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Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY VOLUME CXXXIV April 2010 NO. 2 SAINT-DOMINGUAN REFUGEES OF AFRICAN DESCENT AND THE FORGING OF ETHNIC IDENTITY IN EARLY NATIONAL PHILADELPHIA John Davies 109 THE LANGUAGE OF “BLIGHT” AND EASTON’S “LEBANESE TOWN”: UNDERSTANDING A NEIGHBORHOOD’S LOSS TO URBAN RENEWAL Andrea Smith and Rachel Scarpato 127 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS BLACKBEARD OFF PHILADELPHIA:DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PIRATES IN 1717 AND 1718 Arne Bialuschewski 165 BOOK REVIEWS 179 BOOK REVIEWS PRESTON, The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783, by Daniel Ingram 179 LINDMAN, Bodies of Belief: Baptist Community in Early America, by Deborah Bingham Van Broekhoven 180 ENGEL, Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America, by Jeff Bach 182 OLMERT, Kitchens, Smokehouses, and Privies: Outbuildings and the Architecture of Daily Life in the Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic, by Cynthia G. Falk 183 KENNY, Peacable Kingdom Lost: The Paxton Boys and the Destruction of William Penn’s Holy Experiment, by Benjamin Bankhurst 184 HÄBERLEIN, The Practice of Pluralism: Congregational Life and Religious Diversity in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1730–1820, by Richard K. MacMaster 186 TIEDMANN,FINGERHUT, and VENABLES, eds., The Other Loyalists: Ordinary People, Royalism, and the Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1763–1787, by Liam Riordan 187 SLAUTER, The State as a Work of Art: The Cultural Origins of the Constitution, by H. Robert Baker 189 WALDSTREICHER, Slavery’s Constitution: From Revolution to Ratification, by Owen Williams 190 SMITH, Music, Women, and Pianos in Antebellum Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: The Moravian Young Ladies’ Seminary, by Holly M. Kent 192 GIESBERG, Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front, by Nina Silber 193 BRADDOCK, Thomas Eakins and the Cultures of Modernity, by Sarah A. Gordon 194 SKLAR and PALMER, eds., The Selected Letters of Florence Kelley, 1869–1931, by Barbara Bair 196 SOLOMON, Louis I. Kahn’s Jewish Architecture: Mikveh Israel and the Midcentury American Synagogue, by George E. Thomas 197 SPEAR, Daniel J. Flood, A Biography: The Congressional Career of an Economic Savior and Cold War Nationalist, by Kenneth C. Wolensky 199 LAMIS, The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics since 1960, by John J. Kennedy 200 COVER ILLUSTRATION: Cover of “Downtown Easton 1964–1984: A Summarization of the Revitalization Plan, Prepared by The Joint Planning Commission, Lehigh-Northhampton Counties” (typed, bound report, n.d.), Planning and Redevelopment Archives, City Hall, Easton, PA. Courtesy of the City of Easton, PA. Editorial Advisory Committee STEVEN CONN HOLLY A. MAYER Ohio State University Duquesne University MATTHEW COUNTRYMAN GUIAN A. MCKEE University of Michigan University of Virginia THOMAS DUBLIN CARLA MULFORD Binghamton University Pennsylvania State University ERICA ARMSTRONG DUNBAR MARK E. NEELY JR. University of Delaware Pennsylvania State University LORI GINZBERG LESLIE PATRICK Pennsylvania State University Bucknell University ANN N. GREENE JUDITH RIDNER University of Pennsylvania Muhlenberg College JOHN HEPP DONNA J. RILLING Wilkes University State University of New York, Stony Brook RICHARD N. JULIANI Villanova University DAVID SCHUYLER Franklin & Marshall College RUSSELL KAZAL University of Toronto at ELIZABETH VARON Scarborough Temple University Editor TAMARA GASKELL Editorial Intern ERIC KLINEK THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY (ISSN 0031-4587) is published each quarter in January, April, July, and October by THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5699. Periodicals postage paid at Philadelphia, PA and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: send address changes to PMHB, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5699. Yearly subscriptions: individual, $40.00; institutional, $75.00. Back issues: Selected issues and annual bound volumes are available. Query editor for availability and price. Authorization for academic photocopying: For permission to reuse material, please access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a nonprofit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of uses. Submissions:All communications should be addressed to the editor. E-mail may be sent to [email protected]. Manuscripts should conform to The Chicago Manual of Style. Electronic submissions are wel- come. For submission guidelines, visit the PMHB Web page (http://www.hsp.org). The editor does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or of opinion made by the contributors. Contributors ARNE BIALUSCHEWSKI is an assistant professor of history