITZ, P.R.; NORIN. O.J.; TOYAMA, S.; KIRCHNER, 3.!. OS - ISRIKAWAJI'A-EARIMA ELkVY tNDUST!I!'. CO, JAPAN SO - DESALINATION, DEC 77, 122, N1-3, P1 '11)

AM , 73-4314 TI - us;s REQUESTS MORE THAN 156 MILLION 1N1974 BUDGET SO - USD1 NEWSRELEASE JAN 73 (4)

132 - 73-aZ84 TI - CTERAL RESOURCES AS A SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY AU 0. BRIEM. JAMES J. SO - AW'A J NOV 72 VL4 Nil P694 (7)

AN - 7l-3444 "I - G!OTHERAL RESCTJRCES GATHER A HEAD OF STEAM SO - ENGRG NEWS MAY 6, 1971 V1E6 N1 P32 (4)

AN - 79-02609 TI - AN INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO LAND TREATMENTDESIGN DT - RESEARCH REPORT CC - SOLID WASTE IT - WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, LAND 'WAST!WAT!R MANAGEMENT; CHIcAGO; FLOOD CONTROL; WATER SUPPLY WATER QUALITY STANDARDS; IRRIGATION; STORM RUCFF; W)TER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT; ECONOMICS. ENV-WATER; CAPITAL cOSTS; GROUNDWATER; RECREATION, OUTDOOR; EPA CONY PAPER

AN - 7-22572 TI - A REVIEW OF TEE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GROUND DISPOSAL OFOIL SHALE WASTES DT - LITERATURE REVEIW CC - SOLID WASTE IT - *OIL SHALE MINING; WAST!WAT!R DISPOSAL, LAND; !NV IMPACT ESSMTi SP!NT SHALE; RETORTING; OILY WASTES; GROUNDWATER; N CONSTRAINTS-CIL SHALE

AM - 7-02524 TI - STREAMYLCY AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS DT - SPECIAL REPORT CC - RENEWABLE RESCURCES-WATER IT - 'YLOW MEASUREMENT; *SURFACE WATERS GREAT LA!iS; GREAT SALT LAY; DISSOLVED SOtIDS WATER TEMPE:ATUR!; RZSERVCIRS; RIVERS; MONITORING. ENT-WATER; AREA CoMPARIcNS; CANADA

AN - 79-01955 TI - EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEOENCES CF GROUMDAT!R CONT..MINATI)N: C?TAINING CONTAMINANT ARRIVAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR STEADY YLC IN HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS DI - RESEARCH REPORT CC - WATER POLLUTION IT - GROUMDWAT!R; *WATER QUALITY STANDADS; DIFUSION; FLOW MZASURZMENT MKT!!ATODZLS-WATER; DRAINAGE; IVERS

AN - 79-01957 TI - EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSZQ?ENCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMIMAT!')N CTA!NING AND UTILIZING CONTAMINANT ARRIVAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN TRANSI!:T ILCW SYSTEMS DI - RESEARCH REPORT CC - WftTER POLLUTION IT - UNDWATER; *WATER QUALITY STANDA1DS; DIFFUSION; MATHEMATIC MODEL -WATER; RIVERS; WATER WELLS; INJECTION; !LCW MEASUREMENT

133 TI - THE ESSENTIAL ROt! 01 ISOTOPES IN STUDIES OP WATER RESOURCES 50 IAEA B, FEB 77, 119, Ni, P9 (12) AT - MICROFICHE Al. FROM !IC DT - F!TURE ARTICLE CC - R!NEIaBLE RESOURCES-WATER IT - *RADIOISOTOPIC TRAcERS; *SURFACE WATERS; *N' HYDROLOGY; FLOW MEAsUREMENT; AQUIFERS; LATIN AMERICA; AFRIcA; WATER SAMPLING; U N INTL ATOM ENERGY AGENcY; LA!S; IRMAL ENERGY '' ION AB - ISOTOPES TECHNIQUES HAVE COME TO PL.. MA OR POLE QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVELY ASSESSING WATER RESOURCES. IN STUDIES OF SURFACE WATERS, ISOTOPES AR! USED TO M!ASL! RUNOFF FROM RAIN AND SNOW, FLOW RATES OF STREAMS, tilES PROM LAKES AND RESERVOIRS, AND DYNAMICS OF WATER EODIES. STUDIES OF GROUNDWATER RESCURCIS ARE VIRTUALLY UNTRINEAPLE WITHOUT ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. IAEA PROVIDES NATIONS WITH ASSISTANCE IN HYDRCLCGICAL APPLICATIONS. FIELD STUDIES IN LATIN AMERICA1 AFRICA, AND IN SEVERAL NATIONS IN OTHER REGIONS ARE DESCRIBED. (7 PHOTOS)

- DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT: GEOTHERMAL PROSPECTING PERMIT! W9369, W 9539, '1 9592 SO - ALIFORNIA STATE LANDS COMMISSION REPORT !IR-211, UNDATED t'37 Al - ICROFICE! Al. FROM EIC DT - SPECIAL REPORT CC - ENERGY IT - IMPACT STAMNT; OTHERMERMA LEASING; 'CALIFORNIA; IOTEE ERG ; GEOTHERMAL DRILLING; DESERT PLANTS; DESERT WILDLIFE; GROUNDWATER; WATER ANALYSIS; HYDROLOGY; GEOLOGY; NOISELEVELS; COUNTIES; !ISMOLOGY - THE CALIFORNIA STATE LANDS DIV. HAS RECEIVED APPLICATIONS PROM TEE CETTY )IL CO. AND THE MANAGLMENT ENGINEERING CORP. FOR PERMITS TOPROSPECT FOP. 'EOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE RANDSBURG AREA OP WESTERNSAN BERNARDIN OUNTY. THE CCNPANI!S HAVE PROPOSED USING SURFACE EXPLORATORYM.!THOS TO rEST TEE SUITABILITY OF TEE AREA FOR GEOTHERMAL EX?LCITATIOM.IF TEST ISULTS WERE AFFIRMATIVE, THREE EXPLORATORY WELLS WOULDTEEN SE DRILLED 111TE A SINGLE RIG. THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE REGION IS TYPICALOF THE OCAL REGIONAL DESERT AREA. NO CULTURAL OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCESARE DOWN O EXIST AROUND TEE SITE. THE ONLY ADVERSE IMPACTS FROMTHE PRCJECT WCCLD 3E A TEMPORARY LOSS OP ABOUT SIX ACRES OF LAND, THE REMOVAL CFVEG!ATICN DURING ROAD AND DRILL PAD CONSTRUCTION, AND AIR EMISSIONSFROM WELL !STING, DRILLING, AND VEHICLES. AT TEE CCNCLUSION OP DRILLING,PADS AND ROADS WILL B! RESEEDED WITH NATIVE VEGETATION IF THE PROJECT IS UNSUCCESSFUL. (3 DIAGRAMS, 3 GRAPES, 2 TABLES)

AN - TI - THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES TOGETHER WIT! CONV!MTIOAL METHODS IN REGIONAL GROUNDWATER STiDIES AU - SIOBJARNARSON, GUTTOR1UR; TFEODORSON, PALL; ARNASON, BRAGI OS - UNIV OP ICELAND SO - WORDIC HYDROLOGY, 1976, 77, N2, P9. (14) DT - TECHNICAL REPORT CC - RENEWABLE RESOURCES-WATER IT - 1OUNDWATER; *DEUTFRIUM *TRITIUM; DRAINAGE; GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES; RADIOISOfC TRACERS; Lt!!S; ICELAND; VOLCAN0!1LLZCTRICPOWER; GEoLOGY; RiD ; RIVER BASINS AP - REGIONAL ROLOGICAL INV!STIGATIOS AND GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF TEE UBSUR1ACE71TN THE NEOVOLCLNIC AREA AROUND LAHE THCRISVATNCN THE (INT?.AL ICELANDIC PLATEAU HAVE BE!CARRIED OUT. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTCPES D!UTERIUM AND TRITIUM) PROVED DECiSIVE IN FINDING TEE GROUNDWATER FLOW ?ATTERN, IN SEPARATING TEE DIFFERET GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS. AND IN !XPLAINING LOCAL DEVIATIONS AS SARi IEB! AND PERCHED AQUIFERS. THE REGIONAL GROUNDWATER FLOW DEPENDS CML! SLIGHTLY ON THE TOPOGRAPHY, PUT }IIGELY ON THE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AS IT IS LOCATED UNDER MOUNTAIN RANGES AND UNDER THE TUNGNAA RIVER. (2 GRAPHS, 4 MAPS, 15 REFERENCES)

