The development and environmental significance

of the dry valley systems(mekgacha) in the Kalahari,

central southern Africa

David J. Nash

Department of Geography, University of Sheffield

VOLUME TWO

Bibliography and Appendices

Thesis submittedfor the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy, September1992 Bibliography and Appendices Bibliography

Abdel-RahmanM. A. (1975) Quantitative analysis of some geologicalrelationships of drainagenetworks in the Mula area. southeastSpain, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 360pp.

Abdel-RahmanM. A. (1978) "A statistical method for determining the orientational relationshipsbetween geological variables", in M. Podwysocki and J.L. Earle (eds), Proceedingsof the SecondInternational Conferenceon BasementTectonics (Denver. Colorado), BasementTectonics Committee Publications 2:486-490.

Abdel-RahmanM. A. and Hay A. M. (1981) Statistical analysis of multi-modal orientation data, Proceedingsof the 3rd International Conferenceon BasementTectonics (Durango. Colorado), BasementTectonics Committee Publicationsa: 73-86.

Abrahams A. D. and Flint JJ. (1983) Geological controls on the topological propertiesof some trellis drainagenetworks, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 24: 80-91.

Acres B., Blair Rains A., King R., Lawton R., Mitchell A. and Rackham L. (1985) African dambos: their distribution, characteristics and use, Zeitscrift for Geomorphologie Supplementband 2: 63-86.

Albat H. (1978) The geology of the Kalahari Beds of northeastern South West Africa, De Beers ProspectingSouth West Africa (pty) Ltd, Unpublished report, Windhoek. l2pp.

Aldiss D.T. (1984) Comments Okwa Ghan i-Lobatse (2221B). on the geology of the valley near the . road Manzi District, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report DTA/8/84, Lobatse. 5pp.

------(1985) The geology of the Phitsanearea, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Bulletin 2ß, Gaborone. 106pp+ maps.

------(1987a) A record of stoneaxes nearTswaane borehole, Ghanzi District, BotswanaNotes and Records12: 41-43.

degree ----- (1987b)Outline description of the geologyof the Hanehaiarea -a brief descriptionof quarter sheets2221A-D, 2222A and 2222C in GhanziDistrict, Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey KalahariSeries Report 1, Unpublished,Lobatse. 25pp.

------(1988) The Pre-Cainozoicgeology of the Okwa valley near Tswaaneborehole - an explanation of 34, part of quarter degreesheet 2221B, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey BullBulletin Gaborone.SOpp.

Aldiss D.T., TombaleA. R., MapeoR. M. B. andChicpe M. (1989)The geologyof the Kanyearea - an Bulletin 33, explanationof quarterdegree sheet 2425C, Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Gaborone.170pp.

Aldiss D.T. andCarney J. N. (1992)The geologyand regional correlation of theProterozoic Okwa Inlier, Botswana,Precambrian Research 5: 255-274. western ,

Alexander J.E. (1838) An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa, H. Colburn, London.

Alison M. S. (1899) On the origin and formation of pans,Transactions of the Geological Society of South Afttc3 4,159pp.

AnderssonC. J. (1856) Lake Ngami: or explorations and discoveriesduring four years wanderingsin the wilds of south western Africa, Hurst and BlackestPublishers, London, 536pp. Reprinted 1967,C. Struik (pty) Ltd, CapeTown.

322 BIBUOGRAPIIY

AndcrssonR. F. J. (1976) "Weather of the Okavangodelta", in Proceedingsof the symposia on the Okavangodelta and its future utilisation, BotswanaSociety, Gaboronepp29-31.

Arad A. (1984) Relationship of salinity of groundwaterto rechargein the southernKalahari desert,Journal of Hydrology 21:225-238.

Arakel A.V. (1986)Evolution of calcretein palaco-drainagesof the LakeNappcrby area, central Australia, Palaeogeography.Palacoclimatologv and Palacoccoloev 4: 283.303.

--- (1991)Evolution of Quaternaryduricrusts in KaringaCreek drainage system, central Australian groundwaterdischarge zone, Australian Journal of EarthSciences 3$: 333-347.

Arakel A. V., JacobsonG., Salehi M. and Hill C.M. (1989) Silicification of calcrcte in palacodrainage basinsof the Australian and zone, Australian Journal of Earth SciencesM: 73.89.

Avigour A., MagaritzM. andIssar A. (1992)Pleistocene palacoclimate of theand regionof Israelas recordedin calcitedeposits along regional transverse faults and in veins,O nt rn. Research 37(31:304-314.

Baillicul T. A. (1975) A reconnaissancesurvey of the cover sandsin the Republic of Botswana,Journal of SedimentaryPetrology 4(2): 494-503.

Bulletin Geological Society ------(1979) The Makgadikgadi pans complex of central Botswana. of the of America 0: 133-136.

BainesT. (1864)Exploration in SouthwestAfrica, Longman,Greens and Co., London (Reprinted by GreggInternational Publishers, Farnborough, Hampshire, 1968).

Technical Memo TM Baker V. R. (1980) Someterrestrial analogsto valley systemson Mars, NASA 81776:286-288.

Austin, 198pp. ------(1982) The Channelsof Mars, University of Texas Press,

in KJ. Gregory (ed) Backmond to Palaeohydroloev, ------(1983) "Large scale fluvial paleohydrology", John Wiley, Chichester.pp 453-478. (cd) Modelsin Geomorphology, ------(1985)"Models of fluvial activity on Mars",in MJ. Woldcnberg Allen andUnwin, London.pp 287-312. by R.C. Kochel, V. R. ------(1990) "Spring-sappingand valley network development,with casestudies (eds)Groundwater Baker, J.E. Laity and A. D. Howard", in C.G. Higgins and D.R. Coates landforms, Geological E ocmorphology the role of subsurfacewater in earth-surfaceprocesses and Society of America SpecialPaper 252, Boulder, Colorado. pp235-265. N aQ1:502- BakerV. R., PickupG. andPolach H. A. (1983)Desert palacofloods in centralAustralia, 504.

in Botswana, Baldock J.W., Hepworth J.V. and Marengwa B. S. (1976) Gold, basemetals and diamonds Economic Geology 21: 139.156.

Balfour DJ., HegenbcrgerW.. Medlycott A. S. and Wilson K. J. (1985) Kimberlites near Sikereti, north- South West easternSouth West Africa/Namibia, Communicationsof the Gcologi al uy of Africa/Namibia 1: 69-77.

BannisterE. (1980)Joint and drainage orientation of south-westPennsylvania, itschrift für Geomorphologie2.4(31: 273-286.

323 BIBLIOGRAPIIY

BeaumontP. B., VanZinderen Bakker E. M. andVogel J. C (1984)"Environmental changes since 32,000 B.P. at Kathupan, Northern Cape", in J.C. Vogel (cd) hate Cainozoicpalacoclimates in the southern hemisphere,A. A. Balkcma,Rotterdam, pp329-338.

BeldersonR. H. (1983)Comment: drainage systems developed by sappingon Earthand Mars, Geology 11:55.

Bell-CrossG. (1975)"The fishes",in D.W. Phillipson(cd) Mosi-oa-Tunya:a handbookto the Victoria Fallsregion, Longman Zimbabwe, Harare, pp 185.197.

Berry BJ. L and Marble D.F. (1968) Spatial analysis: a readerin statistical geography,Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,512pp.

Birkeland P.W. (1974) Pedology. weathering and geomorphologicalresearch. Oxford Univcristy Press, 285pp.

Blank H.R. andTynes E. W. (1965)Formation of calcretein situ.Bulletin of the GeologicalSociety of America26: 1387-1392.

Boast R. (1990) Dambos: a review. Progressin Physical Geography1,4: 153-177.

Bond G. (1946) The Pleistocenesuccession around Bulawayo, OccasionalPapers of the National Museum of SouthernRhodesia a. 104-115.

---»- (1948) The direction of origin of the Kalahari Sandsof SouthernRhodesia, Geological Magazine $x: 303-315.

----- (1963)"Pleistocene environments in southernArica", in F.C. Howell andF. Bourliere(eds) African ecology and human evolution, Viking, Chicago (2nd edition 1966), pp308-334.

in W.W. ----- (1967) "River valley morphology, stratigraphyand palacoclimatology in southernAfrica", Bishop and J.D. Clarke (eds) Backgroundto evolution in Africa, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp303-312.

---»- (1975)"The geologyand formation of the VictoriaFalls", in D.W. Philtipson(cd) Mosi-oa-Tunya:a handbookto the VictoriaFalls region,Longman Zimbabwe, Harare, pp19-48.

Boocock C. (1962) The Precambrianof BechuanalandProtectorate, Unpublished Report of the Geological Surveyof Bechuanaland,Gaborone. Survey Bulletin 2, ----"" (1966) The Karroo systemin Bechuanaland,Botswana Department of Geoioýical Gaborone.

in BoocockC. andVan StratenO. J. (1961)Note on the developmentof potablewater supplies at depth the Gaborone. centralKalahari, Records of the GeologicalSurvey of RechuanalandProtectorate 1957-58, pp11.14.

------(1962) Notes on the geology and hydrology of the central Kalahari region, Bechuanaland Protectorate,Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , 5: 125-171.

Boulaine J. (1954) La scbkha dc Ben Zianc et sa 'lunette' cu Bourellet exemple dc complex morphologique form6 par la degradationdoliennc des sols sales,Revue de ýEomorphoioeinuc Dynami ue 4: 102.123.

BowlerJ. M. (1973)Clay dunes:their occurrence,formation and environmental significance, ScienceReview, 2: 315-338.

324 BIBLIOGRAPHY

------(1986)Spatial variability and hydrological evolution of Australianlake basins: an analoguefor Pleistocenehydrologic change and evaporite formation, Palacogcography. Palacoclimatology and Palaeoccology :21.41.

Brain C.K. (1957) Observationson the recent geological history of the Kalahari GemsbokNational Park, National Parks Board of South Africa, Pretoria, unpublishedreport 2pp.

BreyerJ. I. E. (1982)Reconnaissance geomorphological terrain classification, Lower Boteti river, northern Botswana,ITC Journal192-3: 317-323.

Brook G.A. (1982)Stratigraphic evidence of Quaternaryclimatic change at EchoCave, Transvaal, and a palacoclimaticrecord from Botswanaand north-eastern South Africa, Catena2: 343-351.

Brook GA., Burney D. A. and Cowart J.B. (1990) Desert palacocnvironmcntaldata from cave speleothcrmswith examplesfrom the Chihuahuan,Somali-Chalbi and Kalahari Deserts, Palaeogeographhy.Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecoloev2¢: 311-329.

Brown D. S. (1980) Freshwatersnails of Africa. and their medical importance,Taylor and Francis Ltd, London, 487pp.

Bruno S.A. (1985) "Pan genesisin the southernKalahari", in D.G. Hutchins and A. P. Lynam (eds)I proceedingsof a seminaron the mineral exploration of the Kalahari, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.pp261-277.

Buckley D. K. (1984) Groundwaterexploration at Lethlakene, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished Report GS/DKB/9/84, Lobatse. l7pp.

in Buckley D. K. and Zeit P. (1984) "The characterof fractured rock aquifers in easternBotswana", July Challengesin African Hydrology and Water Resources(Proceedings of the Harare Symposium 12M, International Association of Hydrological SciencesPublication 144, pp25-36.

Journal Hydrology Bullock A. (1992) Dambo hydrology in southernAfrica - review and reassessment, of 124:373-396.

Bunting JA., Van De Graaff WJ. E. and JacksonM. J. (1974) Palacodraiangesand Cainozoic Western palaeogeographyof the EasternGoldfields, Gibson Desert and Great Victoria Desert, Australian Geological Survey Annual Report 1973,pp45-50.

Nile?,Geology BurkeK. andWells G.L. (1989)Trans-African drainage system of the Sahara:was it the 17:743-747.

further Burt T. P and Gardiner A. T. (1982) The permanenceof stream networks in Britain: some comments,Furth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms 2: 327-332. E=h Burt T.P andOldman J. C. (1986)The permanenceof streamnetworks in Britain: furthercomments, SurfaceProcesses and Iandforms 11: 111.113. Department ButterworthJ. S. (1982)The chemistryof MogatsePan - Kgalagdi District, Botswana of GeologicalSurvey Unpublished Report JSB/14/82, Lobatse. 15pp.

Butzer K. W. (1974) Palacoccologyof South African Australopithecines:Taung revisited, Current Anthropology j5: 367-382.

Africa", in R. Klein ------(1984a) "Archaeology and Quaternaryenvironments in the interior of southern (ed) Southern African rehisto and palacocnvironments,A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam,ppl-64.

------(1984b) "Late Quaternaryenvironments in South Africa", in J.C. Vogcl (ed) Late Cainozoic palaeoclimatesof the southernhemi phere, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp235-265.

325 DIBUOGr?APIIY

Butzer K. W., StuckenrathR., Bruzewicz AJ. and Helgren D. M. (1978) Late Cainozoic palacoclimatesof the Gaap Escarpment,Kalahari margin, South Africa, QuaternaryResearch j¢310-339.

CahenL. and LepersonneJ. (1952) Equivalenceenter lc systýmedu Kalahari du Congo Beige et lcs Kalahari Beds d'Afrique australe,MFmoires du Socict6 Beige ologic. PaIEontologicet Hydrologic $: 1.64.

CampbellA. C andChild G. (1971)The impactof manon theenvironment of Botswana,Botswana Notes andRecords 1: 91.109.

Campbell I. A. (1989) "Badlands and badland gullying" in D.S. G. Thomas (ed) Arid Zone Geomorphology, Belhaven, London. pp. 159-183.

Carlisle D. (1983) "Concentration of uranium and vanadium in calcretesand gypcretes",in R. C.L. Wilson (ed), Residual deposits,Geological Society of London SpecialPublication 11: 185.195.

Carlisle D., Merifield P., Orme A. R and Kolke O. (1978) The distribution of calcretesand gypcretesin the southwesternUnited States.Based on a study of depositsin Western Australia and South West Africa, U. S. Departmentof Energy Report GJBX-29 (78), subcontract76-022-E, Grand Junction, Colorado, 274pp.

Carr M. H. (1980) Survey of Martian fluvial features,NASA Technical Memo TM 81776:265-267.

Chadwick O.A., Hendricks D. M. and Nettleton W. D. (1987a) Silica in dune soils: I. a depositional model, Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal51: 975.982.

Society AmericaJournal 51: 982-985. ------(1987b)Silica in duric soils:11. Mineralogy, Soil Science of

ChapmanJ. (1886)Travels in the interiorof SouthAfrica (2 Volumes),Bell andDaldy, London (Reprinted by A. A. Balkcma, CapeTown, 1971).

Ciccacci S., Fredi P., Lupia Palmieri E. and Salvini F. (1987) "An approachto the quantitative analysisof International the relations betweendrainage pattern and fracture trend", in V. Gardiner (ed) Geomorphology 1986 Part Two, John Wiley, Chichester.pp. 49-68.

ClementAJ. (1967)The Kalahariand its lost city, Longman,Cape Town. D. R. Coates CoatesD. R. (1990) "Groundwater controls of geomorphic hydrology" in C.G. Higgins and (eds) Groundwatergeomorpihologythe role of subsurfacewater in earth-surfaceprocesses and landform Geological Society America Special Paper252, Boulder, Colorado. pp341-356. , of C.V., CoatesJ. N. M., Davies J., Gould D., Hutchins D. G., JonesC. R., Key R.M., MasseyN. W. D., Reeves 21, Gaborone.402pp. (1979) The Kalatraverscreport one, Geological Survey of BotswanaBulletin in Ngamiland, CookeH. J. (1975)The palaeoclimaticsignificance of cavesand adjacent landforms western Botswana,Geographical Journal X1: 430-444. Botswana areas",in ------(1977) "The palacogeographyof the middle Kalahari of northern and adjacent BotswanaSociety, Gaborone. The Okavango delta - an international symposium,the 11:37-42. ------(1979a)The origin of the Makgadikgadipans, Botswana Notes and Records Africa; ----- (1979b)K. Heine: radiocarbon chronology of lateQuaternary lakes in the Kalahari,southern a discussion,Catena x: 107.

(ed) ------(1979c) "Botswana's presentclimate and the evidence for past change", in M. T. Hinchey Proceedingsof the symposiumon drought in Botswana,Botswana Society, Gaborone,pp 53-58.

326 BIBLIOCRAPIIY

------(1980) Landform evolution in the context of climatic changeand neotectonismin the middle Kalahari of north-central Botswana,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers(NS) 5: 80-99.

in J.C. Vogel (ed) ----- (1984) "The evidence from northern Botswanaof late Quaternaryclimatic change", Late Cainozoic palaeoclimatesof the southernhemisphere, A. A. Balkcma, Rotterdam,pp265-278.

Cooke HJ and Baillieul T. (1974) The cavesof Ngamiland: an interim report on explorations and fieldwork 1972-74,Botswana Notes and Records 6: 147-156.

Cooke H.J. and VerstappenH. Th. (1984) Landforms of the westernMakgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana,with a considerationof the chronology of the evolution of lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie2$: 80-99.

Cooke R.U. and Warren A. (1973) Geomorphologyin deserts,Batsford, London 390pp.

Coque R. (1962) Ln Tunisie prd-Saharienne.etude Egomotphologiaue, Colin, Paris.

Cornwallis-Harris W. (1852) The wild sports of southernAfrica--being the narrative of a hunting expedition from the Cape of Good Hope through the territories of the Chief Moselekatse_to the Cape Tropic of Capricorn, Henry G. Bohn, London, 359pp. Reprinted 1987,C. Struik (pty) Ltd, Town.

CrockettR. N. andJennings C. M. H. (1962)Note on the fieldworkcarried out in theOkwa valley during Janua 1962,Bechuanaland Geological Survey Unpublished report RNC/6/62, Lobatse. Ipp.

in longitude 22°E, ------(1964) Geology of part of the Okwa valley Western Bechuanaland the vicinity of BechuanalandGeological Survey Unpublished report RNC/17/64, Lobatsc. l4pp.

Records the Geological ----- (1965) Geology of part of the Okwa valley, western Bechuanaland, of Survey of Bechuanaland1961-62, Bechuanaland Geological Survey, Gaborone.pp101.113.

Africa, John Murray, Cumming R.G. (1850) Five years of a hunter's life in the far interior of South London.

G. Dardis,It DardisG. F., BeckedahlH. R. andStone A. W. (1988)"Fluvial systems",in B.Moon and geomorphologyof southernAfrica, SouthernPublishers, Johannesburg, pp30-56.

DavisW. M. (1899)The geographicalcycle, Geographical Journal14: 481-504. Africa, Clarendon DeaconJ. and LancasterN. (1988) Tate Quaternary alaeoenvironmentcof southern Press,Oxford, 225pp.

in southern Deacon J., LancasterN. and Scott L. (1984) "Evidence for late Quaternaryclimatic change Johannesburg,1983", in J.C. Vogel Africa: summary of the proceedingsof the SASQUA workshop, Rotterdam,pp391- (ed) Late-Cainozoic ^lacoclimatesof the southernHemisphere, A. A. Balkema, 404.

first De Beers ProspectingBotswana (ply) Ltd (1988) Final report for prospectinglicence 21/86 and Department Geological relinquishment report for prospectinglicences 19/86 and 20/86, Botswana of Survey Unpublished Report CR1/2/72, Lobatsc.7pp.

Uganda DebenhamF. (1948) Report on the water resourcesof Bechuanaland,N. Rhodesia,Tanganyika, and Kenya, Colonial ResearchPublication no 2, London pp3l-39.

------(1952)The Kalaharitoday, Geographical Journal M: 12-23.

327 BIBUOGRAPIIY

De Brulyn H. (1974)Pans in the westernOrange Free State, Annals of theGeological Survey of South Africa 2121:121.124.

De Hcinzelin J. (1963) "A tentative palacogcographicmap of NeogeneAfrica". in F.C. Howell and F. Boulicre (eds), African ecology and human evolution, Viking Publications in Anthropology, Aldine, Chicago pp648-654.

De SwardtA. M.J. andBennet G. (1974)Structural and physiographic evolution of Natalsince the Late Jurassic,Transactions of the GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica 22:309-322.

De Villiers J. and SimpsonE. W. S. (1974) Late Precambriantectonic patterns in south-westernAfrica, Bulletin of the PrecambrianResearch Unit. University of CapeTown 1.x,: 141.152.

De Vries J.J. (1974) Groundwater flow systemsand streamnets in the Netherlands,Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam.

------(1976)The groundwateroutcrop-erosion model: evolution of thestream network in the Netherlands, Journalof Hydrology22: 43-50.

------(1984) Holocene depletion and active rechargeof the Kalahari groundwaters-a review and an indicative model, Journal of Hydrology 2Q:221-232.

(1985) "Rechargeand depletion of Kalahari groundwaters:an indicative model". in D. G. Hutchins and A. P. Lynam (eds)The proceedingsof a seminaron the mineral exploration of the Kalahari. October 1983,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 29, Gaborone.pp251.260.

De Vries JJ. and Von Hoyer M. (1988) "Groundwaterrecharge studies in semi-arid Botswana-a review", in I. Simmers (cd), Estimation of Natural Groundwaterrecharge, NATO ASI SeriesC x: 339-347, Reidel, Dordrecht.

basinsin Dietvorst EJ. L., De Vries JJ. and Gieske A. (1991) Coincidenceof wellficlds and tectonic the Precambrianshield areaof southeastBotswana, Ground Water 22: 869-877.

Cape Basin Dingle R.V. and Hendey Q.B. (1984) Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentsupply to the western 5¢: 13-26. (S.E. Atlantic) and palacodrainagesystems in south-westernAfrica, Marine Geolog= Africa, Dingle R.V., SiesserW. G. and Newton A. R. (1983) Mesozoic and Tertiary, geology of southern A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 375pp.

Dixey F.H. (1950) "Part 1. Geology" in J.D. Clark (cd) The Stone Age cultures of Northern Rhodesia, South African Archaeological Society. pp9-29.

Transactions of the ----- (1958a)Erosion surfaces of Africa: someconsiderations of ageand origin, GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica 2: 265.280. Alex du Toit memorial ------(1958b)Some aspects of the geomorphologyof centraland southern Africa: lectureNo. 4 Transactionsof the GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica U annexure58pp. 4: 211-239. Dunne T. (1980) Function and control of channelnetworks, Progressin Physical Geography,

I. Logan Dury G. M. (1968) "An introduction to the geomorphologyof Australia", in G.M. Dury and M. (eds) Studies in Australian Geoamphy,Heinemann Education, Melbourne, ppl-36.

Du Toit A. L. (1926a) Report on the Kalahari reconnaissanceof 1925,Department of Irrigation, Union of South Africa, Pretoria, 69pp + plates.

------(1926b)The Micr Country,South African Geographicaliournal2: 21-26.

328 BIBUOGRAPIIY

------(1927)The Kalahariand some of its problems,South African Journal of Science24: 88.101.

------(1933) Crustal movementas a factor in the geographicalevolution of South Africa, South African GeographicalJournal j: 3-20.

(1954) The geology of South Africa (3rd edition), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.

EbertJ. andHitchcock R. K. (1978)Ancient lake Makgadikgadi, Botswana: mapping, measurement and palaeoclimaticsignificance, Palaeoccology of Africa I0/U: 47.56.

EgyedL. (1957)The role of tectonicsand morphology in the developmentof drainagepattern, 13citinge zur , ophy ik M: 271-273.

El-Baz F., Breed C.S., Crolicr M. J. and McCauley J.F. (1979) Aeolian featuresin the westerndesert of Egypt and some implications for Mars, Journal of GeophysicalResearch $4 n.b14: 8205-8221.

El-Baz F., Boulos L., Breed C., Dardir A., Dowidar H., El-Etr H., Embabi N., Grolier M., Haynes V., Ibrahim M., Issawi B., Maxwell T., McCauley J., McHugh W., Moustafa A. and Yousif M. (1980) Journey to the Gilf Kebir and Uweinat, southwestEgypt, GeographicalJournal 14L:51-93.

Farr J., Cheney C., Baron J. and Peart R. (1981) , 10 P sect:evaluation of undergroundwater resources, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Final Report, Gaborone.292pp.

Farr J., Peart R., Nelisse C. and Butterworth J. (1982) Two Kalahari pans, a study of their mornhometrv and evolution, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey, Unpublished Report GS10/10, Lobatse.

Flach K. W., Nettleton W. D., Gile L. H. and Cady J.G. (1969) Pedocementation:induration by silica, carbonatesand sesquioxidesin the Quaternary,Soil Science]07(6): 442-453.

Flint R.F. and Bond G. (1968) Pleistocenesand ridges and pans in westernRhodesia, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 22:299-314.

FosterS. S. D. (1978)The likelihoodof activegroundwater reche in the BotswanaKalahari, Botswana Departmentof GeologicalSurvey Unpublished Report GS 10/6,Lobatse. in Foster S.S. D., Bath A. H., Farr J.L. and Lewis WJ. (1982) The likelihood of active groundwaterrecharge the BotswanaKalahari, Journal of Hydrology Li: 113-136.

Frankel J.J. and Kent L. E. (1938) Grahamstownsurface quartzites (silcrctes), Transactionsof_the Geological Society of South Africa j. 1: 1-42.

FrostickL. E. andReid I. (1979)"Drainage-net control of sedimentparameters in sand-bedephemeral streams",in A.F. Pitty (cd) Geographicalapproaches to fluvialprocesses,Gcoabstracts, Norwich. pp 173-201.

Survey GaleI. N. (1975)Borehole siting in the Ghinzi District,Botswana Department of Geological UnpublishedReport ING/2/75, Lobatse. 2pp.

GaleS. J. (1992)Long term landscapeevolution in Australia,j, 2rthSurface Processes and Landforms 12:323-343.

Gardiner V. (1983) "Drainage networks and palacohydrology", in K. J. Gregory (ed) Ra kgro andt alacohydrology,John Wiley. Chichester.pp. 257-277.

GarrelsR. M. andChrist C. L. (1965)Solutions minerals and equilibria, Harper and Row, New York. 450pp.

329 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gieske A. and SclaolaE. (1988) "A proposedstudy of rechargeprocesses in fractured aquifers of semi- and Botswana",in I. Simmers (ed) Estimation of natural groundwaterrecharge, NATO ISI SeriesC Volume 222, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 117-124.

Glassford D. K. and Semeniuk V. (1991) Arid-zone landforms and Cainozoic regolith of the Yilrarn Block of Western Australia, Excursion guidebook for the post-conferenceexcursion on desertlandscapes, October 1991,Perth, Western Australia. International Geological Correlation Programme252, Past and Future Evolution of Deserts,35pp.

GlennieK. W. (1970)Desert Sedimentary Environments, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 222pp.

Gomez B. and Mullen V. T. (1992) An experimentalstudy of sappeddrainage network development,Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms 11:465-476.

Goodchild M. F. (1986) Spatial autocorrclation, Catmog47, Gco Books, Norwich, 56pp.

GoudieA. S. (1969)Statistical laws and dune ridges in southernAfrica, ographicalJournal L U: 404- 406.

-"---- (1970) Notes on some major dune types in southernAfrica, South African GeographicalJournal 12:93-101.

------(1972a) The chemistry of world calcretedeposits, Journal of Geolo v $Q:449-463.

------(19726)Climate, weathering, crust formation, dunes and fluvial featuresof the CentralNamib Desert,near Gobabeb, South West Africa, MadoQua1: 15-31.

------(1973a) Duricrusts in tropical and subtropical landscapers,Clarendon Press, Oxford, 174pp.

1:77------(1973b) The geomorphic and resourcesignificance of calcrete,Progress in Physical ogrlýhy 118.

Environments1: 291------(1978)Dust stormsand their geomorphologicalimplications, Journal of Arid 310.

(1983)"Calcrete", in A.S. Goudieand K. Pye(eds) Chemical sediments and gcomomholorv, AcademicPress, London, pp93-132.

Oxford, 528pp. ------(1986a) The encyclopaedicdictionary of physical geography,Blackwell, Firth Surface ----- (1986b) Laboratory simulation of "the Wick effect" in salt weatheringof rock, Processesand Landforms 11:275-287. London,493pp. GoudieA. S. andPyc K. (1983)Chemical sediments and geomorphology, Academic Press, SouthAfrica GoudieA. S. andThomas D. S. G. (1985)Pans in southernAfrica with particularreference to andZimbabwe, Zeitschrift fi; r Geomorphologie22: 1-19.

----- (1986)Lunette dunes in southernAfrica, Journalof Arid Environments,1Q: 1-12. in D. G. Gould D. and RathboneP. A. (1985) "The geological structure of the Molopo Firms Project area" Hutchins and A. P. Lynam (eds) The proccedingsof n seminaron the m'=Ml exploration of the Kalahari. October 1983,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.pp160- 186.

