The Irish Landscape 2009 Conference Papers
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The Irish Landscape 2009 Looking around, Looking ahead Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 IRISH NATIONAL L A N D S C A P E CONFERENCE PUBLISHED PAPERS OCTOBER 2009 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 1 05/10/2009 23:38:29 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 © An Chomhairle Oidhreactha / The Heritage Council 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system, now known or hereafter invented, without either the prior written consent of the publishers or licence permitting restricted copying in Ireland issued by the Irish Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd The Writers’ Centre 19 Parnell Square, Dublin 1 Published by the Heritage Council Kilkenny, Ireland 2009-03-23 Telephone: +353 (0)56 7770777 Fax: +353 (0)56 7770788 E-Mail: [email protected] www.heritagecouncil.ie Heritage Council of Ireland Series ISBN 978-1-906304-10-2 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 2 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 CONTENTS Foreword, Michael Starrett, Chief Executive, The Heritage Council 5 EUROPE AND BEYOND 7 Conor Newman, The Heritage Council 8 The European Landscape Convention, Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons, Council of Europe 15 Arrangements of Nature and People: Using Landscape-Ecology, Coastal-Region, and Urban-Region Lenses, Richard Forman, Harvard University 28 The Landscape Observatory of Catalonia, Joan Nogué, The Landscape Observatory of Catalonia 39 Character and Convention: Natural England’s role in implementing the European Landscape Convention, Val Kirby, Natural England 53 Landscape and Culture, Mónica Luengo, ICOMOS 63 A Landscape Charter: French Regional Nature Parks – Pioneers of Sustainable Development in France, Bernard Guihéneuf, Parc de Brière 73 Unlocking the Rideau Canal: Planning for the landscape of a World Heritage Site, Heather Thomson, Parks Canada 79 Taking the High Road, Ian Jardine and Simon Brooks, Scottish Natural Heritage 89 BRINGING IT ALL BACK HOME 99 The Irish Agricultural Rural Landscape, Professor Gerry Boyle, Teagasc 100 The Environment and Landscape: Land Cover and Land Use in Ireland, Dr Mary Kelly, Environmental Protection Agency 111 Tourism and the Landscape, Shaun Quinn, Fáilte Ireland 132 Recreation and the Landscape: Providing Trails – a Consideration of the Challenges Presented in Delivering Trail Networks for Recreation, Dr Caro-lynne Ferris, Countryside Activities Network 141 Local Authorities and Landscape, Pat Gallagher, Offaly County Manager 148 Road Infrastructure and the Landscape, Dolan, L. M. J, Whelan, P.M. and Emmerson, M., University College Cork 158 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 3 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 The Irish Coastal Landscape, Andrew Cooper, University of Ulster 169 Irish Landscape and Forest Management, John Landy, Coillte 178 LIVING LANDSCAPES – COMMUNITY CASE STUDIES 185 The Bere Island Conservation Plan 2000 -2009, John Walsh 186 Perspectives on Farming Community Involvement in the Management of the Burren Landscape, Michael Davoren 193 Challenges, Changes and Opportunities in the Irish Uplands, Frank Nugent, Irish Uplands Council 200 Looking around: Looking ahead in the Wicklow uplands, Colin Murphy, Wicklow Uplands Council 209 Tara Skryne Landscape Conservation Area: National pilot project, Dr Loreto Guinan, Meath Local Authorities 218 The Landscape Circle, Terry O’Regan, Landscape Alliance Ireland 225 5 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 4 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 FOREWORD The timing of the 2009 Landscape Conference and the publication of these papers could not be better. In the current economic climate it allows us to consider how others in Europe and beyond have faced up to the challenges of living in, planning for and managing their landscapes. It also allows us to consider how agencies in Ireland that oversee or encourage uses of the landscape view those activities in a wider landscape context. Furthermore it provides a platform for individuals and communities that have taken initiatives in the absence of any overall strategy for the Irish landscape to share their experience, their successes and their failures. Above all, this conference, and the publication of the papers that will be presented, provides an opportunity to discuss how we might do better and best manage, conserve and plan for our landscape in the future. These papers are an apt metaphor for the landscape. Their diversity and style reflect the experience and interests of the authors and