Tradición September 2013 Revista

Tradición September 2013 revista

Home Country Chiles, Frijoles & Bizcochitos A New Mexico Railroad Tale Our Saints Among Us Revisited El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

Teresa May Duran

New Book to be Released This Fall from the Award- winning team of Rudolfo Anaya & Nicolás Otero

www.corazondeduran.com [email protected] 303/522-6994

Contemporary & Traditional Art by ROSA MARIA CALLES

Available in late fall in time for the holiday season . . .

Email us now and we will put you on the list to get additional information as soon as it is available — [email protected] P.O. Box 57135, Albuquerque, NM 87187 505-379-3230

Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Sylvia Martínez Art & Culture ohnson J September 2013 VOLUME XVIII, No. 3 (#62) ISSN 1093-0973 New Mexico Folkart Originals

Publishers/Managing Editors Barbe Awalt Paul Rhetts

Contributors Cheryl Foote Vernon Glover Joseph Sanchez Slim Randles

Tradición Revista is published electronically four times a year by LPD Enterprises, 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, NM 87107-5647

505/344-9382 t FAX 505/345-5129 Website: www.nmsantos.com Email: [email protected]

The nmsantos.com website contains information on both the current issue of Tradición Revista as well as all back issues, a comprehensive index of articles, and information on the book list from LPD Press. The website also contains a variety of information on santos/saints, their identification and artists.

The subscription rate is $10 a year (4 issues) or $20 for two years (8 issues); U.S. currency only.

Copyright © 2013 by LPD Enterprises. All rights reserved. Reproduc- tion in whole or in part by any means without written permission is strictly prohibited. Tradición Revista invites letters of criticism, comment, and ideas for future issues. Tradición Revista and its publish- Angel of the Nativity ers disclaim responsibility for statements either of fact or of opinion 12” x 8” made by contributors. Tradición Revista encourages the submission oil, crystals, silver, & turquoise of manuscripts with photographs, but assumes no responsibility for such submittals. Unsolicited manuscripts must be accompanied by self-addressed, stamped envelopes to ensure their return.

Scarlett’s Gallery 225 Canyon Road Santa Fe, NM 87501 505.983-7092 Front cover: Engine 487 on the Cumbres & Toltec Railroad Wold Creek Tressle, north of Chama, New Mexico. Photograph by Paul Rhetts 6 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Art & Culture

September 2013 VOLUME XVIII, No. 3 (#62) IN THIS ISSUE Feature Articles

A New Mexico Railroad Tale...... 76 by Vernon Glover Our Saints Among Us Revisited...... 86 by Barbe Awalt & Paul Rhetts Chiles, frijoles, and bizcochitos...... 100 by Cheryl Foote El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro...... 110 by Joseph Sanchez Home Country...... 124 by Slim Randles Departments

Editors’ Notes/Publishers’ Message...... 11 What’s Going On At SCAS?...... 12 Book Reviews & Resources...... 128

“Los Tres Reyes” by Nicolás Otero displayed as part of the “Our Saints Among Us Revisited” exhibit which runs through March at the Silver City Museum (see page 86). This art was originally created as an illustration in Rudolfo Anaya’s new children’s book “How Hollyhocks Came to New Mexico.”

TRADICIÓN September 2013 7 Award Winning Artist Ramona Vigil Eastwood

Showing at Contemporary Hispanic Market Santa Fe, NM t July 27-28 t

Museum of New Mexico Foundation

ON the Plaza: New Mexico Museum of Art Shop Palace of the Governors Shop

ON MuseuM hill: Museum of International Folk Art Shop Colleen Cloney Duncan Museum Shop at the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture

ON the web: www.shopmuseum.com PO Box 23455, Albuquerque, NM 87192 www.newmexicocreates.org 505.296-2749 email [email protected] www.worldfolkart.org TRADICIÓN September 2013 9 10 TRADICIÓN September 2013 pensamientos de los editores

These have not worked and they are not going to. Let’s go on the record that Peruvian silver exhibits do not draw anyone in because people don’t care to see it. Comparing Publishers’ Peru Spanish Colonial to New Mexico Spanish Colonial might have been interesting but SCAS missed the mark on that too. It is time to gut and start over at SCAS. See the farce Message on page 12. SCAS Is Broken Kudos We have been saying it for about twenty years, SCAS Congratulations to Henrietta Martinez Christams on is broken. But it seems lately that they have lost direction her honor from the National DAR for Hispanic Preserva- and common sense. The role of the artists has long been tion. diminished but the posted ad for the new Executive Di- Congrats also go out to Don Bullis and Denise Chavez rector of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society is completely for being named as recipients of the 2013 Rounders missing any mention of artists. Without artists there is no Award from the New Mexico State Department of Ag- SCAS, no Spanish Colonial art, and frankly no history riculture. The award is named after Max Evans, another because the people who run SCAS have no clue about New Mexico treasure. the past contributions. We agree 100% that Winter Market had to be moved Places to visit from Santa Fe. No one outside of Santa goes, the Conven- Make sure you attend these opportunities to see art tion Center and the City of Santa Fe do not support Win- and talk to artists: ter Market, and SCAS is reluctant to publicize it outside The Heard Spanish Market – November 9 & 10 in of Santa Fe and the Albuquerque Journal. Winter Market, Phoenix, this year, will be Friday and Saturday – November 29 & Los Lunas Museum of Heritage & Culture, 30, at the Hotel Albuquerque. THERE IS A $6 PER HEAD Silver City Museum – Our Saints Among Us : Revis- ADMISSION FEE! What are they thinking? ited until March, You are in a new city, on new days, on Black Friday Valencia County Historical Society Author Day at the and Saturday, while charging $6@ to get in? Get the peo- Los Lunas Transportation Center - Sunday, November 10, ple in then worry about getting money from them! The Winter Market – Hotel Albuquerque – Friday & Satur- argument some SCAS Board members use erroneously is day, November 29 & 30. that shows of value charge to get in. These are shows that (NOTE: No Contemporary Hispanic Winter Market) have a track record and Winter Market in Albuquerque does not. The SCAS Board may have shot Winter Market And events we are partial to – the release of Rudolfo in the foot. On top of all of that is Black Friday - people Anaya’s new book for children in time for the holidays – are at malls getting Christmas deals. Artists will suffer. How Chile Came To New Mexico: And of course SCAS has yet to spread the word in Albu- The Los Lunas Museum of Heritage & Arts on Satur- querque that Winter Market is in Albuquerque. day, November 16, 1pm Frankly, artists should be mad at the SCAS Board and Sunday, November 24, 3pm at Bookworks on Rio staff for being clueless. They don’t care because it isn’t Grande Blvd. their livelihood at stake. On top of all this chaos, Maggie, The Main Santa Fe Library on Sunday, December 1 at the Market guru at SCAS, told people she had more than 1pm 100 artists signed up for Winter Market BEFORE she sent Books will be signed by Rudolfo, illustrator Nick Otero, out the applications. It doesn’t take a brain surgeon to and translator Nasario Garcia. If we do say so, they make figure out that she was spouting pie-in-the-sky! the perfect holiday gift! Artists do not organize and they do not unite for the Hardback editions of several books will be available common good. This is not a put down – it is just the way this holiday season, including Tale of the Pronghorned Can- it is. Frankly, Winter Markets in Taos, Las Cruces, and taloupe, Los Chilitos, and Shoes for the Santo Niño. Make sure Gallup might be interesting and give artists a new venue you check these out. to sell. But no! It would take someone to work and SCAS And finally when you buy gifts – buy local! It makes isn’t going to do that! They are much more interested in a difference. high teas, or fashion shows, or home tours of garages. TRADICIÓN September 2013 11 The Spanish Colonial Arts Society Executive Director Search: Or What Is Going On? by Barbe Awalt