Gould D., RathboneP. A. and Kimbell G.S. (1987) The geology of the Molopo Farms Complex, southern Botswana; Volume 1- Text, BotswanaDepartment of eologtcal Survey BhII t&n 23, Gaborone. 178pp.

330 BIBUOGRAPIIY

Gould D., RathboneP. A. and Kimbell G.S. (1989) The geology of the Molopo Farms Complex, southern Botswana;Volume 2- Appendices,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 23, Gaborone.245pp.

Graf W. L. (1983) Flood-relatedchannel change in an arid-region river, Earth SurfaceProcesses and Land forms 8: 125.139.

------(1988)Fluvial processesin drylandrivers, Springer-Verlag, 346pp.

GreenD. (1966)The Karroosystem in Bechuanaland,Bulletin of theGeological Society of Bechuanaland n2, Gaborone.74pp.

GreenwoodP. G. and CarruthersR. M. (1973) Geophysicalsurveys in the Okavangodelta, Report no.15, I. G. S. GeophysicalDivision, London, 23pp (unpublished).

GregoryK. J. (1983)(cd) Backgroundto palaeohydroloev,John Wiley, Chichester.486pp.

Grey D. R.C. and Cooke HJ. (1977) Some problems in the Quaternaryevolution of the landforms of northern Botswana,Catena 4: 123-133.

in Grobler NJ., Behounck NJ. and Loock J. C. (1987) Development of pans in palacodrainage north- western Orange Free State, Palaeoecoloev of Africa 12: 87-96.

GroveA. T. (1969)Landforms and climatic change in the Kalahariand Ngamiland, Geographical Journal ]. j: 191-212.

Barolong Gwosdz W. (1981)Report on a geologicalreconnaissance for calcretedeposits in the areaof the Department Farms (SouthernDistrict) and nearLetlhakeng (KwenengDistrict), Botswana of Geological Survey Unpublishedreport WG/26/81, Lobatse.8pp.

Kweneng District, Botswana ------(1982) Report on a calcretedeposit southeastof Letlhakeng Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished report WG/38/82, Lobatse. Department GwosdzW. andModisi M.P. (1983)The carbonateresources of Botswana,Botswana of GeologicalSurvey Mineral Resources Report 6, Lobatse.166pp.

HagedornJ. (1988) Silcretes in the westernLittle Karoo and their relation to geomorphologyand palacoccology,Palaeoccology of Africa 12:371-375.

CambridgeUniversity Haining R (1990) Spatial data analysis in the social and environmental sciences. Press,409pp.

S.G. Thomas(cd) Biid HarveyA. M. (1989)"The occurrenceand role of and zonealluvial fans",in D. ZoneGeomomhologv, Belhaven, London. pp. 136-158. Sedimentary HealdM. T. andLarese R. E. (1974)Influence of coatingson quartzcementation, Journal of PetrologyAj: 1269-1274.

in in Heaton T. H.E., Talma A. S. and Vogel J.C. (1983) Origin and history of nitrate confined groundwater the westernKalahari. Journal of Hydrology fa: 243-262. South West HegenbergerW. (1982) The regional geology of northeastSouth West AfricaLNamibia, Africa/Namibia Departmentof Geological Survey Open File report RG6, Windhoek. 22pp.

SouthWest Africa ------(1985/86,1986/87)Stand der geologischenKenntnisse uber das Kavangogebiet, ScientificSociety Journal XL/XLT. Windhoek, South West Africa/Namibia, pp97-113.

331 BIBLIOGRAPHY

HegenbcrgerW. and SeegerK. G.(1980) The geology the Gobabis Sheet2218, of r .a" explanationof South West Africa/Namibia Departmentof Geological Survey, Windhoek. I ipp.

Heine K. (1978a) Radio carbon chronology of the late Quaternarylakes in the Kalahari, Catena1: 145-149.

-- (1978b) Jungquartercrpluviale und interpluviale in der Kalahari (südliches Afrika), Palacoccologyof Africa 1Q:31-39.

-- (1979)Reply to Cooke'sdiscussion of "K.Heine: radio carbon chronology of the lateQuaternary lakesin the Kalahari",Catena ý: 259.266.

-"---" (1981) Aride und pluviale bedingungenwahrend der letzten kaltzeit in der südwestKalahari (südlichesAfrika), Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie.Supplementband 3a: 1-37.

(1982) The main stagesof late Quaternaryevolution of the Kalahari region, southernAfrica, Palaeoecologyof Africa jj: 53-76.

------(1987) Zum alter jungquarterer seespiegelschwankungen in der mittleren Kalahari, südlichesAfrika, Palaeoccologyof Africa 1: 73.101.

Helgren D.M. (1978) Environmental history in the north-west Kalahari - preliminary report, Palacoccology of Africa 10/11:65-66.

---- (1984) Historical geomorphologyand geoarchaeologyin the south-westMakgadikgadi basin, Botswana,Annals of the Association of American Geographers2(2): 298.307.

Helgren D. M. and Brooks A. (1983) Geoarchaeologyof Gi, a Middle Stone Age site in the north-west Kalahari, Journal of Archaeological ScienceJ. Q: 181.187.

Herbert P. (1976) Borehole siting in the Ghanzi farms areas,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Unpublished Report P11,15(76,Lobatse. 2pp.

HerefordR. (1986)Modern alluvial historyof theParia River drainagebasin, southern Utah, Quaternary Research25: 293-311.

HesseR. (1989)Silica diagenesis:origin of inorganicand replacement cherts, Firth-Science Review 2k:253-284.

HigginsC. G. (1974)Model drainagenetworks developed by groundwatersapping, Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programsx: 794-795. IDL1: 147-152. ------(1982) Drainage systemsdeveloped by sappingon Earth and Mars, Geology 11:55-56. -"--- (1983) Reply: drainagesystems developed by sappingon Earth and Mars, , ologv

in R.G. la Fleur ------(1984) "Piping and sapping: developmentof landforms by groundwateroutflow", (cd) Groundwater as a geomorphic agent,Allen and Unwin, London, ppl8-58.

Hinds N. E.A. (1925) Amphitheatrevalley heads,Journal of Geoloev 11:816-818.

Hodson T. Fisher Union A. W. (1912) Trekking the GreatThirst - sport and travel in the Kalahari Desert, Ltd. London 359pp. Reprinted 1977, Africana Book Society (pty) Ltd, Johannesburg.

HortonR. E. (1945)Erosional development of streamsand their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitativemorphology, Bulletin of the GeologicalSociety of America56-275-370.

Houston J. (1973) Provisional hydrogeology Botswana reconnaissance of the southernGhanz' ri , Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished Report JFT1'-U10/73,Lobatse. 7pp.

332 BIBLJOGRAPl1Y

HowardA. D., KochclR. C. andHolt N.E. (1988)Stopping features of the ColoradoPlateau -a comparative planet. geologyfieldguide, NASA PublicationSP-491,108pp.

Howard A. D. and McLane C.F. (1988) Erosion of cohesionlesssediment by groundwaterseepage, Water ResourcesResearch 24(lO : 1659-1674.

HutchinsD. G., HuttonL. G., HuttonS. M., JonesC. R. andLoenhart E. P. (1976a)Geology, geomorphology andhydrology of the Okavango,Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 7, Gaborone.

HutchinsD. G., HuttonS. M. andJones C. R. (1976b)"The geologyof the Okavangodelta", in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Okavangodelta and its future utilisation (Gaborone),Botswana Society, Gaboronepp13-19.

Hutchins D. G., PeartRJ., MachachaT. P., Cornwell J.D. and Mallick D. I. J. (1979) "Reconnaissance ground geophysicalsurvey over the Xade Complex, central Botswana", in G. McEwen (ed) proceedingsof a seminar on geophysicsand the exploration of the Kalahari, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.pp247-272.

Hutton L. G. and Lochnert E.P. (1977) Hydrochemical surveysof selectedKaroo areasin Botswana, International Association of Hydrologists CongressMemoirs (Birmingham) X111pp63-72.

Hyde L. W. (1971) "Groundwater supplies in the Kalahari area,Botswana", in Proceedingsof the conferenceon sustainedproduction from semi-arid areas,Botswana Society, Gaborone,pp77-87.

JacobsonG., Arakel A. V. and Chen Y. J. (1988) The central Australian groundwaterdischarge zone - evolution of associatedcalcrete and gypcretedeposits, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences31549- 565.

JenningsC. M. H. (1969)"Groundwater in Botswana",in Symposiumon groundwaterin southernAfrica. Pretoriapp 1.13. University Natal,850pp. ------(1974)The hydrogeologyof Botswana,Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, of Okwa JenningsC. M. H. andCrockett R. N. (1961)Preliminary report on thegeology of the valley westof Tswaaneborehole, Bechuanaland Geological Survey Unpublished report RNC/3/61, Lobatse. 6pp.

JenningsJ. N. (1979)Arnhem Land, city thatnever was, Geographicl]Mlglzine.U: 822-827.

JohnstonR. J. (1978)Multivariate statistical analysis in geography,Longman, London.

JonesC. R. (1982)The Kalahariof southernAfrica, Striae11: 20-34. the JonesM. T. (1962)Report on a photoeeologial surveyof the areabetween the OkavangoSwamps and Lobatse. SouthWest African border, Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Unpublished report, OccasionalPam JonesN. (1944)The climateand cultural sequences at Sawmills,Southern Rhodesia, RhodesiaMuseum a 116-127.

Keller E.A. and Kondolf G.M. (1990) "Groundwater and fluvial processes;selected observations, with casestudies by D.J. Hagerty and G.M. Kondolf" in C.G. Higgins and D.R. Coates(eds) Groundwater Geological eeomomhninnv- the role of subsurfacewater in earth.-surface nmcesses and landforms, Society of America Special Paper252, Boulder, Colorado. pp319-340.

Kelsey H. M. (1988) Formation of inner gorges,Catena 11;433458. ,

333 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kent L.E. andGribnitz K. -H. (1985)Freshwater shell deposits in the northeasternCape Province: further evidencefor a widespreadwet phaseduring the latePleistocene in southernAfrica, SouthAfrican Journalof ScienceE I: 361-370.

Key R.M. (1977)The chronologyof Botswana,Transactions of the GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica $Q:31-40.

Kimbell U. S., Burley Al. Parker M. E., PeaseS. F. and Barton K. T (1984) The gravity survey of the Molopo Farms area.southern Botswana, Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 30, Gaborone. 101 pp + maps.

King L. C. (1962)The morphologyof the Earth,Oliver andBoyd, Edinburgh. 699pp.

(1978) "The geomorphologyof central and southernAfrica", in M. J.A. Werger (ed) Biogeography and ecology of southernAfrica, Junk Publishing, The Hague,ppl-17.

KingstonJ., WoodwardJ. E. MalanS. P. andJennings R. P. (1961)Geology and petroleum prospects of the Kalaharibasin, Report by Mobil Oil, SouthAfrica (pty) Ltd. unpublished.

Kirchner J. and Tredoux G. (1975) The Stampriet Artesian Basin. with specific referenceto the Salt Block: the chemical composition of the groundwaterwith respectto geological formation, South West Africa Departmentof Geological Survey, Windhoek. UnpublishedReport.

Kirkby M. J. and Morgan R.P. C. (1980) Soil erosion, John Wiley, Chichester.

Klein R.G. (ed) (1984) SouthernAfrican Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments,A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 404pp.

Klein R.G., Cruz-Uribe K. and BeaumontP. B. (1991) Environmental, ecological and Northern palacoanthropologicalimplications of late Pleistocenemammalian fauna from Equus Cave, Cape Province, QuaternaryResearch 3: 94.119.

KnightonD. (1984)Fluvial formsand processes, Edward Arnold, London. 218pp. American Knox J.C. (1972)Valley alluviadonin south-westernWisconsin, Annals of the Associationof Geographers¢x: 323-342.

by Kochet R.C., Howard A. D. and McLane C. (1985) "Channel networks developed groundwatersapping (ed) Models in fine-grained sediments:analogs to some Martian valleys" in M. J. Woldenbcrg Geomorphology, Allen and Unwin, London. pp 313-341. for Kochet R.C. and Piper IF. (1986) Morphology of large valleys on Hawaii: evidence groundwater 91(b131: sappingand comparisonswith Martian valleys, Journalof GeophysicalResearch e175-e192. Busrewil Kogbe C.A. (1980) "The Trans-SaharanSeaway during the Cretaceous",in M. J Salem and M. T. (eds), The g oelogy of Libya Volume 1, Academic Press,London, pp91.95.

Kokot D.F. (1948)An investigationinto theevidence bearing on recentclimatic changes over southern Africa, IrrigationDepartment, Union of SouthAfrica, Pretoria.

La Fleur R.G. (ed) (1984) Groundwateras a geomorphic agent,Allen and Unwin, London, 390pp.

Laity J.E. (1983) Diagenetic controls on groundwatersapping and valley formation, Colorado Plateau,as revealedby optical and electron microscopy, Physical Geogranhv4: 103-125.

Laity J.E. andMalin M.C. (1985)Sapping processes and the developmentof theater-headedvalley networksin the ColoradoPlateau, Geological Society of AmericaBulletin 2¢:203-217.

334 BIBUOGRAPIIY

Laity J.E., Picri D.C. andMalin M. C. (1980)Sapping processes in tributaryvalley ystems,NASA TechnicalMemo TM 81776:295-297.

LamplughG. W. (1902)Calcrete, Geological Magazine 2: 75.

(1907) Geology Zambezi basin Batoka Gorge, Quart Journal Geological ------of the around the .rly of the Society x: 162-216.

LancasterI. N. (1977)Pleistocene lacustrine stromatolites from Urwi pan,Botswana, Transactions of the GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica $0:283-285.

Journil j: 81.98. ------(1978a) The pans of the southernKalahari, Botswana,Geographical Zeitschrift ftr ------(1978b) Composition and formation of southernKalahari pan margin dunes, Geomorphologie22M. 148-169.

Africa, Environmental ---»- (1979a) Quaternaryenvironments in the and zone of southern studiespaper 22. Departmentof Geographyand Environmental Studies,University of the Witwatersrand,S. Africa.

LancasterN. (1979b) Evidence for a widespreadlate Pleistocenehumid period in the Kalahari, Nature 2: 145-146.

Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2,1:185------(1980) Dune systems and palaeoenvironments in southern 189.

in Africa, ------(1981)Palaeocnvironmental implications of fixed dunesystems southern Pala o eeographyPalaeoclimatology and Palaeoecoloev 31: 327-346.

in landforms in J.C. --"-" (1984) "Aridity in southernAfrica: age, origins and expression and sediments", Rotterdam, Vogel (ed) Lite Cainozoic palaeoclimatesof the southernhemisphere, A. A. Balkema, pp433-444.

in Kalahari, Journal of ------(1986a) Grain size characteristicsof linear dunes the southwestern SedimentaryPetrology, 16: 395-400.

Palaeoecologyof Africa 12:59-68. -----" (1986b) Pansin the southwesternKalahari: a preliminary report,

in Kalahari, Africa, Journal of Arid ----- (1988) Developmentof linear dunes the southwestern southern Environments li: 233-244.

in Kalahari, p lacoecography. ----- (1989) Late Quaternarypalacoenvironments the southwestern Palaeoclimatologyand Palacoecologv2: 367-376. 304pp. Langford-Smith T. (1978) (ed) Silcrete in Australia, University of New England, Armidale.

for bituminous Lawrance CJ. and Toole T. (1984) The location selection and use of calcrete road Department construction in Botswana,Transport and Road ResearchLaboratory Report 1122, of Transport, 53pp.

University Lee R.B. (1979) The ! Kung San-men. women and work in a foraging society, Cambridge Press,526pp.

New York, 173pp. ------(1984) The Dohe ! Kung, Holt, Rinehart and Winston/CBS College Publishing,

Leistner O.A. (1967) The plant ecology of the southernKalahari, Botanical ResearchInstitute Botanical Memoir 38, Republic of South Africa Departmentof Agricultural Technical Services,Pretoria, 172pp.

335 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Levin M., Hambleton-JonesB.B. andSmit M.C. B. (1985)"Uranium in thegroundwater of the Kalahari regionssouth of theMolopo River", in D.G. Hutchinsand A. P. Lynam(eds) The proceedin gs of a seminaron the mineralexploration of the Kalahari.October 1983, Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.pp234.250.

Lewis A. D. (1936) Sanddunes of the Kalahari within the bordersof the Union, South African GeographicalJournal 1.2:23-32.

Lister L.A. (1979)The geomorphicevolution of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia,Transactions of theGeological Societyof SouthAfrica ß2(3):363-370. ,

Lister M. H. (1949) The journals of Andrew GeddesBain, the Van Riebeck Society, CapeTown.

Litherland M. (1982) The geology of the areaaround Mamuno and Kalkfontein, Ghanzi District, Botswana,Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey District Memoir 4, Gaborone. 145pp.

Livingstone D. (1858) Missionary Travels and researchesin South Africa, Harper and Brothers, New York, 732pp. Reprinted 1971,Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York.

Loughnan F.C. (1969) Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals,American Elsevier, New York, 154pp.

Lowe J.J. and Walker M. J.C. (1984) ReconstructingOuatem: vv environments,Longman, London. 389pp.

Kheis Lüdtke G. (1986) Geophysical,geochemical and geological investigationsin the Ngami and areasof Botswana, 1980-1983.Final Report, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Bulletin 32, Gaborone.319pp + maps + appendices.

MabbuttJ. A. (1955)Erosion surfaces in little Namaqualandand the ages of surfacedeposits in the south- westernKalahari, Transactions of theGeological Society of SouthAfrica ja: 13-29.

Kalahari", in J.D. Clark (ed) ----- (1957) "Physiographicevidence for the age of the Kalahari sandsof the 3rd Pan-African congresson Pre-History. Livingstone. 1955, Chatto and Windus, London, pp123-126.

----- (1977) Desert Land forms, ANU Press,Canberra. from interior ------(1988)"Land-surface evolution at thecontinental time-scale: an example western Australia",in J. Firman(ed) Lands the hemisphere,Earth-Science Review 21: 457- .apes of southern 466.

2: 69-112. McBride E.F. (1989) Quartz cement in sandstones:a review, Earth-ScienceReview in Griqualand McCarthy T. S. (1983) Evidence for the former existenceof a major southerly flowing river West, Transactionsof the Geological Society of South Africa $x: 37-49.

McCarthyT. S., Ellery W.N., RogersK. H., CairncrossB. andEllery K. (1986)The rolesof sedimentation SouthAfrican Journal andplant growthin changingflow patternsin theOkavango Delta, Botswana, of Sic $2:579-584.

McCarthy T. S., StanistrectI. G., CairncrossB., Ellery W. N., Ellcry K., Oclofse R. and Grobicki T. S.A. 1: 267-278. (1988a) Incremental aggradationon the Okavango Delta-Fan, Botswana,Q omo holoev

McCarthy T. S., Rogers K. H., Stanistrect1. G., Ellcry W. N., Caimcross B. and Ellery K. (1988b) Features of channel margins in the Okavango Delta, Palacoccologyof Africa 12:3-14.

McCauley J.F., SchaberG. G., Breed C.S., Grolier M. J., HaynesC. V., Issawi B., Elachi C. and Blom R. (1982) Subsurfacevalleys and gcoarchacologyof the EasternSahara revealed by Shuttle Radar, Scienceßj$: 1004-1020.

336 BIBUOGRAPIIY

McCauley J.F., Breed C.S., SchaberG. G., McHugh W.P., Issawi B., HaynesC. V., Grolier MJ. and El Kilani A. (1986a) Palaeodrainagesof the EasternSahara - the Radar Rivers revisited (SIR-A/SIR-B implications for a mid-Tertiary trans-African drainagesystem), IEEE Transactionson Gcoscienceand Remote SensingVolume GE-24 Number 4: 624-648.

McCauley J.F., Breed C.S. and SchaberG. G. (1986b) "The megageomorphologyof the Radar Rivers of the Eastern Sahara",Report N 87-17139 in The SecondSpaceborne Imaging Symposium,April 28-30 1986,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,NASA JPL Publication 86-26. pp25.35.

McConnell R.B. (1956) Notes on the geology and geomorphologyof the BechuanalandProtectorate, 2Qlh International Geological Mexico City. 1956.Associaci6n de Servicios Geol6gicos Congress. Africanos pp175.186.

McDaid J.A. (1985) South West Africa Coal Project Vol 1, CDM (Pty) Ltd, South West Africa Departmentof Geological Survey/Mincral Surveys Open File report 13/175/581/84/055,Windhoek.

McEwen G. (1979) The proceedingsof a seminaron geophysicsand the exploration of the Kalahari, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.423pp.

McFarlane M. J. (1983) "Laterite", in A. S. Goudie and K. Pye (eds) Chemical sedimentsin geomorphology, Academic Press,London, pp7-58.

in Malawi ------(1989) Dambos - their characteristicsand geomorphologicalevolution parts of and Zimbabwe, with particular referenceto their role in the hydrogeologicalregime of surviving areasof African surface,Proceedings of the GroundwaterExploration and Development in Crystalline BasementAquifers Workshop, Harare,Zimbabwe, 15-24June 1987,Commonwealth ScienceCouncil I (Session3): 254-308.

to ----- (1990) A review of the developmentof tropical weatheringprofiles with particular reference Groundwater leaching history and with examplesfrom Malawi and Zimbabwe, Proceedingsof the Zimbabwe, 15-24 Exploration and Developmentin Crystalline BasementAquifers Workshop, Harare, June 1987,Commonwealth ScienceCouncil 1 (Session8): 93.145.

Transactions MacGregor A. M. (1916) The Karroo rocks and later sedimentsnorth west of Bulawayo, of the Geological Society South Africa 12 14-32. of . Magazine.Johannesburg 2: 127-129. ------(1930)The GreatMakarikari, Mining andIndustrial BechuanalandProtectorate, -----" (1931)Geological notes on a circuit of the greatMakarikari salt pan, Transactionsof the GeologicalSociety of SouthAfrica aa:89.102. Zambia,Catena MäckelR. (1974)Dambos: a studyin morphodynamicactivity on theplateau regions of 1:327-365.

Johannesburg, Main M. (1987)Kalahari: life's varietyin duneand delta, Southern Book Publishers, 265pp.

Landsat imagery Mallick D. I. J., Habgood F. and Skinner A. C. (1981) A geological interpretation of and Mineral air photography of Botswana,Institute of Geological Sciences OverseasGcology and Resources56, London, H. M. S.O., 36pp.

from Mann A. W. and Horwitz R. (1979) Groundwatercalcrete depositsin Australia: some observations Western Australia, Journal of the Geological Society of Austr 2¢:293-303.

MarkerM. E. (1976)Note on someSouth African pseudo-karst,Bolotin de la SociedadVenezolana de Espelioloja 7(Ul :5-12.

337 BIBLIOGRAPHY

------(1977)Aspects of the geomorphologyof the Kuiscbriver. SouthWest Africa, Madons a 10199.206.

------(1988)Tufa depositsof southernAfrica: a review.Palacoccology of Africa, j2: 377.389.

March F.D. and Denny K. J. (1965) Grain size distribution and its effects on the permeability of unconsolidatedsands, Water ResourcesResearch Journal 2L41:665-689.

MasonRJ., Brink A.B. A. andKnight K. (1959)Pleistocene climatic significance of calcretesand ferricretes,N= 1$4:568.

Masson-SmithD. and Evans R.B. (1966) Geophysicalsurveys in southernBechuanaland Protectorate September1965, Geophysical Report 36, Institute of Geological Sciences" OverseasDivision.

Maufe H. B. (1920) The geological section betweenBulawayo and Victoria Falls, South African Journal of Science11: 113-115.

South African ------(1930) Changesof climate in southernRhodesia during late geological times, GeographicalJournal il: 12-16.

------(1935) Some factors in the geological evolution of SouthernRhodesia and neighbouring countries, South African GeoamphicalJournal ]$: 3-21.

Rhodesia, Transactions the -- (1939) New sections in the Kalahari beds at the Victoria Falls, of Geological Society of South Africa 41.:211-224.

Maxwell J.A. (1979) Field investigationsof Martian canyonlandsin southwesternEgypt, NASA ConferencePublication 2072:54.

MayerJJ. (1973)Morphotectonic development of the HartsRiver valley in realtionto the Griqualand- Transvaalaxis andthe Vaaland Molopo rivers, Transactions of the GeologicalSocietyof South Africa 2: 183-194.

Journal of Mazor E. (1982) Rain rechargein the Kalahari -a note on some approachesto the problem, Hydrology : 1: 137-144.

MazurE., VerhagenB. Th., SellschopJ. P. F., JonesM. T., RobinsN. E., HuttonL. andJennings C. M. H. Orapa, (1977)Northern Kalahari groundwatcrs: hydrologic, isotopic and chemical studies at Botswana,Journal of HydrologyX4: 203-234.

Mazor E., VerhagenB. Th., SellschopJ. P. R. Robins S. and Hutchins L. G. (1974) Kalahari groundwaters: Agriculture their hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotopes,International Atmospheric Energy and IAEA-SM 182/10pp203-225. SouthAustralia Milnes A.R. andThiry M. (1986)Silicification in Cainozoicsequences in and northern (abstract),12th International Sedimentologi cal Congress Canberra. Australia p213. UnitedStates Army Mock SJ. (1976)Topological al properties of sometrellis pattern channel networks, Cold RegionsResearch and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 76-46,59pp. 1989:10-11. Molosiwa R. (1989) Molopo: the great "river" that rarely flows, 1SutlwanaNovember

Money NJ. (1972) An outline of the geology of westernZambia, Record-.-; or Republic of Zambia 12, Lusaka. pp103-123.

Moore A. E. (1988) Plant distribution and the evolution of the major river systemsin southernAfrica, South African Journal of Geology 21W: 346.349.

338 BIBUOGRAPIIY

Mulcahy MJ. (1967) "Landscapes,laterites and soils in south-westernAustralia", in J.N. Jenningsand J.A. Mabbutt (cds) Landform studiesfrom Australia and New Guinea, CambridgeUniversity Press, pp211.230.

Nash DJ., Thomas D. S.G. and Shaw P.A. (1993) "Timescales,environmental changeand valley development", in A. C. Millington and K. Pye (cds) Effects of environmental chap in d 1.Inds, John Wiley, Chichester(in press).

National Parks Board (1986) Kalahari GemsbokNational Park, Unpublished brochure, National Parks Board, Pretoria, 20pp.

NetterburgF. (1969a)Ages of calcretesin southernAfrica, SouthAfrican ArchaeologicalBulletin 24: 88- 92.

Bulletin ------(1969b) The interpretation of some basic calcretetypes, South African Archaeological x,: 117-122.

African Archaeological Bulletin ----- (1975) Calcretesand silcretesat Sambio, Okavangoland,South 22: 83-88.

description, »---- (1980) Geology of southernAfrican calcretes:terminology, macrofeaturesand classification, Transactionsof the Geological Society of South Africa $,x: 255-283.

South West Africa", ------(1982) "Calcretesand their decalcification around Rundu, Okavangoland, Palaeoccologyof Africa ], x: 159-169.

Nicholson S.E. and Flohn H. (1980) African environmentaland climatic changesand the general atmosphericcirculation in the late Pleistoceneand Holocene, Climatic change2: 313-348.

Nord M. (1985) Sand rivers of Botswana:Phase IT, BotswanaDepartment of Water Affairs/SIDA, Gaborone.

deposits, Norman J.W. (1968) Photogeologyof linear featuresin areascovered with superficial Transactionsof the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Section B 71:60-77. (cd) Physical NorrishK. andChappell B. W. (1967)"X-ray fluorescencespectrography", in J. Zussman methodsin determinativemineralogy, Academic Press, London, pp 161-214.

NugentC. (1990)The ZambeziRiver. tectonism,climatic changeand drainage evolution, Pala Palacoclimatology Palaeoecology2$.: 55-69. ,ogeogmphv and drainage reply to discussion, ------(1992) The Zambezi River. tectonism, climatic changeand evolution - Pala Palacoclimatology and Palacoecology 21: -ogeographY 178-182. 11:151-163. Oilier C.D. (199la) Aspectsof silcreteformation in Australia,Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Zeitschriftfi3r Geomorphologie 3j: 165------(199lb) Lateriteprofiles. ferricrete and landscape evolution, 173.

Texas New OsterkampW. R. and Wood W. W. (1987) Playa lake basinson the SouthernHigh Plains of and Mexico: Part 1. Hydrologic, geomorphic and geologic evidence for their development,Bulletin of the Geological Society oAmerica 22:215-223.

OvendenJ. C. andGregory KJ. (1980)The permanenceof streamnetworks in Britain,Earth Surface Processes5: 47-60.

