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Universitas Indonesia Konflik Antarorganisasi Kejahatan UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA KONFLIK ANTARORGANISASI KEJAHATAN DI PRANCIS PADA TAHUN 1950-1970 SKRIPSI WINAYA SIMATUPANG 0606089333 FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA DEPOK JULI 2010 Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA KONFLIK ANTARORGANISASI KEJAHATAN DI PRANCIS PADA TAHUN 1950 – 1970 SKRIPSI Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Humaniora Winaya Simatupang 0606089333 FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA PROGRAM STUDI PRANCIS DEPOK JULI 2010 i Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini saya susun tanpa tindakan plagiarisme sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku di Universitas Indonesia. Jika di kemudian hari saya terbukti melakukan tindakan plagiarisme, saya akan bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya dan menerima sanksi yang dijatuhkan oleh Universitas Indonesia kepada saya. Depok, 14 Juli 2010 Winaya Simatupang ii Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS Skripsi ini adalah hasil karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang dikutip maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar. Nama : Winaya Simatupang NPM : 0606089333 Tanda Tangan : Tanggal : 14 Juli 2010 iii Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 HALAMAN PENGESAHAN Skripsi ini diajukan oleh : Nama : Winaya Simatupang NPM : 0606089333 Program Studi : Prancis Judul Skripsi : Konflik Antarorganisasi Kejahatan di Prancis Tahun 1950-1970 Telah berhasil dipertahankan di hadapan Dewan Penguji dan diterima sebagai bagian persyaratan yang diperlukan untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Humaniora pada Program Studi Prancis Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia. DEWAN PENGUJI Pembimbing : Prof. Dr. M.I. Djoko Marihandono ( ) Penguji : Dr. Myrna Laksman-Huntley ( ) Penguji : Ayu Basoeki Harahap, S.S, M.Si. ( ) Ditetapkan di : Depok Tanggal : 14 Juli 2010 Oleh Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia Dr. Bambang Wibawarta, S.S, M.A NIP. 1965 1023 1990 031002 iv Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya, saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Humaniora Program Studi Prancis Universitas Indonesia. Saya menyadari bahwa tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, sejak masa awal perkuliahan sampai dengan penyusunan skripsi ini, akan sangat sulit bagi saya untuk dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu, saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: (1) Prof. Dr. M.I. Djoko Marihandono, selaku dosen pembimbing saya, yang telah dengan sabar menyediakan dan memberikan pikiran, tenaga, dan waktunya untuk mengarahkan saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini; (2) Dr. Myrna Laksman-Huntley, selaku pembaca saya, yang telah dengan sabar memberikan pikiran dan tenaganya, serta meluangkan waktunya untuk mengarahkan saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini; (3) Ayu Basoeki Harahap, S.S, M.Si. selaku pembaca saya, yang telah dengan sabar memberikan pikiran dan tenaganya, serta meluangkan waktunya untuk mengarahkan saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini; (4) Segenap staf pengajar Program Studi Prancis Universitas Indonesia yang telah memberikan saya pengetahuan yang sangat bermanfaat sejak semester satu sampai dengan saat ini; (5) Pengajar mata kuliah Penelitian Masalah Sosial Budaya Prancis, Dr. Muridan S. Widjojo, Dr. Myrna Laksman-Huntley, dan Joesana Tjahjani Tjhoa, M.Hum yang telah memberikan pengetahuan berharga sebagai langkah awal penulisan skripsi ini; (6) Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mustofa dari Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, atas pikiran, dan waktu yang telah diberikan kepada saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini; (7) Orang tua, kakak, dan adik-adik saya yang telah memberikan banyak dukungan, baik dalam bentuk moral maupun material dalam penulisan skripsi ini; dan (8) Para sahabat yang telah banyak memberikan saran, bantuan, dan dukungannya kepada saya dalam menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini, terutama Juwita Liestania, v Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 Jeanne Francoise, Adimas Mulya, Nadya Arviani, Maria Angela Gita Ayudya, Amanda Marcella, Tasya Anindita, Artha Paramitha Prima Ardiyanti, Cathrien Riris Martalena Tobing, Nina Evayanti, Nur Fathia Rahma Fauzia, Ibnu Hasan, Anggara Cakrawijaya, Novita Setiawan, Ribka Zefanya, Rizani Imaniar, dan semua teman- teman Sastra Prancis angkatan 2006 yang namanya tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu. Teman-teman SM Class, terima kasih atas doa kalian. Akhir kata, semoga Tuhan Yang Maha Esa berkenan membalas segala kebaikan kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu saya. Semoga skripsi ini membawa manfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu. Depok, 14 Juli 2010 Penulis vi Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 