My involvement with the “search” came from end- she needed. Pedace also announced at St. John’s College of-the-summer something to do and the opportunity to Spanish Market in front of many people after she got the say what was wrong with SCAS. I had flirted with the job, that she didn’t like New Mexico Hispanic art because idea of applying for the job but when I saw the badly it was too folksy! Good thing for the Executive Director of put together requirements I had to do it – it was a great SCAS to say in public. opportunity! Her reign of terror lasted about two plus years. She The advertisement on the SCAS website was four had many verbal altercations and outright fights. We pages long and badly written. Aside from the strange witnessed one against Ramona Vigil-Eastwood at Pedace’s spaces and different sizes of type, the ad was missing the first Preview. She actually came into the Contemporary salary or range of salary, benefits, if the job was full or Market Preview and yelled at Ramona because the part-time (I had heard the SCAS Board didn’t even know Convention Center doors into the hall were not locked. if they wanted a full or part-time person), the deadline to Ramona doesn’t run the Convention Center but more get applications in, and if SCAS is an Equal Opportunity importantly locking the doors would be a violation of the Employer – they aren’t but they could fake it! The salary FEDERAL Fire Code but Donna didn’t care. Her only con- issue is important because there are rumors that SCAS cern was the unwashed masses that attended Contempo- has no money. Also missing were concrete qualifica- rary Market Preview might use the Public Restrooms in tions like what kind of computer, familiarity with certain the Convention Center hall. There were other altercations software, having a driver’s license, having a car to drive to with artists, Santa Fe City employees, and her reign ended meetings, and much more. There was also no mention of with the famous “food fight” at a SCAS Board meeting in a deadline to apply but on other websites, not SCAS’s, it February, when she resigned. said the end of August. Nunn and Carrillo have their shortcomings. Nunn There was no mention of artists in the duties of the was highly involved with the “Bikini Guadalupe” incident job so I figured they were not important to SCAS. The ad in Santa Fe a few years back but she runs the art exhibits didn’t mention that the Museum of Spanish Colonial Art at the National Hispanic Cultural Center and had some (MOSCA) was not certified. But it did mention that you nice exhibits within an atmosphere of little financial sup- had to know current pr techniques even though none port. Carrillo hates paperwork of any kind but he knows had been used to date. Also mentioned, you had to have a Hispanic traditions and art like no one else and all the college degree but experience running a non-profit could artists know him. Both can speak and write Spanish, have be substituted for it. So in other words, no college was doctorates, speak in public extensively, and have pub- required to be the Executive Director of SCAS. What orga- lished books. They were both screwed and treated poorly. nization has an Executive Director with no college? Well SCAS was in chaos for a while after Pedace’s demise. SCAS did with the prior Director and that ended badly. SCAS Board member and Spanish Market artist, Arlene I wrote my application for the job letter leisurely and Cisneros Sena stepped in. SCAS was handed over to Jane sent it to friends for a reaction. They said it was negative Bradley as the interim Director but she had problems and it was. But I knew I wasn’t getting the job so this was too. We interviewed Bradley for the last TR but during my opportunity to say what was on my mind. It might be the entire interview she said “I” a million times. SCAS my only shot. This was not a chance to kiss posteriors but is not about ”I.” She also forgot about the prescheduled say what had to be said. interview and was almost 30 minutes late in starting. The last time the Executive Director job was open after The whole time she answered the phone or attended to the chaos surrounding Bill Fields axing and Bud Redding emails both during the interview – both are really a poor as the guru of Spanish Market was kicked out, the two fi- way to conduct an interview. We decided to cut her a nalists for the job were Dr. Tey Nunn and Dr. Charlie Car- break and have a positive interview. While waiting the rillo. Donna Pedace got the job. How does this happen? thirty minutes plus for the interview I noticed the SCAS To make the whole thing even worse Pedace didn’t have offices were run down and tacky and no one was greet- most of the advertised qualifications that were a must. ing people like a secretary. Not a showplace! You were supposed to write and speak Spanish, have col- Bradley did fire or had staff members at SCAS resign lege, have knowledge of the art and Hispanic traditions for greener pastures. That was good. The SCAS website in New Mexico, just to name a few. She didn’t have any was still a disaster. There were problems at Preview and but she was a former employee of the then SCAS Board Market. Preview was a nightmare for some artists with President, Jim Long, and that was the only qualification SCAS Board member Nancy Dimit saying “She was too