OwensM. andOwens D. (1984)Cry of theKalahari, Collins, 341pp.

339 BIBUOGRAPIIY

PartridgeT. C. (1969)Fluvial featuresand climatic change during the Quaternary in SouthAfrica, South African ArchaeologicalBulletin 24: 106-116.

------(1985) The palacoclimatic significance of Cainozoic terrestrial stratigraphic and tectonic evidence from southernAfrica: a review, South African Journal of Scienceßj: 245-247.

PartridgeT. C. andMaud R. R. (1987)Geomorphic evolution of southernAfrica sincethe Mesozoic, South African Journalof Geology2=. 179-208.

------(1988) "The geomorphic evolution of southernAfrica: a comparativereview", in Dardis G.F. and Moon B.P. (eds) Geomo hological studiesin southernAfrica, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam,pp5-15.

PassargeS. (1899) Dr. Passarge'sjourneys in South Africa, GeographicalJournal 1.Q: 310-313.

------(1904)Die Kalahari,Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 822pp.

PeabodyF. E. (1954) Travertines and cave depositsof the Kaap Escarpmentof South Africa and the type locality of Australopithecusafricanus, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Cd:671.706.

Peart R.J. (1979) "Some aspectsof hydrogcophysicalexploration in areasoverlain by Kalahari Beds", in G. McEwen (cd) The proceedingsof a seminar on geophysicsand the exploration of the Kalahari, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Bulletin 22, Gaborone.pp361-383.

Peel R.F. (1941) Denudationallandforms of the central Libyan desert,Journal of Geomorphology4: 3-23.

Geographers3, $: 1-23. ----- (1966) The landscapein aridity, Transactionsof the Institute of British in Pickford M. and Mein P. (1988) The discovery of fossiliferous Plio-Pleistocenecave fillings Ngamiland, Comptesrendus de l'academie des sciencesSerie II - mecaniauephysique chemie sciencesde l'univers sciencesde la terre x: 1681.1686. (cd) River PickupG. (1977)"Adjustment of stream-channelshape to hydrologicregime" in K.J. Gregory channelchanges, John Wiley, Chichester.pp. 47.60. Finke River, Pickup G., Allan G., and Baker V. R. (1988) "History, palaeochannclsand palacofloodsof the 177- Central Australia", in Warner R.F. (ed) FItivial g oemorphology of Australia, Academic Press.pp 200.

21Q:895-897. Pieri D. C. (1980) Martian valleys: morphology, distribution, age and origin, Science Martian Pieri D.C., Malin M.C. andLaity J.E. (1980)Sapping- network structure in tcrrestialand valleys, NASA TechnicalMemo TM-81979: 292-293. Document1, PikeJ.G. (1971a)Rainfall andevapotrnnspimtion in Botswana,U. N. D. PIF. A. O. Technical Gaborone.

OkavangoDelta" in Proceedingsof the ------(197 lb) "The developmentof the water resourcesof the Records, Conferenceon SustainedProduction from Semi-arid areas,Botswana Notes and special edition 1: 35-40.

RangeP. (1910)Die deutscheSudkalahari, Ges Erdk Berlin 4.: 592-619. Geological ----- (1912)Topography and geology of theGerman South Kalahari, Transn lions of the Societyof SouthAfrica j.: 63.73.

(1914)Das artesische Becken in der Sudkalahari,Dtsch Kolonialbi $: 494-509.

340 BIBLIOGRAPHY

RadtkeU., BrucknerH., ManginiA. andHausmann R. (1988)Problems encountered with absolutedating (Uraniumseries, ESR) of Spanishcalcretes, Ouaternary Science Review 2: 439-445.

Radtke U. Bruckner and H. (1991) Investigation on age and genesisof silcrctes in Queensland(Australia) - preliminary results, Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms ]x: 547.554.

RathboneP. A. and Gould D. (1982) The geology of the Molopo Farms project area,Botswana Department of Geological Survey, Unpublished Report PAR/1/82, Lobatse.

ReevesC. C. (1970) Origin, classification and geologic history of caliche, Journal of Geology 7$:86-95.

ReevesC. V. (1972) Evidence of rifting in the Kalahari, Nature x: 96.

------(1977) The delineation of crustal provinces in southernAfrica, from a compilation of gravity data, Annual report of the ResearchInstitute of African Geology.University of Leeds 19762Q:36-41.

------(1978a) The gravity survey of Ngamiland 1970-71,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 11, Gaborone.84pp.

(1978b) A failed Gondwanaspreading axis in southernAfrica, Nature aU: 222.

ReevesC. V. and Hutchins D. G. (1975) Crustal structuresin central southernAfrica, Nature 25A:408-410.

ReevesC. V. and Hutchins D. G. (1976) The national gravity survey of Botswana,Botswana Department of Geological Survey Bulletin 5, Gaborone.

Reid I. and Frostick L. E. (1989) "Channel form, flows and sedimentsin deserts".in D. S.G. Thomas (ed) Arid Zone Geomorphology,Belhaven, London. pp 117.135.

Republicof Botswana(Ministry of MineralResources and Water Affairs, Departmentof Water Affairs)NIAK Ab (1984a)Eastern Botswana regional water supply - mainreport. Botswana Governmentreport 7072.891117,271pp. Government ------(1984b) EasternBotswana regional water supply - Short term measures,Botswana report 7072.891117,127pp.

Botswana ---»- (1984c) EasternBotswana regional water supply - Sipnlemcnt= technical reports, Governmentreport 7072.891117.

Richards in Methuen,London. 357pp. K. (1982)Rivers - form nndprocess n1luvialchannels, D. R. Robb J.M. (1990) "Groundwater processesin the submarineenvironment", in C.G. Higgins and Coates(eds) Groundwater gcomomhology the role of subsurfacewater in earth-surfaceprocesses and kmdfo[ms. Geological Society of America Special Paper252, Boulder, Colorado. pp267-281.

Robb J.M., O'Leary D. W., Booth J.S. and Kohout F.A. (1982) Submarinespring sappingas a geomorphic agent on the East Coast Continental Slope, Geological Socicty of America Abstractsand Programs 14: 600.

Rogers A. W. (1907) Geological survey of parts of Vryburg, Kuruman, Hay and Gordonia,Twelfth Annual Cane Good Report of the GeologicalCommission Geological Commission of the Co1Qn_yof the of 1, Cape Town. pp 11.122.

----- (1934)The build of theKalahari, South African GcographicalJoumal 1.2: 3-12.

------(1936) The surfacegeology of the Kalahari, Transactionsof the Royal Societyof South Africa 24(1): 57.80.

SHEFFIELD 341 UNIVEfl TY BIBUOGRAPIIY

Rust B.R. and Nanson G.C. (1986) Contemporaryand palaco channelpatterns and the Late Quaternary stratigraphy of Cooper Creek, southwestQueensland, Australia, Earth Surface Processesand Land forms 11:581-590.

Rust U. (1975) "Tectonic and sedimentaryframework of GondwanaBasins in southernAfrica", in K. S.W. Campbell (ed) GondwanaGeology, ANU Press,Canberra. pp 537-564.

RustU., SchmidtH. H. andDietz K.R. (1984)Palaeocnvironments of the presentday and south-western Africa 30,000- 5,000D. P.: resultsand problems, Palaeoccology of Africa 1 : 109.148.

(SACS) (1980) see South African Committee for Stratigraphy.

SchaberG. G., McCauley J.F., Breed C.S. and Olhoeft G.R (1986) Shuttle Imaging Radar. physical controls on signal penetrationand sub-surfacescattering in the EasternSahara IEEE Transactionson Geoscienceand Remote SensingVolume GE-24 Number 4603-623.

Schick A. P. (1970) "Desert floods", Symposium on the results of researchon representativeand experimental basins,Int. Assoc. Sei. Hydrol., UNESCO, pp 479-493.

Schick A. P., Lekach J. and HassanM. A. (1987) "Vertical exchangeof coarsebedload in desertstreams", in L. E. Frostick and I. Reid (eds) Desert sediments:ancient and modern, Geological Society of London Special Publication 35, Blackwell, Oxford. pp 7-16.

Scholz C.H. (1975) Seismicity. tectonics and seismic hazardof the Okavango delta, U. N. D. P./F. A. O. Final Project Report BOT/71/506, Governmentof the Republic of Botswana,Gaborone, 40pp.

Scholz C.H., Koczynski T. A. and Hutchins D. G. (1976) Evidence for incipient rifting in southernAfrica, GeophysicalJournal of the Royal Astronomical Society 44: 135.144.

SchulzeB. R. (1972)"South Africa", in J.F. Griffiths (ed) "Climatesof Africa. World Surveyof Climat0, Volume 10,Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp501.586.

SchummS. A. (1968)River a iustmentto alteredhydrologic regimen - MumimbidgeeRiver and palaeochannels.Australia, U. S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 598,65pp.

Civil ------(1969) River metamorphosis,Journal of Hydraulics Division. American Society of Engineers 951HY 1):2 SAS-273.

SchummS. A. andKhan H. R. (1972)Experimental study of channelpatterns, ftflletin of the Geological Societyof AmericaL: 1755-1770.

SchummS. A. andPhillips L. (1986)Composite channels of theCanterbury Plains, New Zealand:a Martiananalogue, Geology J.: 326-330.

SchwarzE. H. L. (1920)The Kalahari.or Thirstlandredemption, Maskew Miller, CapeTown; Blackwell, Oxford, 163pp.

SekwaleM. (1984)"Hydrological data collection, storage, retrieval and water law in Botswana",in Challengesin African Hydrologyand Water Resources (Proceedings of the Hararesymposium. July 19841,International Association of HydrologicalSciences Publication 144, pp221-228.

Semeniuk V. and Scale D. J. (1985) Distribution of calcrete in Holocene coastalsands in relation to climate, SW Australia, Journal of SedimentaryPetrology 55:86-95.

SharonD. (1972)The spottinessof rainfall in a desertarea, Journal of Hydrolog 12:161.175.

Sharp R.P. (1973) Mars: fretted and chaotic terrains, Journal of Geophysical Re=6 71:4063-4072.

342 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sharp R.P. and Malin M. C. (1985) Channelson Mars, ological Society of America Bulletin $x: 593-609.

Shaw G. and Wheeler D. (1985) Statistical techniquesin geographicalanalysis. John Wiley, Chichester, 364pp.

Shaw P.A. (1984) A historical note on the outflows of the OkavangoDelta system,Botswana_ Notes and Records U: 127-130. .

------(1985a) Late Quaternarylandforms and environmentalchange in north-west Botswana: the evidence of lake Ngami and the Mababedepression, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 1Q:333-346.

---»- (1985b)The desiccationof LakeNgami: an historicalperspective, Geographical Journal 1.51: 318- 326.

----- (1986)The palacohydrologyof theOkavango delta - somepreliminary results, Palacoecolo2y of Afidca11: 51-58.

------(1988a) "Lakes and pans", in B. Moon and G. Dardis (eds)The geomorphologyof southernAfrica, SouthernPublishers, Johannesburg pp 120-140.

----- (1988b) "After the flood: the fluvio-lacustrine landforms of northern Botswana", in J. Firman (ed) Landscapesof the southernhemisphere, Euih-Science Review 21:449-456.

------(1989) "Fluvial systemsof the Kalahari: a review", in A. Yair and S. Berkowicz (eds), Arid and Supplement14: 119-126. semi-arid environments- geomomholo icai and pedoloeical aspects,Cat na

Shaw P.A. and Cooke H. J. (1986) Geomorphicevidence for the late Quaternarypalacoclimates of the middle Kalahari of northern Botswana,Q= 11:349-359. . ShawP. A., CookeH. J. andThomas D. S. G. (1988)Recent advances in the studyof Quaternarylandforms in Botswana,Palacoecology of Africa 12: 15-26.

Shaw P.A., Cooke H. J. and Perry C.C (1991) Microbialitic silcrctcs in highly alkaline environments:some observationsfrom Sua Pan, Botswana,South African Journal of Geology 91: 803-808.

ShawP. A. andDe VriesJJ. (1988)Duricrust, groundwater and valley development in the Kalahariof south-castBotswana, Journal of Arid Environmentsjß: 245-254.

ShawP. A. andThomas D. S. G. (1988)Lake Caprivi:a lateQuaternary link betweenthe Zambezi and middleKalahari drainage systems, Zeitschrift far Geomorphologie22(3): 329.337.

--"-" (1989)"Playas, Lakes and Pans", in D.S. G. Thomas(ed) Add ZoneGcomoaloloU, Belhavcn/Halstead,London, pp 184-205. in -"--- (1992) "Geomorphological processes,environmental changeand landscapesensitivity the Kalahari region of southernAfrica", in D. S.G. Thomas and R. Allison (cds) Landscapesensitivity, John Wiley, Chichester.

Shaw P.A., Thomas D. S.G. and Nash D. J. (1993) Late Quaternaryfluvial activity in the dry valleys (mekgacha)of the Middle and SouthernKalahari, southernAfrica, journal or_Oultcmiry Science(in press).

ShreveR. L. (1966) Statistical law of streamnumbers, Journal of Geology IA: 17-37.

SiddiquiS. H. andParizek R. R. (1971)Hydrogeologie factors influencing well yieldsin foldedand faulted carbonaterocks in centralPennsylvania, Water Resources Research 2: 1295-1312.

343 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Siegel S. (1956) Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences,McGraw-Hill, London, 312pp.

SiesserW. G. (1973) Diagenctically formed ooids and intraclastsin South African calcrctcs, Sedimcntoloev 2: 539-551.

SieverR. (1962)Silica solubility 0°C-200°C,and the diagcnesis of siliceoussediments, irrmalof Geolog 2Q:127-150.

SilberbauerG. B. (1981)Hunter and habitat in the CentralKalahari Desert, Cambridge University Press, 330pp.

Smale D. (1973) Silcrctcs and associatedsilica diagcncsisin southernAfrica and Australia, journal of SedimentaryPetrology 43(4: 1077.1089.

Small R.J. (1964) The escarpmentdry valleys of the Wiltshire Chalk, Transactionsof the Institute of British Geographers3A: 33-52.

Smart J.S. (1968) Statistical propertiesof streamlengths, Water ResourcesResearch 4: 1001.1014.

Smit PJ. (1972) The Karoo systemin the Kalahari of the Northern Cape Province, Annals of the Geological Survey of South Africa 2: 79-81.

----- (1977) Diegeohidrologje in die opyanggebiedvan die Molonorivier in die noordlikeKalahari, Unpublished D. Sc. Thesis, University of the OrangeFree State,Bloemfontein.

Smith A. M. (1991) Extreme palacofloods:their climatic significance and the chancesof floods of similar magnituderecurring, South African Journal of ScienceR1.219-220.

----- (1992) Holocene palacoclimadc trendsfrom palacoflood analysis, Palacogeographv. Palaeoclimatologyand Palacoccology22: 235-240.

Smith R.A. (1984) Lithostratigraphy of the Karoo stratigraphy in Botswana,Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Bulletin 26(1), Gaborone.260pp.

SouthAfrican Committeefor Stratigraphy(SACS) (1980) Stratigraphy of SouthAfrica, Part 1. Lithostratigraphyof theRepublic of SouthAfrica, SouthWest Africat/Namibia, and the Republics of Bophuthatswana,Transkei and Venda, Handbook of the GeologicalSurvey of SouthAfrica $, Pretoria,690pp.

SparksB. W. andLewis W.V. (1957-58)Escarpment dry valleysnear Pcgsdon, Hertfordshire, Proceedings of the GeologistsAssociation 68: 26-38.

StearW. M. (1985) Comparisonof the bedform distibution and dynamics of the modem and ancient sandy Geology ephemeralflood depositsin the south-westernKaroo region, South Africa, Sedimentary 4j: 209-230.

StengelH. W. (1964)Die Riviereder Namibund ihrzulauf zum Atlantik "i Teil- Kudseband Swakoo", ScientificPaper NamibDesert Research Station OriginalPrint 22,50pp. of the , Ugab"_,Scientific ------(1966)Die Riviereder Namib und ihr zulaufzum Atlantik "H Teil: Omaniniand Paperof theNamib Desert Research Station, Original Print 30,35pp.

StephensC. G. (1971) Laterite and silcrete in Australia, Geoderma1: 5.52.

Australia: Stewart AJ., Blake D. H. and Oilier C.D. (1986) Cambrian river terracesand ridgetops in central oldest persisting landforms?, Scienceý: 758-761.

Stigand A. G. (1923) Ngamiland, o mphical Journal 62:401-419.

344 BIBLIOGRAPIIY

Stiller D. (1983)Comment: drainage systems developed by sappingon Earthand Mars, Geology 11: 54-55.

StowG. W. (1873)The origin of Pans,Quarterly Journal of theGeological Society of London3Q: 589-680.

StrahlerA. N. (1952)Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosionaltopography, Bulletin of the GeologicalSociety Americaof : 1117.1142.

Street F.A. (1980) The relative importanceof climate and local hydrogeologic factors in causing lake level fluctuations, Palaeoecolorryof Africa 12: 137-158.

------(1981) Tropical palacoenvironments,Progress in Physical Geography1: 157.185.

Street F.A. and Grove A. T. (1976) Environmental and climatic implications of late Quaternarylake-level fluctuations in Africa, Nature :385-390.

Street-PerrottF. A. and RobertsN. (1983) "Fluctuations in closed-basinlakes as an indicator of past atmosphericcirculation patterns",in F. A. Strect-Pcrrott,M. Beran and R. Ratcliffe (eds) Variations in the global water budget Reidel, Dordrecht pp331-345.

Stuart D. M. and Dixon R.M. (1973) Water movementand caliche formation in layered and and semi-arid soils, Proceedingsof the Soil ScienceSociety of America 2: 323-324.

Summerfeld M. A. (1978) The nature and origin of silcrete with particular referenceto southernAfrica, Unpublished D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

------(1981) The nature and occurrenceof silcrete. southernCape Province. South Africa, School of Geography,University of Oxford, ResearchPaper 28.36pp.

----- (1982)"Distribution, nature and probable genesis of silcretein and andsemi-arid southern Africa", in D.H. Yaalon(ed) Aridic soilsand geomorphic processes, Catena Supplement 1: 37-65.

------(1983a)Silcrete as a palaeoclimaticindicator: evidence from southernAfrica, Palncogeography. Palaeoclimatologyand Palaeoecology4.1: 65-79.

----» (1983b) "Silcrete", in A. S. Goudie and K. Pye (eds) Chemical sedimentsandgeomorphologv, Academic Press,London, pp19-91.

-"--- (1983c)Petrography and diagenesis of silcretefrom theKalahari Basin and Cape coastal zone, southernAfrica, Journalof SedimentaryPetrology 5: 895-909. South Africa", in -"---- (1983d) "Geochemistryof weathering profile silcretes, southernCape Province, R.C. L. Wilson (cd), Residual deposits,Geological Society of London Special Publication 11: 167-178, London.

South Africa, Earth ----- (1984) Isovolumetric weatheringand silcrcte formation, southernCape Province, SurfaceProcesses and Lind forms 2: 135-141.

----" (1985a) "Plate tectonicsand landscapedevelopment on the African continent", in M. Morisawa and J.T. Hack (eds) Tectonic geomom ology, Allen and Unwin, Boston, pp27-51.

------(1985b) "Tectonic backgroundto long term landform developmentin tropical Africa", in I. Douglas and T. Spencer(eds) Environmental changeand tropical omo ho_logy, Allen and Unwin, London, pp281.294.

(1986) ----- Reply to discussionof - silcrete as a palacoclimatic indicator: evidencefrom southernAfrica, Palacogeography.Palacoclimatolocy and Palaeoccologv52: 356-360.

345 BIBLIOGRAPHY

------(1987) Ncotcctonics and landform genesis,Progress in Physical Gcogranhv1.1: 384-397.

Swanevelder C. J. (1974) 'n Morf ometriesc studio van die Tsauchabvallci van die sentraleNamib, South African Geographer4: 325.334.

Tanaka J. (1976) "Subsistenceecology of Central Kalahari San", in R.B. Lee and I. De Vorc (eds) (1976) Kalahari hunter-gatherers:studies of the 1KungSan and their neighbors,Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts,pp98-119.

Tankard A. J., JacksonM. P.A., Eriksson K. A., Hobday D. K., Hunter D.R. and Minter W. E.L. (1982) Crustal evolution of southernAfrica. 38 billion years of earth history, Springer-Verlag, New York, 522pp.

Tapley I.J. (1988) "The reconstructionof palacodrainageand regional geologic structuresin Australia's Canning and Officer basinsusing NOAA - AVHRR satellite data", in J. Firman (ed) Landscapesof the southernhemisphere, Earth-Science Review 21:409-426.

Taylor G. and Ruxton BY (1987) A duricrust catenain south-castAustralia, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie31: 305-410.

Temi S.C and Oni S.F. (1991) Detection of groundwaterflow in fractured media through remote sensing techniques- someNigerian cases,Journal of African Earth Sciences12: 461.466.

Terra SurveysLtd. (1978) Reconnaissanceaeromagnetic survey of Botswana 1975-77- final interpretation report, CanadianInternational DevelopmentAgency and BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey, Final Report, Gaborone.

Thiry M. (1989) Geochemicalevolution and palacoenvironmentsof the Eocenecontinental depositsof the Paris Basin, Pala ogeography.Palaeoclimatology and Palacoccology20: 153.163.

Thiry M. andMillot G. (1987)Mineralogical forms of silica andtheir sequenceof formationin silcretes, Journalof Sediment.ry Petrology1: 343-352.

Thiry M., Ayrault M. B. and Grisoni J. (1988) Ground-watersilicification and leaching in sands:example of the FontainebleauSand (Oligocene) in the Paris Basin, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 1QQ:1283-1290.

Thomas D.S. G. (1982) Evidence of Ouaternarvpalacoctimites in westernZimbabwe -, I Preliminary assessment,Paper presented to the southernAfrica conferenceof the CommonwealthGeographical Bureau,Lusaka, June 1982.

Proceedings ------(1983/84) Geomorphic evolution and river channelorientation in north west Zimbabwe, of the Geological Association of Zimbabwe j,,ß: 12.22.

Transactions ------(1984a) Ancient ergs of the former and zonesof Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola, of the Institute of British Geographers2: 75-88.

icular ------(1984b) Late uaternarv environmentalchange in central southernAfrica with part reference to extensionsof the add zone, Unpublished D.Phil Thesis, University of oxford.

------(1987a) "Discrimination of depositionalenvironments using sedimentarycharacteristics, in the mega Kalahari, Africa", in L. Frostick I. Reid (eds) Desert ancient and central southern and .sediments modem, Geological Society Special Publication 35, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp293-306.

------(1987b) Arid geomorphology,Progress in Physical egr phy 1.1:419-431.

346 BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1988a)Analysis of lineardune sediment-form relationships in the Kalaharidune desert, Earlh SurfaceProcesses and L_andforms j, U: 545-553.

----- (1988b) The nature and depositional setting of and and semi-arid Kalahari sediments,southern Africa, Journal of Arid EnvironmentsJA; 17-26.

------(1988c) "The geomorphologicalrole of vegetationin the dune systemsof the Kalahari", in Dardis G.F. and Moon B.P. (eds) omo hological studiesin southernAfrica, A. A. Balkcma, Rotterdam, pp145-158.

----- (1992) Desert dune activity: conceptsand significance,Journal of Arid Environments22: 31-38.

Thomas D. S.G. and Goudie A. S. (1984) "Ancient ergs of the southernhemisphere", in J.C. Vogel, LIM Cainozoic paiaeoclimatesof the southernhemisphere, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam,pp407-418.

Thomas D. S.G. and Martin H.E. (1987) Grain size characteristicsof linear dunes in the southwestern Kalahari - discussion,Journal of SedimentaryPetrology 51:572-573.

Thomas D. S.G. and Shaw P.A. (1988) Late Cainozoic drainageevolution in the Zambezi Basin: geomorphologicalevidence from the Kalahari Rim, Journal of African Earth Science2: 611-618.

------(1990) The deposition and developmentof the Kalahari Group sediments,central southernAfrica, Journal of African Earth Sciences1Q: 187.197.

------(1991a) The Kalahari Environment, CambridgeUniversity Press,Cambidge, 284pp.

(1991b) Relict desertdunes systems: interpretations and problems, Journal of Arid Environments 211:1-14.

------(1992)The ZambeziRiver. tectonism,climatic change and drainage evolution - is therereally evidencefor a catastrophicflood? A discussion,Pala geographvPalacoclimatology and Paiacoccotogv21: 175.182.

Thomas D. S.G. and Tsoar H. (1990) "The geomorphologicalrole of vegetationin desertdune systems",in J. Thornes (ed) Vegetation and erosion, John Wiley, Chichesterpp471-489.

ThomasD. S. G., NashD. J., ShawP. A. andVan Der PostC. (1993)Present day lunettesediment cycling at Witpanin theand southwesternKalahari Desert, Catena (in press).

ThomasM. F. andGoudie A. S. (1985)(eds) Dambos: small channelless valleys in the tropics,Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie,Supplementband 52,222pp.

ThomasM. F. andSummerfield M. A. (1987)"Long-term landform development: key themesand research problems",in V. Gardiner(ed) InternationalGeomorphology 1986 Volume 2, JohnWiley, Chichester. pp.935-956.

ThomasR. J., ThomasM. A. andMalherbe S. J. (1988)The geology-ofthe Nossoband Twee *vieren areas xnlanationof sheets2520 and 2620, Republic of SouthAfrica Departmentof Mineraland EnergyAffairs, Departmentof GeologicalSurvey, Pretoria. 17pp.

Thorcgren U. and Löfroth B. (1989) Ground probing radar techniqueag a method for road material investigation in Botswana:report froma Pilot scale survey o utduring April and May 1988, _eanied Republic of BotswanaMinistry of Works and Communications,Roads Department,Unpublished report, 42pp + 23 figs.

Timje H. (1987) Letlhakenggroundwater investigation project. Phis 2, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report HT/1/87, Lobatse. 45pp + figs.

347 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tombale R. A. (1986) A brief description of the geology around Jwaneng,Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished report, Lobatse. Ipp.

TorgcrsenT., Dc Deckkcr P., Chivas A. R. and Bowler J.M. (1986) Salt lakes: a discussionof processes influencing palaeoenvironmentalinterpretations and recommendationsfor future study, Palaeogeography.Palacoclimatology and Palacoccol y 4: 7.19.

Twidale C.R. and Hutton JJ. (1986) Silcrete as a climatic indicator, discussion,PalacogeographY. Palaeoclimatologyand Palaeoecology$x: 351.360.

Tyson P.D. (1979) "Southern African rainfall: past, presentand future", in M. T. Hinchey (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Drought in Botswana,Botswana Society, Gaborone.pp45.52.

---»- (1986) Climatic changeand variability in southernAfrica, Oxford University Press,220pp.

Union Carbide (1977) Final report. reconnaissancepermit IM - report on radiometric flying proemmme over selectedfossil drainagesin the Kalahari. Botswana(by R.G. S enncer), BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/2/5, Lobatse.7pp.

"""»- (1978) Final report of reconnaissancepermit numbers6/17 and 7/78. Botswana,Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/2/7, Lobatse. 1Ipp.

(1979a) Combined quarterly report for prospecting licences-23M. 24/78.25/78.26/78. for the period Ist April to 30th June 1979, Botswana Department of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/1/4, Lobatse. 3pp.

»---- (1979b) Quarterly report for prospectinglicences 23/78 24n8.25/78 208.09.5/79.6x79.7/79. 8! ]9 and 9/19. September1979 (D. J. Jack), BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/1/4, Lobatse. 6pp.

26/18. ----- (1979c) Botswanauranium programme Quarterly report for prospectingfence numbers 9 79.4/79 5/79 6/19 7/79 and 09 December1979 (D.J. Jack), BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/1/4, Lobatse.5pp.

in Ghanzi (DJ. ------(1979d) Final report 23-24-25n8. Exploration for radioactive minerals the area l3pp. jam, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/2/6, Lobatse.

4/79 6/79.7 9.8 9.9179 ------(1980a)Quarterly report for prospectinglicence numbers 208 5/79 and23/79. March 1980(D. J. Jack),Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Unpublished report CR28/l/4, Lobatse.3pp.

for licence ------(1980b) UCEX/CEGB joint venture Botswana Quarterly report 12ro ctin numbers 26/78.4n9.5/19 61797/79 81799/79 and21/19 June1980 (D. J. Jack),Botswana Department of GeologicalSurvey Unpublished report CR28/1/4, Lobatse. 9pp. licence (1980c)UCEX/CEG i joint venturein BotswanaThird quarterlyreport for prospecting (D. numbers4/19.5/19.6/79.7/79.8/79.9/79.23119.26/18.3/80.4/80 and 5 0. September1980 J. BotswanaDepartment GeologicalSurvey Unpublished CR28/1/4,Lobatse. , of report licence ----- (19804) UCEX CEGB Botswanauranium in caicreteproiect Final report onyro=ting numbers26! 78.23179.6/79.7/7). 8/79.9/79.4x19.5/19.380. and 5/ROlD"J" Jack), Botswana _4/80 Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished report CR28/2/9, Lobatse. l7pp + maps.