134 AN - 75-g7692 TI - GECLCGY OF GEOTHERMAL TEST HOLE GT-2 FENTON HILL SITE, JULY1974 AU - PURTYMUN, W.D.; WEST, E.G.; PETTITT, R.A. OS - LOS ALArOS SCIENTIFIC LAB SO - NTIS REPORT LA-5760-MS, NOV 74 (17 AV - MICROFICHE AV. FROM HIC DT - SPECIAL REPORT CC - ENERGY IT - * ALNE!GY GEOLOGY NEW MEXICO AB - TH TEST HOLE GT-2, DRILLED AT THEENTON HILL SITE, N. MEX., WAS COMPLETED AT 6346 FT BELOW LAND SURFACE. TEE HOLE WAS DRILLED THROUGH A SURFACE LAYER OF CENOZOIC VOLCANICS 450 FT DEEP, AND TEEN IT FENETRATE 1945 FT 0! SEDIMENTS OP PERMIAN AND PENNSYLVANIAN AGE AND 3951 FT OF GRANITE ROCKS OF PRECAMBRIAN AGE. THE FIELD GEOLCOIC LOG OF THE HOLE AND HYDROLOGIC DATA COMPILED DURING THE DRILLING ARE PRESENTED.

AN - 74-00403 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY-RESOURCE TECENOIOG SO - REPORT fiST COMM SCIENCE ASTRNAUTICS SEP13, 73 (22) AV - MICROFICHE AV. FROM EIC CC - ENERGY IT - *GFOTEERMAL ENERGY; HYDRoLoGY; U S DEPT INTERIOR

AN - 73-11067 TI - DRY GEOTHERMAL WELLS, PROMISING EXP!RI-MENTAL RESULTS SO - SCIENCE OCT 5, 73 V102 N4107 P43 (2) CC - ENERGY IT - *GHOTEERMAL ENERGY; ECONOMIC ENV; MONTANA; PERMEABILITY HYDROLOGY

AN - 72-02148 TI - CHMISTR! 01 BROADLANDS GEOTHERMAL LREANEW ZEALAND AU - FINLAYSON. JAMES B. MAHON, WILLIAM A.J. SO - AM?R JOURN SCIENCE JAN 71 V272 Ml P8 (21) AV - MIROFICHZ AV. FROM TIC CC - EM!RGY IT - *QZPJAL ENERGY; *ETDROL0GY;*LI'EoLOGT; *N!Y ZEALAND

TI - EN7IRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL WASTE WATER ON THE NEAR-BY RIVER SYSTEM AU - NAAHARA, H.; YANOURA. M.; MURAKAM: .Y. OS - TOY9 METROPOLITAN UNIV, JAPAN SO -J 4s cYTICA AHDMIS(rT, 1G7X. R45, Mi, 21 (!0) DT RESEARCH REPORT CC - WAlER POLLUTION IT - *RIVERS; *WATER POLLUTION EFFECTS; G1OTHERMAL POWBR PLAITS; AST!WA!H OUTFALLS; JAPAN; GEOTHERMAL 7-QWATER; WATER ANALYSIS; TRACE EL!ENTS; ACTIVATICN . .515, NEUTHON; SEDIMENT; GEOTHERMAL WELLS; GEOTHERMAL ENERGY-STEAM AB - GECTFERMAL POWER FACILITIES IN SOUTIERN JAPAN RAVE SEEN DISCHARGING G!DTEERMAL WASTEWATER INTO A NEARBY RIVER SYSTEM. ORDINARY CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF THE RIVER'S CHEMICAL C!RACTERISTICS INDICATE THAT SERIOUS EFFECTS SALINITY AND TRACE MEAL PRESENCE) OF PAST HIGH DISCHARGE RATES CAN STILL BE DETECTED, PTICULARLY IN RIVER SEDIMENTS. CR::MIOAL POLLUTION HAS BEEN GREATLY ALLEVIATED SINCE REINJECTION PRGCEDRZS WERE BEGUN; THE CURRENT DISNARGE RATE OF 90 TON/HR OF GEOTHERMAL HOT WATER DOES NCT SEEM TO CAUSE SERZOUS' PRDBLEMS. ARSENIC AND CESIUM ARE TH BEST CHEMICAL SPECIES TO TRACE EE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL WASEWATER DISCHARGE USING NEUTBON ACIVATION ANA.LYSIS. (3 GRAPHS, 1 M.P, 5 REFERENCES, 7 TABLES)

'35 AP - 78-2'?22 TI - REMOVING H2S FROf' GEOTHERMAL STEAM AU COTJRY, G.E.; VORUM, M. OS COURY AND ASSOC, COLO SO - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SEP 77, V73, N9, P93 (6 AV - MICROFICHE AV. FROM ZIC DI - TECHNICAL FEATURE CC - AIR POLLUTION IT - *HYDROGEM SULFIDE; *G!OTEERMAL EN'I..-.W.A.ZZ1 WASTEWATER DIS AL ENV-AIR; . CCI OUIDS P HYDROGEN ION CON EN COOLING TOWERS; SCRUBBERS, WIT; SULFUR COMPOUNDS - ETDROGEN SULFIDE GAS IS A MAJOR SOURCE 0? AIR POLLUTION RELATED TO THE UTILIZATICN OF GEOTHERMAL STEAM TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. IN THE PROCESS DESCRIBED, THE H25 IS ABSORBED IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF COPPER SALTS BY PRECIPITATING COPPER SULFIDES. SINCE GEOTHERMAL INSTALLATIONS AR! PLCZD IN REMOTE LOCATIONS, DISPOSAL OF WASTE WATER. CAN E A SERIOUS PROBL!1. IT Mp BE NECESSARY TO DIS?CSE 01 COOLING TOWER PLOIDOWN BY INJECTION INTO DEl'? WELLS TO A COOL UNDERGROUND FOMATIOM. THE E2S REMOVAL TZCEMIU IS DESIGNED TO USE PART OF THE COOLING TOWER PLOWDOWN STREAM AS MAKEUP WATER, SO AS TO DISSOLVE TEE AMMONEUM SALTS FOR DISPOSAL. A SINGLE GENERATING PLANT WITH A CAPACITY 0? 52MW IS ANALYZED. E25 ABSCRPTICN, REGENERATION, NEUTRALIZATION OF ACflS PRODUCED, AND DESIGN CRITERIA ARE EXAMINED. THE ECGOMICS OF TEE REMOVAL TECHNIQUE DESCRIBED APPEAR COMPARABLE TO TEE RELATIVE COST OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SYSTEMS FOR FOSSIL FUEL-FIRED BOILERS. (1 DIAGRAM, 3 GRAPES, 6 REFERENES< TABTZSI

AN - 79-01581 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OP C!OPR!SSUR!D WATERS AND THEIR PROJECTED USFS AU - WILSON, J.S.; HAMILTON, j.a.; MANNING, J.A.; MUZELBZRG. P.!. OS - DOW CH!MCIAL CO, TEX SO - NTIS REPORT P3-268 289, APR 77 (99) AT - MICROFICHE AT. FROM EIC DI - SPECIAL REPORT CC E!RGY IT - *C.!OTEERMAL ENERGY-CEO BRINE; *ENV CONSTRAINTS-GIOTEERMAL ENERGY; SALTWATER INTRUSION; WASTEWATER DISPOSAL; LOUISIANA; TeXAS; LAND SUBSIDENCE - A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ALTERNATIVE E!RGY FOR THE U.S. IS RELIEVED TO EXIST IN THE DEEP GEOPPESSURED RESERVOIRS FOUND IN TEE TEXAS AND LOUISIANA GULF COAST SEDIMENTARY BASINS. TEE POTE'TIAL USES OF THE GEOPRESSURED GTOTH!RMAL RESOURCE AND TEE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THOSE USES ARE EXAMINED. ECONOMICS OF PCWER PRODUCTION ARE ESTIMATED AS AN AID TO ASSIGNMENT OF PRIORITY RD IN TEE AREA. PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS O ANY OF THE PROPOSED USES WILL RSSULT FROM TEE WASTE FLUID STREAMS AND :OM POSSIBLE SUSIDlNCZ OF THE IEt PIED. DISPOSAL OP THIS LARI CLt'ME O SALINE FLUID WiLL HEQtTIR! REINJICTION, CANALING TO A SALINE W?TF BODY, OR SOME MORE IMAGINATIVE METHOD. TEE AREA IS ONE CF NATURAL StBSIDENCZ THAT MAT BE ACCELERATED BY DEEP FLUID WITHDRAWAL.