12 TRADICIÓN September 2013 stressed to take artwork.” And “She was not the person was thanked and told artists FINALLY got checks. who was suppose to be the front person.” Dimit actually I also found out in the process that Maggie was re- manhandled artists’ work which is a big no-no. Dimit also writing the Standards and Rules to her liking. Besides the didn’t know the Standards and she has been involved fact one person doing it is so illegal, who died and made with them for many years. Two of the pieces she wanted her an expert? She was previously at St. John’s College to keep out of Preview won 1st Place ribbons so either the in Santa Fe running their Spanish Market in February/ judges were wrong or Dimit was wrong. March and had a record of doing a very poor job and not With all this baggage and much more, I decided to ap- knowing the art forms. ply. I emailed my application as prescribed, early, and for Just when I had decided to do other things, an artist insurance and information, I also sent it to a lot of other sent me Maggie’s email about a Fashion Show at Hotel people: artists, SCAS Board members, Mark Rhodes the Albuquerque, October 12. Artists can walk the catwalk President of the SCAS Board, and museum people. with their art! It had to be the stupidest thing I heard that No sooner had I put the application in than one day and made me laugh – a lot! I forwarded it to tons of Market artist then more, told me about an explosive art- people who worked real jobs and needed a laugh! ists’ meeting the night before. One of the issues was that The deadline for the job arrived and I heard through Diana Lujan had spoken to Maggie Magalnick, the Mar- the grapevine that very few people had applied for the ket Director, and Maggie said she had “skimmed” money job. Of course no one has been interviewed to date and off the donations of award ribbon money and put it in maybe they won’t be because I truly think the job has the Education Fund. Education activities have not been been pre-designated. The description was so badly written done for years. It seems that Diana called Charlie Carrillo that many museum people did not want to take a chance because she thought he “ratted out” the information. The and apply for the job. Why would you want to give up a Artist Liaison Committee is confidential. Charlie then full time job with benefits for an iffy job that may be part- called Nick Otero late at night to grill him. Nick was half time and with no benefits and an unknown salary? There asleep. Charlie then spent most of the next day trying to was also the notion that SCAS was dysfunctional. find the leak. With no luck he finally called me to rat-out In early September I heard that SCAS was going to who my sources were – like that was going to happen. charge $6 a head at the door for Winter Market. What Diana could have called me first but it doesn’t work like were they thinking? There is so much wrong with this that. I admit I was nasty and I railed Charlie out and said idea I don’t know where to start. First of all at $6 you need defrauding donors trumps secrecy. Maggie also refused a lot of $1 bills to make change – why not $5? Is $1 so im- to give Diana an accounting of her donated money. I portant to the bottomline? No where had the charge been notified the immediate world what I had learned. Art- listed for people to know but then the Winter Market ists were frustrated. Charlie Carrillo also said that Diana had not been very widely advertised so no one knew it Lujan had told the SCAS Board and Jane Bradley of the was in Albuquerque. After consideration artists at Winter “skimming” but the Board and staff had covered it up. You Market were supposed to be sent 200 free tickets to hand would think the SCAS Board would want to look into the out. SCAS has a very bad track record on getting things to problem but you would be wrong. artists in advance. And think about it, are artists going to In the process of emailing the world I found it got mail tickets out to clients or just give them to family and worse. SCAS had not paid artists for prize awards at neighbors – easy. The final and probably most important Market, three weeks ago, and had not paid for Purchase issue, Winter Market is at a really bad time – Black Friday Award pieces that they took at Market. Usually artists get and Saturday. Friday is a new day for them. Don’t they a check within the week after Market and that was also want to just get people in and not deter them? The choice brought up at the artists’ meeting. They agreed to write a is a mall with big Christmas deals or Winter Market. letter. That has not worked well in the past but there is The future of SCAS and Market is bleak and it always a first time for it to bring results! What is wrong shouldn’t be that way. SCAS needs to lighten up and with telling the SCAS Board or staff to write a check have more than one artist on the SCAS Board. Who NOW and not write a letter? So the question is - was they have on the Board has not worked well for many there no money at SCAS, someone was lazy at SCAS years so why not change? They have little money and no and didn’t bother to write checks to artists, or both? Were excitement. The Peruvian exhibit that was supposed to contractors for the tents, food, spot-a-pots, not being paid? be SCAS’s savior and is of little interest to anyone. SCAS So it came to me – put out a progressive email. The is the oldest Hispanic art organization in the country and premise is easy. I wrote about a paragraph about the used to be popular. No more. Remember when Market problem and sent it first to about four people – SCAS was highly anticipated and SCAS had many members? people. The second one had more people who got the To read the job posting go to www.spanishcolonial- same email and the original people got it again. The next blog.org and under the home page is a section of Execu- email had even more people get it – artists, museum tive Director Search. If more comes to light on this you people, SCAS Board members, media, and SCAS mem- will hear it in TR. bers. After four days artists got checks. Not bad. Everyone TRADICIÓN September 2013 13 Oil base monotype/pastel/litho crayon “Tiernitos” 23½” x 19¼” AnaMaria Samaniego “A sense of place, to remember to enjoy” Participant at Summer Contemporary Hispanic Market

Studio (505) 501-5661 [email protected] AnaMaria Samaniego Winner of the prestigious 2011 Contemporary Hispanic Market “Tradicion Revista Excellence in the Arts” award. For “Bosque”

Awarded First Place in Printmaking at the State Fair Fine Arts in 2012 for “Calabacitas”

“Calabacitas” is the last of a series of salsas that include “Guacamole” and “Pico de Gallo”

Inquires of show dates, art work and studio visits at: [email protected] Studio (505) 501-5661

Oil base monotype “Bosque” 23½” x 19½”

“Siempre Azul” “Ri Grande” Oil base Monotype Oil base Monotype & Pastel & Pastel 23½” x 19½” 23½” x 19½”

Bosque”, “Siempre Azul”, “Rio Grande”, and “Tiernitos”available as an Archival Pigment Print on 100% rag paper. Call for sizes and prices.

Handcolored 4 panel Linocut on Chiri Rice Paper. “Calabacitas” 6” x 16” edition of 20 albuquerque New SW Art Gallery Opens Golden West Trading Company has opened on Rio Grande Blvd just north of Old Town in Albuquerque.