U.N. D.P. /F. A. O. (1977) Investigation of the Okavangodelta a primary water resourcefor Botswana, as , AG: DP/BOT/71/506 Technical Reports 1 and 2, Gaborone.

UptonG. FingletonB. (1985)Spatial data by JohnWiley, Chichester.41Opp. and analyt_is xamoi ,

348 QIBUOGRAPIIY

Urangesellschaftmbh and Co Kommanditgesellschaft(1978) Terminal report on the radioactive minerals exploration programme in the Mmamnb ulaarea. Grant 23.25/77, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report CR33/2l1. Lobatse.25pp.

Van De Graaff WJ. E. (1983) "Silcrcte in Western Australia: gcomorphological settings,textures, structuresand their genetic implications", in R.C. L. Wilson (ed) Residual deposits:surface related weatheringprocesses and materials,Blackwell Scientific, London, pp159-166.

Van De Graaff WJ. E., Crowe R.W. A., Bunting J.A. and JacksonM. J. (1977) Relict early Caenozoic drainagesin and westernAustralia, Zeitschrift fair Geomorphologie21,: 379400.

Van StratenO. J. (1955) The geology and groundwaterof the Ghanzi cattle route, Annual Report of the Geological Survey of BechuanalandProtectorate 1955, Gaborone. pp28-39.

Van StratenO. J. (1963) A note on the groundwater potential of certain areasadjacent to the main internal drainagesystem of the northern BechuanalandProtectorate, Department of OverseasStudies, Tolworth, U. K., Development Study no. I.

Van Zindcren Bakker E.M. (1976) The evolution of late Quaternarypalacoclimates of southernAfrica, Palaeoecologvof Africa Q:160-202.

------(1980) Comparisonof late Quaternaryclimatic evolutions in the Saharaand Namib-Kalahari region, Palaeoccologyof Africa 12:381-399.

(1982) African palacoenvironmcnts18,000 years B.P., Palacoccologvof Africa I S:77-99. .

Van Zindercn Bakker E.M. and CoctzccJ. A. (1972) A reappraisalof late Quaternaryclimatic evidence from tropical Africa, Palaeoccologyof Africa Z: 151-181.

VeatchA. C. (1935)Evolution of theCongo Basin, Memoirs of the GeologicalSociety of America1. 183pp.

VerhagenB. Th. (1983) Environmental isotope study of a groundwatersupply project in the Kalahari of Gordonia, International Symposia on Isotope Hydrology in Water ResourceDevelopment 1AEA- SM 270/50 pp415-432.

in African Hydrology ------(1984) "Environmental isoptope hydrology in southernAfrica", in Challenees and Water Resources[Proceedings of the Harare symposium.July 1984), International Association of Hydrological SciencesPublication 144, pp161-174.

for direct VerhagenB. Th., Mazor E. and SellschopJ. P. F. (1974) Radiocarbonand tritium evidence rain rechargeto groundwatersin the northern Kalahari, Nature 242:643-644.

VerhagenB. Th., SmithP. E., DzicmbowskiZ. andOosthuizen J. H. (1978)An environmentalisotope study of a majordewatering operation at SishcnMine. northernCape Province, IAEA-SM-228/1 pp65-81.

VIAK Ab (1983)Lineament studies in the areabetween Molop. olole andLetlhakeng, Botswana Lobatse. Department of Geological Survey and Departmentof Water Affairs, Unpublished report,

Visser J.N. J. (1983) An analysis of the Permo-Carboniferousglaciation in the marine Kalahari basin, southernAfrica, Palacoecography.P111eoclimatology and Palaeoecology4: 295.315.

Vogel J.C. (cd) (1984) Late Cainozoic nalacoclimatesof the souther hemisphere,A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 520pp.

------(1985) SouthernAfrica at 18,000B. P., South African Journal of Science81: 250-251.

349 BIBLIOGRAPIIY

------(1989) Evidence of past climatic changein the Namib desert,Palacogcogdphy. Palacoclimatology and PalacoccologylQ: 355.366.

Von HoyerM., Keller S., and RehderS. (1985)Core borehole Lethlakeng 1, BotswanaDepartment of GeologicalSurvey Unpublished report MVH/4/85, Lobatse. 7pp.

Walker I. R. (1973a) Towards a formalisation the terms Kgwebe Formation Ghan Formation, of and .i Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublished report IRW/4/73, Lobatse. 6pp.

-- (1973b) A stromatolite occurrencein south Ng. miland, BotswanaDepartment of Geological Survey Unpublished report IRW/7173,Lobatse. 4pp.

------(1973c) Stratigrnphic section through the Kalahari Beds at Jwancng.Ngwaketse District, Botswana Departmentof Geological Survey Unpublishedreport IRW/9i13, Lobatse.

Walls R. A., Harris W. B. and Nunan W. E. (1975) Calcareouscrust (caliche) profiles, and early subaerial exposureof Carboniferouscarbonates, north-eastern Kentucky. Sedimentoloev22: 417-440.

Watson A. (1989) "Desert crusts and rock varnish", in D. S.G. Thomas (ed) Arid Zone Geomorphology, Belhaven,London, pp25-55.

Watts N. L. (1977) Pseudo-anticlinesand other structuresin some calcretesof Botswanaand southern Africa, Earth SurfaceProcesses 2: 63-74.

----- (1980) Quaternarypedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (southern Africa), mineralogy, genesis,and diagenesis,Sedimentology 22: 661-686.

WaylandE. J. (1953)More aboutthe Kalahari, Geographical Journal IM: 49-56. memoir ------(1954)Outlines of pre-historyand stone age climatology in the BechuanalandProtectorate, AcademieRoyale des Sciences Coloniales des Sciences Naturelles et Medicates25: 47.

WeareP. andYalala A. (1971)Revised vegetation map of Botswana,Botswana Notes and Records 3: 131- 143.

WeijermarsR. (1989)Global tectonics since the breakupof Pangaea180 Million yearsago: evolution mapsand lithospheric budget, Earth-Science Review 2¢: 113.162. Hale & Weinberg C. (1975) Fragmentsof a desert land: memoirs of a South West African doctor, Robert Co., London, 157pp.

by Weir J.S. (1969) Chemical propertiesand occurrenceon Kalahari sandof salt lakes created elephants. Jo 15a:293-3 10. real of Zoology Cambridge Wellington J.H. (1955) SouthernAfrica. a geographicalstudy Vol1 Physical Geography, University Press528pp.

WergerM. J. A. (1978)"Biogeographical division of southernAfrica", in W. Werger(ed) Biogeography andecology of southernAfrica, Junk,The Hague,pp145-170.

WestgateK. N. (1976) Environmental extremesin BechuanalandProtectorate 1889-1965,Disaster ResearchUnit (unpublished),Gaborone.

Whitlow J.R. (1985) Dambos in Zimbabwe. A review, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie,Supplementband 52: 115-146.

Wikner T. (1980) Sind rivers of Botswana- Phase1, BotswanaDepartment of Water Affairs/SIDA, Gaborone.

350 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wilford G.E. (1991)"Exposure of landsurfaces, drainage age and erosion rates", in C.D. Oilier (ed) AncientLand forms, Belhaven, London. pp99.103.

Williams G.J. (1975) Geomorphologyof the southernprovince of Zambia, Zambian Geographical Association Handbook Seriesnumber 4.

Williams L. A., Parks G.A and Crerar D.A. (1985) Silica diagcnesis,II. General mechanisms,Journal of SedimentaryPetrology 55:312-321.

Williams M.AJ. (1985)"Pleistocene aridity in tropicalAfrica, Australiaand Asia", in I. Douglasand T. Spencer(eds), Environmental change and tropical geomo Eh oýlogy, Allen andUnwin, London,pp219- 233.

Wilkinson MJ. (1988) "Arid landscapes"in B.P. Moon and G.F. Dardis (eds) The geomorphologyof southern Africa, SouthernPublishers, Johannesburg. pp78-102.

Wilson B. N. and Dincer T. (1976) "An introduction to the hydrology and hydrography of the Okavango delta", in Proceedingsof the Symposium on the Okavangodelta and its future utilisation, Botswana Society, Gaborone.

Wolman M. G. and Gerson R. (1978) Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology, Earth Surface Processes x: 189-208.

Wood W. W. and OsterkampW. R. (1987) Playa lake basinson the SouthernHigh Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part 2. A hydrologic model and mass-balancearguments for their development,Bulletin of the oloel al Society of America 22:224-230.

WopfnerH. (1978)"Silcretes of northernSouth Australia and adjacent regions", in T. Langford-Smith(ed) Silcretein Australia,Armidale, Department of Geography,University of New SouthWales, pp73- 141.

Wopfner H. and Twidale C.R. (1967) "Geomorphologicalhistory of the Lake Eyre basin", in J.NJennings and J.A. Mabbutt (eds) Landform studiesfrom Australia and New Guinea, CambridgeUniversity Press,ppl 19-143.

Wright E.P. (1978)Geological studies in the northernKalahari, GeographicalJournal 1M: 235-250.

Wright V.P. (1989)Terrestrial stromatolites and laminar calcretes: a review,Se imentaryGeology 0: 1- 13.

Wright V. P. and Tucker M. E. (1991) "Calcretes:an introduction", in V. P. Wright and M. E. Tucker (eds) Calcretes,International Association of SedimentologistsReprint Series Volume 2, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, ppl-22.

(1976) Yellen J.E. and Lee R.B. (1976) "The Dobe-/Du/da environment", in R.B. Lee and I. Dc Vore (eds) University Press, Kalahari hunter-gatherers:studies of the ! Kung San and their neighbors,Harvard Cambridge Massachusetts,pp27-46.

Young R.W. (1985) Silcrete distribution in easternAustralia, Zeitschrift for Geomorohoogie 22:21-36.

(1986) Sandstoneterrain in a semi-arid littoral environment: the lower Murchison valley, Western Australia, Australian Geographer.11: 143.153.

Zeil P., Volk P. and SaradethS. (1991) Geophysicalmethods for lineament studies in groundwater exploration. A casehistory from S.E. Botswana, o xploration 21: 165-177.

351 APPENDIX 1

THIN-SECTIONS: LETLIIAKENG VALLEY APPENDIX 1

44 bR4! o i3 p 'zi >, OOOp, on. 'S o rr cý,ý cý "ü &ä e ?ý ýoo e o'ýu ei M W ei u" uu a a .d "ý ý.aa N >. o ... 09 ,1o uu 6 *e Vw `ý, eoa >oý?. i:. vo vl u vý >W. >C ld 0o . ý

ý C ý: ý. ýý' "ýýaei ý"3 >, ti. äääaö. one ý ý"^ du U c: 3 saQ r" ý ý'ý üu

ý`ýö"2 c ý[üq W Au t32; vi "o NHöOO ßßäU 6" ý4 %0 g oo (3 W ti WW yLN UW °W >. 00ý u a12

CDe% ý4 P- ES cieZ ;9e =I flJ c4 e, }jW A3'ß WW Wö. uä

viva) bi H ä.: Wvi uw =< C., "ýiv.; cýeriv7 C7 cvri

w ý! ý äö b 'Cj !7

Wý u r'"' ou °ýa ovýcoo rýý e Sth ö o Co y Nu d Cl FW 3 o, ýo cöý 4M ü - u" ýy G by O'm u i >, v i Uhr3 C e7 A 1: 1 --4 Z y u o, ý.. y HG4i5 UhU [L äsß ötio'i7dý 9 äö[ w agu ä: für ýf-; uuo 0 >sv)oa C7 NJ üýVS xvý9e<> o.. . "ý edtý ri ýt' Y1

C

O y u ü 5r °A ý`ögýa CD A Ä ' ü ý v. _ Wr ö r ! vOOOO ý= u ý"ý

0 Ir I)

ý bl) w 8' t J "C cd ýC vl ww öv yýroýý3ý° { " ý V w W ý"' ýýý ö" ýý äa'ß. ý '? V `ý t3 O EL 'a ' r O ot...... et VOVO (n a+ ,c urý "ö u rnv) a C7w x. < F. CU c7

353 APPENDIX 1

N 7 .. "ý wý u ýV"' IV u4 üý .ý ohvoo ýý3g sog0 -, til iý Woo C. ýs O ÖT}ýi 20 c ÖÖ Cry -5 "S U^ j°.. ü o>oy . °ä. u "Üü ýw 4oä ýºu EKo e' " rý a .c $ ýOp'ZJ ýýýy y ü, ýC 9u Q yýt3 v'ü Eýw2 G"ý ý, G in Co e"C uýCe 0 -- ý, C "V M - "ýp7, Ci. r. O `d 3Sn "ý. Ký ü "~ g r. r. 4" XVa of u tuj C9 ýi u ýüF din -"y0 - t4j ný ti ~Ci yöp .. .l C7-ý+N*>as h ý+. "j fi M -,fvl gy ýü öö'waacý>oýu

o, u 0 C 2i>, O ü 7 01D >öüü890 ýN ~Nru p' Gi ~N+ viral V Q yyayU. eö4 ý VN ý oo - bin ,eoö ý+ L r Ü r1 y j a3

w0 au"o Vc° OýHö GY,

1 N mCN7N_ i11I' z03 o Ici o SE>, ý E E2 E Wý '5 ovoooo ö w.. Nuco .., o n%äyovöýos ýrtný cQ : f' e11 ` ypü ý7 °H .? h1i _ ,ä OUNCyviiu CA to,Oy b

G" iý y NCO y you° üööc" :ý öý VvO iý ý? 'ýp,"uýw°> rj 'ý s Ir . öyoo 3u rn2 ov '« uuu 3c ONb>. :: ug Etr, c.- ý d°b Zta -ti eý uu Qý ö ßö1 aSüý D. 0 ö ýýý uöý c3 MV cv> avý., c3rivvi >, tu c y u;.01, ý"v ýo yam,

' os c ""ý o ý ýj au3 (JA"Z N QPu

Lj :2.0 0-0 äW ÜW 0-E9 c4-1 V öaýgüýü

6ýlý W C j3. ä. zW EH uc L ýj výF. jd 3SgStduöä'iäýbwb WW Qý WVu0Q , ýrrýaj' üy7 L1ýu of O sd 2ce ßa. iL ^V ýi) rte z0d z oo.o ý° 4ý ö wý Ö'näÖ öd (n vi 4 cW x< H vZ.; r esiv 0

354 APPENDIX 1

thW O .ýA ýy Jýe C1' 't pyl. 'S D "ý!t b Mi Ö° % Kü Fmot" >NN H 4ww o'd w u' o >°' 3 1ý '0 ý, Mg bp"SN O > -5 oUö ý :1 ciw "ýO A «0 "0 c uSCü ýy Er Ibn N rj nA oNh., > "C c7 ýc a 8 üiC º. U Öýn b [NüCÖVNZü . ö"ý, aö Sýv, ^ý cý u'' är u

ýjoo u !c> a. ývýý QQwF- caa N ýriýtvi m>cc° c öýör°n:: . 100 cýiE Eýýö ä wS[A g ..

NN ýy ýc" "Vi ooo- b0 y et ä WWuw .. " 2:ä. ö tA 0 e, L,

ö' 9SÜv ü äE, ß ää ko, w 2r3 te týQ0 U 'l ``3 -°ouö, ö c .oöwuti. XX CEO eun, .. ' QQ 32 ýry . 0 N-4CA äýin. d L. WQ QC. > Z. vi-; u2 v2 .a 0w xý F C7 cnvý C5 0. "-: c3 rivvi

EuN

äa,., bC C0 4 .ö0GC 57 0 cd oä L el j2 U g"Aý iý.. b "5 vlv0o u 'M `ä

> CU N"ÖÜ u Rt ,1>Cj 'ýý. b4 CO ýr -'' en 0 a :1 CN O BM CO .+u O b'" UW VV O> Cü,

1101 > g> CN Y C' E' j. Q' 'ý""' V1 VUV m b0 fý' rý v V vOi N JJ ý. ý. 'V toa . .r 0ü U U yl c+b .SNCC ö, ör-'rv'-mo v mm cao ä b °ö o. o u uoaa . ag ýý EM °N C ri>t viÖ -9> ,c4c3rivvi y 82 uaac7V yeUý 0 N. .. ý >. VN e0a .a > ° W be c. nü 4U macu ö -.,. ý-u ö >3 ý ä3- (3 wä N2 Ukl a ovoooo äA cbý w om o aý G. 9 v8 O ü (5 :a 'O CL °° (. ý e C4 U ÜyÄA NW ba. Ü^°. "f OA b xO Og2d .ý 44 äÖ ö `w 0 (5v r. C7 (DU> vnvn a vw =< vv 4tliMV> v ä.: N rvi;

355 APPENDIX 1

,Eü be Z' 0 ou ;ý y W- o`o", oo yö 0 ý. [v; OY . 9 N3 nG UAEtg 00 b"V

0 10 G"+ O Co .2uILJ :, .psu e >o eu ' P. 0r-. s oüI., tal jýý bpi V C. s 43 AQ ü3nGe ý'ý ý "ý üC üpý N o4, ýi 9 93. uA9. vi wö C)ääöý> > ßwää w 'CJ

u[v°Wit;

MUÜ> "ý 113 ß cEi ö3: o OG e5 w ýC7 ö 0?Y cnoooo ý "p y " c: dli üýn ä'.. w WWG, 7 av Oauzo. äw W. qG'xti2ýp[ Ü. 0c0>u Ö,. O. ; ßä ý, -°oüc. U ý:: Q QO VO a u. osy 0EÖÖ , 1,WQ (Du> U ý< ti h vi U Qý (v f+) v' CA 14 fly V cýiý..;riýier>

bu

'Li 'u A N .dP. >, "d Ne ü ö5 `ý"Cöý j! o? öýº. cow V. öu ';

12 üxy, ý`e~ ä'ä'°ö °w . 7ý ig E 0-Ei -an tom nr- E: g JA r. e.- u 0 >"g «Nu ti u> to 00ý;'] CN': "d 'ö 5i cu>; ub O y"E >ý ü "C .ýCöNV rYi o td CO ýEUV .GyC°> ý° cü eo a ý ýu Cw10 "Q =ý "'ý r'ý ü ý, ý xýE° rý±i ýi 'yß "5 , , .ý "C yi r 'I ýj "D C'S Qý" "Ly º""',. c1 vi > ý $1V vý o, ti. ný o p"ý,, a uý u = o. c i>UFvý Mtirý . «. C7 > u

'C aN eVM V+ . v CO P+ waýv N $ $ý ýp7 Q00 teýre! Ucý ýE'' `ý x00000 Ci'ý VäV

OpqV1 ýýý111v oý C zaW z

öw WW WU W°° `° ü0 &t n ,2 w° C7 vÜ 4 0 CG W U) ö ei ."W ý! ,ee V vývý wi xQ FV vý.: cirivý p. .; ri rivvi

356 APPENDIX 1

JD .5b N wO rý y ohooo

w

y Fý ý 1. NG b 59 0c (o u aid u p0e -0 a wVýw 'ýüEöB o .Dý u .rZ ap vii oý ýQ Oýý ,o :a .o V 1QI'>YC fr ! 'ý ý.i VO JJ Jý, ý JJ GGVy,,, CC ý O 501] 1ý ý .O . .., .D0 ýI >ý ýýc1 MVV) iz r- . -oA: C40 > C7 0ý4+

ýC 2 U2., >b c 1 0o 00I- *019 wN

ýOýG My voooo Ww ÜW eEi 0. :Nu W e h . ma z 4üu i. y 0- ýe t9 4 0 .E u äZ 7 W EEWý v C-8 of, im 1*1 -, VU u a5. ßw4, ý O AN: +u u ää W vU>N ý U d vCv, OO.O" u^ a -_u_. "d 6) P.1 CO2 .ý wO'ha0"ö N p:.: c3 4 vi V (A _; C4vi 4> U er;

NCy ýS Z$' O ýj1 . -0 .0 b0 " iJ b Uli wO üowý y a5y wý'$ y a0 ý Oi ". yNýy} a a, u y e7 ,dSu oco". Up ÖC y.. ati aC 49c "cý'8 7w ý. OD 7 . «. C tl v 0 J: ) ýüO3... Oe: cü v4' 'Ei V rý bOC , -a =e Eäöäý cw0Gfjw '`ýcm CrUO c ý"ý O. y 5.0 Ö" ywucCEm ü'3-°o ös yu m -A j3 ro 2 -3-0 ý 04 u 29Eu,, ccu ö3ö'a' v m ua m u' üü ýg ws ý 2 ý .4 C7 : > Ewa . -ý äff 0A3 ýw s si ; cýýääc uuý. yO uu ýý

a ýId ýC o .clV 4i OA .aÖ 10 O O ü QV výp_ 0 CD oooo O .. o°"w äW h bý o w z v K E2 m a. [ý 0 'C o °Q üný .v O H 7 O Cýce°-A-Ein ää F `ý ýÜ w V ý*XJ . o V) ýÜ -93 0 v, C uo S ecn..Lg. u ;d 0 ý o ýo JX ö oýýoo m liä0 d rA 0 x ä Q V) (V Ki V) u F . -i `Q% ßr .: cVr'id'Yi 357 APPENDIX 1

C ýa 0 . .iy 0 ý u ýq 'IL+ b ý OV 000 öou W >t N ewe ü

r. j u, - 10 Ö b vy ed wý > tV tE Do ý> p'ýüöz3 b p V ýý 4j ÖÖJ. Mä ax h öh 'n I> JC t:lu ciu 0 dd«cnü 02. Mjää p

p"'b N'(1Cl0uE " ri N Uv u, 'a o a 'N - CQW. -4 Vi HM 6688u '-' u v10000 yaý y u OuH Wý+ WQ öý Z a. 0 z' isiw 0xvýV v ö ää H ýÜ WýÜU NVNV gcn 4) ä Ü :1u {UU 0 QO CEO E2 VýýVV Z. d l pry-: C. to ýt Y1 4n(n

Vu N V O Ea y ý" ý' to r3 O . N "ýa oA , ö "ý H 9Z0. 41 ba 934 o or-r- OM%000 c OE 2. clor- 03 üECu 17 II .5ýO wu E7 WW bÖ "ý Vi ov Cw eý i ci W, 2 ÄCmvu O"q.w. CZE ºý " -g °w .0 öCH c uEEGV, O 0.. ow u> .lCK7, M . »= ou C.i eý Ubyv, CÖW0.2 O oU>2> `0 " M rS 20CJ-U mi "ý ý.. ý ý. »oLove ,N ,y OMA '> wqC

ýü o

C7 ý Oc 7

äv ö v2 ö rooöo 9 ei ow[ ,: e4 5_Ü WW ds y aý UW .. 0- 4 Zcv (/; yo_ b °0 a ýW o. 2

QC "' p ýý. Ei `? Uý C3 . ý ~unü 'pq ýý, uÖÖ 00 C70 0Öý-° pese .4 ý-+vý Ovi ýWt7 C7Uý QI tai)t1i) =Q v'ýi-ýclim'i p. .4 r4 vi ýi vi

358 APPENDIX 1

u

w rý 4)3 O H bO y 3ooo Ali -v o:

2 vw ö JJJJJJJ K "ý CCCCCCC .r- 1-- N. -ý uö N C7 7 E. ßäÖ oe."+ C4ri -t cri aaaaaaaa ýyp N 0 'a

H Ö'eä 4 ,O 4U ö0 y C a ý OD .0CÜO 8 O o9u S O z N don. oaf v y hoooo o8cd .N CvN V d N cl z C. y 00 ü 0 Q. 'aýE V c u - VU W C WW w uä a. a F xv, U U ypü'DOraýa I- clý0 0 c WC7vÜ> dp'viä0 ö 0 ýw x x v ýto Q H 0 t'iý. +týiriv7 p.. " (4 (,r vi

V) 0 3a°"ýto ri ".. 4 'C 3. O: OO . oa=toö 4) '0 yb em', U 894 yU aýitiýýC>v3 c" vc L> ,ö HyC co ro M ä ý7 i '. -NS >eq 'o CTC V. L g>äý C" C U > j-; ý": 0., baä ý t3rivvi V,0 bý-

2) ri uu GV Izz

1. OO 00 14 o O 0.>ý aU O 3' Fý 0 b (ý V v`tiooö ýao wä .2 I.. y o w ýl z ý p z 0 ry_ A au'S ti MV Vý bD 7`" w Q 0 4, ä by u ö ww EF a 'A Vu g cl C: 00 ää d C b Cl. GDA.ýe 0 =, 0.0 L. ö ö ää wý daýäose 0 x p V , N) 14 Coen-q; i v tiý a ýw xa ý4C4 vi 1: vi

359 APPENDIX 1

ý r\ öu i-4 Oey ý eN ,9 ß'C7 " ög >, 1b y OOOg. F+ Wý .. äy ovooo xOOÖ i "a`' ýu "ý 503r[0 bLI

Gö ý'O ýw"e7 C yC Ub >2x " ÜýC -. Ö U2 G-1 ü"Ö "C V C'ý ö "ika^ r- ü s ; V4 "ý `ý ö elf 48 .G vo'ýý .. oad UO Ü 0p '"' -5.00ý ÜOy U+ vý Ug .

1°t, 0j , U ü+RIý C > 10i°ü gsC,. öecc "ý tJ ýöü° ^ýýO ýUy ý U+ LÜü t7 E ü"n°ý`ýEý° Fi V . M ö vN fV '7 w'1 ü Q". C ý7 . "ý ýd r+ ft u 41 sääü xEE"39o2". ü ä gýh. aaa äC7. "Ö ü "yý'k+3b9

ö 04 a

CD

. UWý

ein 0q0 ü OS 1,2F QA 0 0

"S o öbI uNoN "ý °S ov-»oo ý. ... "ý NC . äts7Rlö. S isun. .4 d 'd ýýw

yöü ° 43

Q n'ý«j" 1 es H ö qpýÖ "O a -Cq 5y u . n-4.5 "DIC ü, ee 'böä ýOc v N> > ,ý.: NMýý ýc aaxoaa

vbö Pte,. 'sä t1aº" vua

orn ýr4U v10000 1 wäw 0 a "ý ö ösö ;N

ýi- ý Aq äu v0 WW WsxWc C_7 A90Lu ;ýý ý6 u 03 ý°' .0 äa. Min ýVoöüy'. oü °v O M0.0 ýýiý' u0 odac ü"`a o -Rýu>'ß öä ää ö wý "ýa9 ö GýW 'ý'. E" V ýao V V]fn ri ýL V1. -itýriý! rý CL fJtai4Wi 360 APPENDIX 1

o °tÄ 44 V [p O . ýy v,

(D 0 CD 3ü pO v.. ti Ww >+ ta vý O Ob t4 . in o' C . N S tj g u.

wV° ti ý-/ .rV .C

E. Q bOHU 'ý"> om ý'.. ä Cl 7 N uC ^y . * uý ý ýC ^luG Cý f? ý"CCCw CU ,,, JJý j '"CS "tý j' j' L 0, u" r Oý.. 2m u c) Fr rit', NI1uh E o> `a ;« %A .4 eim-ivi C?) uaamA 0 ti

Vu

4i ii CDt', h 2 ýr vN u'O Vm rzi CDCD CD 0 äw 2,2'6 L- a KM

52 4. .