P1 - TI - TE EFFECT OF THE BROADLANDS GEOTHERMAL POWER SCHEME ON THE 'IAI!ATQ RIVER AU - WILLIS, D.J. OS - NEW ZEALAND ELECTRICITY DEPT SO - GBOTEERMAL ENERGY, JUN 78, V6, N6, P25 (1Z) AT - MICROFICHE AV. EPOM !IC DI - TECHNICAL REPORT CC - WATER POLLUTION IT - *PIVZRS; *N!U ZEALAND; *GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS; *WAT!R POLLUTION EFFECTS; YAST!WAT!R ANALYSIS; WASTATER DISPOSAL; CHEMICAL TREATMET; TEIRMAL PLUMES-WATER; WATER TEMPERATURE; BORON; ARSENIC; AMMONIA; CCOLING IC WE R S - IF! BROADLANDS GEOTHERMAL POWER SCHEME DEVELOPED BY THE NEW ZEALAND ElECTRICITY DEPT. MAY RELEASE CECTEERMAL WASTES IN THE FORM OF AMMONIA, ASSENIC, PORON, AND OTHER CHEMICALS, AND HEAT. RELEASE OF WASTES INTO THE NEARBY WAIKATO RIVER WOULD RESULT IN UNACCEPTABLE RIVER T!MPERATL.! ICREASZS, FURTHER EUTROPHICATION CF TEE HYDRO LAKES IN THE RIVER SYSTEM, A?D SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN lATER QUALITY 0? TEE RIVER. DISPOSAL AlTERNATIVES THAT WOULD VIRTUALLY LIMINATE HEATING AND POLLUTION OF RIVER WATER INCLUDE COOLING TOWERS 0R CONDENSER COOLING, AND DISPOSAL CF TEF HOT BORE WATER BY INJECTION. THESE PREVENTIVE MEASURES AR! CERTAIN TO B? ADOPTED IN TEE POWER SCHEME. (1 DIAGRAM, 1 MAP, 6 REFERENCES. 1 TABLE)

136 AN - 77-06171 TI - GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OP THE TEXAS GULF COAST: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ARISING FROM THE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WATERS AU - GT3STAVSON, THCMAS C.; KREITLER, CHARLES W. SO - UNIV OF TEXAS BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY REPORT 76-7, 176 (G9) AV - MICROFICHE AV. FROM EIC - SPECIAL REPORT CC - WaTZ POLLUTION IT - *r!XAs; GEOTE!RMAL ENERGYGEO BRINE; *WASTEWATZR DISPOSAL; P-L PtLUTICN SU_jTLiIS; BcaoN; SALINIT'r; RESERVOIRS; URBANRURAL COMPARISONS; NATURAL DISASTERS A? - DISPOSAL AND TEMPORARY SURFACE STORAGE OF SPENT GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS AND SURFACE SUBSIDENCE AND FAULTING ARE TEE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS TEAT COULD ARISE FROM GEOPRESSURED GEOTHERMAL 'dATER PRODUCTION. G!OPRYSS'JRED GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS ARE MODERATELY TO HIGHLY SALINE AND MAY CONTAIN A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF BORON. DEPOSIT OF HOT SALINE GEOTEZRAL 'dATER IN SUBSURFACE SALINE AQUIFERS WILL PRESENT TEE LEAST ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS MEANS CF DISPOSAL. IT IS NOT KNOWN, ECWEVER. WHETHER TEE DISPOSAL OF AS MUCH AS 54,0Z CU M/DAY OP SPENT FLUIDS INTO SALINE AQUIFERS AT TEE PRODUCTION SITE IS TECHNICALLY OR ECONOMICALLY FEASIELE. OVERLAND FLCW CR TEMPORARY STORAGE OF GEOTHERTMAL FLUIDS MAY CAUSE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .AS TEE RESULT OF PRODUCTICN CF LARGE VOLUMES CF GEOTHEPMAL FLUID, RESERVOIR PRESSURE DECLINES MAY CAUSE COMPACTION OF SEDIMENTS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO TEE RESERVOIR. TEE AMOUNT O COMPACTION DEPENDS ON PRESSURE DECLINE, RESERVOIR THICINISS, AND RESERVOIR COMPRESSIBILITY. TEE MAGNITUDE OF ENVIRCNMENTAL IMPACT OF SUBSIDENCE AND FAULT ACTIVATION VARIES WITH CURRENT LAND USE. TEE GREATEST IMPACT WOULD OCCUR IN URBAN AREAS, WHEREAS RELATIVELY MINOR IMPACTS WOULD OCCUR IN RURAL, UNDEVELOPED AGRICULTURAL AREAS. GECTEERMAL RiSCURCE PRODUCTION FACILITIES ON TEE GULF COAST OF TEXAS COULD BE SJBJECT TO A SERIES OF NATURAL HAZARDS: HURRICANE OR STCRMINDUC!D FLOODING WINDS FROM TROPICAL STORMS, COASTAL EROSION. OR EXPANSIVE SCILS. ('3 DIAGRAMS, 2 GRAPES, 17 MAPS. 60 REFERENCES, 7 TABLES)

AN - 7'Ø5393 TI - TIE ROAR FROM AN EMERGING RESOURCE AU - AMSTRONG, ELLIS L. SO - RECLAMATION ERA AUG 1971 V57 N3 P1 (7) AV - M:CROFICEE AV. FROM ZIC CC - ENERGY IT - *rLECTRIC POw; *EN!P.GY PLANNING; *GEOTEERMAL ENERGY; SIC ;i; 1:LECTRIc cc; *WASTIWATER DISPOSAL

kN - 79-02691 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL lAST! WATER ON TEE NEARBY RIVER SYSTEM AU - NAKAHARA, H.; YANOURA, M.; MURAKAMI, Y. - TCYO MZIOPOLITAN UNIV. JAPAN SO - J RADIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 1979, V45, Mi. P25 (ii)

AN - 76-02509 TI - PRACTICAL GEOTHERMAL PUMPINGSTATION SO COMBUSTION, MAY 75, V46, Nil,P24 (4) AV - MICROFICHE AV. FROM HIC DT - TECHNICAL FEATURE CC - ENERGY IT - *TIaAT. NERGYP WATR;GEOTHERMAL WELLS AB - HOT WATER GEOTHERMAL DEPOSITSAR! ON' OF THE WORLD'S MAJOR UNTAPPED !NRGT SOURCES. THE EXTREMELY CORRCStVE DEPOSITS ARE LOCATED AT D!PTYOF PROM 1000-9000 IT, AND UNTILMOW EAV BEENKCONSIDERED UNEXPLOITABLE DITE TO A LACK C! SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY.EO't!V!R, TEE SPERRY HAND CCRP. HAS INVENTED A UNIQUE DOWNWELL PUMPING YSTZM TC TAP THESE RESOURCES AND HAS RECEIVED A $3e,00Z NSF GRANTTO EEL? BUILD AND INSTALL THE SYSTEM AT A GEOTHERMAL SITE BY MID-1975.(6 DIAG]AMS)