16 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 17 18 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 19 One Nation One Year a navajo photographer’s 365-day journey into a world of discovery, life and hope Photographs by Don James with text by Karyth Becenti 128 pages 213 illustrations; 14 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-99-5 ($24.99) (Trade paper) 2010 Best New Mexico Book, New Mexico Book Awards “One Nation, One Year” is a photographic journey that transcends borders, languages, distance, time, and cultural barriers. For one year, Navajo photographer Don James drove from one side of the Navajo Nation to the other documenting arts, traditions, sports, and people. He travelled by dirt road, horseback, on foot—even as a hitchhiker— for more than 10,000 miles and took over 105,000 photographs. The Navajo Nation and its people have been extensively photographed over the last century, but never from the eye of one of its own. Because he’s native, and knows the land and people, James embarks on a journey to show the world a different view of his culture, through his eyes and his Nikon lens. His understanding of the Navajo gives us a glimpse at a people previously off-limits to outsiders. Edited by Navajo writer Karyth Becenti, the narrative that accompanies the images are succinct and enlightening, offering the viewer the chance to at once see the Navajo people and feel a small piece of their lives. Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

20 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Sunshine & Shadows in NM’s Past Sunshine & Shadows in NM’s Past Volume I: Spanish Colonial & Mexican Periods Volume II: U.S. Territorial Period by Historical Society of New Mexico by Historical Society of New Mexico This series has one main goal: to reveal the sharp contrasts in New Mexico history. As Volume II covers the U.S. Territorial Period from with all states, New Mexico has had its share of 1848 to 1912, including chapters on the early admirable as well as deplorable moments, nei- Territorial Period, the Civil War in New Mexico, ther of which should be ignored or exaggerated Religion, Cultural Encounters, Lawlessness, the at the other’s expense. New Mexico’s true char- Military, Ranching, the Railroad, and Politics acter can only be understood and appreciated and the Drive for Statehood. by acknowledging its varied history, blemishes and all. There are three volumes in this series.

Volume I covers the Spanish Colonial and Mexican Periods from 1540 to 1848, including chapters on Seventeenth Century New Mexico, Race Relations, Gender Roles, Hispanic Wills and Burials, Farming, Ranching and Hunting, the Military, and the Mexican Period. 364 pages-17 illustrations; $18.95/PB (978-1-890689-54-4) 2011 17 illustrations - 364 pages $18.95/PB (978-1-890689-24-7) 2010 Finalist, 2010 New Mexico Winner, 2011 New Mexico Book Awards Book Awards New Mexico History PICK OF THE LIST Rio Grande Books & LPD Press 505.344-9382 925 Salamanca NW www.LPDPress.com [email protected] Los Ranchos, NM 87107-5647

Sunshine & Shadows in NM’s Past New Mexico Historical Biographies Volume IIII: Statehood to Present by Don Bullis by Historical Society of New Mexico Winner, 2012 New Mexico-Arizona Book Awards New Mexico Historical Biographies is an encyclopedia Volume III covers the Statehood Period from of the people of New Mexico—the 1912, including chapters on Statehood, 47th State in the Union. It is a cross- Politics, Law, Order & Mysteries, Culture & section of people who have had an Counterculture, Minorities & Racism, Women & influence on life—and sometimes Children, Health & Science, Infrastructure, and death—in the Land of Enchant- Sports. ment, from the time before the first Europeans arrived around 1540 510 pages-83 illustrations; $19.95/PB until today. There are entries for (978-1-936744-01-5) 2012 over 1,500 people in New Mexico’s history. Possibly the most important book on New Mexico history since Ralph Emerson Twitchell — 100 years ago. Winner, 2012 New Mexico-Arizona Book Awards “Invaluable to historians, history writers, and readers of all sorts.”— Mike Stevenson, SPECIAL DISCOUNT IF YOU PURCHASE President, Historical Society of New Mexico ALL THREE VOLUMES OF SUNSHINE & SHADOWS 852 pages 856 illustrations; 7 x 10 $50.00 — a savings of 14% ISBN 978-1-890689-62-9 ($48.95 pb) 978-1-890689-87-2 ($62.95 hb) 2011

TRADICIÓN September 2013 21 santa fe Legends Gallery Features Herrera Legends Gallery in Santa Fe launched a show of Nicholas Her- rera’s newest works.

22 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 23 24 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 25 Murder, Mystery & Mayhem In the Rio Abajo by Richard Melzer & John Taylor 386 pages; 6 x 9 pb (89 photos) ISBN 978-1-936744-14-5 $24.95

These are but a few of the incidents of murder, mystery, and mayhem that make the Rio Abajo such a treasure trove of intriguing history for local residents and historians alike. This volume is an attempt to preserve some of the most interesting of these many cases of murder, mystery, and mayhem — ranging from heinous murders to bold train robberies, from religious miracles to unsolved mysteries, and from accounts of earthquakes to reports of terrible disease. All took place in the Rio Abajo, defined as Valencia and Socorro counties in north-central New Mexico. So, put on your deerslayer cap and join us as we explore some of the most famous and least-well-known history of New Mexico’s most colorful region, the Rio Abajo. Unsolved New Mexico’s American Valley Ranch Murders & Other Mysteries by Don Bullis 220 pages; 6 x 9 pb (26 photos) ISBN 978-1-936744-07-7 $19.95 There are few subjects that fascinate people as much as New Mexico and a good mystery. New Mexico has always been an enigmatic place, filled with rich history. This book explores and examines forty-four of New Mexico’s most baffling myster- UNSOLVED ies, which lure the curious and beg for investigation even though their solutions New Mexico’s American Valley Ranch Murders have eluded experts, many for decades. Many relate to the death or disappearance of & Other Mysteries some of the best-known lawmen and outlaws in history — Sheriffs Pat Garrett, Les Dow, and William Brady, as well as Jesse Evans, Russian Bill Tethenborn, Bronco Bill Walters, and Mysterious Dave Mather, while others involve mysterious tales and legends of lost mines and treasures. And who can forget the UFO incident at Roswell? All this told by a former lawman and journalist who is one of the region’s leading historians, Don Bullis; Bullis also happens to be an award-winning author of over a Don Bullis dozen best-selling books on New Mexico’s past. Introduction by Anne Hillerman

Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com 26 TRADICIÓN September 2013 How Hollyhocks Came to New Mexico by Rudolfo Anaya with illustrations by Nicolás Otero and translation by Nasario García HOW HOLLYHOCKS CAME TO NEW MEXICO is a fanciful folk tale that helps explain the beautiful ﬂ owers that can be seen in all parts of New Mexico in the summer and fall. Escaping Herod’s wrath, Sueño, the angel, by mistake takes the Holy Family to New Mexico. Acclaimed author and teacher Rudolfo Anaya blends history in this tale that shows how different cultures can work together peacefully and respect the land we all need. Rudolfo Anaya, the premiere Hispanic author in the U.S., has won many awards including the National Endowment for the Arts Medal of the Arts Lifetime Achievement Award for his writing. He is a native New Mexican and has written many books for adults and children including: The Santero’s Miracle, The Farolitos of Christmas, The First Tortilla, and the book that started it all, Bless Me Ultima. Nicolás Otero, an award-winning santero (a painter and carver of religious art in New Mexico), exhibits in Traditional Spanish Market in Santa Fe as well as the Heard Museum Spanish Market in Phoenix. He teaches middle school art and lives in Los Lunas with his wife and new baby. Nasario García, an award-winning author and teacher, documents oral histories of New Mexico. His latest books include Fe y Tragedias and An Indelible Imprint. He is a longtime friend of Rudolfo and lives in Santa Fe with his wife.