0ö (ý Aw QE WW., WWý.. ýÖ e u oý flh! ý... o o"C gAö et ot c: w to a C7wxý E-ý C7 v» cv ri v> Cý a ": c3 ri v -i

"5

OW :I == '! yWG CD N9 ii' u vý CDvi oCD oý

°

bý dpa w°> 'Cü ö"coýö>° 10 ýJ ö Gq ýu -ý .E öE o ..;Nyýc3>5 U) $ . m"ör'mEo .! üü2 3Euycäe ' rý. F3°c°y -a'tcc i M "ý"o u ýi -. 9ýý= ýN ü Wi n" ýS0ý Oý ävß cl .o 0dN NV .n . v as hd >.; rMVh yy >aa» > "h "ý u

2 : Cj 1Z3ýÜ C

b. Eý

< 40 y 00 ý" w ý1ý voooo wä >+ w wUWO O týj vi" oa W °7ýC%. b0, 42 ou u °"ä,y WU Qý. -ý, WW º°. WVVuä Su E+ .a .a P4vi gn c4 20 uo j3.5 V 4 ýwC7 00 >- wv x výao"3 o >V0. `i cn t OxQH C7 cn -+ cri ri sr ": c3 e; vi

361 APPENDIX 1

u b0 Eu o "d ößä ., ö .ý"O w .ýÜ ld 'O bli

U y-a n 4) is 0 01-

A P 10 .5-, -0-A to >ö q5 ä'ýjýtýý' u "cýýoýbüýö .9 '9 u'E :5AuGUow ý_ O b o'er äa`ýc "- o boo x n` U ýe3"ouo. " ° iFno""' So fie cn 'n OoöU >ý >% +'1 ý V p"v'"ý ai 10 UüUCK .+a. 24: .GKe! ti. JJ' C CR ü't7 u"J' ý.. vuu 0 <2eý.: ý ö- : dQ t; ö. °"ý p D< o'u"ý Uu ýo cl ririvvi b NEO CAD

uoö3E2 I- ý, u ýd C xuär'na 0 ti.. OCD ö'ýücaw

(ý "' gq!. Wý y %00000 ea'w" WiY. 4i ea CD -. " 0' 22 'ti U . zý ýw w4 cj> c4 e& `' WW EE. b" Q ý" U vs Q "G ,CUýüy WW WZD wöUu c'''ý °su0 H avýU Uo. eui "o u V_° . a. ý ö üyo bon""o ýf as Up ýO Gdac üý Wý7Ü> et e_ v vi vi 0 VW HV ß. xý vxi": ciriv> CQ "ýcve"ivvi

u ýt wpD"b Ö 0u ýi

Wý ýS "U1: 0d "ý OM000 w"ýp pü uü ü"t7 ti QWW.. E. OU d "d U"e o'ü n 'E. S"2oa öov..>" >ý 04ü 'o y ouooü G. üZ- ti <. =. Z Q. vUi.- öý ýcý ö ö ü >. Z-19 u"o. ö"ö 3 .452

ßj +' U. 'Cl OX'yvC.. y. U p'y 'C . l4 Q e%w %] 7'O itsý ý" "ýt COO MyGnCG "G

'W to L ý:. ýn u li "S C7 .. a ý-" /-ý vi , .+ c. j2 y°N .n

ä O .fG ýy ty U ,p e3

oQ. cN>

ýE iý, &ü °D ýA ö :g vwiOG CD ý'' Ov IN, - c u tz. u ppý u d m r+ " ýu %Z rý Noccc C7 'ü WWWy Ü 'y '. °ö 'S 'cE L'

9 öwv 4z CU -ä 0)-4 eý E. ö "3 m u °O w4 äin 9U U 3cdE a Ä" a 'ü Ü chi ý: öti `''A''.2 QO 00 `u°ö0 «0 w(n w(>A la :2N"ö .W a4 3 "Z UvU> u 0ä vn vn a uw xý 12 v2,., cvriv> .: (Iirivvi

362 APPENDIX 1

eo ö 'i 10 "d nýüü c N y ,el y In H ., ovooo

ý- 10 d V o0 ý`, C üüä. výw fý NO 04 U

rpb 1 dVC ý" Ii ýe77a JO-- c -01' O 0 ti vcNyüyoE :Z "e 12 G ;3-0 cz 83 Gý yO OC CC loo "gE4Ö ti Qu üV ý, b' G, vý ü 0runöo''Sb, OO. ý äýýýýÜ 00r3. uv. NM -CJ Ä. o. 0 C7 ýýýMVh 'V.7 ýuq

yV

"ýr

h poi

VVu C L Oý b0 Bora O O wb üÜ N v vi eo ýý äW .' N ö° UW p h z z C ýe ww o2 a W ä Qa "ýiäý c4 . Z w EH C ci v 4! r-O 94 a 0 p., c ý 931Z-3 w O Vuä b ÄwW ää a`n 0 cm O 9: .0 du (0 º. ö N=b Q o a 3 013 .. U goh-4cn .ý QU> d V fýýNMýfrý tri et vi

S 0 9 ºý Se u «. ,y$eno b f3 N N Vi " u ö QV NC Nwö°öü ü rl cq ., -goo -d ä 40 s°oü, 8.0 ,öE 2 :3 r- 00en 00 0 0 3 c2> N äß tü y Er-tj a , 3 Q " 3N3 Vvý ý'ý'"'ü u. ý.. yw y ,'Ubo019 .gcl IN 0 ry -a - -, Üyý0 d O3 y:. ri Uy. e 21 _wb 0g va ºe'ý V tJ a.ý CG g>xC Dl) C O^ rJ Q, _J C C. = 73v V" Cý r7 gýa Eyyý Q h u .ýIA 08 r" 41 3 0 V Ný h 00 Mýý o9z .4 tý eri ýd bü RR ' :,; oE« uýy E 0-u

uv cd

wyy a. ö ä OA C gü O (7 C 0 gä V) o. 00 eo f o ýa vnoooo o 0 0ä -- oa cl Ry 7 936 C* Eo V) ý to O 1 W

Z NCN ý+ aZ ,Cu 0 w O ýöti"ýö U U ý Z. CD C öE .auý'. 0 .ý öö de xý . v2 V d Co w14Ciaiv> a.: cv r; vvi

363 APPENDIX 1

u ü 0ä >. ums; ICJ .. 7 H Z; 4) 44 0 r. l " ' S n

OOOO GLiýSi-, d, a 2 -0 t4 j- r- b'S 'ýi' l! In ý+ u' u u * 'O uý eq ° N, $> ý[ öý3cdo"p .u uü0C ý 2 mg. OUC tA U10, "l7 >ý 94 ö'ßä m in C .0V 2 i a c c: ß, Vý1f ý 2i ý. ''ý+ý .. 2f hJ. üCY yisi° `ýüuüöý, y, a V (399d t! ... N'i e-4r4Met Y1 "2h Z4 Ö üä. ß Eü

%c Y. >. E äg'ö: 1 o ü a COi-ä. "n üo QV°o c' ° }- v 0000 CDýäs u eo ý, ö UW pFw, ýý

I- Wý .Zcycö ýö c b p pýE-+ V" C"jý äz z wWcG^A0Qepv E; ýýPv mocoo ää F SW - Acüüü .m. y -º. " a 0 cWCý tj Cl eoö" C: ZZüö W0 :ZV>.. d >- d (n pa od> ß, -4c4 rivvi

I. to o uC Ty uwy '''G b9 Vi &ýö . 0U "0 *z3 1 Z, Cý. Luc

xi N y 0v000 .2 ýn ,0 "ý" r; uüp öý y ý'rvS W y C ',' >J0., N`ý V 2 bý 4; vi -. i JS >. cri Vý cý 3,. c c".. a v ucö ö t .9 u >E [ «. 0 üýEu p7v M 4.) "eý ad- b ö'p>ýý ö ip ü ý_ .>V bib E u >. ro .o U0" sj >u "; üee "ý 'ter .oxuwweuo . .+ ý-tri ä°<< oüý vý 3Q cu wýuuy[6

w[ äy[c» ü tý >, c ß. 'a v ý'ýi 3ouc o r-'

QVO püý y 0000000 ýN ea 6 rZ ü !. u

1.0 4.. ý4 iL ` q -. p Ä[ C äZ uc ý y Ö W EE Cr .ýý'7 C' 1A cWý. U ö r ? UjEUXä 'ý a g w2 WW A wý ;W00 a sÜööv Pthi 94914 yW V Ü U ý a": cS r; vý

364 APPENDIX 1

eg o : EIN:120

wO.. W tý 4WaW y O'ý y yu u

> Ei *0 -j (4 r= xa t9 2 ý'tl

x " f3 A>e 'ß. ö '^ `. JJJJJJ C: 9 C: ä 00 aaaa¢a "U C UCHÜC tý UO O

L4 Gv CL pry y7 Wý 4ý" [r. aý ýý u .Sý

E-+ N : 7. 22 ßt0000 d y vý esu aW ääi ý ö zW oýOVý ý, Wb 43 H r- 04 c4 u8 r. r_ .ýü yy Zg ° 22 i7 cd O U^ bam.. OR ää ä&) e1V U :3 äv° -OU V37üö. "" 9:1. =03.0 ~ý o UQQQ; ýQ vä =' C > .4p oC W vý ýu oa U) (n º.a uw xQ v).. cvriv> U "4c-ivivvi

ö ü "d p 'Sb b C "c > eFä v-) [Qv e.'7.. c u >'ý 50ý or 'ioo o$ 030

:2`=ti a. ý. c ý... a V w'ý u ,c ti y NEC. b ý Qo c'ý off` y"(. r'ý N ýi, ^' y y( y V qä «2 800 Vp S "V ý `ýa c>°, 3 "DII. 3 cý, MQ "ýy y .J yob o, 2.2oj XLZb V* O M aöäý+b Z tnjü Uý >b° `ýu'-ei., pa a Mýä`a -s ,-u ä VO ym mVy Ob VV ä ää äzA2 Z ä ö cq,.i --i vi tV}a; ýug .8>

V

k p. ýr c W u R'a>, .ý oa "ooei CG Söö8,2 ýv 0« °c y '00000 V uwý u 6 IA cý "ý. ýý z aaýn 2C Qö 00-. aoi CAtn Ca7W vý.: cýiaiv> V CoW

365 APPENDIX 1

to) 0. wä 0 "ý

J ýC üü w ö G. }ý rte 1a ovoo"-ý ýý . X 3 cý ýý c rw ö eqV ý , T u vý2"u ce ü Eý DIA ö. Cý NOV pV . + "ý , n >Zü .Mü öäß yü ý C U uüVO ý; °> E d O cýýG> aýiü ' Jo'ß 8V NWo p V VNýý'p:'a Li 5 CVCCc `i'"r ^., W Q 'g > ', , Vy y ý'ý .C "ý"N ýp, > V n'om' CÜ>° p pý UO O 2ü aö ýJ 101ý" .CwCa. u « C' h°iöää ýe L) 3ciei vü Häh F- üd N vGNý cdÖý > %"+l^jr 'd u 0g U-2 :9wS.

>1 9 "L V -e vA C 954 IIo y

.nv bl) Oa v1000O äo : W "'U) C p'p > tý l- UW OX W 7av ýy Gk, <ýi ý+'ü uc OäÖ wäa1, ýoQý[W+ ýj ý "ý ,_ägaü'k uýy 0 W u La - :4r, WWr, Fei, WcC, ö' e u o°w F aN U ý? U cswha m a . 0 0.0 KijCw L' QO VO eu unary d o W ö'2; U ä0ö ý V L3 >. Q4 Oa wv xÖ'v ä a :.: 4 vnvn .a0 x< E" u in4(4riv> u cam; vi vi

14w -5 ., b Nvý - 1 [r[ v° 5" faa NN Vlý "-a yG wý $ O". 000 a " u 0° -Ega 0; 1 ria

Vü on 3 v ^W "C Cb [p R7 . r- m ý+ .d:; >N4 EX ý_ , iä üb '" Cu (Z >Ö 9 3'ýof U [ > O> 0 i" 2 Nß: .7 J, xý viO y >, e4 2Vy alu ä 12- O iCüe O clOMO>,V z+ cl 41 ; ý V) u zu zý ;; i - -0 QdFF OS0E. E2 N Zj e4m

Nr 4) 'Ci äß'ö "! E oa

QV "ý p lu NOOOO 00 Wa WEgy r$. you G W r0[., 9 öu rj SE Z aß(/1 Z ýW aä a «E . as ge EN 6R dß°2 ää Q ap e7 5. - r- Jz 0 ti) ia 'j CEO p ýy ÖÖ A du vi W x< U2 '2 934 :2a tie.... EE- to.: cririi> Cld ivi

366 APPENDIX 1

lU

ö .d cý u t'M 0 'U

4. >öoý yCU u 3>. 0, L ä «0 44 u ü . o U^ - týý[ °! fir" ry ''' "c ". a t4 P. -oma rD ý' 64S " ö 4) >euu ºZ'0ro I O" J J, ý >u -o JJ ýj V) 0 oy E° g* u-yr. r- te, E. '3E a .a a .ý vý u "& [ cci o- ä =ääü w9- u usw uu: "ý VW C^ .0 .0 N w Ký "L so Gi dN' >ýýcý,,,, vs .v 0. -Z cv ei -t vi

u ýuuüu 0 X .50 Qw 0 y d u. >' ý> '5 - .. o o`oMooE ¬nw K o C W- öEý 5 21 "S > wueýö cNu .2u r> o 0 U cl0- ° ýo c^b nýo 0 yý yýýy00eý ýt. ý (QýQö .CVüý. d C r: u>> u>yU 'n C H 0cö u WNOUcd xi tu, : iiu 04 o'oÜ NM . [ G üaJJ JJU0`.: ''O vý uNw "C A. 6b a. . ýnr'"ýüuyy V)i% Qrü--M V) cO rs V. "O MN 1C O .2. C gEc

b..,. u, ýe ýý'cou'""ý c o ü NU ý 'N CL cý "P! N QC7 fd Ep, oc. ýýGu

Vý ö"C ß.1W UW ýCF4. ýu+"ö üýü äc uö `ýý" as w ue"ý w H ý wwas aV) Q e! üd rMO'Cý eý N N. 1] " n'°w 0-4 -! ýÄ uäýyäö'Sy .2 8. Kai (Z >O vnvn P-4 0W xý H w_; C C-i.4 0 P+4NMefv1öd

367 APPENDIX 1

ý ýc ywä ýn bq 'd c; p, ü P" ppa ,d c1 'i'n 'ii >cV UuO v' `" Ovt000 uuuo 5" ýi5ä W K 'o a 0äu cr-a l g', KU. ü3 >ý 23"n t9 8i' 2. w'ý

> os

ö C'uý ti öG °"3CoY 'ý 0. °.3 ýxN °cUö Xuwu uuOO 4JJ2; 0r. UJJ L0 .l° urn

o O G O Äü Qr!"f7 er CO 'O 'O CZ ,,GN_7 vi I4 tf M ýl vl y' 17 I. 7&l<

°1 4i ý< I ýc9ýcý In Mý '"S N2 s ü E-F r, ý a pä^CcC Üt'. ti'C " '^ W1W

O p4 ["ý Q' Cö in L4 Ü ,ýA dU3E. vý a. - wW EF ýj e "ºý" wH Z :cu Lti7 E WW r, c:1 WöUv aýuoE o. rýi hh. 0 as E+ PG(n UZU CL U°E Q c< QUO V0r -w QQÜ> UW xý výv, .ý FU u5-3r4r-ie> U ä. ": c-irivvi

yti "ý v

"A 9 64 ua a' Y d a'5 ýy ul ap ý'! LL V1 Vi 5 bH py vai I] Oa -t: C"'d i'ý 'ýc >N ' >. 'O >4.2 '5 ONv1ý0 ;ýGUC 500 "c3. . u a=üjß. CC. Ici aWW ö a= . 0 "Ö9ü2 d ü >QN ýc ö. -ü 'ü ö"ti ti äy vý9 uc ui ". ° 3tß. ý' `ý y, ca $ yam, ''? o. CQ ý2 u lw'ýr u gUý lý1 6. V e7 > u> H (ý ýy Q, , C>". "' hOQO'. ý7 CtýSýd'ý 'JývO+utýUMU 'uUeýO O$a rJwT" O. C "> xxcnv V ý 3_' üQ cý°= ý0 ý? ýoe°>ü ei üw J" 1 12 b4ý J ^' u ý, axuu ao"" "", CeagC ý'ý ü'ý öp. c4: 4ýn irvQ °c `ý ýtvrivvi u«o. Qvý rý V a'ýivºý ýý Wýüä3 C o4QU>Ü CA ü° .5C o w'a[ý'öýfrt+E.ocu ci Hu

"uC P, 'ey `üý 'ö W 9 ýu o>ýü .8 bä O Va 47" Oýyrjý p p4 WW 2 `u'ö° ü tu .9-- U ýu gü. cg ää W(9) Zj 3 b 'CýüÄÜeaö 'A I 2w O"ývQ, º"vn 0voiä0 7> ge VW abw ä '< HV h": tý ä: V,)v Z, fýMV> N MvV'1

368 APPENDIX 1

wu u

1Ullll

up

>ý ýQ 7ö $, 'ý>+yuý. ý{f rcä , u.. 0 c: c: °. 6'°"ö ß`N 5i 5f a' `ý ý° ý `ý ä 'ý' '° äýýC0 eon 5ý JD a j2

> fl; I0>S

UCÖyV i+ p4 0

N äc ýw Vý ßaßý. r Ei ff X0000 cJ"b '5 3 ýr v U `.3 p'V OVuVl ZwvG. 22 6Nbco'ýý ý"sý to wä C º" a y{u. WW ` C..

y w "CS OM Qfa Oc 4N11 IH. r. ý 07 .,.. eua

`? DA u0.. aE3 Q 0 39.52 Cl . i5 ö d> Qä wu2 "2 Q (U w0 (D 0 xPý x däýän vvi vývý $ VW xQ F0F"; cririv> 0a "»cri r;

y W L7 "Oy 0 O OG .ýyv ý'ae cý ySu " ý7 u0 OýtOOýO "4 . eý ,5 0C _y > z, ý0 W ~2ä 'd 1a ~ý} > ö, . ýy "°ý v19 rj e '5 >NN1 4) u e" ü 112 '5 cl vi AOV "V-E ý t7 ly p erf N. >Q >V t9 b º4iýa .81y rý.ý QeVaJ Z; NUý ýjC JJ., >SJ> utiu rI. , uVRC . o. eti F" ýsýA ýd "ý ý. V., >ýC yOy ß"ö0 °ý-ý ýj öyN "ýý ý "ý U)S Vy D ÖEEü UHU 0do, ý ý+ 9. ', U" fi :ii Fi y"A '7CCJ °a ý"-ýcýicýivvi °

y n"° y -U-7 %ý N jNJ O Vu .CC [7 W pp u ucý Ow "$ pa cl te> < CD mg CD I'hI'g vloooo c) ý' to U) WAOw Cl Ill Wý+ V uL ,oqý° Qä -ý dÖvmiäÖ ° `wVCDÜ> 0-1ot vi vi ° xý NuW 0 ä.; 0Ia -4cýic"; v> 4Ci14vi

369 APPENDIX 1

A uC bD äö ; ooo9o V CC C Ca

>; dý N2y Ný uE üa u Z .0 aý ... ^ý O Ö C --ý p >

C DD C v0 üvuý "eo >huHü -d uü J" J .Jd «J J'u it 5ä 4) "u. ý"ýciri4wi 'h! `ýi'd

:1 co ý bä

N

V bA ü7 O u. Qv O u "' w . mGu N 1.0 80 reuý.. 90000 Lý' eo VrýV, .N I 4i bý wp vaýi Z z os v ao wý

Cd 1 2 3 O a, C ' CL Go-4 vö '5 " ý ý i IddCO ý b y CC 'ý uiu c öý ti vý >a 00 bi 1.2 9 ý äj u .J d1 cn i .ý to* :1 - c4 a ! Ny2 .Gº 4AyÖg7 v ý, b ) i, S u M g> iit4 t7ýb'ý V t) 4) obi °" bö Q' EQ VU KU" Ü ý. bEýE y ý. . > fY rJ2N' U ce 0" Fo >E r ' five- Qo''n ,ý °:»ý EO Jý3 cOi«+. 1. 8, ý . Oýhemg U. üeäeý" G tý 5 v' 'ý 55 >oj oö ü$ E7'a- ö ü c "c ü ýr+cýirivvi u. u ö E3> 0% aA.

O{.A. $N0 a AN "V+ o cl ü ü`ý. 5ý oc caa. 0 4V 0 N oV v W) i Li co0000 en W W Ü h cW ý`n z Q 0 uV V ems. äZ Q WW @F, r- V it ii v L) .2Ho a Vuh 0.5 ä w4;9-- w U U a s U dý ü. o 'ýoývai etz .2 . e E a >- 2 W0 co .ý 'U2 ä Ü (ýý wio ý V Q CA V n cn F a.; ci vi vý"i

370 APPENDIX 1

0

Vi S E- oü3

3 ti oEý -a9 -11 -a 2> 5A

v ä, wb gwý a '$ l

ý Gäc CE Ö M Ö .cEO ü' to iý. E "ýn y$ ýOr

Z; NQCUNOýi 920.0.0 0 ä9 «r Cdei -5>j2 eq o .

uý

h L'

L ü" 0 PD O Jfl b 4V O N ¢ 2 ßýH 0q tiu. ýcý cý10000 hC"t, L v'LV ýc4G y ý+ k7 CL ÜW .y y

4. ýV ýý4V .C cy 7 WVýGw O "U Öý 'ý DAý äZ W z W ýH C V `a 'n ý UUOU 'C WW Wý ää Q a p U U VO c ýý V oý Wvi Ö'viä0 0V VwCýC7Ü> Q CLW wo CA xQ Fx C, 5314 C-4Ki i> U 4. -ýc3rivvi

O w 44 u > !1u '1j 04 C ; coüüou . cy .. 1 W~Cý 3 ä0 tý'ý y >5w 8 äwra >,. m du 1 ö, d Np iiilt 13 ü ücV[ U b 0 c i+ üývu O, Uý 7^ Gw 'ýü ýQ a Gä ý' 4) (1 r c6 °ue G i 41 Eui'gýovvv ýca'3Öý`ýuÖ ru > o 'tl u . ut7, ý` 2uc c yce e ý. cy yg'mg . 5doýtiýU GC" u.. iarJý'! z5r. . äüQrn p äýýää cý> v>3> ui E' 0> p u'o y 1ý -0 Ljý h U o' on.. ea> .8-, äH J K E co .:%n 7 (j v Fi C R>E en CIORIG Al 0 N u IG N0 .suuvü v }} ý aýF 4 Vyý v ýý+ i h ýOOO. v' eu (ý u'a uu k w C4 ä5 wi0 '13 0, 14 z h 0 ýr E: 'ö "" z a Q "ý -S V u 00,11 cot; S? v "ý", .4-,,, 0 V . uq äz ja NF1 WW SP L `v uu co NEN -4 FOB o Vu tj A P 0-6 aE ý ? U .1u-Ö a. WwOd ää aý U = C O a &V)AWN e W C7U> M -`C7 üW xa En 4Ciri-4 Ci W)V2 0-1 in. o. .4 (4 C-i4 vi

371 APPENDIX l

u h

JA rq > el CDr4 0 CY%C>

(ý N U a^ý E b02 u uC ß. 5 H -d p H = vi S, g öo°a .äöyCoc 2° * Myýý"vu ''9'c' O a9ý .. t Ja-C,: . Ja> 79 ýýýýý "pp of Q cV ,., ý, eUJ .., M VoO uV öE'5: C zý4criMýiVi 8 4ý mää äzý .4V N*II . a äý

^VI V 'U . N. ý

ba 2"0ýy =N-4 ýü äu ý ti u ýjFs 'DOOOO ý eo ýýW y alý. 2 UWp, O a+ owNuN . wý+ rn- Zc yýo ý -u a, 5$ ,U yý M

L. (Wý LC7" pý'c o WW-WS ö v AGB yý Jýy Ci. c, "!"D .7.. ý .d 04 vß u vý Uu, oNN as QO Xx yd ög1 =ö e< I. VO e °uo W(A Or42914 ö div¢i 0 =" ý' ate, VW xa E4 u vA-: taieivý u

V ö

i 1-W. 0 .! gl äßo' ö a "a Orr. ýc% 0ý r«7 0"03 u r_ c: aWW Sö WQN ýýý3u., u 1 KO äp aý ENwüpü ý" 0 3 ö Hv1 üVw 7yý'ý Gc3 V. H . in VN N 0 I 70 OZ Wý. ý C'ý ºý fi wp O O^l>i p"^' . eS- ppvý }ý C ýxcwnv u Co cVa - °. 5 yö CCCý ºy be 'J GGG üNy i ^" wUQ y cý' '[; Cy CC Ol c9 .Vu <'7 pü ý "; Up %n ý` le äý 8Q m ý; ää ß CAE c "." V N4eu""6 r+cirivviE1; 9 c v -2

t) la Z 4) Ei :; mau-

oa vwidösm < CD C ý^/ u ,iG v V)OOÖO C bJ) ýýjFs y ý+cýd"ý ßg3 W W ÜLrI . ö p'' 4, i° °paýa ° zi. E Ei. p2 ;gE. m äzZWWE z" üu V C"ý Ew v p i4w a V ýww OÖ OD ý' uff 4ý l! XÖ'výw0'ö 0 DS WCA M C7 > :ý G+ "'ý ý"j 'cf v'1 V] rd C7WwQH vý .i cl t of

372 APPENDIX 1

i ü0 oo%OOovo Sc, ýr U WWý,; QN ö uuo , ýý ýN N C u öA üv NN Vl rj "d V IZD . vý'; >ü b4 a0i .c

Uy U

:N ~uVuNNN ON Illi 171 NN QAö .0 >- NM-th ahaaa¢a¢ .o. .0 .0 ": 0-2 U ý '.7

r- m C a ä"d a`° "08 a. QV $ ýG ci

0000 bO UV W "C "f :i Lzi ýZ O[0 Zý ýA äo 2 pa .. of `ý Er Ce .9ýb pWr, ýj ýi äý zýaW EEWý ? "ý d ý'ý ý ýö ü ýý O ý' ýry Aýý a ää F u ýýo PWGUOD ü°v oýnp.Cý hL2 A-0 a öd ýW týQQ wvý Ov. aO cnvý a Cý xý v vý., c4rivP v a"; c3rivvi

ti u wo ý+ 2e ö-s ýý $"Sý w 9öu .ýu o 3 ýti. 3'ü S a? ý ýnýJý gou ti ._ äü üý WWý^ a 'ý y dNü >ýyýt. y3u ýa Eý

CJ UU OU. CQN cýV > °3"bß y ýoä, caa... ütiu öü O ýo>ý >,.S 'N o ý8 q>. ý' u[ Sý>ý5>, °o ., ,y ýa -" e4 eac yý uwu3ü ,co ,n 9" ümx k- "p "cý s fV e7 ý..9äý ` g't1 "S 'd 2j .+d $ .DJ°CyJJO ýce a' 3ý Py'>ý Oöü, 2- ""Nec. 'eý 3 F, ,ntsa .. ,güNüEý uü 2Zvl Q n-ý p" ti ýC7 itv Qröü3 Q° QQUýL°.ýýq

A 'G9 ucouo" u CL, ýey QV °c E wa rs°'ý iu ýk- üE2ö- 6 iÜ rýoooo n' eo

jý wOC6 '4.2 b4 cl Q"Nýr"' OA Wý

1E ýypý E"' ö uuymä R. p .. opü Q" oý ýÜ wäß ap r Eä >y ä pä ý9 4) 0e Sh VO o, o a °E o .. eýU °ahwo"öu"S, a Qwcý .. Q0 gxýa wv i° t7Ü> c,vna yr xa HvA ji'V> v a.ZN cýq: v;

373 APPENDIX 2

THIN-SECTIONS: LETLIIAKENG VALLEY APPENDIX 2

ba ü C ä m c -0 C! Ici 00 ä 0 oooo0Vn l " NI ,d b ?ý pa tül uy tü r= >. öü o °D DE ^ "uu ~ ý c "a" .. uy e uff "ý :o , uu uC M üPO bý .A 20 m 05 -a94 L M ri JJVJJy, . u17, öy ýo mm~mm-u uo, v> ei 0 - rt4 O%00 d

0 'S u"5 y

I. eA 4i > U. U in 0 Qü 2 lV c0 v I1000N H y CIS I-'ýa dw ý z C I, CO Qq V1 n C ä 0 40 M V cv V ý, w V ä Cd y OWEýs O Vý1 u. o ww w uh öu40 C3 co as U w3 ü Nopý JD in 015 as ü0 ýa c N :- . ýr =ä Q4 ý3 x iÖ d ox H u V] .+NM4' v rivvi

ouK l1w 3öý3 äý :3 3ý, U %0V) SO. cov oooc'- 0 Yu.1r. ýuuº. Pý y wWN VVV ý. yC výi ýyob ýp clloO ü oUo yý vi 'ý 0 oý , -C h V" C vý .. m: oü3Ü . -ti. o rn ýurcýýyeau öö u 5.2 -0 - >-,'ü V cl Oc1O co kUb. °t ý{yy cc > NNNNNN. (Wr Uy7Q a t, e) R ti N r4 W 0%ad rý r+ Cl `ýt vY 04 V Ö ääääý°ääý ýý 0- V' c. L4 U ýýý.,. 0.

