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Abdul2018 Redacted.Pdf (3.648Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Nature and Scope of Outdoor Education in the city-state of Singapore Abdul Kahlid s/o Abdul Mutaliffee This thesis is presented for Doctor of Education The University of Edinburgh 2018 Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where states otherwise by reference or acknowledgment, the work presented is entirely my own. 8 June 2018 i Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ ii Dedication .................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and motivation for the study .................................................... 1 1.2 Outdoor education in Singapore through the ages ....................................... 2 1.3 Local politicians’ support and discourse on outdoor education ................... 4 1.4 Personal relationship with outdoor education ............................................. 8 1.5 Organisation of the thesis ............................................................................ 10 Chapter 2 A Review of Outdoor Education Literature ................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Singapore – An introduction ........................................................................ 13 2.3 The origins and development of outdoor education .................................. 16 2.3.1 The nature and scope of outdoor education globally ..................... 19 2.3.2 Militaristic, nationalistic, imperialistic roots and universal applicability of outdoor education .......................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Personal development and environmental focus in outdoor education .................................................................................................................. 23 2.3.4 What does all this mean for outdoor education in Singapore? ...... 26 2.3.5 Integration of outdoor education with curricula ............................ 26 2.3.6 Re-conceptualising contemporary lenses to frame outdoor education .................................................................................................................. 29 2.4 The beginnings and growth of outdoor education in Singapore ................ 32 2.4.1 Building a rugged nation .................................................................. 32 2.4.2 Personal and social development .................................................... 34 2.4.3 Developing lifeskills and 21st century competencies ...................... 36 ii 2.4.4 New directions for outdoor education in Singapore ...................... 39 2.5 Research on outdoor education in Singapore ............................................. 40 2.6 What are teacher beliefs? ............................................................................. 42 2.6.1 What is the nature of teacher beliefs? ............................................. 44 2.6.2 Sources of teacher beliefs ................................................................ 44 2.7 Beliefs of outdoor practitioners ................................................................... 45 2.8 Purpose of this study .................................................................................... 49 Chapter 3 Methodology & Method ................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Research paradigms ..................................................................................... 51 3.3 Theoretical framework ................................................................................. 53 3.3.1 Epistemological and theoretical perspective .................................. 54 3.3.2 Constructionism ................................................................................ 56 3.3.3 Research design ................................................................................ 57 3.4 Origins and development of phenomenography ........................................ 58 3.4.1 The outcome space ........................................................................... 60 3.4.2 Data collection, analysis and presentation in phenomenography . 61 3.4.3 Critiques and debates within phenomenography ........................... 65 3.5 Sampling procedure ...................................................................................... 70 3.6 Participant characteristics ............................................................................ 73 3.7 Administration of survey questionnaire ...................................................... 74 3.8 Important qualities for semi-structured interviews used for data generation .................................................................................................................................... 77 3.8.1 The interview .................................................................................... 79 3.8.2 Phenomenography and the analysis ............................................... 82 3.9 Quality and rigour in phenomenographic research .................................... 85 iii 3.9.1 Credibility .......................................................................................... 85 3.9.2 Dependability ................................................................................... 86 3.9.3 Reflexivity ......................................................................................... 87 3.9.4 Transferability ................................................................................... 91 3.10 Ethical considerations .................................................................................. 93 Chapter 4 Research Findings & Analysis ........................................................... 97 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 97 4.2 The analysis adopted in this study................................................................ 98 4.2.1 Variation in beliefs of the value of outdoor education ................ 115 4.2.2 Affordances for authenticity, realism in learning ......................... 115 4.2.2.1 Characteristics of outdoor education elements ..................116 4.2.2.2 Perceived outcome ....................................................................127 4.2.3 Fostering social emotional growth, physical and mental robustness .................................................................................................................................. 135 4.2.3.1 Characteristics of outdoor education elements ..................135 4.2.3.2 Perceived outcome ....................................................................142 4.2.4 Preparation for students’ future .................................................... 155 4.2.4.1 Characteristics of outdoor education elements ..................156 4.2.4.2 Perceived outcome ....................................................................159 4.2.5 What are the sources that influenced teachers’ and outdoor practitioners’ belief on the value of outdoor education? .................................... 161 4.2.5.1 Personal experiences ...................................................................... 162 4.2.5.2 Professional experiences ................................................................ 170 Chapter 5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 175 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 175 5.2 Overview of findings ................................................................................... 175 5.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 183 5.3.1 Poll at Outdoor Education Conference 2017, Singapore .............
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