137 AN - 79-254 TI - EAST MESA G!OTEZRNL TEST SITE

AU - FERNELIUS. WAYNE A.; ZULCHER, MA.TIN . CS - USBR, NEV SO - J !NV !NIN!RIN DIV-LSCE. FI 7. V.25, '41, P13 (2C

AN. - 79-e0999 TI - EFFECTS OF EOTHERMAL ENERGY DEV!LCP!ENT ON FISH AND WILD1FZ AU - SUTER, GLENN 1. OS - ORNL So - US FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE REPORT FWS/QS-7/2ø.6, OCT 79 '22

AN - 79-32213 TI - PALANCING ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT AU - !LLICSON. PHYLLIS L. BREWER. SAtI'4DRA; KNIGHT, KATHLEEN SO - RAND REPORT 2274-DC!, JUN 79 (12

AN - ?7-0é212 -

TI - THE PRODUCTION 07 WATER FRCM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS: SCM! ECONOMIC - CCNSID?RATICNS AU - VAt'!, Ed. OS - UNIv 01 CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE 1 SO - WATER RESOURCES P, JUN 77, 713, M3. P469 (12) /

AN - '7-ø5368 TI - 11!TILLATICN AND FREEZING AU - HOOPER. A.r.; JACKSON, E.B.; S!PE7ON, E.E.; KLEIN, o.; MEJOP.ADA, JS.: CILL!R. 0.?.; POARI, G. SO - DESALINATION, OCT 76, 719, N1-3, 1241 '139)

AN - TI - UMMARY APPRAISALS OF THE NATION'S GROUND-WATER R!SOURCES-TEXAS-GUL :EGION AU - A!R, E.T.; WALL, J.R. SO - 1150$ PROFESSIONAL PAPER 913-F. 1G"6 (33)

AN - P9-ø2ø8 TI - !N!R0Y FROM TEE WEST: A PROGRESS REPORT OF A TECHNCLCGT ASSESSMENT)1 WESTERN ENERGY RESOURCE D!V!LO?MET: VOL.I SUMMARY SO - tNT!RAG!NCY !N!R0!-ENV R&D ?ROGRAsI REPORT EPA-600/7-77-072A, JUL 77 (133)

A4 - '79-øE92 TI - !NERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND NATURAL E'1VIRONM!MTS: TEE SEARCH FOR OMPATIBILITT AU - RT!, JOHN; JASEBY, ALAN OS - S UWEENC! ETREIL!! LA!, CALIF SO - ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY, 1979, 73, P121 (46)

AN - '9-30205 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF G!OPR!SR!D WATERS AND THEIR PROJECTED USES

AU - IILSON, j.S.; HAMILTON, J.R. MANN: , J.A.; U!ELBER0, P.E, OS - DO'' CHEMICAL CC, TEl SO - NTIS REPORT P3-268 289, APR 77 (9)

AN - 78-geEeO TI - ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY AREAS TO BE DEVELOPED AU - ZZN!!, STEVEN 9. OS - EPA SO - ?P.!S!NTED AT IES 24TH ANNUAL TECHNICAL MEETING, FORT WORTH, APR 16-ø, e, P1 (7)

138 AN - 78-06553 TI - INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE WESTERN U.S. AU - PLOT!IN, STEVEN !. OS EPA SO - PRESENTED AT EPA ENERrY/ENV II CONE. WASH DC, JUN 6-7, 77. P227 6)

AN - 79-01680 TI AM ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW OF .EOTEEP.MAL RESCURCES DEVELOPMENT AU TARLOC!, A. DAN; WALLER, RICHARD L. OS INDIANA UNIV SO - lAND & WATER LAW REVIEW, 1977, V1, Ni, P289 (36)

AN Y7-0485 TI MFTHODOLCGY AND CRITERIA FOR SITING ENERGY PLANTS IN IDAHO AU i!RNtC, C .C. SO - tNIV OF IDAHO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST REPCRT A-048IDA. OCT76 (61)

AN - 7a182 TI - PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF GEOTHERMAL EMISSICNS ON THE TEMPERATUREAND RELATIVE HUMIDITY I THE IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA AU KELLY, ROPERT H. OS tS LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LAP SO C.EOTH!RMAL ENERGY, JAN 77, Ni. P18 (5) /

AN - G7-05597 TI N!RGY USE AND CLIMATE: POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF USING SOLAR ENERGY INSTFD OF STORED ENERGY AU G-REEL!Y, RICHARD J. OS NITRE CORP. VA SO - NTIS REPORT P5-245 203, APR 75 (47)

AN - 77-04420 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR THE ECT DRY ROCK G!OTEER'AL ENERGY I'EVILOPMENT PROJECT ANNUAL REPORT FOR TEE PERIOD JULY 1975JUNE 1976 AU !TTITT, ROLAND A. SO US LOS ALAMCS SCIENTIFIC LASTATUS REPORT LA504SR. SEP 76 (95

AN 77-02311 TI B!R!!LET'S COURSE ON !MVIRCMMEMTAL ASSESSMENT AU NCCOLL, JOHN G. NICHOLAS, TAWNA OS UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, PZRELEY SO !NV EDUCATION, WINTER 7, V, P42. P52 (0)

AN 7700443 TI ?IPLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED REPORTS AD ONGOING STUDIES RELATING TO WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SO WESTERN STATES WATER COUNCIL REPORT, APR 76, (54)

AN "6-07135 TI - ?ERSPECTIVES ON TEE ENVIRONMENT: EERGY SO E0 6TH ANNUAL REPORT. DEC 75, P10 (29)

AN "6-06139 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OP THERMAL DiSCHARGES ON SlOTh AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, PART II AU - ILSEN, G.; ROSS, D.E. MCMAEON, JW.; SCHNEIDER. M.J. ZNTRY, J.S.; COUTANT, c.c.; PROCK, T.D. OS WRW!GIAN INST FOR WATER RESZAPH SO PRESENTED AT IA!A CONP ON ENV EF!ET3 OF COOLING SYSTEMS AT NUCLEAR PCWER PLANTS, OSLO, AUG 26-30, 74, P499 138)

139 AN - 76-04e32 TI - EPA RESEARCE IN !YERGING POWER TECHNOLOGY AU - RTLEY, ROBERT p.; ROSTIAN, HARRY !. Os EPA INDUSTRIAL ENV RESEARCH LAB, CINCINNATI SO - PRESENTED AT EPA NATL CONE ON HEALTH, ENV EFFECTS, c CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 7 ENERGY USE, WASH DC, FEB 9-11, 76, (5)

API "6-04111 TI - GEOTHERMAL SO - PRESENTED AT AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY CONE ON ENV ASPECTS OF PIONCONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES, DENVER, FEB 29-MAR 3, 76, P35 (9)

AN - 76-04129 TI - OIL SHALE AND ADVANCED RECOVERY SO - PRESENTED AT AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOGIETY CONE ON ENV ASPECTS OF NO'ICONVENTICNAL ENERGY SOURCES. DENVER, FEB 29-MAR 3, 76, P6 '3)

AN - 76-01833 TI - ENVIPONMENTAL REPORT DEEP GEOTHERMAL TEST WELLS I TEE RAFT RIVER VALLEY AU - SPENCER. S.. OS - A!OJ!T NUCLEAP. CO, IDA SO - NTIS REPORT ANCR-1234, JAN 75 33)

AN - 75-01359 TI - THE IMPACT 0! ENERGY DEV!LCPENT CN WATER RESOURCES IN ARID LANDS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AU - BOWD!N, CHARLES 0! - UNIV OP ARIZONA SO - NTIS REPORT PB-240 009, JAN 75 (2e8)

API - 75-05753 TI - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OP A G!CTEERMAL POWER PLANT AU - AXTMANN, ROPERT C. OS - PRINCETON UNIV SO - SCIENCE, MAR 7, 75, V18?, N4179, P795 (9) .,,. ? urn 1 UI' / JITI'

AN - 75-0435 TI - A'JALYST ARNS CF POLLUTION FROM GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS AU - SULLIVAN, WALTER SO - NEW YORE TIMES, MAR 1, 75, P23