HALAMAN PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI TUGAS AKHIR UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ========================================================== Sebagai sivitas akademika Universitas Indonesia, saya yang bertandatangan di bawah ini; Nama : Winaya Simatupang NPM : 0606089333 Program Studi : Sastra Prancis Departemen : Prancis Fakultas : Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Jenis Karya : Skripsi demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, menyetujui untuk memberikan kepada Universitas Indonesia Hak Bebas Royalti Noneksklusif (Non-exclusive Royalty- free Right) atas karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: KONFLIK ANTARORGANISASI KEJAHATAN DI PRANCIS PADA TAHUN 1950 – 1970 beserta perangkat yang ada (jika diperlukan). Dengan Hak Bebas Royalti Non- eksklusif ini, Universitas Indonesia berhak menyimpan, mengalihmedia atau memformatkan, mengelola dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), merawat, dan mempublikasikan tugas akhir saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis atau pencipta tugas akhir saya ini dan sebagai pemilik Hak Cipta. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di: Depok Tanggal: 14 Juli 2010 Yang menyatakan, (Winaya Simatupang) vii Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL………………………………………………………...... i SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIARISME………………………... ii HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS……………………………... iii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN…………………………………………………… iv KATA PENGANTAR………………………………………………………… v LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH………............. vii ABSTRAK………………...…………………………………………………….. viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………... viii RÉSUMÉ DU MÉMOIRE……………………………………………………. ix DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………….. x 1. PENDAHULUAN……………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Latar Belakang……………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah…………………………………………………………... 6 1.3 Tujuan Penulisan…………………………………………………………… 7 1.4 Sasaran Penelitian…………………………………………………………... 7 1.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian………………………………………………….. 7 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian………………………………………………………. 8 1.7 Tinjauan Pustaka……………………………………………………………. 10 1.8 Kemaknawian Penelitian…………………………………………………… 12 1.9 Sistematika Penulisan………………………………………………………. 12 2. KERANGKA TEORI DAN KONSEPTUAL……………………………… 14 2.1 Teori Fungsi-fungsi Konflik Sosial………………………………………….. 14 2.1.1 Konflik Berfungsi sebagai Alat untuk Menunjukkan Perbedaan Antarorganisasi…………………………………………………………... 15 2.1.2 Konflik dan Katup Penyelamat…………………………………………... 15 2.1.3 Konflik Realistis dan Non-realistis………………………………………. 16 2.1.4 Konflik dan Dorongan untuk Bermusuhan………………………………. 17 2.1.5 Konflik Antarorganisasi yang Memiliki Hubungan Dekat………………. 17 2.1.6 Hubungan Antarorganisasi dan Intensitas Konflik………………………. 18 2.1.7 Akibat dan Fungsi Konflik dalam Struktur Sebuah Organisasi…………. 18 2.1.8 Konflik sebagai Alat Ukur dari Stabilitas Sebuah Hubungan…………… 19 2.1.9 Konflik dengan Organisasi Lain untuk Meningkatkan Kepaduan dalam Organisasi……………………………………………………………….. 19 2.1.10 Konflik dengan Organisasi Lain Mendefinisikan Struktur Organisasi dan Mengakibatkan Konflik Internal…………………………………... 20 2.1.11 Konflik untuk Mencari Musuh…………………………………………. 20 2.1.12 Ideologi dan Konflik…………………………………………………… 20 2.1.13 Konflik Mengikat Lawan………………………………………………. 21 2.1.14 Konflik dan Keinginan untuk Bersatu dengan Musuh…………………. 21 2.1.15 Konflik Membentuk dan Menjaga Keseimbangan Kekuasaan………… 22 x Konflik antar..., Winaya Simatupang, FIB UI, 2010 2.1.16 Konflik Menciptakan Koalisi…………………………………………... 22 2.2 Kerangka Konseptual………………………………………………………... 23 2.2.1 Konsep Kejahatan………………………………………………………... 23 2.2.2 Konsep Kejahatan Terorganisasi………………………………………… 25 2.2.3 Konsep Organisasi Kejahatan……………………………………………. 27 2.2.4 Konsep Penyelundupan………………………………………………….. 27 3. ORGANISASI KEJAHATAN DI PRANCIS………………………………. 29 3.1 Kejahatan Terorganisasi di Prancis………………………………………….. 29 3.2 ‘Ndrangheta (Mafia Calabria)………………………………………………. 33 3.2.1 Sejarah ‘Ndrangheta……………………………………………………... 33 3.2.2 Aturan-aturan dan Ritual ‘Ndrangheta………………………………….. 35 3.2.3 ‘Ndrangheta di Prancis…………………………………………………... 36 3.3 Yakuza……………………………………………………………………….. 37 3.3.1 Sejarah Yakuza…………………………………………………………... 37 3.3.2 Aturan-aturan dan Ritual Yakuza………………………………………... 38 3.3.3 Yakuza di Prancis………………………………………………………... 39 3.4 Triads………………………………………………………………………… 40 3.4.1 Sejarah Triads……………………………………………………………. 40 3.4.2 Aturan-aturan dan Ritual Triads…………………………………………. 41 3.4.3 Triads di Prancis…………………………………………………………. 42 3.5 Organizatsiya………………………………………………………………… 42 3.5.1 Sejarah Organizatsiya……………………………………………………. 43 3.5.2 Aturan-aturan dan Ritual Organizatsiya…………………………………. 43 3.5.3 Organizatsiya di Prancis…………………………………………………. 44 3.6
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