REVIEWS “... a charming new children’s book.” — Albuquerque Journal, De- cember 2, 2012 “I think they have a winer with this one!” — Corrales Comment, No- vember 23, 2012 “...nailed it in terms of presenting a very New Mexico feel ...” Santa Fe 47 pages 45 color illustrations; 8 x 10 New Mexican, November 2012 ISBN 978-1-936744-12-1 ($24.95 hb) “Meet,AWARDS Greet & Sign” Book Events NovemberWinner, Children’s 25, 2012 Fiction, — National 2-4pm, Federation Santa Fe ofPublic Press Women,Library 2013Community FirstRoom, Place, Children’s 145 Washington Fiction, New Ave, Mexico Santa Press Fe, NMWomen, 2013 DecemberWinner, Children’s 8, 2012 Book, — Southwest3-4:30pm, Book Bookworks, Design & Production 4022 Rio Award,Grande 2013 Blvd Pablita Velarde Award, Outstanding Children’s Book, Historical Society of NM, 2013 SilverNW, Finalist Albuquerque, Cover Design, NM Children’s/Young Adult, Ben Franklin Book Awards, 2013 DecemberFinalist, Children’s 14, 2012 Picture — Book,6-8pm, Hardcover Museum Fiction, of Heritage 2013 International & Arts, 251 Book Main Awards Rio Grande Books Finalist,St, Los Best Lunas, Interior NM Design, International Book Awards, 2013 925 Salamanca NW Silver Medal Children’s Illustrated Book (Grades 3-6), Nautilus Book Awards, 2013 Los Ranchos, NM 87107 Finalist, Best Latino Children’s Picture Book, Intern’l Latino Book Awards, 2013 505-344-9382 Runner Up Children’s Picture Book, Great Southwest Book Festival, 2013 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com TRADICIÓN September 2013 27 santa fe Contemporary Hispanic Market Previews Best Art

28 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 29 30 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 31 32 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 33 34 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 35 36 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 37 santa fe Traditional Market Preview

38 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 39 40 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 41 42 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 43 44 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 45 46 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 47 48 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 49 50 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 51 52 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 53

santa fe Summer Market Contemporary Hispanic and Traditional Spanish Colonial Mar- kets feature the best in today’s artists.

56 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 57 58 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 59 60 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 61 62 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 63 64 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 65 66 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 67 68 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 69 70 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 71 72 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 73 74 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 75 THE RAILROAD

Aby Vernon New J. Glover Mexico Railroad Tale Only rarely does the lore of the sections of the Rio Grande follow- New York, and Chicago before the railroad cross paths with the folk- ing extensive surveys of the coun- fire of 1900. The story of the lost lo- lore of New Mexico. The story of tryside and potential sources of comotive could now be confirmed a locomotive lost in a Rio Grande revenue. The railroad laid its tracks from railroad company records and flood is one such instance. The tale on the valley floor from Santo Do- other sources. of the lost locomotive is one of the mingo south to San Marcial. From Our story begins in June 1885. As legends of the Rio Grande valley of that point the line climbed to the it unfolded over a span of years, it southern New Mexico. From time east side mesa and followed the Jor- came to involve three separate lo- to time the story is told anew, and nada del Muerto south. From Point comotives. The first was No. 196, a on occasion has prompted futile of Rocks the tracks followed large passenger locomotive of thirty-sev- efforts to recover the locomotive. draw down to the river at the junc- en tons weight, built in 1881 by the As recently as the 1990s, a project tion of Rincon. One route ran west Hinkley locomotive works in Bos- was created to locate, recover, and to Deming, and the other followed ton as one of a group of twelve such display the lost locomotive and its the east side of the Rio Grande to locomotives. This was the locomo- train at a local museum. The plan El Paso. This second line was par- tive actually lost in the floods of called for a magnetometer survey ticularly susceptible to the annual 1885. The second locomotive, No. to locate the steel locomotive and floods of the Rio Grande and its 194, was another member of the guide archaeologists to the site for tributaries. Hinkley group. Although otherwise a big dig to unearth the train. Sto- Much of the nineteenth centu- identical to No. 196, this particu- ries traded among the folks in the ry history of the railroad was lost lar locomotive by 1885 had gained valley south of Rincon had already when the Topeka (Kansas) General an undesirable reputation among narrowed the location to a particu- Office Building burned in 1900. railroad men and was known as a lar farmer’s field even before the Over time, a number of efforts were “hoodoo” engine. The third loco- proposed high-tech survey. Propos- made to recreate the lost details of motive was No. 361, a product of als and grant requests in great detail construction and operation, no- the railroad’s Topeka shops, built in were written and distributed, but tably works compiled by John M. 1887 as a replacement for the lost the project came to a sudden halt Meade in 1919 and Joseph Weidel locomotive. when the landowner prohibited en- in the late 1930s. Additional mate- All three of the locomotives were try onto his land. He did not want rial was gathered in the 1980s when of the classic American type, with his crops disturbed, and the loco- all surviving company records were four leading wheels, four great driv- motive was never found. Was there gathered into a single archive at the ing wheels, and no trailing wheels, a locomotive and train buried in Kansas State Historical Society in or 4-4-0 type in railroader short- this field? It is time for historians to Topeka. Among the materials were hand. All burned coal for fuel, as it uncover the truth. files from corporate offices once was mined in New Mexico. located in Boston, New York, and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Chicago. The materials were or- Locomotive No. 196 Fe Railroad ganized and cataloged by Connie No. 196 was normally a passenger The Santa Fe Railroad, as it was Menninger, revealing a great deal of locomotive. In June 1885, however, popularly known, built its main once-lost information that had been she was heading a short work train line through New Mexico through copied and sent out from Topeka to north of Las Cruces in the charge the most populous and productive distant executive offices in Boston, of engineer Charlie Wing and fire-