AN - 74-01307 TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY COMES CLEAN SO - CE!MICALWEE DEC 19, 73 V113 N23 P37 (1)

AN - 74-00263 TI - GEOTHERMAL OPERATING EXPERIENCE AT GEYSERS POWER PLANT AU - NATTEEW, PAUL SO - 3 POWER DIV-ASCZ NOV 73 V99 N2 P329 (12)

AN - '?3-06907 TI - GEOTHERMAL MERCURY POLLUTION IN NBW ZEALAND - !ISSBERG, P.G.; ZOBEL, .G.R. SO - !NV CONTAM TOX MAR 73 V9 N3 Pi4E (8)

AM - V2-0e290 TI - G!OTEEP.VAL ASPECT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSALINTO SUBSURFACE AU - UTTI, IRSEAD R. SO - ftMER GEOPHYS MEET S P DEC 6-9, 71 19)

140 TI - SOME ECONOMIC FACTO?. Cl GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AU - E!BE, DAVID H.

SC - 'IN!S MAGAZItE JUL i.72 762 N? P15 (

AN - 72-33? TI - CECT ?MAL-ARTHSPRIMORDIAL ERG! AU - P0i!N, RICHARD G.;DROE, EDWARD A. SO - TECHNOLOGY aEVIEcOCT-NOV 171 774 NiP42 (7

AN - TI - TAT TEE?.! MAY BER-O-O-i IC! ALL OURPUBLIC LANDS FALL 19i 721 N 22 (2)W AU - YCAUM. JIM SO - THAT THERE MAY B!R-O-O-M !C?. ALL 0T1RPUBLIC LANDS FALL 1971 721 M4 ?22 (2)

AN - 71-05331 TI - P!NE!ICIAL USES CF TE!RTMAL DISHAR'JES AU - DIAMOND, HENRY L. 50 - CATALYST ENVIRON QUALITY WINTER 1971 Vi N4 P17(3)

- 71-23720 TI - GEOTHERMAL STATICNS HAVE POLLUTION PROBLEMS. TOO AU - AP.D!N, TOM; EENE, JENNESS 7 SO - PO4!?. MA! 1'71 7115 N5 P96 (1

AN - 71-02242 TI - PEACE CORPS STARTS !COLOOY P?OGRAN SO - ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION, 72, N14, NOV 29, 1970, P12

AN - 237303 TI - GBOTE!RAL RESOURCES CF TEE TEXASGULF COAST-- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ARISING FROM THE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMALWAT!P.S AU - GUSTAVSON T C; KR!ITLER C W SO - TEXAS UNIV EU?. ECON GEOL GEOLCIRC NO 76-7, 39 PP. 1976 !Y -197?

AN - 213593 TI - IF! CHALLENGE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AU - EUWADA J; RAM!! H J JR SO - U S NAT 501 FOUND PUBLICATION NO75-6, (NS!/RA/N-73207) FT - 1c75

AN - 237303 TI - GTCTE!PLMAL RESOURCES OF THE TEXAS GULF COAST-- !N7I?CNM!NTAL CCNCR.S ARISING FROM TEE PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF GEOTHERMAL WATERS IT - ACUIFER; BRINE; COMPOSITION; DEFORMATON; DISPOSAL; *ECCLCGY; ECOLOGY POLLUTION; !NEROY SOURCE; ENGLISH; ENVIRON IMPACT STATEMENT; !7IRONMENT; GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE;'GECTHI?.MAL ENERGY; GULF COAST; '(LR; IMPACT;NORTHAMERICA; CV!RPRISSTJR!D RESERVOIR; ?OWER; REFOPT; RSERVOIR; ROC DEFORMATION; SALT CONTENT; SUESIDENC!; TEXAS; UNIIED SAT!S; WATER; WATER DISPOSAL; WESTERN US

- 213593 TI - TEE CHALLENGE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IT - ALT FUELS - ENERGY SOURCES; AQUIFER; BUSINESS OPERATION; CFANGE; DIVELOPTMEN", 1IO\OMIC 'C'O, -EL:C"-IC pci:, :\E-Gco:-STcN, tNEPGY SOURCE; ENGLISH; !NVIRCN i'?ACT STATEMENT; GEOLOGIC STRUCTU?.! !OT!VL EM!G,NAI'TJRA :soucJT "cE L4NT, RtS!ARCE; RESERVOIR;RESERVOIRP!RZD!VANC!;VOLCANO

141 VII.2.4. Environmental Periodicals Bibliography, Environmental Studies Institute, Santa Barbara. Caflfornia

8 5224 Prairhole drilling an increase rcdutivity

Prestwich, S. M.; Miller, L. . World Oil, 1978 VOL. 15?. NO. 7 Decernber, p. 69

wcphase flcw in gecpressured geothernal- wells Oarg, S. L Pritc}ett, J. W, Erergy Cenversior.. 1978 VOL. 15, NO. 1, p. 45

!cenric analysis cf heat transmission from lcw temperature gectheral sources let, Eerbert E. !rergy Ccnverslcn, 1979 VCL. iS, NO. 1, p. 17

721 1'9 Nftltielerrent Xay Flucrescence Analysis of Natural waters by Ti: a ?recccer.traticr. Technique withIon Exchar.ge Resins

igarte, G. E.; Cesareo, . Water, Air, and Scil Pollution, 1978 VOL. 9, 'O. 1 CJanuary, p. 99 ( 7l93E8 Laufaction Analysts of Eortzcntally Layered Sars habcusi, Jamshid tkmen, 5. 'Jmtt Jcurnal of the Gectechnical !ngt:eertng Division (Prcceedt:gs of ASCE), 1979 VOL. i4, NC. T3 (March), p. 341

7e98 nerry Prcducticrt in Ect Water Chem.stry, 1978 VCL. El, NC. 1 (January/february), p. 25

72gs:s A Vtmv of Iceland Ccck, C. Sharp Sc1uce and Pi.ibltc Aufa1ra/Bul1eti cf the Atcmtc !ctentzts, 178 VOL. 34, NC. 3 (March), p. 34

416544 Practical ecthermal Pumpt:g System Ccmb'istion, 1975 VOL. 46, NO. it (May), p. 24

427148 Inve3trrent i! a !thicplan valley Walker, P. C. Te ecraphical Magazine, 1974 VOL XLVI, O. 12 '5eptember, p. 714

4032"2 Reclamation's fecther!ral stcry Sue'rotc, Susu".i; 7errelius,ayne Reclamation Zra, 194 VOL. 4, NO. 2 Smring), p. S

142 Probie's Peneath the Surfac9 csa1c 1974 VOL. 5, 'C. 2 (SPrtrg), p. 2'7

3153E1 Vertical TwoPhase Stearrdater Flow in Geother!nal e1ls Gould. Tho'ras I.. Journal of Petrclein" Tech:clogy, 1974 VOL. XXVI August. p. EZ3

31366 Gectberrral Resources: A Primer for the Practittcner Land and'ater Division

Vcrcester, Thecdcre . Schlauch, Paul J. Land and water Law RevIew, 1974 VOL. IX, O. 2, p. Z27

6 6719 Thermal Convection in a Cavernous AquIfer Ru.bin, Rillel /

/ Water Resources Research, 1977 VOL. 13, O. 1 February , p. 34

5204'? 3 On the Status of Research Leading toward Volcano Energy Utilization Fururotc, Augustine S. Yuhara, czc Critical Reviews in Evironrnental Control, 1976 VOL. 6. C. 4, p. 371

143 144 APPENDIX r

OREGON'S GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW WORKSHOP WATER QUALIT( SESSION RECORD

Contribution to: "Proceedings, Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview Workshop" Water Quality Session Record, edited by Larry S. Slotta, Oregon State University, Corvallis, for the Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, and Proceedings of the workshop held in Portland, Oregon March 28-29, 1979.. OREGONt S GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW WORKSHOP WATER QUALITY SESSION RECORD

March 28-29, 1979 Portland, Oregon

Larry S. Slotta Professor of CivU Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon

Prepared for Oregon Graduate Center Beaverton, Oregon OREGON' S GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW WORKSHOP WATER QUALtTY SESSIONRECORD

March 28-29, 1979 Portland, Oregon

Reporter: Larry S. Slotta

ABST RACT

The purpose of this section is to relatethe key water quality issues related to thidevelopment of geothermal energy in the Stateof Oregon as discussed at the March 28-29, 1979 Oregon GeothermalEnvironmental Over- view Workshop. This brief report lists the workshopparticipantst views of the current water quality data base forseveral potential geothermal areas in Oregon. Regional site developments for geothermal power are presently hindered for lack of a resource and anenvironmental data base. A format for collecting sources of availatleenvironmental data is listed for encouragiig exchange of field information.