h L' ýý {. [n 3u ü^w oýe O . ýý O N tivý v h ýý h .y NÖO00 wä ÜW LT+]U Flog M Cd ýW h 0 : C0 z i'. a".. o äot ýc: b4 11 bo a 0 a Iv ý W ,. W " vc. öw ýýQA .Cü a ýU va WW a Q äß ,, .5 0 cv9 as 0 c-i .O EH as C ca. 0"G m=O:ý_o e o 4) Ö'v'ýiäö 6l w ii 4Q ä2 xý V rn U) ß.. ( ei -ý nývi

375 APPENDIX 2 e ö "u ö0 v=> 0 1 ä "ý oooýoýn 1d 0° boB yWý f/ý U. ÖOÜ

0v E"y Cy7.v1 jý VG icý 00 N> ýy G QC O9 y'a., vS V i7 ýy . {[ýJy%] ýý+ .C>7O" . 50 ' Co o ug>äC ýý Oo >>'vn4d IL,ý j' ae cli a .. ¢v°ý"o5 QQd"'2ý ac`tv°výýý ý.; `" n= . ric"ietvi -u.

u- uz uU-1 ;Z "V VU ^ ýy ry ". yP te" C'' ý1 ý wý. a yuC wý ä, K. 0? ucen_°? y

c3»> 3 KUWÜc.. 'ä, iö ä' Cw .äv V

gl.ZhX ýä vs w w ý Q ED °ý 44 vv uº. Uo gigPM u20 ei)" "- Wvý .2c QQ OLL w0'0 V CD C7Uý C7 xQ V °' vývý .a vý.; ricriv> U ß,. "ri rivvi

41 (rý

yO 0.. 01O^"W o1 i 'C 000001.4 .CüH NA ü 3' unv. ein >, 'ý.ý Wö' ý" {.. c: 4) Jý tý G"ö "1 vo0i 'ý .... 08 ü'u >ö$ ý> üb 2b $ý .+.. yO .d r- u 9: ei ni $>sq >u c' 'r- t1.5 r. eu R 00 ii "yö Qou Ubb>° 91 Nrý ýy Mý c^ýcD CGC ýQ C >CO . xVÜV 'd o >' . iý Ü [Wý°v > ýFiý4Nr4ý.+. v uýi Ooö- `eýo"ý 'VC Cý. 00p ü) 000 .9 09 v, a .d NO, rj rý""cVc"lervi G aa<<: D<< v+ ua w. ý u

^L iiiy777 O

OA 0 i--ýti Q' Ö '0ur n' (AQ XC: >+ 't7 "^B v u ttJJ ýýr ýý ÜLTI WW ^öOü Q+ý yy F. O zý Wtn Zýý äW'ýý ýý W'ye O(ý Q° "cýýyQ'Co-. eo ä7.. W w ZWW ä1 ;euvý Ow::LL Gj y ýa ýa üy W :j Uj3 ý W 3 ýS w uäA a, ýý°w 80 0 b.2 Q UM SO g=. - 2 cI,z avw m< Hu EnýýtM w: U a: NMVvi

376 ribAPPENDIX a, oewo9 E4 ' iüp3.. u "ýj öea. u ouý BA ý'tý So 'd OO. +nN ü N aý üÄ J'D°v ýI t ýQ "_ ý" c ýýa'ü>°n our:: äc ý, ü' o'er M"C m >, el 41 ;G O; q : icp"ö gn83,R. wMU 8 cJy7 "a. C 'G öCU 'n eý äý eü Ou U- U ýi üvuu oý V -s 'O 2 00 'o'° Jýý bD iJ CpN lut b C4 p 'O Jý H2 öý'. ý'oý Fw"Eý ýN CD vöVyöö tiu. öRv 0. - 3ýc ti Oý NW Oý v1 e4 ry Ir 'ý Cbi ýQQCý 223-4ýt p4 u >vý., ww uauuuuo>u. uQtn vý e; ,po ccm

W- C U, 00 ýU V ýü3y"ý wyu ü'ü cl .. 0000 = ä Wä vi ,öýy H 3 5Ü p ZPy' Paýii .. So" ti ;Cu yýN ed wwFw5 wpuw ti QVä a": 7^e'u aý 0 v . x öUQ cl 0 Ö SH -b 4o- -" MÖ'vip: d'ö m8 juw xQ Eý C7.ýdä üw ä corm tn.: cýie+ivý -ýN tai of vi

eo ouuu ' C w' t1 Ii aQö o. C 0 S ý ooonrýi yo N ri es ö .0>ü il E o^ yU UV ^ iJ Ü u 3 G O ph S: 2 b4V O O 0 IL) .ay"c -p > N Ei 5 ä ö >, a ý" ý' ¬ {7 V 03 , ecy ece Co >OGöu>uý, . C,9 u"c' E"d 3 vii Cu ÖV ýNWOýýý. ci V. 00 .. -"ýNt"1 sF vl . uV

"..

xýw3 "ý a'iý L: ýö Wwu u'D ä oý 4° uw u üýr y'u uýa y aý ü. CAF o 2 ýQ `N, oö I. kiQi Gci NooCD ey oN ,y ö. "F y W (ýtij Oý r, _ 5 aö

ýW Q bl) "aü ý'ý °> pOGä zW bý 3 wZ u Of'9 35u ý'a a, "o ä v,ý"ö ö 130 4 2, cl ti V , u 2 Üe0 ý+ ý rN 00 C u. o y A eZ 'aýý'výiäÖ"0 öW p2 o c3 ýcn ävw Z2 9vv.: ý, Nmv> v A. -4 Cý 0i 4 vi

377 APPENDIX 2 N

w b0

ýp in Öýaý3'S oooo%o V 'tj uav N .V eý mSc. W. "tV 22 - G Uý ti r! V "C+ " 5 ' t+1 l aýi ,0 19 oe 2 N_ ,O'E O M: Uýb g [y ýon(g 'J c4m a ýj JJ ä0 >: .ä,Vv7ýG r. Qý T E d'üý '`n `n e uu moo cý M ý"+t3rivvi u , . raNWCýOhý av2C) -; j Q <<(ý uw >°. Gn >O uu Ü ýU yH

C c L bQ o üqýý O ci. Qty O N (a u v y 000- -ý ý-" I- eo Wä u .y %eu > ' N O ti 3 4" y a z u C uýöö 0 wti ýýy ý äz öýWt"1 EF C v O My WW O w 23 0 as U oä as WO ö2Q Ll CL) V 4 x C, Lot CYNcV cri ýf r% C7 LL. avýwC xý F .,d -icVri 'i vi

'yO y'U O in I7 ýüýiýýuýu AS üö e0 UÖ ä0 > 0 Ou 0 R1 y p. O inn u> ' g ý.. r- 1--fi .C cCptý yr O C N S') q w h UuO".. O "' AUe! OV oueýýo 0'dm V N t) U :jU

ifl Cbb u *0 u > ce u >%r, u u uc üb öö^. "ýuti-o O 0 HuOhw ty C' ä'CelurJC}ý Oýr r ýn 0 N ö o. ý vüc ä ri Z e Izz O in CÖ I .., ML4 eüýC ß-: uu uo u ba.. t uL li bc. c: "C O" iý ci'ü Vf E oc 13 U 0 1.. Qi 0 c w0ýäýý: "r4 vi `i vi a >UM >, u, a>ýa aoaz; ýý 'am ý "CvVýý ºýxoüý+. SwweEö C9 öu 0 Ö° öt) o oö öc3°ý'd. °düSoc. x oý toc üý Ul i 0 w o ý"... utý"c, ý7 ouu U0 EyawG üU Eäý$E'io ti wE- Uo = eo F NOOOM ,4Uýüp, >ý'S: 6 Wä m dw 0 z or cl - < 0 , äz vc Q. Uý pc[ y Co, C, dos3c «. a> °w 3. °c 400. 94W Qu6U ci r- -00.0 as QO L "!1 ;d as VO `7 u voiw8 ýWý7 QQ> ý.; C7 NM = ciýiv> cä..4«, 1 ei ýi vi

378 ApIýENDIX eo

0 02 " % A 0 93.(J u d ooora: .a ýýý"g. ýý Om u N; 3ü 'C ni . - 9 U Suö2 0 .m9 N ' ö ^. ý 3 u C7ý ;yÜOOO 0 'LJ Öý 2 wü ;ý `ý d "Oeýý p"ý vii cs . >. 0 to 'C"'' >,. S C "Oý . ü3ýb' °o ºcb"ýö co >. '%' o °u `ý 5EE °c `q to ý 0.0 c4 ýi u cri cri 'ý yid V 2.0= ¢C,. 9<" c7, ýt . rý "-: NV z. mtöa r_ä Ü UC. ba 0

3ü

ü OC ed U0 1 y >., MA >. u, V to Q M . -+0000 ý, to q u. O0 u, . I-L "r7 N c4 1-1 . a .. < KZ CD u G. ;Cu ,y w ýn u A. ou 121 -. EEäi ää V20 uo , Ä$ Uc-" ö o E- :1äs V .2 öU VWV ý/ oaf wtn x aýäo rAW avw xa

2

ý d ooooov Nu y a N ü wG ' ý

' ' ' ýc O ºY iU yq 'C7 ACV Sý ý, ý c, c3 C ý, G'Ö äýa ß

"puC U J" EO ü J -J ..! 00 ' ýy N V) 6'0 4L) V coý yý-ä y, e °ýiuür" ý N] eW70O iN ÜQ ý .r º. ý erý ýýNMýlY1 Uý y, 0 aN 'QCýQ aVJO t,.

ucE "y' O vý

F Cj Oýi " =°vU O2 ~ . "C'o ý e o .0m C34 V) 2 v ýl 1 5ý o üÜ tv'ý F X000- ý' >'ö eo vu, u yýy a aoýW UW O >' ý °äuw (5; za z ý ý G H QCMmý -- a=wö O O C 'a °AÜ "n öW c 'ý c CIO ýWý ju a°i 1a Cp4 v s ö Vu Q ET WW .. W ý W ti ü as Fx w V ý U 2 ta La ÜQO o, oaý ßäv 00 ° a v a výo.öav .14 0 Pd W (n V) ý4 .4 C4 ud>Cri v vi

379 APPENDIX 2 8 Sý N cu OOO N0w u0 NK 98 cu }- E U W 0In to ýt, u iýü u .2 3 ý. M w000 ý; ] "i .0u u euü

JD 0 11.1 C.' M vi O> C" Q C. CG ^yy öo gl c"' > ýº C : ý. uU 10 -V. CD rÄ. rU. ýU." v2 00 Ö ýs . .O .OO aý Uaaviaa> U OMC 0 G"ýO

n wy >, p ea

Oy ýauý MOOON eA 0 WCG W ý3 uen . :YD Viii iý C"E U (,yý 0 ýn ý]jLý4 Z ZUu 22 r29 O pý od 4) crü"Sý ý0 cl 00 ßäv

-ll cu d0'cnw0. `. viv< - 'WC7 (DÜS a .: cv ei. i vi

I

ad 0 C (= N ! ° ooo oöv cv Xý'" co i " ry ý WN 1,+ 4 ttyd h i.. ý - ßy 7Ü ü ý , ü :7ü ou a,. ü ýo$ G ü 4 s 's v° 'V s eia ý iy F Ä Ö ti üV CL u

N

op fV N i! v^i ö >6 ý=y ý ý ý b Qoý c >NU. ü i c E. /ýyj Öý i V E 0 E! aEn0 aa;; ia>wa ö. yV C

-, g 04 es ö ý ýcn3 W b0 v i . '3u es h. QV C 'eý y "U ýý v tj . Uw Z; ý eo W Cd > U Uk7 a LA O WG O " Q 2 vU p OG ýj bý ý"ý U GL] äz zýý EH ý ýd ý ü"ý ti Oäv, Uuö, v W. W Ü üE 04w ýý7 `ý . 0.0 00 N 22 0% anwý' QÜ> wWCý 04 -4 C4 ri v ýi

380 APPENDIX 2

RJA

dC ooos; o Nr id >, ouövýN"tl 0 u wWy 'ý ku

4) Ve 20r. öuu u3a`ýi opt . e°lý 10 illýO o0 "Jr yý , ý Nm v eee eý eub 00 >, 1b Vb Z HmmblE o, ý 04Z, 0. iivý . .vý Me n. o"c o' O< a'- J C. 0 e- . fV vl .. .

N VKOW

ýL .äuP. 04 cl 00 9ý Ü 0 -a q 0N v ÜuG h -OOO t+1 Ny Wä 0ä y . ýW 7ä O Cl p z C k. rn . -.

äz r [1 v EF Ld Eý- wýj,,, u C! ýEN oe V , -- C WW S N C! as eä U U 53 M. aCL4 a C U. 0,5 914 0) in ýz 00 V ýwCýCýÜ> QQ SVmU20 xVQ F Q (0-; riMq! > C7 P, i cverivvi

b.O u 'CJ s ou4C °ü u a e 13 ooooo'o NU cs b *G rv "5 I 1 *K -t)A -A °'9^ 2 4a+ 10 gi tD 12 . uu E ä0" , E. 05 ti p w o Vt 0 . -. y U o .sr .uu yTü V Uý C

J O Ü CIS C,3 21 =>2 Nm >wa, 'ý 8QC7s"5 00 ,ýu 5Z"ayýyý ü 0-0 yEüM o°o O. Övii ºý "a' ýpw4 äý ä« N º-±N 'r ýyEor- V C. Q0 uCO < CO' E .a'V0 .ýCyU U E ja

2 ýý ag'ýc e ö 2u td oý en ý,, °"5 ý3"ef nw Q C7 0 üýrýýý 0N yL aü v :dý ýw H r-ooowl, k, ýo ,ou eo ýýÜ Wä ÜW cai>obouG "ý y 7 + 1. u e ~ ^ý z La 6i Oý aA o- e) cwý" w 0 M ä"C oG cJ v ý"" üc zwW ^w . n VU .ßG ü = WW ti ö01üa Q 0 o :. u wGCCC: äß. 0.4, as U u °? v as ar Co>. 4 In 3O=2t;&nä° U> 5eCISL. y ZWC7 6 ävw W 0 2P4 in m zw-; t.4 Ci .i vi

391 APPENDIX 2 V 4r yCCO L ue bOU4) ö e'y COCOON ue äT7ä a$ DA N U , -' y 1D0fl111

lei ýez V+ D-h v . :iä AE wuup3ýu u V ..aw ý. .cpý°c ü'yý uýapý e cruý, 'G o" ý+ 4 s3 .3 .i 43 Ä .ujü äE rý N h ýA c ö"ý en Dil .. '° CCCC 00 i P. üj2 üýj N m iN A4clirivvi .. ÖAÖ ¢acn ¢ll a¢

ýcýiS. oulab°. i mau, , Syu ::H aas ö' "ý 'u 'ý eeý Cu ed $ 'ý uu. oo9ý C ýn .ý ö4 L c. ü"ý"d-a a oa HO 22 -3 ßäu T O >ur- C C7 O Vü Ko 'd 4iü-8 >u3 vyyy W) .s in ý4 Vý. V wä ÜW t- CD 2E p CLc> V `. -8 bp Uu ". ý. CüNC dw tR . uro >, cýý5 u ý., 01ý3"_~, "cý"ao ý ý. voö vin 'ý" ý O 2 Ö ý"; w oý ße7 iy uNC rS v 2 ý Vy aGpü0 Vuä V Ww öwý ýH w vý s 71.0.4: as U "v Q4 00'C asIPA C u, o 0 00S-4U) 9 two U00> QQ F. cvcn 0: bic xQ C7 C, CL.: cvr1"th

'C y J,> 0E äo CJ y. { .. 0 Eir] oo0 oov ý' U+ NnUC o4 U7 'C7OE iJ ýV Ný ey ., . üo"n . yý. ["ü g° bi) ý u1. 'i id 1 O cu. u üuq Ný ow a9 uu 'ýa ü ORy o p, u 4) X

3b «y77 U. UV1 V. 1J "cüüß:V ÖÖy u g. ä `0 . ý'a t4 e 7ü sy°w ü%' Lr ONaO var0' m o °i--r N C: 3ý `ý äe a Nbi OO i- u uoöuZa ü'c P 1 Muö 0m JD w 23'2' bo ähi caC) haa: aNW C", 46 4 .. C4 vi ,

ýy

yy ý-r

A. p, 3o i'eu UuV Q C7 "y rüu. 9 7'ý ýý'ý Ö({W, 00 OOO o0 so UýÜ Wä Vä aw ýýW cl C. 7° wý z b4v) 61ý+ w"a" Cn, ýeon k. J,j°'o 0 . äz ý 1.W E" Vv y Ä O ww E"GWGý U Uq 90 w 'i Ü G' ßw as ii 14 as O 00 0) ý 4) JD. S Öju rn ma J-- Ü x0.4 ID. two Q (, vý-+cýiriv> A. ." e4 ei .f %A

382 APPENDIX 2

u . ti p' o s rN 000 r-+ °0 üu u yü Nu tT0 ü u ý"

vu, ºu+ ýa C uu

ý"^ 5ýJ' Y: ö ý"uý ý3u C v Nm qü jCý3C- J C"^ l crib u " 00 , Ki Üý Äp> ÖC > o. pP Nw", . F7 M oO . 3 3 aýn o aaýn aa>a 0"'ý

ö'S 3 I- , ä u ü$ý 4 C7 O tiü"ü vi bi) vooo%0 W ý' >C4 u Q.. r to y. N Wä .. >. wQ O O 'ý O dw cl ä ßö k, p z " N 6 pq d 5b cl w 0+ ýv b cl :3Q, äX 4z °1 > 8 k a I-äß ý'ýQ C C7 u 078 v äw47 ww 9=JD C., e as , U _ üa , as rO C öö V p, .ý CU'ünrýy dd dväoä r AWOILI V 4 +N M4vl rv) >JUW xQ Cl)- cmv> ..

ou 3 :ßy 4 O 41 > d OOOooN m 'A 'Z cv u Cl s yý+ C jw'; _ö "ia Q . ßo5' O 100 «y 42 au . u C 41 0 44.

s=>U p u 0wg:,. h V C Nm oO JJJJJJIý. > CCC. ý > cý.: ýou 10 t ou"c Og .JN -ýývh aaQav) aav)

C > .ycV

aa 4a ba 00 O v u g'eý O u0ý, aý N v h guG Nüý3 612(3 ýooo.. yýG wä N L' bý.. wU F+ dw ZO z cä v öý Q C_ w 0 V "ý C äZ zww , 1}7 - by 69 0W d ww 0 V ei as w U u Li U2 :2 t= as e :0:at; CL.d j3-'m 4)2.0 öoý .ý 39'nä0 wO d x N V V1 ý+ tý'i tt, ß.zwuadý aýw ýý F .: ririýrvi

383 APPENDIX 3

THIN-SECTIONS: LETLIIAKENG VALLEY APPENDIX 3

L41 0 0 40" g '. tQC MuU 000%000 °oVoia 00 ý,, ý lef, '7u >Eü-, g 'a qao ->,, "> -- Jam' ýCy ü V Eel 5 N p i `ý 'C ºi e'a >pE FLO ýJ yOu V [>bU LL . vl ý' C A" FIý"ý 6 e! ö ü. 3ü9ßu "ti C70c S ý.I ° oöy &0 3pevCv ai iO 2 ýý' uC . ^. E'Q G ", VN q .0 ONOC! IN ..7 . e9 .DÜüO": cu !a°NV "', I-M; UO b° .0E"[ Qx; o N, u .5 J JewK, odüA cuu uNý r, ºý > cs oöKuuCNu ýy u"S 3aE 0.5.5 uý ü? cc Su oN "ýa.,. o. o'ý, ' uu°°p ä O gin äv"ý E0U Eý? "2^ 3`E E$ ki. ö'... E&a Nri 3c1E > ý"ýcýirivvi Ocn. <- U> N A.. -5

Cö >r: 40u u

0 ýº'j" Wý'oy0

9 U: Fa v Cý 6%cli (( DOÖM G4 CO CJ

wý zzv äy ß oW oQ tR "ýuýý wý w I] u>yo. par '' WEý L 10 &-Z 3=uoy pG 2WUvu ää äý Aö3. a u70. 0 ü Q. III o"u :d eä 5 .+agü u. yQ e01) 0: .. - e-4 V Jr. d Mw Ovýo 0" G -. QQ O 9x a WC7C7U> to fn ra C7W T. a' E" 0 t!, rivifGý C7 4r . -: criri'rvi

bH '; A 2 r- 8 A U ou_ or- öß. 5 äü CIS "-0 Nu ° öhoo aC ma'u' 3c 02 yUu .. C4 "9'0 pü V .. r g° it u C7j -Z tFj.G tz 11-.1or 1>10 We ý' S0 ti=0 . Dýüü 0"ß"O N"a ab EG°: O Oý

z'ý üC !4 (d °äwuoäuüV3 >` >p (7 6. Cö $i >. 3 eai.SCe! ed ý ý°n ou"ý. o Ä,. ý. "rý N"ýCýýoI M Nu U CAöýýýbC a'uýQ ý r3 ý. ebüEv0 JJ .: öyC u ý' 'ýu CÜ. jü"-OÖävýo n 0; ac öý `d ti ü. u >, [ K-oý Ö ýyoý ä. öw uv! N ýäý.";; :Nt Nm r_ ýQ E-'3 'S C r! iü>eÄ. '"+ !rNM 'vi `. cal rt. vi to S ö cd>

Caa 0výV7 ß'N "v° GL C u. 0 uu öo tW 'ý QC7 B 7`11 Nooov 'o N (ý" "-%wu uu eo W. UW ' Offý''! c O'. +r ýý+("g 14 ý",-]IW z ýa' C6 0 `Eyý ýw Ia E uc' zx EW. Ü .A ä. F g4: 7 PGUvý UÖü- 8 ti yma...15.2 ße-8 O No öE' .nodh 00 5 uoýü'S"o ,, 0.02. q ö"ö 0.4 0-4M. m0'výa0'ö ßw0 NNO. ao, U> 1 C7W 'WS. . 0

385 APPENDIX 3

ud ,«, ö 00 I Neý OU u u ,pG OO-0000 y V - . .y ( > Lzj 1 u }ý El ta .d o~ Do 0 w2t ý] > ö u. U ou 9,jý ý. y or » > ýc vh .Sr4. o 0byH ü ßx0 es vy Na [ V .CV u ey , yo u C t7pb ný aua Cbý I , C i p ý+ ' U vi pu j ae p >T C p jlu, g u G ý y . as .a9.u Öyc v r. gj " ' p ö0 .ü c: (D pv F c Fuou tý v1 oý d u . ° Qa o cg act aCv ý .ýp

u, u eq :ý

CIS it G D4 ä^[] II m, 0 ti's CI E! F OÖ nooon ýbi . N eo ý a' q ýW U O 3 U cl oa yýi z v UOC`ýiU w 0 bo w rr ýv äihill u 41r- .9 ü 'C a w 0 Vu u ää Q o O y Qa C u, o 4 V 0-4 . r- u 10 0 w x C5ýQV> Q x V P- V) VJ c F VJ -4 C4 m4 ii -4 C4 N9'ß V1

4 to ü ýy ýA Q ö, ý ü h 5ýö ßö8 " >+ a Vi le 0 00 01. +%00 0 en t) o 3ü ý .n- c ä (d ti t. üb > eo 4) ?ýWW ,ý` a.. cl ýü 0OA "ý Ji a 41 87 >>$ bý 00 -0 äw0 Gý> ýw tJw'V up 043 C7zcri uö a'Di.ä 5o " 7" w O. s O :7ýV -a >YC cl "ýý I. Ü ü uý öýýu. l. t ýj M"ý .ý 0 V t-. V) ýr ý+eyvý F+ lr 11 o utý o A ý .a u ýNMf üZ üw ö« «.1ýt cvri H 3riEý > vi p'tn

Z% .au N C ö 00 O d C7 -ät . Z; N cl O 1 d zooöd 0Co ll wä ýw 4" "ri y .. O', ' h 1 v r z N ýw TI 1 OP p: F" 12 0 äff w . ,08Pý lý, u ,ý ä W7 Vuý A .Su cli0 y . U U c: .0 0.0 a Q a pO e dý. cüýw N ci u 22 .ý TO'vnw0 ýWCý V U7 V in r+fýtýiti'r%' d a-4 fy ri vv;

386 APPENDIX 3

vi ya ö u>, "ý' Ir"^! .y s w ýb Vi .ý ý 5, p Gu MVü0 .r o0 C. v0 'i S 5t20 vpi". u" 04 '

9213 > oG. ý:. -e c ä '51 gtu:IN < o''M 'ä>,. u ili »r3 c4 OFýýc211 `°v° Ei bu 90 yyJ2 Je >° J >° ýy C ý4 C 0ý O0v tVd üa"'u.ý2.! Ö°yO ävi ý8ýSýE 3ýF c u öQý° Gcývrý O4v°QQÜý u.

[o *ý w . wyu

93412 G "2~ "ýyýb ý dp gn '~ WS ý'; /ý ý+ Vu9uo ý"

ü. Co E,o" 0. ý0 C70 C 'co va, wCýCýÜ>. ä '"(n _+ a äO"°-'S do AO vivi<< Z< H c+O'v [ Ni cw C7 (44Cvri'i> Uä": ric-; rvi

w

S VüO. ,0d ü 2 c4 ýUV'nU. u. cJ -. 4+ '. O eä [ö° oMýtvlo .S ,u Qý ü o° yuG 0.1. Ua w ö2 ue >. 8ý z3 5ä V"5ý öz 5 -o zg ,. N up c3Eö i3. a VSo coou > ýN Ow Ný tiiü > > C> `ý 99 Q'u coM3 `ý ,ýöE a° esd ra ýa `"u üa"o-3 CDv'i3üo E any cp° p, ý"ö aai. c `ýýuyco S9 °'ö 22 stp U¢0 üü'L o"'g kýö Mw u ýa uý o "oJJ ., g uyuuu -a CO uc4.2e ý' tý! Uccl c3 16ý,i 2A V" ,CuUN O` E ONv 'S 'OuQ5. vv>ö üQQ > F- c3mv Vi .8 ý2 vh c4,iN3 "" >e4 3.5° .o'di. uw E cc>o aJa xQuv, E' 0 p, ",y u3 - 92. w owý. ce CO U'' .Ü.2ý t- CAL °-s" Güfd wE yr 0000 wn" "ä. t p"uu- o. L. 9 ''o$ ý'" p, t7 ti w oý ýCauN "ä ýy N QO 6b 3 Zz "ý °""' o' c ý, Gü2N WHjä d bi quo gl. O cwt , ýÖ w0Vu$ a Ww ýr ºý Lä. 'öoä's u3 ý0e .ir. acvü, gLe o eti.ö0 00 a3i ai .