76 TRADICIÓN September 2013 The photograph shows Hinkley locomotive No. 195, sister engine to those in this tale. It is seen at Lamy, N. M., in this tightly cropped image by J. R. Riddle from the collection of Fred Springer.

man Ed Worle. On the evening of able to discover the locomotive’s co railroading. June 16 the train, consisting of the resting place twenty-five feet deep In its short lifetime, No. 194 was locomotive and two flat cars carry- in the watery sand near what be- involved in a series of catastrophic ing laborers, was returning to Las came the opposite bank of the river. wrecks fatal to its crewmen. The Cruces. Between Fort Selden and They accomplished the discovery first of these disasters occurred on Doña Ana the short train rounded through the means of probing the August 13, 1881, when the west- a sharp curve and the engineer saw sand with long iron rods. At the bound emigrant train No. 105, not the open track he expected but time, however, it was decided that pulled by locomotive No. 194, a broad expanse of water where the the cost of unearthing and raising fell through the Arroyo del Pecos track had been that morning. There the locomotive was not justified by bridge just north of Las Vegas. The was no chance of stopping, and the its estimated value of $7,600. As a engine went into the deep arroyo locomotive ran into the water and result the locomotive was consid- and several cars of the train went in began to sink. Fortunately, the train ered to be lost and was written off on top of it. Both enginemen were crew and all of the laborers man- the books. killed. The train consisted of a gon- aged to scramble to solid ground dola of loose truck wheels, a flat car as the train entered the water. The Locomotive No. 194 of coal, a boxcar of merchandise, locomotive sank out of sight in the Soon after No. 196 was officially a flat of railroad iron, and a box- swirling currents of the flood stage declared lost, the AT&SF manage- car of furniture, all of which ran in Rio Grande. ment changed the identity of Hin- on top of the locomotive and were Although the river permanently kley locomotive from No. 194 to completely wrecked. The remain- changed its course that year, rail- No. 196. Behind this curious action ing cars of the train stayed on the road engineers and surveyors were lay another tale of early New Mexi- rails—five boxcars of merchandise, TRADICIÓN September 2013 77 a box-baggage car, and two passen- stood on A T & S F rails. Instead of So ended company record of the ger coaches. Despite the damage all a rusted hulk, however, the rescuers locomotive once lost in the Rio around, No. 194 was repaired and found a nearly undamaged locomo- Grande. The actual locomotive was quickly returned to service. tive, covered with “a yellow slime,” recovered and returned to service During July 1885, No. 194 han- but with metal work and even paint with, your writer believes, inten- dling a passenger train went into a intact. It was quickly taken to the tionally confusing changes of num- washout below Wallace (later Do- Topeka shops and returned to full bers. By then, however, it had also mingo) station, overturning the lo- operation. entered the folklore of the lower comotive and ending in a fire that Company managers seem to have Rio Grande valley. Its career on the destroyed a baggage car. Both en- been caught by surprise by the re- railroad lasted until 1914, when it ginemen were killed in this wreck. covery of the lost locomotive. The was sold for scrap. Its haunted sis- Although further details are lack- auditor’s report indicates that old ter locomotive remained in service ing, the Las Vegas Daily Optic of July No. 196 was cleaned up, repaired, through 1898, but was off the roster 20, 1885, declared that No. 194 was and returned to service as No. 361. by 1900. The Topeka shops locomo- “hoodooed,” having killed seven About a year later, apparently to tive of 1886 was sold to another rail- enginemen in its lifetime. Railroad- group similar locomotives togeth- road prior to 1907. ers took this reputation seriously, er, the recovered locomotive was giving management an incentive changed to No. 194 on November Sources to change the locomotive’s identity. 30, 1887. And, on December 14, H. C. Clements, Auditor, Topeka, Kansas, And so they did, placing “No. 194” 1887, the new Topeka shops loco- to J. P. Whitehead, Esq., Comptroller, December 21, 1887, Boston, Mas- on the destroyed list and repainting motive built in 1886 was changed to sachusetts. the locomotive as No. 196. No. 361. Hollander, Kate. Project Summary, New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Locomotive No. 361 Museum, Las Cruces, 1996. In 1886, a new locomotive was Las Vegas Daily Optic, August 13, 1881; built at the railroad’s Topeka work- July 20, 1885. shops. It was completed on Octo- Rio Grande Republican (Las Cruces), De- cember 5, 1885. ber 28, 1886. Although it was later Topeka State Journal, March 22, 1887. numbered 361 it first went into ser- Worley, E. D. Iron Horses of the Santa Fe Trail. vice as No. 194. For those interested Dallas: Southwest Railroad Historical in such details, the cost of the new Society, 1965. Topeka-built locomotive was listed as follows: material, $5,254.88; la- Vernon J. Glover is a retired manu- bor, 3,853.23; total cost, $9,108.11. facturing engineer who came to New Mexico many years ago. The Rest of the Story Southwestern railroads attracted Although the AT&SF had official- his interests, as many of them were little known outside the area. His ly abandoned the lost locomotive, it studies led to many sources and was not in the tight-fisted manage- forgotten archives of historical and ment to forget all about it. During technical materials containing New Mexico history. These materials the final months of 1886 a contract This essay is excerpted from Sunshine and published works now form a and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: was given to a New Mexico man to tightly-focused library of railroad The U.S. Territorial Period 1848-1912, recover the locomotive if possible. and industrial history of the South- published in collaboration with the Histori- west. He plans to convert his re- After about two months of ardu- cal Society of New Mexico. The book can be search into book-length treatments ous labor, this was accomplished ordered from Rio Grande Books or online at of many New Mexico railroads. and Hinkley No. 196 once more Amazon.com. 78 TRADICIÓN September 2013 chama To 10,015 Feet & Back Excursion on the Cumbres & Toltec Railroad in Chama, took passengers from Chama to the Cumbress Pass and back for a wonderful trip through the high country.