INTRODUCT ION

Water quility issues were discussed in sessionsof the March 28-29 1979 Oregon Gotherma1 Environmental Overviewworkshop. These concerns were prioriti:ed for regionalknown geothrmal resource areas (KGRA) under consideration for development within the state. The geothermal resource and ater resource (.environmental and waterquality) informatin bases were noted to be lacking for proper assessmentof geothermal potei- tials and impicts.

Leo Deffrding, Project Manager of BttellePacific Northwest Laboa- tories, made i major presentation, in the introductorysession, which altered the wDrkshop participants to the key potential waterquality issues surrouiding geothermal development;. Defferding's presentation is appended. Interactions among the natural systems that affect surface and sub.- surface water quality and the physical components withina typical geothermal plant are schematically shown in the systems analysis chart of Figure 1. (Figure 1 was abstracted from the Draft Proceedings of the LLL/GRIPS Geysers-Calistoga KGRA Water Quality Workshop, Jan. 1978, edited by K. Nmentcl.) The issues and concerns discussed in the water quality sessions at the March 28-29, 1979. Portland geothermal workshop pivoted about the interactions noted in Figure 1hut with site specific considerations. Sites included: Kianiath Falls; O-e-Ida Development and Vale in the Western Snake River Plain; Mt. Hood in thrHigh Cascades; McCredie, Belnap, Austin Hot Springs and Breitenbush in the Western Cascades; Alvord in the Southern Basin and Range; and LaGrande. The attributes of Lakeview are considered similar to Kiamath Falls and the attributes of Burns to be like those of Alvord. Figure 2 illustrates the regional KGRA (Known Geothermal Resource Areas) of Oreaon.

PRIMAR'( ISSUES

A tabul.ation Qf primary issues associated with regional geothermal development in Oregon is given in Table 1as generated in the workshop discussion sessions. Concerns (ranked as high, medium, low or chronic) included: H hot water disposal into surface waters with resulting thermal degredation H drawdown and degredation of ground water and hot springs

H. potential negative reinjection aspects affecting intermediate ground water zones H chemical degredation of surface water H degredation of surface watrs from construction related (roads, clearcuts, buildinç pads, etc.) erosion and sedi- mentati on

H land settlement, subsidence and landslides L-M degredation of surface waters from well drilling, and testing activities

L accidental releases associ.ted with blowouts

C cooling tower plume releases of trace metals that ultimately could become bio-accumulated

C ecosystem damage

2 GEOTWATER IERI QUALITY MODEL I IIPACTS I I Ca,irai V4PtV?7zd/ I F- - - -- 7 I Aimo.sewaz -jj Thwr r(FALLaX) jj t ill 25 6O1 ______7 fS7H I ----).- 'I-1iTW.(L4'f () ,t'es. R2/7L7Z4c77A/ 47i6iviawiW tW ,'. I Irt7&J 6cjws??u. '.17R4'w t I 'L...... i-.. 4 -1 [1t t &Ag Hgure 1. Water Quality systems Moael of Geothermal Impacts. K.D.WATERAbstracted QUALITY from WORKSHOP DRAFT PROCEEDINGS, JAN 1978Plunentel (ED.) ILL/GRIPS GEYSERS-CALISTOGA KGRA ti 'ii I .':ijI"i.PiA..' 'rj. (' .t I.'' ',. ,.'-, _..l .. ' . .r /.,ort1anà.'.o. -. :; ;_i( . -/ ,, S I I : '-- \t) - /-J .'I() - .- '1 -1$TERN SNAKE L!. -),\:.l' )I ' i 4. r9I_,If. //,1 c' PLAIN ;.!!'JIIt .'t!JbMl dJ ,øL;1 ;' .' Ek.Vae .1.? 'I'1 r- - .. ;iI("r_ I 1 (/,/:(_ :,.r'.:,:A. 1-/, ... ' .' IRO . . 2 lv .; .-'..:q ..i.i: I"( ur. :T /. '.-: -' i .p,l,jjl'j. ,(.- A - A1\ -4. -1 Figure 2. Known Geotherrnal Resource Areas (.KGRA) of Oregon. T31Z 1 iATER QUALITY ISSUES AND CONCERNS OREGON GEOTHERMAL ORKSNOP 197

ISSUES GENERAL KLAMATH ORE-IDA VALE HIGH WEST ALVORD LA GRANDE' CASCADES CASCADES LCONC!RNS

OT WATER N H H H H N DISPOSAL TO SURFACE WATERS

RUNOFF Surface later Oeoreation b L M M LM H N Efluerc Con- depends on (1) taminants ter quality

Orilling& L-M L L L M LM H L N Testing rjnof hot power (1) water

Erosion and H L L L M L-M 4 N steep slopes erosive soils Land slides and H L L L N L-M H L Subsidence

CID'(TAL L LI.. ML-+L. ML-L t. L il.. SPILLS 3lowout pri.. Possible In- ventive tech- terceotionof niques avail, gas. 3oron able tostae release on where acci. agriculture. dental spills will be raned as low concirn

GROUND- WATER H M-H N L M-H M-H N H 8000 DAltON HOTS?RtG5 &RESOURCE DE5RE- H H L H 4 M (2 DAltON Deep-L.M Oeeo-L-M Shalow-èi-HShallow- EIN.JEC- lION N N-H I.. H N-H M-L EFFECTS (3)

COOLING TOWER C C C C C DR [FT C C

KEY: H-HIGH Footnotes: (11Cul:e probie.iatic due to inherant hignater N-MELUM uaHt.Currentyf icwotentiadue :o s:rc: L-LOW regula:ion, C-CHRONIC (2)Murnerois scrings In area assolcacec 4th fault sc.ir:u (3)Significant water qualityrcb1en execed ifct

water lere toe discnargeto Granoe once . cwn- hole ha: exchangers recorsnenced 4th geotheral expioi :aton.

5 Rankings were assigned regarding the water qualityconcerns for seven regional sites, as well as overall concerns for the projectedgeothermal development within the State of Oregon.

Environmental problems associated with geothermalenergy recovery

include waste heat disposition, brackish water disposal, reinjectionanc reservoir dep etion. There is associated concern with regard to casing requirements of the geothermal wells.

The disposal of thermal groundwater from wells into surface -streams, and the resultant thermal pollution of the receiving waters was recogni;:ed as a problem in the southern part of the state. Both the Department of Environmental Quality and the State tater Resources Department rules and regulations discourage large scale discharges of this type. However, the existing rules do not adequately address the discharge of small amounts of thermal groundwater, (less thaA 5,000 gpd); these smaller discharges are primarily resDonsible for the existing thermal pollution problems. Prograths are being considered by the state that would encourage or require the u:e of down-hole heat exchangers as a means of resolving this- problem. It was r:2cognized that secondary utilization of geothermal fluids can be accompl-ishd through their use as irrigation water, provided they do not contain substances harmful to crops. Trace metal impurities encorporatod in the discha-ge stream was of concern to the water quality workshop group. The opportunities available for other secondary uses of geothermal watet', including drought relief and waterway enhancement, and aquaculture, wero discussed and their development encouraged. Correspondingly, concern was expressed regarding the possible over development of hot water aquifers.

