1. Verlängerung Der Gesundheitsspanne

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1. Verlängerung Der Gesundheitsspanne Bericht von Miriam JS Leis in Kooperation mit Klaus Mathwig 1. Verlängerung der Gesundheitsspanne........................................................................... 2 1.1. Lebensverlängerung bedeutet die Verlängerung der gesunden Lebensspanne ..... 2 1.2. Jay Olshansky: Securing of the Longevity Dividend ............................................... 2 1.3. Aubrey de Grey: Strategien zur Heilung des Alterns .............................................. 2 1.4. Der unverständliche Widerstand gegen die Lebensverlängerung........................... 3 2. Uploading, Neurosimulationen und Kryonik ................................................................... 4 2.1 Zur Realisierbarkeit eines Uploads......................................................................... 4 2.2 Kann eine Persönlichkeit mit Hilfe seiner aufgezeichneten Erinnerungen rekonstruiert werden?.................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Die Entwicklung Virtueller Welten........................................................................... 5 2.4 Forschung, Forstschritte und Schwierigkeiten bei ALCOR ................................. 6 2.5 Möglichkeiten der zukünftigen Medizin............................................................... 6 3. Transhumanismus, Gesellschaft und Umwelt ................................................................ 7 3.1 Transhumanismus und aktuelle Themen................................................................ 7 3.2 Verbesserungsvorschläge für den Menschen ........................................................ 8 4. Innovationen, Neue Technologien und Raumfahrt ......................................................... 9 4.1 KI-Forschung – auf dem Weg zu menschenähnlicher Künstlicher Intelligenz......... 9 4.2 Wie erschaffe ich menschenfreundliche KI?........................................................... 9 4.2 Neue Technologien eröffnen neue Wege .................................................................10 4.3 Ray Kurzweil über den anhaltenden technischen Fortschritt .................................10 4.4 Zur Bedeutung der Innovationsförderung .................................................................11 5. Fazit .............................................................................................................................12 2007 war Chicago/USA Austragungsort der „TransVision“. Die dreitägige transhumanistische Futuristenkonferenz lief unter dem Titel „Transhumanity Saving Humanity: Inner Space to Outer Space“ und hatte viele prominente Redner zu bieten, u.a. Aubrey de Grey, Peter Diamandis, Ray Kurzweil, Marvin Minsky und William Shatner. Ebenfalls waren die Kernmitglieder der transhumanistischen Communities aus den USA, Europa und Lateinamerika vertreten. Im Gegensatz zu der TransVision 2006 in Helsinki/Finnland war diese Konferenz weniger akademisch und dafür mehr business-orientiert und teilweise philosophisch ausgerichtet. Generell kann die gesamte Veranstaltung in vier Hauptthemenbereiche eingeteilt werden: 1. Verlängerung der Gesundheits-/Lebensspanne 2. Neurotechnik, Uploading und Kryonik 3. Transhumanismus, Gesellschaft und Umwelt 4. Innovationen, Neue Technologien und Raumfahrt Aus diesem Grunde wird dieser Bericht themenbezogen und nicht chronologisch gegliedert sein. 1 1. Verlängerung der Gesundheitsspanne 1.1. Lebensverlängerung bedeutet die Verlängerung der gesunden Lebensspanne Hier wurde eine wichtige Frage angesprochen: Warum werden nicht mehr Ressourcen in die Erforschung zur Reversibilität von Alterungsprozessen investiert? Länger zu leben – anstatt früher zu sterben – ist zunächst einmal ein wünschenswertes Ziel vieler Menschen. Dennoch wird die steigende Lebenserwartung heutzutage in sehr vielen demographischen Studien geradezu als Problem dargestellt: Ein Planet voller pflegebedürftiger, dementer Greise, die von den wenigen jungen Menschen (oder gar „Pflegerobotern“) versorgt werden müssen und selbst nicht mehr aktiv zum Wohle der Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft beitragen können. Fällt somit das Wort „Lebensverlängerung“, wird dies viel zu oft mit der problematischen Status- quo-Situation in Verbindung gebracht: noch mehr Pflegebedürftige. Diese Sicht ist jedoch falsch, wie es auch in der von James Hughes’ IEET-Institut organisierten Pre-Conference Veranstaltung „Securing the Longevity Dividend“ am Vortag ausführlich erläutert wurde: Es geht ja nicht darum, die reine Lebensspanne zu verlängern, sondern die gesunde Lebensspanne. 