similarly serve to highlight that landscape is dynamic and changing in response to natural and cultural causes. In 2009 the Irish landscape in all its guises, urban, peri-urban and rural has just witnessed the most sustained period of economic growth our country has ever known. Our landscape has in fact provided the stage on which a turbocharged development game has been played. Everywhere we look we see the impact that such economic growth has had on the landscape where we all live, work and play. That impact has touched us all as individuals; it has changed our environment and our communities. One thing is sure – in providing a forum for debate the Heritage Council wants to ensure the Irish landscape is valued and seen as significant to the economy and the well being of all who live in or visit this Island. In communicating and striving for that objective in an open and accessible manner, and through partnerships and co-operation with all who have an interest, it is my earnest hope that we will all be better placed to ensure that the physical, spiritual and emotional benefits we derive from our landscape can also be enjoyed by our children. Michael Starrett Chief Executive The Heritage Council 5 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 5 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 6 7 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 6 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 EUROPE AND BEYOND 6 7 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 7 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Conor Newman, Chairman, The Heritage Council When anthropologist Tim Ingold (1993) described ‘landscape’ as the ‘…totality of human experience’ he spoke to a definition of ‘landscape’ that is frankly unfamiliar to most people. For many of us the word ‘landscape’ is roughly analogous to ‘scenery’ or ‘vista’, to the pasturelands and countryside captured in nineteenth century landscape paintings. While happy to distinguish all manner of landscapes, rural, natural, urban, industrial, and so on, Ingold evidently had in mind something a bit more all-embracing. Ingold, in fact, espouses the view that landscapes, even untouched wildernesses, are distinguished, ordered, and assembled as such in the human mind. In short, landscape is the consequence of human engagement with the world. Put another way, landscape is the noise of George Berkeley’s tree as it falls in a forest, for as Berkeley (a Kilkenny man) says: ‘esse est percipi (aut percipere)...to be is to be perceived (or to perceive)’ (Principles of Human Knowledge §§22-3, in Luce and Jessop 1948- 57). By ‘landscape’ is meant, therefore, the meaningful order that results from everything that human beings bring, consciously and unconsciously, to their perception of the physical environment (see also essays in Hannes Palang and Gary Fry’s 2003 edited volume Landscape Interfaces: Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes). It is space ordered, and the human mind is, ostensibly, the sole ordering agent, or at least the only one whose rationale can be fully known to us. Commandeered thus by students of human behaviour, the word ‘landscape’ now supports two quite different meanings and has become a potential source of ambiguity and confusion. I would like to begin this paper, therefore, by examining a little further these two different meanings of the word ‘landscape’, and exploring, inter alia, their convergence. The word ‘landscape’ comes to us from the Dutch landschap meaning an area of land of particular character. Although it can mean an area under specific ownership or jurisdiction, it principally refers to what is discernible, a vista with a demonstrably coherent character, a scene with a harmonious foreground, middleground and background. Landscape theorists like to use the analogy of a landscape painting to introduce and explain their concept of landscape because it provides access to both meanings of the word. As an artistic composition �a contrivance even� of various elements arranged purposefully on a canvas, landscape painting provides a good analogy for an unconscious trick we all perform which is to order and make 8 9 Final Confer Papers Drft1.indd 8 05/10/2009 23:38:30 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 Irish National Landscape Conference 2009 sense of our surroundings by composing or arranging the constituent parts into coherent and integrated tableaux or compositions (e.g. Casey 1996). We are nature’s great composers. Moreover, we compose or arrange things according only to what we already know and understand. Composition is thus an act of assertive comprehension. Projecting our knowledge, our understandings and