Concerns were raised about reinjectior of excess condensate as af-ftcting subterranean pressures, chemical and thermal fronts. There are problem; with injecting large flows, and with trace impurity buildup in the aquifers. With retnjectton there is a real lack of mcnitoring methods for determining resultant strata fracturing, subsidence, trace impurity buildup and aqufer coritami nation.

rt was recognized that satisfactory sewage-type treatment of exces$ condensate bearing contaminants or high levels of dissolved solids before subsequent release would be expensive; in some cases the return of thesE waters to intermediate levels would be an acceptable disposal concept. Problems with erosion and sedimentation 'in mountainous terrain were discussed. It was recognized that clearing and grading operations necessary for construction of access roads, well pads, power plants and/or processing plants could result in sedimentation o-P adjacent surface waters. It was brought out, however that logging and forestry operations are successfully carried out within the State by applying mitigating measures, such as: soundly constructing roads and construction areas, providing open drainage on water courses, and restoring vegetation to protect the natural settThg. rn many cases, access roads to geothermal sites would be on improved logging roads and the associated 'impacts would be limited to that which has been acceptable to the State's economy over the years.

Well blowouts were practically dismissed by the water quality workshop discussion group because welldriuling technology has sufficiently advanced that blowouts can be limited or controlled by responsible operators working with quality eouipment. State ruled regulating exploration of geothermal resources in uregon adequately address the problem of blowout prevention.

Cooling :ower drift, the atmospheric transport of water containing trace contaminants, was considered to be difficult to predict (or to ultimately measure). Nonetheless, it was considered an issue and would be listed as a putentially chronic negative impact.

In generil the potential impacts at Oregon sites presently would be constituted a; variable because each Oregon site is hydrogeologicall,' unique. Dispisal problems will therefore be site specific, In view: of the possible tater quality and other environmental risks, there are benefits that warrant siting of geothermal demonstration projects at an early dal:e.

DATA GAPS

The water quality discussion group next attempted to identify data gaps and to give recommendations for studies to lead to the practical utilization of geothermal energy. In general it was recognized that little is documented about Oregons geothermal water resources.The forms and amounts of hot water that geothermal plants would have available for generation is not presently precisely known. Baseline surveys of the hydrology and water quality (for springs, streamflow and groundwater) of

7 prospective geothermal fields are not available. These surveys need to be established prior to geothermal field development in order to evaluate the possibility of adverse impacts following siting. Little is known about the variation of the characteristics of Oregon's ground/geothermal waters with space or time. Continued withdrawal of geothermal fluid could reduce the amount of heated reservoir water and thereby change the temperature and chemical characteristics of nearby springs. tn most geothermal areas, data on rock porosity, permeability, .and storage are insufficient to assess the hydrologic nature of the reservoir. To assess impacts on water quality. data should be collected not only on standard water quality parameters but also on the local hydrologic systems and the characteristics of geothermal water that would disclose their impacts on surface and ground waters.

Table II is a tabular sumary of discussions which occurred in the 1979 Oregon geothermal water quality workshop sessions regarding barriers to regional geothermal developments. The subject heading include:

Hydrology & Water Quality State of Knowledge Chance of Finding an Adverse Impact td Technology Development Mitigation Requirements (controls) Period of Program Delay Resulting from an Adverse Findinq Environmental Risk of Proceeding with Technology Developnent

It was recommended that coordinated studies be initiated now to monitor the effects of development of Oregon's geothermal resources. Water- sheds need to be monitored, stream sedimentation baselines established, and pertinent hydrologic and water quality information generated for potential geothermal sites. Presently there are few water quality-quantity baseThnes for evaluating the effects of hot water development in Oregon.

It was reported that water quality information from mid-depths weFs will exceed $2000 to $30,000 per water sample. Wells are drilled primarily for production and not for formation tests. It was suggested that developers be encouraged to gather and share as much hydrogeologic informationas possible during explora:iori drilling for later environmental impact assessments.

CONSTR.A INTS The delay of geothermal development cculd be reduced with c1arifiction of existing water quality, resource recovery, and discharge regulations and standards. State laws and regulations for fluid discharge cover geothermal exploration activities but are macequate for fluid disposal from TABLE II. WATER QUALITY DATA STATUS: AVAILABILITY AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIE(IMPACTS BY GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITIES IN OREGON. WORKSHOPO 197). (SOURCE OREGON GEOTHERMAL '1iIW. IOMYIIII (100-lilA VMA liftill cASCNCKS Isf CA0.011(S ?&WUO (A 10101(00 $ 0(1111*1*01(0AVOItA4ILITY MS(Ltlf(fOTItIP1*& lIt,104n.lI(yItWsilt,PtclriC PillOwS .0.11.1.1..Vo.-y ll.it...I iefo.o.tloo, clotCoo,i.ler.bl.thec.oi.qoflor -ret. Into o. ,,or(i. .oto little RI woo- .,.d shoilo. (tub tnIs,.(bo.,.Oil0hl* bUtt. l,.00tic...e.11.bIe. - 4.1,1.Sh.II,o.t.to.l .r.odoop tells to $rnl005- sttOl00O .0010,.SorIlcl.t(11(10 ojoboojp otetiRtole Into sot orsood-loIr gtoond.it.r.foir000VtolOony 21.00°. jr.dbo..I PlUtO l.,t.,P,b. Inso ...o .rttct.d 0 tetn,IlC9i000t repo, I'. 9000bt9y .10*14.. O..,4- 10011101N livEto GAIN (Ii IliHIlsIl) 00(101 tomtpry liococts 1*4(04 District(ore lle.tio1( iooi.rts. £ *01000cc.i- A.idltioo.l1.151iOU l'uj o.q/ colorOre-Id. lIter qO.IIKV OHS. I1*ooiep. 11(110 too 0 groosol Color. (iso ...... 5 t011 1110-10*0 .1 MI. Stood. pi.n..eJ...t.nsIo.Itloor u.. e,pior.ti,o.de,o1o1...ot. iit.l,,csin. ii.,., wonted e.pior.ltoopi.no.d CIty ci I. (.,00(o. p.0)00.15 CReOLEu,.-.,:y Re 10 flitillli 11(11. 0119011511 Ot.wi.4r- 9.011(1(to,SOrtie. 4199.51 cod 4 Groo,n.ho,ter 6 Looser....ii. DI.- do-pit,Nooselb. toon-Ilie,. dot. io..p.r.tooe. oe to do.,bt (1 .00n.0..tec ,00i.o.I. leo-ut.poortuttle9 .itetity. ityS. io..l.cn .o4hoo.. OgrIcolton.. 0.1Cr 110.,- Of poor1.1,11,9lIe qoollty. 5.t.r. odor ii cosfIltI l.o oo,clo.ior _,t S.di.onl-.lop.t,nsWttdn,nn,n hobO. prot.- derolop- cootMbid-,...s. codl..no(-niope iloit, deooiop. pro1.- list, slr.ie4l.ui,nk.i In ,.p.biiiti.s 5,0,1. ,i.11., 4.,,,.,- to present110 .nnirosnr,t.t ,00t..ln.(iOO prci,ion. Cl .it. nonotiosQuestion mjnlcoiiu.t of onsupplies 5,-oct Po,o, iorIto, ..n$. on toterup toter. ooit.blilly Inpoutsnot., qoolity. n.I, ,..sl ,odI 9c000d. toteriep.cis.loot,. qo.lnp. cost ..o,teI gr000d- Aiotrd sit,. .ipineICn.b. Snout,- t.i..000Cm. i,o,,o.oics Pin,, cod ot 01(010(0SrltlItc)ictlow(9ry II) 01191(01 tpvwJ n,o.*0cis I toldtory stodlos tolorot.t solo on-Is.t'ity boo.. oi.lor.- propri.- LIhot11560-ROD os color stool1 Dent. 1,0109 Pout. doeelilt . (tool Ito ,f I tee eo-h.ng,,stoter.t,.tootl,.ms It do,., ..eo(01 ho), di,ct.9e us.). lout tn.tso(bos ol sit. needed, cetc...o..d.dendC0000.tootor groo,,.io.(or tod.in troceri roqIood roo,00t.oied,oIll,o.00io.(yr go ooedooler .nodei. treterl reqoired Loelootton ol site c..b,). 05111.0110 tiiliC.Ktl(0l COStS i0,.o,io,iydopletlu,end conoern loojenbors for ,.$er.utr ro.po(1.d tco,,00lts .11 1.0.1 .nr(.oqnrl lIon,. .,p.uIoJ. h.,., iootooi(IPliImO(SIK(iIll5 001 fl(OOAiIlel iioeO Inuestiqot.Ito bribe.- d.o,101o9 Cost 4 better., into tot. q,oc.ndQoostlmo. toter Os .ottoloiiily 01 Jeo.loperqo.tltys.t. .i(igouos .toeo.ly 05.4no by deonioperqoottlyst.t. oJre.dy ..ltiqstion seed en by 5.1cr A.sttotlts. illoti NYliil'l& 1011101(00 RIIAY Rcyg tiOndords needed ,ngoi.i tons tout.., forDistrict doc.Iop...roi. do-ioyed till (901 IS - 000e boon Deep no-il .ppllc.tln,. Pe...l.tor7 epenclo. coo- (n9oioiory ogoycies con- , tederol (lucy, Hppiiu.Itoo I boodiog toy (101 si,.,ing ,r.n( t,l,th. 11191,rOn.roed O(tIO .o.oagnenl teoiIeo.to.-O Lily ,00000co (Inoots. tisotos. toenter dot. seosdi.,.(ioo resolved to7 cororti )Ri, yo.rs tIfilIov010I(iAl RISK (0 11(0- . loud . NO.01. dliii. I 1' toOttdetcioeot.t°--1--- lot. Cc-.,.,, p.outloe elbOcIs to loins otto g'o,.nd .'ou. ( 5. list,711(0) cud .riseitone (coon ppo,.o..o :..J.0.;o,.0: Room's illocts on (or l,,col cetls lobemote. top.00.lrou. eo.io.bo. Oreo no oboloos grotod- Ito eo.00.. qo.li(y(2)(Ii RorUte .ocgsed.tioo., It gr000oi,.otor Aesthetic dogr.d.ttno qooihy(2)(I) So,orgoo.I0l bore 10,,.I qrou.slo.tor Aesti,otIc digr.d.tlon 2 (nestysteutMtthettcslot Sporlegs .nopo.I0I loo IIl.g.odo(b000b loonier, toter ,h.tioe.oioil.°oqoc lily. It(2)sorter.(I)(or qolotlty iionoottooiclpott(tys.depiotlon woter .1 d,gr.doitt.oronol of io..iliy 1120. doo.d.ot, he.l oo-t000qe,, 100 *1 lions.uu,l.ne .oie.sts Or ,tio.s field developments. The disposal of geothermal fluids on land currently requires a Department of Environmental Quality permit. rf, however, these fluids are put to a beneficial secondary use a Department of Enviornmental Quality permit may not be necessary; but a water right, issued by the State Water Resources Department, may be required.