80 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 81 82 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 83 84 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Cristina Hernández Tinwork

Contemporary Reverse & Traditional Glass Design Painting

Cristina Hernández Feldewert 18 Paseo del Caballo • Santa Fe, NM 87508 505.473-2952 • [email protected] TRADICIÓN September 2013 85 Our Saints Among Us Revisted in Silver City: A Journal of An Exhibit by Barbe Awalt It was ordained by the saints. really? I said the exhibit toured in In April 2013, Paul Rhetts and eleven locations in five states and I were in Silver City for a Literacy we took a break – about a thirteen Alive event and unveiling of the year break! We were burned out new book, Young Voices of Silver City. and wanted our art home. But Our stay was in the Broadway we were ready for a change Bed & Breakfast across the and frankly, getting street from the Silver City some of the art out Museum. We had about an allowed me to do hour to fill before our next some repainting. So event and walked across that fast we had an the street to the Silver City agreement. Museum. Originally, the exhibit What we found was a charm- was supposed to open the end ing, smallish, regional museum with of October or November but a great gift shop and a chance to see quickly it was moved up to the exhibits up close. Every first week in September. town and village needs We did not know to have a museum to until later that the showcase the local his- Museum was talk- tory and house traveling about having ing exhibits. This was a santo show so it one of the best. We was a timely contact. have also seen little We also did not know gems in Los Lunas that this show was with the Los Lunas to be major Museum of Heritage for the & Art, Gallup at the Mu- Cultural Center, and Española with the Cultural Center and Museum. So I took a chance and sent the Our Saints Among Us book and told the Silver City Museum about the exhibit when we returned home. Immediately, the Silver City Museum Director, Tracey Spikes, called and said

86 TRADICIÓN September 2013 seum and the town of Silver City. Driving from Albuquerque was five The trailer was emptied right before I set a schedule to pack, measure, hours, with unpacking the trailer. a thunderstorm and we were shown and value pieces for three pieces Two and a half days to unwrap, the spaces to fill. a day. Non-museum people don’t install, and label ready for the open- Tom had made five, large panels know that not only do pieces have ing for members of Friday, September that attached to the walls. The art had to be wrapped and packed but 6, at 3pm with the public opening to be hung from hanging wires that measured valued and written up for at 4pm. We also had a booksigning went to a bar so the panels in one catalogues, the media, or information during the openings. It was a busy room facilitated crosses, Guadalupes, labels at the exhibit. We had done all schedule, almost impossible, but Santa Libradas, Christmas images, of that for the book and we had done it in other venues and other assorted santos. The jew- other exhibits but new with more art so we were not elry and small pieces were in one pieces were virgin freaked out though the Silver pedestal. Other santos from Charlie and had never been City Museum staff was. But I Carrillo, Victor Goler, Nick Otero, documented. And there kept telling them no problem Marie Romero Cash, Charlie Sanchez, were a lot of never- – it is under control! Ramon Jose Lopez, Bill Cabrera, Ar- been-seen pieces that The text for labels and insur- lene Cisneros Sena, Sylvia Martinez I wanted to take. There ance values of ALL pieces had to Johnson, Alcario Otero, and others is also the problem of be sent the middle of August to the were spread through the two rooms. putting an exhibit in Silver City Museum. So nothing gets Most of the lithographs and a space (actually two added at that point. For newbies on monoprints from Victor Goler, Char- large rooms) that had exhibits you can negotiate anything lie Carrillo, Krissa Lopez, Roán Car- been seen once. We but usually you receive hotel stay rillo, Nick Herrera, Luis Tapia, Anita also had no idea about to curate the show and events and Romero Jones, and Felix Lopez were wall to wall insurance of the art. displayed in the “red room.” There The Silver City Museum was very was also a watercolor from Charlie accommodating and in fact the Carrillo used as the art for his fourth jewelry by artists like Ralph Sena, Christmas ornament. Of course the Juan Lopez, Michelle Tapia, Ramona “red room” could not be complete Vigil-Eastwood, and many others without the crowd pleasers – “The was sent early with Literacy Alive Los Alamos Death Truck” from Nick Director Sharleen Dougherty who Herrera and the “DeVargas Organic was visiting in Albuquerque. The ad- Foods Truck” from Charlie Carrillo. vantage was the Museum got it with For two days we placed art in no worries and a few pieces were a the two rooms and worked on the problem to display. I wanted them labeling. The time went quickly and to see them in advance and it was a full day of work. The last think about them. day was a crunch – get all the work I also told them we were ready and identifying labels up. The probably bringing more art member’s reception and then the than was needed but it gave all public reception was accompanied of us a little ability to pick the by a book signing of Our Saints Among perfect pieces. The day before the Us and our other books. drive we had to load the art in the On Saturday, before we headed trailer. You don’t want expensive art out of town, we conducted a gallery sitting in a trailer to steal and heat talk about the exhibit and stories pedestals or made the loading up last minute. The about the saints. The one question stands. trailer originally had a large shelf in asked both days was “who is Santa The other it to handle art transfer but that had Librada? We have never heard of factor that most long been taken out to house a hot- her!” The exhibit is a chance for art- people do not air balloon and books. ists to get the art seen in a place that internalize that Packing was the usual pain and it has not had as much contact with the whole exhibit was 90+ degrees. santeros. One half of the population has to be delivered, The drive was non-problematic of Silver City is Hispanic. This is also unpacked, arranged, and we arrived at the front door of a chance for us to share our saints installed, and labeled the Silver City Museum after lunch. with the public. in a few days. We had Curator of Exhibits, Tom Oberg A Special Thanks to the staff at the three and a half days. quickly helped us bring things in. Silver City Museum! TRADICIÓN September 2013 87 silver city A Santo Show Comes Together

88 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 89 90 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 91 92 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 93 94 TRADICIÓN September 2013 TRADICIÓN September 2013 95 John F. Perea

96 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Art shows: Contemporary Hispanic Market New Mexico Arts and Crafts Hispano De Colores Santa Fe Renaissance New Mexico State Fair

John F. Perea Art Works 575-512-6038 575-472-5095 TRADICIÓN [email protected] 2013 97 chiles, frijoles and bizcochitos Recording, Preserving and Promoting New Mexico’s Culinary Heritage by Cheryl Foote