387 APPENDIX 3

10

0.4 NbQ u'+ r, ýy öo ,o F 22,0aj tA N -019 CV ,j- N° ww. g cd *jj 40 >. >ü8ý

2c 4+'C F VC

"C. Ey V o> "o0 VI ENONg, W ' "C) CI , ", 9 ýy I1Ldll4M' oLU "p JO, c. "ýö. oöüü 00 > 3ö F> : av) :: acn .. c`vIA. -C> "; cýirivvi u"$ c uzau(7 > u ü

W°

CAp4 ö

wW ýF ýj "ý ýu ü° ýu a oG UAN°u au NON ää vu°ö. 2 cXu2 Etz 0cý, düaN V öý .ö0.0öö .. t+ C70 c

DO

ý'd u :1c0.3 Dä tb n 13 "U.0bNu Yuu C g Nlor -+O Co Up ün o>u. y`'ý r. 0 bbDD `° dy rs. ý'cf a >+ wUsw "g > V tu-qa ti .r0 i2 eU OW N-i tD> b "N ý' ý ý u.. o X°> rI .: 4r Vl .^. Ci 'ý u>Ou LL.. v ýuO " `ý"$> 3uýäw°cE"°""äE vupý a°+r, 0 Nýc. °or! öy°öa . "800ä ew °"ý O 12. > .80 "p Q.. u«. ý`°Eý cc "' x ö. öý, "ýti"ýýý' N2SýSAC >`'ü`d, Sö°J, `J ö ýiný [ a3 Oýj gin üv öý p"ö S° 4VýqEb. ö4Q q ý°n ýC H3 CD c3 ri v vi üöwý vý -' cývri >ý "ý NU

N03 "ý C ~O, 4ý iL 'Cd O UUI: ö °ýýuü vWiOaL 4Cý ouyay .- U) tiV Vi ýj V v OÖ" Nu!? i3

00 OWaO r-

O ä) ÜOoM ö" ö u . 14 vwi ,,3, .00 v e:0. V WV) i XO'ao"0 u ß. wt7 u> vi 00 oGa 0 C7 '.ý F Cý ýn . »cri ri er >V0:.: cri P4 ýt vi

388 APPENDIX 3 bo b 00 N'17 VwO "5 111..yýý uy " Ö ,ýNMi g, [ G tJ p p V 0 000ý NJ ... 7 >" 11 0 r,; C: ) CD %0 00 c4 ý ýü ' V Ein WWý'"0 C >. w uu o" o >1 0 r,b üwýu ýý' ou ý'C Qmm', äS öü 0 es 3 p, ýSü 0öC 'ý ý° $b c. ýcy3 ý% Eu3 ö 0 tu . > NE Ný°w C'O0VE uN y Z :1g%uufns "v, ý° ei äxmäG .ý° .00 r-eer ý ppF ýE ä in `. j 0ý+ 00 41 .5 A Or- C),. Ö-v1C7rý+ ýý-. Ä . . .00 O =C0 7MFiGNet rt`SMýiV1 y.; <ä . ý aCl)uN> u<000U d 'ý S' °12 ßo 1, .. , a, W o - °A ýG .eýö ü "ü "ý Hü N pV., N000 ý °a wä jw rw'ýb y 0ý Aö , CýWz Z a; ýoyZO eiD u c2 ä^W 0E. .° >e10 wW 5- V- ¬= a 4 °ý; E0 ! WW. Wä ;swöuuA ääQ ýpa, aý 'ý'ýCg3 070 ýý 1; h ÖE cl c ýýqÖ-0 Ö'v'GiäÖ ö ýWCý C7Uý o[, a.; N Mvvi

to 1 u2 09 ýw 9C O " wuC pqqqq ýy >ü eý w önu . ýy vi vi ý ii vü 00u 2 c _o ovlf4 ee ov oaau.. a3ý. 0. 41 fi Ei cl üsu . . w cý= nv WW ü - ý+ .0u0 uA " ýO y. " ý uý ý, ý Süc. uc ý+ ýxý u u ä ý 3 äßi g. ýQ o$C eý ,$- ,ý>vU ti ed 'civývEýwuc y cý C" vtýýw tn . -ý O> of C ý+ äý : öüt7üu :2- , [esoÖ a ýUý -0 :1 MM ý 'y fýJ *-.Z o0i t4 0eu Q`> m--2 1 -5 Gi ý yr C 'p C < is 0äÜ L. ý ý'; NQ, m ýo 3VOÖ üO týýü E ti G :; CCp, ~ i-. Cü .ö usö C cUj . O' " e "9 ýýýEQýää. uüd s 5a 'fiü m ä E0t u < ,x ty u u-c -"' .y rý. v1 .+ .4 t+l ýf vi "5.8 'ä IIflJ1JI w

O d[ Ko K'`äw V ö "U'Z, 2 VV) N$. 4r uE QCM V °rC ca =0 11 v ., mgc. Vi cm Ili b" eo ýQ .. ooo.. ti'"a NN0 Wä . ý UN Ci dW oa ue -Aö[ ý'ý ;4Z oa nZö, ý . ý vc. Em 45zwWý ý"j ý ^ýuäýý .cVA ü ZWW E" ds ýý3 WW uý e u w-tr eeC 0 as t- xý vC i -c CC 0L) ö' 0urýfl .2Mrý., öö Ö' WC) (5U> vivi ä xý O fn V v .: cý3raiv> p.. 4 C4 cli Yi

389 APPENDIX 3 cn tea . "s s8 4.0 Qo 00 'ýt 00 M CO w I s Oz oz 0 aýu ^'d ýa. Cq'V . C uCº. 0O

ýw 0. ßc1CU ý v vi ed > b C ü c ýýö D 4Ln N ;ý ý > U N 3 1 O C ýy S` üO ý "p C O > . ' m UG Gw« -; .c J OOAAbo J ýi . o g> 3 c13 C, u Ch UC, X-9 'C yi °u t ý >ý ' w .v aK1O ý ý-cV Cri ýt Yi äC0u«( 3cnöýutz

Cý C! yW ju'h`u tz yü . ti- b cl ö L DQ X43 O = O üg üü

y ý0000. ý vt-ý bi) ýý rz ý . u ö p. ÜN ä W z Cl w O. NO W äý 05.4 z W" ýw a Gy E'! u it ä8ö otg v 0u 'ý Q º Cl >+t awW ää a Ö U Cl = `c"ý üý; d C .0C oýio. Q ýÖ 9uu, o d U W p A Z d v v V C V C4 vi -4 i i P, -+cv vi4vi

eu 'aN .. eu _ 1, 0a ooooýov U I ö yjý ýy eo ti 9 o Z) w y[N ög bý >' w S ýy o`-''44 .. 0 y M öý cp'ö zc ý V M"y924,0 vC ený 09 U ü "v1 Ü üw ca uý m < 3 aQ eu gý ä-" 3 Ö° -g ü U A, (Z ýýNMýth JD0 JDJa JD .. ] et t. t 0 ', t acn UV

ýüe

ILI,N cý ti bA O u O VC ä u"urýueý.. IDI N-4 In In ýr V+ý Ü ýýV h In0000 4im 0% Ö et ýd C ý z cl 0 Y ICJ äZe3 ö wW EH v j 0 Vu ti ýu w U öei ä "ß a Ö s aC .00.0 WWa .. W9 u. n . ý 00 a m a .ý c094 P4 2 öý. ; ý e VW < x 0: G-a v it n F V in Z r4 p. "-ßc3 riofvi

390 APPENDIX 3 en 0

0 wý §i, N0 tin O'vS y oooSly Ö C Id 404 EO

O W>E u10 v ii _4. b j

o C ti M Oýr O ýý Cd -5 eU cý en "ý T> CCO 5ý O Nßä3 U'ý wr7 ý] 2ý+ t( VU 2'; ý7 °5 fJýt a Ö Vü .oa (-1 It W rý .4 C4 vi-4 V1 "c ý .4 aa ýaac on UU

5 e 00

üU

}y- Z voooo w-s: g Lýy eo WW WW0 "aF"i UW ö .SO Z ý+ W ig Z et *5 -ý Q 0C ay l o E"'ý ýi 'ý+ üUN Ry C azWWEE., ýcV ý ýr v ,41 's 3 U U C7 UA Q. ,c ý.7 aw°4. UV O 0 ºi ºýHc cl) cam! ý c0 CÄ "ß Ü aopý uo zC .0UK 4a .. u+ a. 0 q 4Q Wý OnwO"0a,i'5.0 ý o C4Y U (L4. xý 0 cnvý .a 0W E+ C7 var+c3riv; > GL-. cri ri ýr cri

eo U

0 cd

1 0 y OOOON r- q Gý " r + M L GAý " VVý ý uG> . W W ý , yD v, u U h C 4 <ý w ;' 24 . gam, .S> b 04 G .ý ti ý' w C! N Oy y aý L

ý uo'y q

xg . Oq `ý` iä3 ,g bL3 3 u "ö M u>''ý `0 cn , " X 9 . 000> ý y P "ýýU" v' ý+ N C) fit: a . vii ü h C-i 0 44M `7 Y1 ää4 ä 0 't! V j' , 62 ti'ý s u. ü

'jj .0its 0'5

00 ý 'g W 'Z ý ý o 73 78 u 'A 2 }ý`, 5 W E" Z eo 1ü. s m0000 rý "ýý{ W y '3ýj N na^ zý z = üN äF Wý . tqs. O Eö o ^w "c y 0ý N n W SW c o` Q p U uq. F y'ý y. 0W v ö Vü CL WW W 0 400 UM g=. x " 2 ö 0 - . c4 mw a O'v ä0 Q 0 (A P. tiývi Cý xý F V vý.: cý3rivP V r" t`j cý1 "ct v1

391 APPENDIX 3

eo Ei on . öä 40. 4.0 eo tn . Mr N bga vi 00000. + uyO ü ý: c u ý" N 8u bl) ös. 410 17 . -l 9r. 0 4) 0 - 3b ýuw 'O 'ra. °ü IN) > 444ý.ö, b a Ei CýZcýý oEýu Ö0 ö[ _2bC, of y ýýw Ecz ,L ce >b., cl äc rV ü ä0o0.0 i-za Q9350 C4C4 -4 0 A uýs a

Ä, y0u Ö. wy Ci ý+ GO c vý c U iy o Ei a 0 .mý v0 -4 Zau3 .ý WdW o h P., q öý z ä; IHI ýb z ý ýA 0 oWC w yGA äý z ýw ýH C V0 oc O WW ý wa muýS O hýý; ýb nný uwä cl. eo o ä 4 a ý U Ü2 V ei) `ßa V1 , r. , I- 0E2.20 m coo ,lWC7(DU> ý' a, a w#, .X 0: 5 P. ýQ o V lý ý+eýicýivYi

bo

ua °

m _Oy OOOoQM a O L1 u . "N ö+ u > U uuw a ü u'ü. C 'ü q3 ti ri 92 >ü ü 0z 14 Cp ý' ýä CN Uh öb N O c:,e1j "y eN "O V > s "..ýqo E a3 m Vc- ö o> xu > q 8iää)ää Eä ß i3ä 12 cß Mor+ r. cqf, Ov dl"f0ýi r+(VMýf

I ýý" 'gamä cUi v' c cl ßäM ügý ä en 11th 0 2 0N a u. mp v 6eý H '41

0 V C a 0v u 2 jý 0E. 2 MO 'ia = 0 ei Co C +-i .öüy 2 O es & up 0 p  du V Ný o UM xä CL. vi

392 APPENDIX 3

eo öaGü _ ö ý'[ yO, vý auýy wo edu, My OOOCýN rý y .VW eo v 10 -IV

cli in Svc wo8«ý... °1 0 ä, v ý, b ýý$ ä C7Zcýý a°,ü ý"ýöyZ° yý y yN C 7peYi[ .Suu 20 u ö. 3 u b uu" cý ºe , 0. r_ r- ri Ný ;0u09 20 c: du r- c: e9 7riö w ýý37nE 2aýný g v. rC7xi rfir > . 00 GNat 0 . t 2Ja,V1 Zdu

ä c . -Eý,; oý $ýy ýC7 ö a? H. ,ýü'ü >, E I 00 wä ooo°N . u" o "(LF H w 0 ý Zm -dAb ý3 4_ GO p wCIS wZ Z W ýw ýj `ý `ýöoý 0yH cwt, 0 13 WW-WvWö sUt; C7 `cl qü5 a E- 99 V«=0ußk3 äo. 09 a .i (n 0 as V Qp ýO Zcu. o Ed yw &ßw0 ýWC7 0 win xý (5d> aýýi : l; 4vi

en Cd a u°0.. u hu ýy 4O N MEy. oooäýöarý w u 3ü öo ü-, o >, ') eo W,4O m 4) t10 äC; Zw ü S, Ü >¢>E öv öuH. 3 ýU'^ .> ýa u ýNý ý V düýý$ ý. 3 >u C1ýÖ Ry >ý, 27 >. yc 15 Ici hua Z] ä N yý :j N cla. 99

yEÜN-NNN ý"ý 5v. . r4N`7 rýiý4. -i(yMý7'Yl 00 ää. äärU

uý ýF

0 Erg ýü ýü vooo'e Zü S"ý üu3 L; eo WCG WG ?ýy 6! ý Ü ä "ý y Zhltpo ä Gy aý Vj 04 05 y, .r 94 ; gj %W r_ cw v q°ki .. x i- ý ei 25- äßö. 220* ää 3 C00ä j% QO uo Zc öÖ Wvýi xývýiA", O ýWC7oEC... ". Q< O OG ö o°, QUA vncn v CL .: cý eri vi

101 APPENDIX 3

S° > "n rr S

~ý oo OOO CA 9f w M vý yp ü 0 Oq ý^

ý; ý>G ýýVp Na 3 ö ^ý u0 .s ei ýy gü VyMC: wy "'.ý ti bQ y+ i] - C> 0IN výp % V pb VC* nýCC yN N V% N N i7 10

bor en m ;o0 0. :3 fineiz"n E -"J. E öýöC7 j2 ° v ý. "ririvvi ü"ý wg

xg oý 0 0 14 I 0 >, w9et mp C4 MO0o- uýcý Z, 4u ? ýar Q N"9 y ý'ýDo VV äW "vý ö5 UW Gr' ä, öCC - to °i wy

QA O' Oý aF W 2'x'u. u uq. ý Z IV. u Cy v! ,q 96Z üOü. 'b o ÜWV V Wä ;: ) 43 cyüöö OwW a O ,d O ' o"FV CSU. vý.: cJrierý V 0; .: cri of tt Yi

eu u bo so N0Fýi20C y w o0 oy9 ÜQ' ü OOOO>'p "A .-% -d'8 y -410ý± -0 u üS' yu t3 GQ c3ü 3 4" :0 `d,w 8 u4) 10h Otiö .>AD 0 cepa üö 0. A V0 ýe4. to .ý e ( du 44 e in BE {W^ O Ivi M 2°> N Ö U ýääti CCN vÖ Qý mää 3"4) . -1 `d . -ý t`I e'1 `d vi ;ä fn

ýcü"ýtýý+ý .

e. eda,; a .a= .> c .SH ,4 "5

ti U. 2 t) h Z ß(3 OOOON p"u^yý"T. eo Weal W "y CJ ý`y UWp ii ii iý GO .ýüCC äw Oýý - 0Ü>° -19(5 oci to to VWx< E+ u vý .: c3ri v r'ý V ß.-wo ": cri riýivi

104 APPENDIX 3

u Ouü , rJ E ýý"tý gý >1

"d yýý J-1 P. X OOOýnM >1 M CIS 11 N -0.22 "U. 4) * . äz5 3y C, t y. w W. 4Oý y. M. 2 >%. N Cd -0 , O:t u w dN o " Dü ö ýy ý o>C O 'g 0ý g in A >ý NC `ý3 cd ,C y N 'ýy . .R " ., p>mHCQ .iüU u d V+" C' G ý, ü Cu cd pO v i V "" rl "ý «! . Q ü Ö 'n , G. 7"V 33 >, Cü Hü yCC' Ba üÖc ö

K C p, u Ö ý üb "O &<,ng EI ýp 4a A 3ua11. - ýRIO O. üý- Js C G: jý N yi N mi ýi ý . avn in "'-ý Cj ei .f v1 LItLILu Ö u. ozauS 0 3= u U. S av)

y . 'ý >+w ao ýý xC 5cý, ö `u Tý°ý 00 vWipG °° QV! ö E. ý"ý. ö"cö1ýýýcW -ý eo VW Ww Jpý. 9äGC v Eýj C e'ý. 5. u wý mA oaH

in 0 44 P4 :3 [u U s- ý"ý7ýýü woü:, > ýý to ^ý11 ti o C) >+ W0W ,ord, .cv ..,, u 0 .C r+ .ty ý Gyyyc24qý W1ý "V CUp, a Ü ft N C" vý ri r. *m u0-' 7 V:. D C7 "ti u s4ou ++ ,1 ýy uý ü ü V. ü .cOa,. - wUý? Z; ti ti 4, -0 -2-2 u

ý cl uuu cý ÄeääE=ö^>> oo> ý> -A ý°ý1fV ri 12 NW M. g N vý. ý. ýi ýlVt+lýiv1 v -8 JDaNýz210 4n rzg wýwviiü

ýu c wH ßß+i c Qu 00

ü QHýa 'ý Zcd. vi 't7 ° -33>> ! bO V! Wa oooo ý' [J Ww L. >w ýý+y ö"ýý"S .öö y ý ýN Q w ää ýW `' "ný'ü"y9. ý ý w ý ää F tý Aö Säß oWC 'W? ýýýö, cl r. d COyý x eon . Wrn ý° 0: 0 Ü> -it 0 cý ö aC, 0 V) w .1 C7W ¢FV C-4mvP. wo

395 C, APPENDIX3 Y,tu c7% -9 0 U . 00,0 92.0 C. N0 000b yä äe

bM y yeu ro ü ü ºý a fr ,ýy u" ýc "j . 2V ä äý pý V$ p, E> p U9 4) >j t0 EX vý ai ,$

= 9"o"ß '^ uM l N vim "e. 5a =cam g s9 qb o :1 "iy ß, äö 0. äUU . 3 .dý : g'A >F b w J ü0: j 31 tj3Jo> to 7>yc 15 4,7G. htflHi 92e ýaoy' ö °ö' a0 "000ö < cn uz- CQ< cn'e u

y, pgH COo 0

Ö C7 :3Q'. -5-2 U 'Q: 'a O> e! u ý. COCv. 7 ed i ý ö0 1- 000M Z 'm ö bl) UfV N >P-2 " y 7 01ýSOw A< OM p4 (" by üöäOG °w°c G J2 äZ z W EE' vC, 'L S LW*. Ud°Ea 3 09 Ü AaaE i Ö W. Oý;F ävýi 'g ßä 0ä c°,-iC*Eä .PM 91. 5 p4 0 0> e_ . acnao"- V wcn x L. ýýýMV> 0 a v vi cncn A caw QH0 .: cri ri

'4 b 0 CA ýý 44 "ýý" O eä "d 1au U .ý MyE> OOO0Oý ýy

i >8vssp. E >. 00 '0 Ö. [ 'y0 n 4u u ýý g. 04 ""' [xü. 8 J J>-, T JJ J> en a aE ;os C> u U '. C Cý Cr+ G C.. ý[ ...  Ö ö$ E' 9.0ö Ä. 9m-0E-a . 4.110 CqW 'NC4 C4en .1 W) -D ruý

N

('4000N o Wy cn C,5 ý"týGi WCG w ?ýaý Cý ýn Ucý a, w p ý oHoý .. ý 14 ö2,a wa' W oQvT. bw C4 z ýýwuUý. r. O o ý Aq WGvý Q al C,v3 ää F c' ^° öow ö ü ay C. o CJ Ro uo unr1a dp tjocl `a "e+ ö pO ää 0 aý wý aýwo 41 woc u> vivo a 0w xa F0 Ln.: C411.4> 0 04ý4 c4M vvi

396 APPENDIX 3

0yVD\

ý ö Vi Vi ýCx cýpýy 'ý obp, 'ý 'ý y ^ou ,,t

ý+, Cü .5F `j Co S' MA r-p 'O 4: " äNý .v,x 0 4. i ü sO>1. ööe. S 'tic w O7LK Oö E . g2. 12 1-4 e.6 -28N Z .512 Lnr. ti G M `tö _äGU ý' b> "ý aV ý tadýý, end y

. .ya u ý" ö2 ýý 'ý ý"ýc-irivvi g ei Qvý o u«D . äC/) uýQÜC7'ýý° e 1ü0 t) f9 V ýyA "4 ýý'^ ý OR7 O *0 u2

t-1 3-.,. i ýj. ' n tý' Uu öAa Fý Fl&, M '0000-Vi A Sý ue 00 Wjw ÜW - :lw 00ý ;yööäün in -2 Z cl ö'7" ý_ vu OHQwOQCC 'o ýýý üed 0 to A WW W WöVA =j C.4 uä CL AF rOr C4cn 5 öw UU ýý üä aE. n as Q ý VO Z UM -a ww%. ö 2ounray o E ti ö ö e_44 et pý W (n 2x XvýaO'0.cu t5 ßw0 CýUý.. } a+ . vývý Ciw xý Fu cn" 4cririv> u a-; cri r; v'vi

°" 64 (A m m 99 A ö' Z; fi ii uä f ý ti ý ý-4a rk. ö d ý ýi to 9:ýo ooo o 2ý "^ Mo ;1 pO ý' W W. ý2 u uEw '4 . 'O bli ý ä > 'J p cý ý. `ß, N>öö ö w 3 > . a0 o > u 12 ö 4E .. 29 ""d a Gü 0E "ý ý 1 ü3 N R7 ;; iy ö 'o u `ý `c 'ý3 .o u , .

U =' O O yüV ü .. ý a R7 .J it a-; tO C ü öo >a " 3> ýn o` cud. Öt) NA, 0 N >. 2z 0 ý p.. j 12 'a17t' m C$ iv1 ý ý aý ýzaýn l". NW in. rý ý4rivi Ny " aaý r. "r r+ 4 ýj u Vü o'ý,ý e ý+ cýý_vüd

"ý ýchau"ü 'ý$'ß vWiý °A QV o uA.. u w" ý o . ý=eý oooeo°i to W y MOOOIý Z WC4 W " äCoi.. UW r? .. a, w Hu ýtý Q pG G ý WW "0. _> ýQ ö s ;; z2 =o w z WWaý- Ew 1.0 cj-;2a Z Wj s l O "ý C7 0E a p "p WW ý w ei °v ü ý e I. ý a7:; 'L ý '0 (0 a p, p, ýiý L Q'- v Üý 0 >C Lý1 VQ VDP. w`, WV t7 Qa , , Lntn a ýw < E- 0 W.: e4M4; 2 v w .ý ce

397 APPL'j ex 3 ý 1x ea eo, 5. 5, `°qo . M 3 ro 12 .e0 '0 km tu 19 u 4) E 00000 't SEö cn n+ .v>

ýQ 2p 23 '' pLLE > up Öhu 7,. utj't7ý UW }' üvýs t7 >, Ü= of e7 CdN vi 'H o ncV c. ýo o' ö, .t7 , Er-ü oüöo i. N öy :8E u4. ýco > r= rý 'G ýti'". ý. ýý-" äe 2 G"N u'EV mUlouaa bl . f%I Fi 4. "< 53 V N"C.uö .O 3i 3 atn <

*rj Q Zuuu>uu4. N o c4 Njiiit

COOON WWUWpa. °q °. oö ý .. W zy.. äß.s ýJ. ZWWö. <ý Cuoou[va p. Z; Wpý .u rn m R1D vu öV 0 WW ý SE, NON. ý"_ ý=. cw ýa0a. ýu oÄ C7O x Cl vii - 2 ýý äÖ -CS wQ Q0 xý ýCYV QQ u2(# A ow x< HV(! ]4NM, 4 Vä 4ri c4,4 vi

w 0 eo ýýyG öji xa cAla'ö "ý 14-21 `U eo e CZNa R ü"cmJ ö"ü ou M°o. eýcü 0

cý aw >N9gN.. oEo

21 13 j2 ti 5 c: Ac -. z[]] ýýoot[uý E^ $Ly>o 'ýu ý.. y. 'oýj 2 Ü ýL_" y tiu yj>°o o'b"ýcv'{-y .oýüb ö ýi' y ý",. ý ho !ý rý " W iD W lei .''. ý "ö >i (ýY) vu,_U U ý"> ä yü 'ös ü ýg ýV V Qto ýý üb ci: cý r' -A> = '3 'ý 3C 'ü `cý 4) .ýNü tr. eE 9e .tar-u eJA>3cl. [ur09.2 ao p L. MM... .ýöý.. üuwrS29c o= rJ..: OFn aXX oucü E ö''ý ö öw "'^"ý" ouoýEý ý Uüý [=i ý"ýc3rivvi ö$ "4ýn° ý.. QUvý'N. S GQýn o

vN"ý'ý g33 . 15 z u 'v Ä. '"oß k' ä C7c S eo >, ..

oE u. NO" Oh u> u ti ý. vU'U ý000ý ,c ey. 0 b0 V4y w p, min z Cl Z>, ý*oNU>.:: ;52 CD or-- 0 aZWWW= E"j "ýy '° buü wN aZ Ftd öJ o '`ý 02^. a -a "A ý WW WUwoUuä !5Z0. 0 g äßa. Qa ýý$ä ýn -i ýöö 20 C7o Cl f4 e. e" V aMcu "t7 E wi C7 aa0ö Cl .QQ u> cWx< I- >UA. : U2to (A .: cri toi of .: cri cri vi

398 APPENDIX 3

eO. y? O 8,2 vk -0 Vy edý 0000000 U"C00 " ý rnwý ü ; Mu r- -u ýý öE ,,.., ty GJ p >$ aN pEö09MÖ wa º1 02 >oý >> 2i '-.Vj Vi < KLE Jtn y ox b C7t "s ý, o.  r'Ly. 'b 'ýcN "L7,g d E y .DaVi> E ýv äuß öy &? p, t° u O .5 uü S e bY0 CCv C. C, ri xuýuýyý t4 ýýC] -V. a ý`ýeýA pyi O yi V ýibiJ QWc:, y wd ^"' Fi /V1 Vü:. % vVi pv 'm 0 13 ý JD JD ig 0 ü NWNcJ ýF'47 uS Cjj c% ý""ýC7M'lVI V y Q Q QQý rlN r vNi

Q'C7 oaý t7 UU

Ww "ä, 3ý:. 4o c cý po ä QA p bO ý ö : cuö = ww CJ Qt 2L pG ti HÜ ýä vý d 4) ý .ö A .0 0üÖ JD 0EU! =ö fir: vý "4 ä, 0'rnao"-c uoa, c Qý0 P%XW vý Z cý xQ .Y.. C/) #- (J E- ( vý .. cv ri er >u 4. .: cvri .4 lei

ubu

H C- C

p9rry 4 J. üGT eq4 . ;n OOOt--' v 'd, týy7 >ü :WW ;°QC a>p. 2 TO t4 :j ci 2 ' ..:. er F ý -Heö. U !! 'ü I E 8 v3 >U, ü, ýO uý 19.8 110 x o< O y WO >o p. ö... o E'r u 'O tr. i7"S ° ºy a -1°iý. uo N Si ýt. y" Q Ü : üifVinJý yi M U% Yl ° aa 55 E5 äö C: Npi -+ci -ivl "C, " ý 4 o. uca v Löl 5, y

ö W"öý,;. ý$-a: 44 o autj b. ' -4 °OOON

ÖgxHCo--az pz iz -- y,

399 APPENDLX 3

H0 DO 0-1 äG u "ý "S ý Ö ý ýýe! 'O cri M Lý yE ooooon öeo3 ý^ 21 ýö°p. }ý . ä yu wüU. °12 :i3 aEuo. 1

vN ýýJJ 0 cJ EAÖ (ryýiý ý"ýi NNö 1y vi '; Q a CO Qý1 j ü .y'. ill G" "W ýir iýý." .+N, s. u1 > -a ccJ - lip ccuoý cl. Co ü big- 21 25 QN u v) oj u 00 to0,2109 S

ýýuF. $ýý Ö "U QCM ý. ý.y VAC cG UU y Z, ý WQ 00000N uG Uý üw äW >o'ýý'! 'ý 1qJ ýöo. ýý w "ý "C u(ý E ý` k. tA _o WW EW tyýý u. ö r"ei 7. lý O. yEy p4 ; xw 0 r6 U ý" gyp O WUfU Cri pca "V ääQ ,OÜy2aU -a W C7'výIli O "- WO CD u> ýL .ýO GG vý 'ý' v2 s4i uni W vn A C7Wx< E-4 Cu "-: cv ri sr >UG. -Z c3 ri v vi

18 G- v) Gc aüü ü 2". IZI tj "S ou ý V1 td a vý Op MEX OOOooOý üwwü ei 0 8 uC Aý Cý1 O bO W b4 .ä 7ýö ääo Cl co, . aO E: c e. i ti 0.35r a>$gEKE > u (4a Z'"Z'ý ýi 3c(i o> au y Nc [ 'Cýi > en t2 0ý > NW o-g Q° üZQinQ4°nba JN cmrivvi "E v" cýA "3 v'ýyr Guýý

0+ "cý äu'ß ö

"g ºr ue c3 le CDC) 0

äZ ZW EH r- -m j `- ' ' ö WW k7 ý7 Cl 0. raj W° uQ0 'ý y öb üýb p'oi' Ü ýp öA"[ QO WO a "5`ý vnm .a uW =< Fu vý. -ýcvriv> u G. -icv ei er vi

400 APPENDIX 3

U N V L+ V cf (/ ý c! M-ý o ý" ý py OOO oMO. ýd .ý y M ý 2 GMÖ 2. Ep "`7 ýWW ;ßu4 ö ýo°äßa -ti ýa ö u Ö$ u ö ý. U 2 QN p u - 4 y cý > bý uw . U

: ýf N C vi M py &p y- n .U v iUI ;l

M --i vi Cu i71aa> u'ýu av) Via uuü V'ia v tIýr

0 4 0 9u U 'q -OOON ö303 v Z CÖº M co . W Cý c4 ^ H

W O ' to d LyHy u zW E" aZ O ý ° C7 Icä g ° ~f " ° ', u 0 o b U a i 0 .i... i 94 V Co 3üü a gig 25D ýO 9 U 1 o vw ö ýWCý CýÜ> AA44 0 OG WI", x ý' d x< C7 v> u M rn '..7 Qm F v2.: cri ri 0, "; c3 ri' cri

0

ü I oW. ý'ü 0''j `'ý E 00000 y IV; 0 913 Z: C ? ýWW s. 0 -jg cs- .B .0 . o° Vö s yý H ä'N a6 > b. u u VöüU ýwc'd, ý+ y7.7"Vü ou