Discussion was held on the "flexible" Oregon geothermal law in which 250°F was established as the minimum temperature for applying geothermal regulatory requirements. Presently most geothermal prospecting in Oregon has returned with water below 250°F resulting in some confusion for developers regarding regulatory restrictions. Representatives of Oregon's Department of Geology and iiteal Industries, and the State Water Resources Department both felt they could "flexibly" operate under the current rules toward pro- gressive development of geothermal energy in the State.

Encouragement was given in the water quality session for some near term geothermal site demonstration studies within the State for proper utilization cf hot water as a viable alternative energy resource.

AC KNO WLEDGEME NTS

Participants of the water quality session are listed according to the following roles: R=Regulatory; D=Developer; E=Data Collector or Evaluator; and M=Modeler. Their contributions to the workshop discussions on water quality issues and concerns are gratefully acknowledged.

Ashbaker, Charles K. R Supervisor, Water Pollution Control Section Water Qualit' Division Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 1760 Portland, OR 97207

Benoit, Richard Geologist Phillips Petroleum P.O. Box 6256 Rena, Nevada

Cambell, Ron Parametrix, tnd. l3O2 Northrup Way Suite 8 Bellevue, Washington 9:3005

1.0 Carter, Lolita E PGE 121 SW Salmon Portland, OR

Defferding, Leo J. E Project Mgr., Geothermal Waste Disposal Engineering Physics Dep'. Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories Battelle Boulevard Richiand, WA 99352

Evans, John E Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories 326 Building Richland, WA 99352

Hook, John Geologist, N.W. Natural Gas 7315 Battle Creek Rd. SE Salem, OR 97302

Kondrat, Chris E Environmental Special 1st Bonneville Power Administration P.O. Box 3621 Portland, OR 97208

Leshuk, James Consul ting Engineer 1285 Wailer St. SE Salem, OR 9.7302

Luzier, James E. H Hydrologist Water Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey 830 NE Haliaday St. Portland, OR 97208

Mathiót, Kent FE Hydrogeologist Water Resources Department Mill Creek Office Park 555 13th Street NE Salem, OR 97310

Mellinger, Peter Battel 1 e Northwest P.O. Box 999 Richlãnd, WA 99352

11 Morgan, Dave EM U.S. Geological Survey 830 NE Halladay Portland, OR 97208

Newton, Vern -- State Dept. Geol. 140G S1 Fifth Portland, OR

Pimentel, K.D. EM Mechanical Engineering Lawrence Livermore Laboratory University of California Livermore, CA 94550

Seward, 4arren P. R USFS General Delivery, Sisters, OR

Slotta, Larry S. EM Professor of Civil engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331

Zand, S. M. USGS 345 Middlefteld Rd. Menlo Park, CA

Information on geothermal sites in Oregon for completing a final r'port

on Oregon1s geothermal water quality enviornmental concerns, data sourcs and recommendations is requested according to the following format:

geothermal issues - water quality - hydrology .type of study party or agency responsible descriptor - purpose location, watershed & no. of stations frequency of measurement period of record parameters measured reports status of project comments on projects evaluations prepared regarding site

Agency and individual response providng such data for Oregon's ge- thermal areas will be most sincerely appreciated.

L. S. Slotta, Reporter

12 APPENDTX IT

GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT tMPACT ON LATER QUALIT'Y

Contribution to: "ProceedIngs, Oregon Geothermal Environmental Overview torkzhop" Geothermal Development-tmpact On t4ater Quality, by Leo J. Defferding, Rattelle-Northwest, Richiand, WN. in the introductory session of the Oregon Environmental Overview Workshop, Portland, Oregon, March 28-29, 1979. APPENDIX nt

SUMMAR'( OF' LAWS REQUtR1NG OR RELATED TO GEOTHERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL

Abstracted From: "Polluti'on Control Guidance for Geothermal Ener9y Development'. EPA Report Na. EPA-6G0.f7-78-101, by Robert P. Hart1e', Industrial Environmental Research Lab-Ci'nn., Of-I, Offi'ce of Res-earch and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati', Ohio 45268, 146 pgs. June 1928. APPENDIX IV

ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES THE STATE OF OREGON

Abstracted From: "Administrative Requirements for Development of Geo- thermalResources: by- Tracy Lyons inGeothermalEnergy Magazine, V. 3, No. g, Pages 16-25, September l75. APPENDIX V

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MtNERAL INDUSTRIES l7 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STIPULATLONS

AGENCY MEMORANDA: Oregon Department of Geology and MTharal LndutrIes memo dated Feburary 28, 197 b,y Vernon C, Newton, Jr. APPENDIX yr

LATER QUALITY STANDARDS OREGON DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Abstracted From: Breitenbusft Area Geothermal Development, Final Environ- mental Statement Appendix G11 19J7 by U.S. Forest Service

USDA as USDA-FS-R6-F'ES(Adm)-77-3 and Etamnier, Mark J. (ater and Wäste4later Technology. John (iley & Sons, Inc. 1977. a APPENDIX VII

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF KNOWN POLLUTANTS

Abstracted From: "Pollution Control Guidance for Ge.othermal Energy Development". EA Report No. EPA-6OQf7-78.-101, by Robert P.-iartley, tndustrtal Envtronniental Research Lab-Cinn., OFT, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protectton Agency' Cincinnati, Ohi'o 45268. 146 pages, June 1g78.