1.2. Jay Olshansky: Securing of the Longevity Dividend Der Chicagoer Medizinprofessor Jay Olshansky 1 eröffnete die Pre-Conference Veranstaltung zur „Longevity Dividend 2“ mit einem Bericht, wie es gelingen kann, Forschung zur Lebensverlängerung populär zu machen. Mit Visionen von Unsterblichkeit lassen sich keine Forschungsgelder beantragen. Die alternde Baby-Boomer-Generation und der demographische Wandel stellen das Gesundheitssystem aber vor große Probleme. Olshansky und seine Mitstreiter argumentieren nun, dass sich diese Probleme lösen lassen, indem sich die medizinische Forschung nicht nur auf einzelne spezifische Krankheiten konzentriert, sondern auch das Altern allgemein angreift. Denn wenn Alterungsprozesse verlangsamt werden, verringern sich in gleichem Maß auch die Risken für die häufigsten Krankheiten Krebs, Herzkrankheiten und Diabetes (mit Folgekrankheiten). Die Menschen würden dadurch länger mit einer höheren Lebensqualität leben, nach kürzerer Krankheit sterben, und das Gesundheitssystem würde um hunderte Milliarden Dollar entlastet werden. Olshansky ist es durch Lobbyarbeit im Rahmen der „Alliance for Aging Research 3“ gelungen, dass ein entsprechendes Gesetz durch den US-Kongress verabschiedet wurde. Wenn dieses nun noch vom Präsidenten unterzeichnet wird, wird es sehr bald sehr viel Geld und Föderprogramme für die Altersforschung geben. 1.3. Aubrey de Grey: Strategien zur Heilung des Alterns Aubrey de Grey ist der prominenteste Vertreter der Sichtweise, dass das Altern selbst als Krankheit betrachtet werden muss, für die es eine Heilung geben kann. Um hier ein Beispiel zu nennen: Die Progerie (Hutchinson-Gilford-Syndrom), eine seltene genetisch bedingte Disposition, die Kinder sehr schnell altern lässt, wird bspw. eindeutig als Krankheit definiert. Diese Kinder sterben bereits im Kindes- oder jungen Jugendalter an Krankheiten wie Schlaganfall und Herzinfarkt als Folge von Alterserscheinungen wie Arterienverkalkung. Für de Grey ist der Alterungsprozess selbst die Ursache für die Krankheiten, die den Menschen im Alter Probleme bereiten und zum Tod führen. Die Stoffwechselprozesse, welche den Menschen am Leben erhalten, rufen Schädigungen hervor, die oftmals zu Krankheitserscheinungen führen. 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Jay_Olshansky 2 http://www.agingresearch.org/files/1098_file_Longevity_Dividend.pdf 3 http://www.agingresearch.org/ 2 Die „klassische“ Altersheilkunde (Geriatrie) befasst sich damit, die durch die allgemeine Schädigung bereits hervorgerufenen Krankheitserscheinungen so gut wie möglich zu minimieren. Die von de Grey vertretene biologische Gerontologie (nicht zu verwechseln mit der soziologischen Altersforschung) hat zum Ziel, die durch Stoffwechselprozesse entstehenden Schädigungen selbst zu minimieren oder gar umzukehren. Seine als SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) bekannte Strategie beruht auf einer proaktiven „ingenieurswissenschaftlichen“ Herangehensweise. De Greys Forschung zielt darauf ab, die schädigenden Resultate der Stoffwechselprozesse, die letztendlich zum Altern führen, durch Beeinflussungen auf zellularer und molekularer Ebene zu bekämpfen. Wenn es auch nur gelänge, die Alterungsprozesse bei Menschen schrittweise rückgängig zu machen, könnte bei wiederholter Anwendung des Prozesses die gesunde Lebensspanne bereits erheblich verlängert werden. Wirklich interessant wird es, wenn man die wissenschaftliche und medizinische Fortschrittsrate mit einberechnet. Angenommen, sie würden sich zum Zeitpunkt t 0 im Alter von 50 Jahren einer „Reversibilitätsprozedur“ unterziehen, welche ihnen die biologische Konstitution eines 40- jährigen geben würde. In 10 Jahren, wenn sie wieder auf dem Stand eines 50-jährigen sind, ist der technische Fortschritt aber bereits weiter, sodass sie auf den eines 37-jährigen gebracht werden können (13 Jahre „Verjüngung“). Nach weiteren 10 Jahren, wenn sie biologisch 47 sind, könnten sie um 16 Jahre verjüngt werden und nach weiteren 10 Jahren von 41 auf 22. (Sie können es selbst mit unterschiedlichen „Verjüngungsraten“ durchrechnen). Wenn dies möglich sein wird, könnten Sie praktisch immer wieder auf ein biologisches Alter von 22 Jahren (oder sogar jünger) gebracht werden. Dies wird als „Logevity Escape Velocity“ (ungefähr: „Langlebigkeits-Fluchtgeschwindigkeit“) bezeichnet. (vgl. auch: http://www.detrans.de/bibliothek/allgemein/transvision2003.html ) 1.4. Der unverständliche Widerstand gegen die Lebensverlängerung Die weiteren Anmerkungen zum Thema Lebensverlängerung betrafen eher weniger technische als gesellschaftliche Aspekte. Obwohl de Greys Forschungen zusehends Interesse erregen, wird die „Langlebigkeitsforschung“ immer noch unzureichend finanziell und politisch unterstützt. Überlegungen zur physischen Unsterblichkeit sind praktisch tabu. Es scheint so, als ob die meisten Menschen zwar den Tod fürchten, aber nicht gewillt sind, wissenschaftlich und technisch etwas gegen dieses Schicksal unternehmen zu wollen. Viele argumentieren gar damit, dass eine
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