ý 139 ä5Ex üuay CCCC0Cä> "C ....,

1NX ci ý Jl E

WQ 100 C494 e`o =CR 0 ýC7 0 ß. 00 oE Wý'+ v ý^U Wä ÜW o°oooo... WW "A c 0-. Ou °'E y p b% z Mý Z -au öü0 ý 0 ý7 g Ik b4 Cul Ot 94 . ý. - "S WW Wý WO (7 taJ La G 4E ON F V Cr, [. 0öý a.. 7 OGvý U G? oýü -go as Qp N ý' tbo. 6ý ý0. Cep 7ý auc, 03wv40d>0 ýý V ºyvý ýv'ciä0 cn W U2 4 fn Ow-4 C4"i li vi

401 APPENDIX 4

THIN-SECTIONS: AUOB VALLEY APPENDIX 4

p oa is Ou ý oýo., ood oho o s9 Qý G"'[ ýýöö "3 0.8 ý r,, . ov Iß.1 > " cl op,0. ö x Ü; bb ö as a C o. nom. >F"'O0 e7o>'ý'U . . eüc00 wý'^Y2 ö 3"° o'ý ýocn . o ý2N -. ti'-0 8 24,20 -, E; ä ü ý. 1b few j. u. ' aý ;y . C rn .G C= es qýý cC[ to .a 'J"ü 'DU"ý 4-) N w ý"ý 02 W ýS "bn fr O'vi 2 V 3"N u'`aý ý"cC1 a S. r ý'5 e yýyb ü 3 ü'ý U"A . T 5C4; "[ e7 ,VO q üý g 7-e4ri'i C'S ü w7 °uiE aW ooQ cl It a) b p4>a ow wddL4ýo4=ý. v°,

.Nu.VÖ "-" . H E v

0ý0 A O aa O mF UT tdp W N WCG o: oooo Dg Ü N Oý O" cl N . ý3 g, ýu W F cJ o v äk H "o N y-ý öw ii o ! ww w uh (1 j-- 2 ä "' ýP4`n.. U U w ýäü y .0 col o O u0 c U=. .. Vg a p E - ää Öýn äÖ 60 > O af wý L 1-9 0 vý4c' e' vi if vi

N Ha. O ýSýqý u 0 pl iü ti c oooov aW; ä bq u N l enpuw2m4) um n'r.ý eý O 0ý ý oM Pý ýy üu!:, a .a c. ý''ti uy gC a. 'b, -8ca. i. 7zN vý Ui10 °ü ß9E eä>ü '> a cn u 5eü P" $ ,Oä g-ag- 99 a) ;; 4 sg°'g .Sw nää 4 C4 'i oo ä as N3üe o,A$ t4 0 >, ct tu V ö, ed OyV Xo. E° 3"0 ,= '° c .ý DD1. O 4V O 2 N Mu. 8-0 ei .. 0 ýGuuu eCo 13 . Üt L "ý H äW baE ti bý !' z T O wm I ooýn L1Ö0.0M00ý. c1 iYii ý Qa ai C Cdo: zww EW u G"ý OW v CL) d WW em' u ao r., U cý ti U. ä Öw ää Qa"' ü t; L. a DE.. Im 00 U) fit pet 0 EnIn ý .X0 v 0 x d u to - tý3 n' v Cý. -ýcvc%ý .f vi

403 APPENDIX 4

JD ao

ooooýo ý u ý, ö

wOo u Nyr. Cqq c! ., 1. ý " VV y x2 pý 2i 0ä.. to <: ZtnE13 -3 in kg t4: 3 0 4) a 'o N C) rm 0 Cd ýb .j -w o Ub a, wu `a p ü N Gý, " ýJ ý J .Jý JJ ý

u.,

yC . ti UNW N. O O3 Z eNC

M ~ O Cý. tiuu rioooo inKbEy W. ÜW >p "N öü"výä, y ]W ~ eä u) ý C> 0 vC,aý en ti ý w OG ZW ýW C EI %. ' ý$ a ty dr h ü+ a OFoý`ý vvU ý'''''' AE 9-5 LhUpW2 .ii E- CZ(n C'7 00q C0 VOýuO Z5v= ü"5. d o QQ Wý' x X0"0 o OpzX i: GhWCýC7Vý =< C7 v> Cý ) V) .ý C7W F cn "-ýcri ri CL..4C4 efi 4 vi

0 u hu`l "JS U WO GX HOyO vi "ý .e9 9 me 0u -A xu -5 ovrnv%o 6o fc 1: ä illlIu 2 00 Q"C U. +D".. o-5k=uu 3vß t ulj UM ýä 10 CH '1i4LI O .5U öýt) c`ý x U ]o rýiä 2Eýý'' Q.. ouý, E -S 2; to 00+ o00 NL 4: wh y bll u *a U.F5 JAý4w pj. ýy O> yýu22 '3 äü 13 CF'i o° .E fir d0 O Ný,,ýV 2p uy1N 3cu ýn °ý c o. 0O? ýj u' - _ 0ý°'U G °Vü UýuU 00 >o Ný c~i0tii eý aý u'p ýU.. V) 0 . QC±Ný u *cdiýfVKlýth ýV'S 4 f.') ýatýQ (y ý'C

uaý üö cd y e; x U, öb

CG CA o 0.2 M ý"y v Üy r' Q ., 49O W, V.ýq ý ix eCn W y M000O b03 üo W c 4ýi "ri y pL .. LDLU W UWp. Oa >'bý o_-Np' ý zu-- pý äý' Qq u r_ Ea F. zCA, 0W xQ FC7vý.: cvrier> "4c3 vi vvi

404 APPENDIX 4

w uu ýo

p, v, ýib u u vý bO O ONOoýoO pu"ý. QW 3 ý'ý`ý üM öo" y

Ey_ (ý wü ý. 3y°

v;, >,. p" 'd Kb2. 8 L1. ON Odw yr U [ý] ý7' "C .ä Lm20 bb --3 y PN ' Ku C. Ku Cu L "" Vi "y... Cý w-. 4M uyLf! . ý NV C"u O a QKC. "F7 r. 'ii NO .>u3A.. in o NHaNN -9 . «ui«> a NM', i y"a ah 0.0°. °ýöY uV0 'ae ]aw ýu ýgu Q0ö vi ýQo,Lý d u N3 u R1ý "y . °

KuM; Q.': ý ps üý 2 r-s0 'C k; Wn ooooo--- °'° wCC W >ý 'ý eoc ýºL .. ý+ oO aW Wý+ b% p. äay,,Fij ýa'ubx0aoý°ýw,. aýaq Lzjý _ c üQ ýy O =v 'ü w CAE' ^W u WEOu " uöüCy 0. Gs. °ý 'iý 'C ýwa yýj o WW ýU ºý W°Vä2SvEuý, 4.2 amain 3U =ýu ua- `n I. on .a9ö ýýd CjO a, Q S 0)A o ö> on 92 0w 0) Fv . 39 NMV> v aýN v

0uü OO14 00 N 1ý Nüu 92- .o

a"ao., 00

n-) äo by k+ 3° °+ M " üyo.ý+ öüü* ý o feien ti 'y ",. > a p, -b {ý

1) 02 u :gg 4) 2 ýwOj3 VXö-r. -0 Vi 14 J ih A "LC- aW r. .2 ý N3 ) vi0 H ý"-ýcýirivvi v3 ývý oo4výQa. 4. ü

ein iy

"ýa' y 7` r'ý+i pýOqK vC cl =may 10 °> a78) äu ý C> a In Mo o Fý 00 VV W to "-+ O ýt rG "ý WjW "ý+ 'uu UW OW O ö'ýý o w°° O" ä aä Oäö "ý^°' CO ?w ýE. Cy ö3 ;c uti pý,Z ýW Aý uvp h WW WöVu ti öa0 wmi ýý CO rn r- U0., UU 8)p uä4 3 oaä W° ä. w0 °uw wö o. d> vv uCW 4c3r) vP u (D xQ H C7 p. . cri ei -i vi

405 APPENDIX 4

4 uu 0 O 10 bfj q 10 >, O -4, n vý yýn ,S G > Ü oo p 0. p ý . `gy äý

10 Q uö j2 s w vi ö S.C ýOýy( m 1.0. r& .O6 "äV . pO U0 ýcu ["oa3. Heyu Ö), y el -n ,0 . -y mý N > .ö ti y0i r. c U TUu w'u0U °,1, p'ýýJi U 0.0 Iýý ý Q0 01] . N ý 2M ý": QýQQr 4ý. ' ý4N u N cvrivvi C,m uQ to rö$ü

ueý; d

Lei y ýý c V oa d0 IL) C,3 tz. ýÜü O u N Vi ý. v %n Lý' fl)NOOÖN eD äýÜ ö .Mh cýeý3'G I-. Ný? clLI äW o Z . w 4uu aý bl) h /ý O "2 Uu2 wý cy v V. C u[ C 1.. y äE ü gAcwvS Q O 4) ei U t. '5 0,4.1 g= bD. O u0 G -A UU VN V 0 m CY0 0 0Ü ý a W xQ L g2.0: 2 d dW vi vi .x0 C V5 . -4Ntý1ýt> Mvtfi ,7 0 a.: C4

;m NUuý N 09 y S a o%ooNo U äN ý'ýa u

0dM e. ö Ö )ý Ce A 22 9 U= pQ < >u ei Ji t), 0 0 V) .8 'o Wo, 1 o as C'D jGäc vi N ýp ö ,08 0-e 5 uob -2 ri2 o. 2 0"A N uý MQ :; i Qtn.0 >u h- -: CýMVý, uQQv)QQ

E. 0 0 e

a.C p4 O7 4i 00 EýöüN: Veý 0 I1 cl u ý4 bo . V Ü -+0000 W W W T3 0 72 r- W < z 0 w ý. u ä y' to öwW i+ d ä3 Vuo ää Ü O Fri U co `mau-0,9-0 P. 914 a 0 CD 0 C 4n bD00. V .0 tu C OýýýÖp - ö ° w(A oý V two UU> vice JUW =< (A -- eiaiv>

406 APPENDIX 4

o. foil U"Ü ö sw 0 9.1 ti `H ýo 'ö zi " "S o. ý uü ] wu O° C.)000 Guo 0ü 'ý 3 `ý, >oa" öuUpý ,4 Ey xrý. ý+ a ä=y aýý uý ,. `° by eý ä. a' 8 o 'r2 ýucCuc on 0"ý ý ýb t" 9'ö Q'° `ý M, E o> 3° eec gam O>w- ° ' ... . cci CD a ä". ÜöO5 ýý u0 0Ob>ý°x ý cli 10 Ku. y'a "ü ' ý+ yU, coda º-vaw-

:D ot3 gg -H ý"+cirivýi qa ¢¢'ý¢Eýýv¢O u

Oý U OCu G

üý 00 e tWiýr4 >.> ,1 N ýý' y u_u ß7º" V >? ED ýG ýö ý< v'f0000 el ,UV WLýG WaN.. cyü9 äaV H Wý ÄÖCö3--5? ä 44 kam, et c4 :kww ý°C. 00 ýWýj öw WW uhAöEö3h ä °n j21 ci, "" o>o «ox "ý WC7CýU °J v2wO'^ a°, =< HU u iL d'vi VW) »juw V) -ýNMýt> . 4Nei

C IUöw>ý,p : 5 ONO öý Ö. Sv b O. °C ?b "'ueuo oM Q ý¢ 00 050 uv W> .Sg1öo' `d ýý p CuU4.iöý tai ýý ü wN C 04 v2 Ü aj )v yv. ., ,, öC zi vi cý 0 G ao to) e'''s C,3. X e v' OgN'd Udý. n

2cd uno*0 loy atii

0 r- c r- ýv°ýý'¢¢výa¢> 4u43 ý": u cvri e V) td G um ""o ci: guy , ein: v y, 3u.,

ä°hü xe ° ýw', L1+ 'a r- ,cc a. .bUu0 ü > äj °p W- °''dc wCNÜ O] v$'!:

1:,3-A 0 T; 2 0 äZ "ý onü ýW ýF dh y vGU °a ýi `n 'C ýOr: Cj ýi' uA V(ý O' UU ýd OH u' ö.n 04ý'ý'J ý"ý as öý ý32 y ýýý ý. O ßi0 %' Vl "ýO'výw07 C WCý C7V> QQ Oý>C Wvýi `f. aCi xý F ý7 v N MvN t/)ln aVw tý.; cýMV> c. .;

407 APPENDIX 5

THIN-SECTIONS: OKWA VALLEY APPENDIX 5

U".

Ný V u N ti w ý . C V1 yä °c> ööto wO ö. r°. r u O< E ßf0 0 Uu O ouo . ý- i .DN Wy ü ur"ý, 0

ýo u3 Cp y ý, >Uü e-ýý . U 6 0G U 41 >a ý w ýaü o "y 0U . i w[ acdý oho Q d ýYc ý, G w° obi 00 '-, =o H oý"ý'ý N gyx, ýý u 3C C CC "! t1 ý 7 ý T N u N a1 Q oQ, e tea, i ýgY e "c '39 PuN a)cb ö> p 4G .Oe c-! ati Oo. QOý 6pU. 'ýOv ý1¢ vý'31r' <<

C 0-9 G;jý öu u'd'`ý a

2 r- Un pz Hyý."" 1, ,rý v, u`d, (5. Ü +000V, bA °D "ýu y WC4 ÜWpý ý'ý w sc ýý ö ß,1W ~ Cl zaýýn zr-; äý Cl oý dA pQC 'ý o CD cz üw e äZ z wW? "ý E oýý 30 °ýccd ü paVu j°d Quo... JW. ä' TJ v7 12 H c K n o ý oVä iýy°°> 0 .d ßpaýiä cg ao, OCýO ýý Cd5c0.5 14 d U. C3 Ü woo o > CI FV I) Ca7Wxý (34cvriv> C7 ß. ": týi eri ýf vi

u to U O Vi vpi äo u -4 .% C .C 0000 0 'ý8"0 Ell 4 y .8 ýCc ä ", e7 poC vu ON `ý+ _ Wy. Uý [Np U t1 Uy au bj)v U p u

ý VN "ý Ö cJ y ýi ;6pdUý6 Vy 15.8. C! w7 ,yý `; öyö ýý ä vi ä, 'doo uo ou ýý o>p "ýý U6 G üý 'Up ayui E"-y. `" , sE. 0 a. .A rt ý+ N3C _U ., - ý""" y L ruin fn CC A; b Oý CdFFi Fi 0.0 r 5.0.0 Cý0 WC; 0 214C4MVýn ä . > uý cl, n o

CÜ 1 = C, CT ß' 'e7 U, ü tý Id Ö

ýýöý .ý C-3 GA F, N vý ýn NO"ýO° ýj' of "' 3 WOý Öry^ d4 4 'ßd v C w r- w ý R N Vl CO wW EH to ýy y z 11Iý0d 'E . i 4 V.. p h! u ü ää ä ýxcýi v! L. ri c: O 'C7 2 - aÜW üäAU. -O h .Ö ir+ ý. O Q Coon X iý o W V v U 1ý+1 ýýV V) (Y Enw C7Wx-. 4 V .y CY1

409 APPENDIX 5 v,Sý,, ý.:, ý. r `,.

o

ö. ,nca. ;yuymC aU OOONN g"v,, i, a ýf .C C ua A u ... ýu C. .cCw _o u333 a "Eo, v3ö " ''mau ýo ,uyH -0s vrJ" 2°a: -le N äci » ai 07 V-3 cl 4.) g2.4) "ý'c 4)L, U u" ý° d>°. " °. o ONu °ps O>$a u2 Ei to j6o üEti ssti3Sätüj "9 5Z'5 1 92 0< JD 0> ýuE >`rrao ü C"rý... ý.. ý u°ýu y°oUE; N. 2 V]ýU C. N°. ýi OiD ON ZO .e9Fi ý C C w j3 OÖv c7 . ., ö EQQý... OQ CýOcývvo0 > vvi s20 QQOzc o.-o aýSQz a'E 3u 2u Vö

yUUTN C =U ºýi .NC h Cý O Wa PO pCüü O' ý

dCý7 Ö u, EE av^ cc to VÜ y . ", ri.. ov aý c WW OWpF,r'Wý '' ä °y ý' 7ýqiý Z äoo äý t 'C, 2c k' e w00 (p Q'

t) ci ;a Cl m 1.. - u:: 2 cl ö wýý ü> .0ýx "C$mäowö Md Cý W E'" C7 Cý GL cV vi vý Vý ri r'1"iQ' VJ "ý cV t+i mot' """ý

0 *ri w r2 4) tlq ý:! 2x ooo oo r- t'y1s au T y9: 33 FF ý+ 4; uA as 't7 .. iz u2 c3. cý °yýci^E ra O°u', ' cc' >yd °0 6th 'ý cci ii W u3 t.: >-^ .w :., a),) H en

8 4). r- m :l r- 0 U Cl ti-o° > 3"g'ß ä Oa iDA 2. °IZZ x° >. uýeý auCo u'ö c 6 oU1y..c CUNC r4ý ýuuu e7 Vl S JJ Jý ; N> to Q Q- cccc>,.. r- .°o ýyv eo Gýu n""cuo °.., aN V~ A Fi r4 C%1F. Üq 02 9,1ýý: D .O "ý ° ýoýs'a «<; Z u uQQQ v3 OW OONVýOCý > .; cSrivvi 00 ciU ÖÖ 94.3rd C. >

wyw.. 7

W. C C . 4i< N3ö a! oa 3 QCa7 S ö h. oc 0- 02 Ccl Vi Vi Vi 02,- cl vi ii ln3 ° WCL c °' :Z 173 = r=-0 n.-0 ci QA pdC to EF zc 0t,.. pa wUt? As äFä Äc 112u3C ý+cý `? rl. öE a, d ýY.Ocs, LO cý eS tiuöö 'ß' u0 . Wvýi "' yý0výo. 0 'ö L14Q Q> C#vi O a .i

410 APPENDI 5

N öCDW 0ö AD ¢ m z ` Uli8 2'9ý c°. y o0000ä u «u aZ d ýO >> N {d -Nfl. P. äuE° ä 0 Wq > of [, 0 OMvj >, b--GOd L w0 to p' 'ý Ov °o,e cuuc 60 ýyý w> O >p COUCCI. V. NA wý '-5, 9 a - c.3 oG ý'E u 'i~w CCM Ö u. C. t V>C :1O CL ý' ýý 30Sýhý4, oao ow `ý Q ücüüUOü .s .ý .1 .t .iEuu> äö ~ý ý a°i u° L deri u3h sue`[~. aaaaxaaýn EuE > c-; r-; u °v u "-ýäNh 3Eä'~>

4i a" u Ei 4.) 2 < 0, ei ý ö Vi uý to 8 .22j Cý V1 v1 fi, UV Cl IU ýý000D w Ný C0 . aý bNV'. C4 ÜW öý' OF. Wý Zy.. .. ä. `'. Wvý ö `' to ü 0 Ls. äZ ww 8w, ö E ö- W °d °ýb . ýj Wöu Cl. >. u o°. t:, WWr. ý". ZöÖ Cl q. uw D IU ää Q a xU , OÄ a

W- C70 "au s0 91. ö d ýQ w) "ý aýäo Cl wcýoU>v VWxaH C7 ri > C7 G. "" cv ai Yi V) DO ..ý vý . -ý cS er

0-0 o0uK L n Ü 000 0v

°m . >E eý°E vn > ou

Qv Nu E- rý uy>- 1b a; .2äü >N°a w: wv vcr3ciN ß. c;; oo Cri E ONEVyU F U L: uE Uööýöö ýEä0ý s.. ýEEzc"ý ü m 30°Avý ýo 1j. 1.3 . °u xuý. o Cocü ..Necoa NNV Eu cua N.. 'ý """1 171 c°ýb0 .... N Ti' fu/1 ý+ 'd° sm 0 pp 0 or 3 . o.: *drn gr. 14 ü00 cNEN öa , 0I . .. -1533 aaaao4aavý r4 sc> Iz""iC`4 fn e VI t4 ei ýpý (°0 2>

O

p4 cl 0 cl r- b P. ö"= ° D5 ü W- u "o ö 6v, NEäö` u vi on 4i Iy W ° 4) c2. Uw cCa ýI W Wý Pad zcy e1 ," °w c9 Dü OH

411 APPENDIXS

y ra u "C . 3ý Vý "üý "c3ý c

wý üö 3ýwüý e üc ä ä, oooý""

22*fl d- 0" c: 2 lýzýLU(D Vö C3 -2uCy vu Zw el gi e ci Aol cam, -2 C) ,> > ý""'ý .. y ". '.. ºq 4 Q try my50i ;=O.. 8ui: 9üNy ýQ . Cf O "y Q, ý, u A' UU y "C VOcu iVC 7 cdEA Ü e6"., ,Cyüß: CeC ö M> '160 '. ' WHJU"? ýO ^. vi 'ý p$ yN uu iý ý N °f Q' "L Ui uA3 N u Öd MN3 fO . ý' "yCi 1y .0 .0 ÖN in ü C. . 0 C7 y 7c,. Ea oW y ýaxaaý ýiO>ý ý"icVtýiý"Ifb 0 e' C aw oV ýLLýNV]. du oö Hos

t) cd U) rn 0 CL AN 'f C w"o? ýw Cý

4i Q ön r7'-, o0°'`u' En ö 2' au f vi w9n F v1'n Cý" 2 W< y NOOON 14 ý2 r5 cm "'' ýUuü WmUWp c4 s2wCü

4+ý W>4 äVj öCöo. v' OüCw < 92 z e, 1- Ö qä ö ß. GT, Uö vc w 9 u JD 0 iz tu r- 122: 5 ü Wý V Ü> :: ý 4O C7o Edv 0o: 2 °1 UWx ý' ova dd a°r; ýv LA C7 Cý i VW xa E" cn": ciriv>

.Suyuü °A Cl ""u 'O > EN 4) C: pONý i u+ M. CO . vi t) 4)- I¢C'7 Ä 0000! = 0U L: 79 ei -: j c: 23 qn y9 CJ KZ cl 924 #J .

VI C;21 r- Gn

HuU eo 0- 4) U- lý > %»- -ä 4ö :i c221S O< ý". uý. dý A ý"v ä I- cv VC °ä p- ü fý OL07ý3C Uö Cvn t N p'y90 OC -u UO ý",,, o J J'ý! M$ ti LO zi .ýMGCCE 9ý f- 4 Z; 0 JD 9 >> 55>u-, cl E pn, n!-; >: ä'ý Lbw «0 o uaaaacn om ýä-d: ýýýiMVh

[AFCNC 'ý O r! r'ýi'

Wo bo JD 4.) -0 4) .2 cl u .2 Enr4 (D a t; f', li. 5.5 u WEms, v ". w'n u o0 N" = d"S ,, M p'u Cy y. NOOON L Wß: WWCä, ööü Gýü p iý. S Öl .5 c"s WUp ý; ;y CV Z2ý, r,, Z PA CQ ö -t ei) GL üwuüru5yy ý"

412 APPENDIX 5

44 10 , Fj A- 4)

2s b°uCmay". i °n 1 -a ,2 T-91,5 3ä a-, uOigq "ý "jý' C7 "C 'a ý V .E >, bh 'M d bo Ö -5 00 U. 0 . +MO ýv+ b4flb4 °w 1 f >W a ä1 a°ý' 'ý 'ý lu °: CN cö "A a4:. > .5

OrE ;bV O 10 >NNU er NF U to 10 U QyN R "b V) iL = "G: '" w (n .ON -! .ý- öU ^ý [yU eÖ ".ý 1y 9' äE ý`vi Chi NöU gý .5a.äaui u o w Eý Eöaö "> "ý ýý ý! U °a ö NE UE bu ý C. 4öOer ýý UN>EU C'U EE i4 Ci f7 ýJ üN0 a in f7 r! cý uauEý`C u0 to PGli ohaoH '7P4 V V . "+>NN- .. w -fVcrie"vl Nou u u'QV. -, öEw w 'x" u x , wu -IOU EbýnN"u*o'dEouw ß" cl 00 äýu3ouE Wý, h u41 'T. 8 o >Is ov $ý ýbý°dmoo. O lul ö ýüiýcau ý" QC7 . aus Wy r"I C) DOOH ", 600. irj CL . RIG fn - 2

ES öow ää ä CUö. Av. c0 E= 49 0ý0:9E V) C (n-N 40 cu C7 0 p4 4 r`1'.< E-4 vi .4 (V tai v1

0 ou u t- ýjp' L. ýC>-'=, t ;0 *5 12 0U ri O y flLlb .e NVH d0ýi 6b wN ý'ý V7C. üä °u iý Sýý`3 3 üSý Öý MM oý ' : N' Gý N tý , U K o °f uG 3' "u vi of < luE. 0 8.8 Ö p4 g. Ao... tr. a. 'O 'b býý0üw Ecu c- 09 , ed u >. > aý ý> c! .. ý" w u°Cý >°NZc pEÖ. °> u. ° r'^' ýa ^ up u> nom` u y be '°d 5 a c° ° u y Q iUSýcAy3 'Oö 7 Ö C000,: yN t0 C CO W tJ e! loi ° yy ti yOq 4% ý Oaw > O-2 s 12 p, ýj JZ . - gl. > 0 . L" l -T u 20 Ö ..01 . P! u z12 i" > "02 0 0 tr. g0 vi xu4ý. 1031u.S , igi, vypöö a >bw >- cch > N ua¢ >

üg. b0"ß Nu

u0k. oe =JO 12 a to -- 5 hll i. YT ooý

c° ý+ " n N 94w ýtuflfl ig-, WW .2 aZZ c-- *ijU H 9cüý; u 0.11. m ýC'0 ö ö, "'pro C a> g CD (A $ tn(nä US k- i crir; UCäN- CZ . -i f-4 (. tt vi

413 APPENDIX 5,

000ubp "co. v A, 9 t, 0

VbpCai 12 %D "C O xN bya pýq 'r+ vii t0,º i y' cJ 0 O` >W Ö 00

ý'. " ýd üö W :: üw ab ýý 3`"'° u P' Opý Qgv ßüÄ. 3 ýKä api -4 MÜU 4j ý'"' "V P 'T r! .4"ý cil p> CD4ý kj Cüy NyMNO A. en a'äA °> .. =Nd3 ý.. Nýc ac oaaaau'ý'"-ýpý °d.-"°d. C. 2(] ýONC CüG3üO Tý ü[ üCC ra r ý, Ei ýý'O ý7..... yCj Qää , Q¢Qä> ti ti u`cýtV äöß ww ü 9' üCý iü3 UU 0C7 ""+? -A-w cvrivvi töl

0eilää. a p,ý ý4 "°dw W q' OA Oy vyi 'ýu üü QC7 ö ny^°n N 'y ýE 'i fd 1 y a1'v ta^eA ýo0ooýf r p, N Wjw Vw WVJ ru, O'OV VN ý' ýQAO CJ, +ZW iii Z^1, .' sý W ü W cam 2ö "! y Q' - º. y äý w" 4) lu u r- e ýu pjaVuq äu of" W7 ýýa a öt Ey cU L) ý? V ofac a ýöüß 'R ö'ö :: w 20 Uo e° aýU. 5ös. <0 U O'vý 0.0 výw c7 C7U> ocxw CI) x C7 v>V FL vi gn rl C5Ww< E-ý to ": cii ri . -ýcri ei

V

O U

--0 %0 0 %0 -4P-4 %0 92.In u2g :1 ö .ý Npa ^""04 uuäö ouo "q c Sp'y0 ä Hcöäti

c: gor F ;d 'ýýC AOo . N" -ý vºý'Ci^rOi U

avi"ý ýee: .. ýt'1V öHö "y'S!iaW üeO 5 ->'>' N "GU>Cut! o"ý*p viO 0>HU. e- upOO 'ý ý "v > "o "o a Q ooh n. "üovauiTü ý'' üü yý ." q> rýý "C Mu .°ceüu üä'oý . din" 9ö. -üý" t ý "ý ý >O ßö5 oI#, ry 0p, S not ow ""ý>c`ýcv'ýoýG ý", r4vi ivi wSsp vg. a as yQ v°, Nel yý aý u. " IIUU .aa

45 ,8

1IPr wWO9 ö ß't3 N ~0 w b" ßEö O <ý ýA N sý uüWy E(w". C "ý " C' Pay WvöVüp ä3c WW 5 A2.. wä rmeaýU3 .2 ö" -2 "; eF-c2 E, öw u°ýý üv, WW it VO :ý7 . ä x vý a .r (De> Mvi QU `n"+c3riv>° ä": xW Li tý e4 r; vvi

"414