at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. He has published two books and numerous articles on early modern piracy, overseas migrations, and the English publishing business in the age of Defoe. He is currently working on various projects about crosscultural relations involving pirates. JOHN DAVIES is a lecturer in history at SUNY Plattsburgh, where he teaches United States history and modern global history. He received his PhD in history at the University of Delaware. He is currently revising his dissertation, “Class, Culture, and Color: Black Saint- Dominguan Refugees and African-American Communities in the Early Republic,” for publication. RACHEL SCARPATO is a graduate of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. She teaches fourth grade in Jacksonville, Florida, as a Teach For America corps member. She plans to pursue graduate studies in education policy. ANDREA SMITH is associate professor of anthropology and sociology at Lafayette College. Her research interests are in historical consciousness, settler colonialism, and the collective memory of lost places. Previous publications consider settler memories of Algeria and Mormon narra- tives of Arizona settlements. She is the author of Colonial Memory and Postcolonial Europe: Maltese Settlers of Algeria and France (2006). The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, from 2006 to the present, is now available online to members and subscribers at The History Cooperative, http://www.historycooperative.org. In order to access the full text of articles and reviews, subscribers will need to register for the first time using the identification number on their mailing label. To obtain your member identification number, you may also call the editor at 215-732-6200 x208, or e-mail [email protected]. Back issues, presently from 1907 through 2005, are freely available on the Penn State University Libraries Web site, at http://publications.libraries.psu.edu/eresources/pmhb. Back issues from 1877 through 2004 are also available on JSTOR to JSTOR subscribers. All three sites can also be accessed from the Historical Society’s Web site, at http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=68. Saint-Dominguan Refugees of African Descent and the Forging of Ethnic Identity in Early National Philadelphia ETWEEN 1791 AND 1804, free and enslaved migrants fleeing revo- lution in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue made Btheir way to Philadelphia. White Saint-Dominguans were drawn by the city’s trade connections with the Caribbean and the presence of a large Francophone community. Roughly four thousand refugees resided in the Delaware River Valley between 1791 and 1810, including over seven hundred enslaved Saint-Dominguans and perhaps one hundred free people of color.1 Existing gradual emancipation legislation in Pennsylvania allowed the majority of enslaved migrants to move from slavery to indentured servitude and, eventually, to freedom. The first and second generations of migrants created a black Francophone community in Philadelphia that lasted at least into the I would like to thank Peter Kolchin and the members of his dissertation group (Stephanie Camp, Tim Hack, Matt Hudock, Melissa Maestri, Jen Moses, Karen Ryder, and Tom Sheeler), Christine Sears, Tamara Gaskell, Eric Klinek, and the anonymous readers for their comments and constructive criticism on earlier drafts. 1 Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840 (Cambridge, MA, 1988), 140–42; Nash, “Reverberations of Haiti in the American North: Black Saint Dominguans in Philadelphia,” Pennsylvania History 65 (special supplemental THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Vol. CXXXIV, No. 2 (April 2010) 110 JOHN DAVIES April 1830s; it was built upon commonalities of language, religion, and the shared experience of revolutionary upheaval. These migrants kept French names, took up family vocations, married one another, and participated in the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. But not all migrants of African descent fully took part in this regeneration and maintenance of ethnic identity. Many left Philadelphia for Haiti. Some who remained in Philadelphia allied themselves with the Philadelphia’s black elite and joined the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, became officers in black fraternal lodges, attended schools run by Protestant clergymen, or associated with the leading figures of this community. Some took a mid- dle course and married black Philadelphians and established a social and economic presence in the larger community—as a result of economic opportunities and residential proximity—while they retained cultural connections such as religion. Others vanished from the historical record. While varying patterns of assimilation must
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