When New Mexicans celebrate But between 1890 and 1940, chang- “chilly verde” she “could not eat a the centennial of statehood in 2012, ing attitudes about the Southwest dish so strong and unaccustomed green chile and bizcochitos likely and its early inhabitants, an inter- to my palate.”2 That same year, Lt. will be on the menu. No matter their national exposition, and state and William Emory recalled that his ethnic background, class, or place federal influences helped to create first mouthful of chile “brought the of birth, state residents regularly en- a more positive perception of New tears trickling down my cheeks, joy “New Mexican” specialities, and Mexican cuisine. Hispanic and very much to the amusement of visitors taste the local favorites as a Anglo-American women partici- the spectators with their leather- quintessential part of their south- pated in this transformation when lined throats.”3 Four decades later, western experience. New Mexican they wrote articles and cookbooks his hosts set before Charles F. Lum- food is big business for the state. that preserved and promoted New mis a cup of coffee, a tortilla, and “a New Mexico is the nation’s leader in Mexican foods, creating a compen- smoking platter of apparent stewed growing chile, the key ingredient in dium of New Mexico cookery. Sig- tomatoes.” He went on to say that, many dishes, and in 2009 the crop nificantly, these works include the “I ladled a liberal supply from the was valued at $57.4 million.1 New first public documents authored by platter to my plate and swallowed Mexican food products – canned, Hispanas in New Mexico. In addi- the first big spoonful at a gulp. And dried, and frozen – are marketed tion, this literature demonstrates then I sprang up with a howl of nationwide. And New Mexico has that cookery played a role in the pain.… My mouth and throat were a two state vegetables (the chile and creation of a regional identity, much consumed with living fire, and my the pinto bean), a state cookie (the as did architecture, arts and crafts, stomach was a pit of boiling tor- bizcochito) and even a state ques- music and pagentry. And the col- ture. . . I rushed from the house and tion (red or green?) In fact, New lection also reveals the processes of plunged into a snowbank, biting the Mexican food is as much a part of modernization and acculturation at snow to quench that horrible inner our regional identity as architec- work in the domestic sphere. fire.… That was...chile colorado.”4 ture, art, and Billy the Kid. In the nineteenth century, most Thus, American fare made in- A century ago, though, it was by Anglo-Americans were wary of un- roads into the territory because no means clear that New Mexican familiar foods. When they arrived Anglo women were reluctant to ex- cuisine would be celebrated as a in New Mexico with the opening of periment with new and exotic dish- distinctive and delicious part of the the Santa Fe Trail in 1821, travelers es, and often elite Hispano families Southwest and its peoples. While took their meals in private homes who interacted with Americans New Mexican cooks prepared fa- since there were no restaurants. Al- demonstrated their refinement by miliar dishes for their families, though they universally praised the serving American food. For exam- many early Anglo visitors initially generosity of their hosts, they were ple, when Venceslao Jaramillo, son showed little enthusiasm for the not so complimentary about the of a prominent family in northern food. As Anglo population in- food. Accustomed to bland tastes, New Mexico married Cleofas Mar- creased, new technologies and new they were not ready for chile. For tinez, the wedding banquet featured tastes threatened to relegate New example, in 1846, Susan Magof- chicken salad, ice cream, and elabo- Mexican dishes to the back burners. fin wrote that when she was served rate cakes.5

98 TRADICIÓN September 2013 The railroad arrived in the ter- women, such as Myra Bradwell, the querque put together a fund-raising ritory in 1879, bringing a boom in first woman admitted to the prac- cookbook that included a section population and increasing Anglo tice of law in the U.S., and Frances called “Spanish recipes.” Two prom- influence. By then though people Willard, founder of the Women’s inent Hispanas contributed “Chiles who had spent some time in the Christian Temperance Union.8 New Rellenos” and “Enchiladas.” Charles Southwest were gaining an appre- Mexico sent Cora Bartlett, wife of a Lummis also assembled a charity ciation for the local offerings. Those well-known attorney and political cookbook that featured New Mexi- who did had to hire or observe local leader in Santa Fe, and Franc Luse can recipes. Since his first encoun- cooks to learn how to prepare the Albright, a noted photographer and ter with chile, Lummis had changed dishes, because there were no writ- proprietor of The Art Studio in Al- his mind. He had visited and dined ten recipes to follow. New Mexi- buquerque.9 with Manuel Chaves and his wife can cooks had learned by watching The women of the fair also pro- Vicenta and recalled that the food and working side by side with their duced a cookbook entitled Favor- on Vicenta’s table was “abundant mothers, grandmothers, neighbors ite Dishes. A Columbian Autograph and very good,” even the “delightful and servants. As soldiers in the Souvenir Cookery Book. Charity chile.”12 U.S. army welcomed the spicy and cookbooks such as this one had be- Now an aficionado of the Spanish flavorful dishes of New Mexico, a come commonplace since the Civil Southwest, he hoped to raise money change from their monotonous diet War as a way for women’s organiza- to save the missions of California by of “beef every day,” they clamored tions to make money. Carrie Shu- publishing a cookbook. In 1903 The for their favorites when they were man, the cookbook’s editor, sought Landmark Club Cookbook appeared reassigned.6 .In response, the Man- recipes from the lady managers with a chapter devoted to “Spanish- ual for Army Cooks in 1896 featured and their friends. Several Hispanas American Dishes” and such recipes recipes for salza, frijoles, “Spanish responded, including Vicenta La- as “Bernalillo Chili Sauce.”13 stew,” stuffed chiles, and tamales, badie de Chaves, who offered (in How much money these ventures among the first published recipes Spanish) “Pollo con Arroz,” “Pollo raised is impossible to say, and it is for such dishes in the U.S.7 con Tomates,” “Tamales de Dulce,” also difficult to determine whether At the same time, New Mexico’s and “Tamales de Chile.” Vicenta was people who bought the books began Bureau of Immigration sought married to Manuel Chaves, famous to use the recipes. However, other to attract investors to the region, for his contribution to the Union evidence suggests that New Mexi- and New Mexico was becoming a cause during the Civil War and for can foods were gaining a following. tourist destination because of its his success in fighting the Apaches.10 Entrepreneurs saw a growing mar- distinctive cultures and history. In an interesting example of cross- ket for products like chile if it could In 1893, New Mexico’s economic cultural exchange, Teresa Armijo de be canned. Green chile, in particu- promise and varied cultures were Symington sent recipes for “Sweet- lar, was largely a seasonal speciality, unveiled before a large audience at breads and Oysters” and “Curry of and canning would offer a supply the Columbian Exposition in Chi- Chicken in Puffs,.”while Franc Al- of green chile year round. But early cago. New Mexico shared a pavil- bright contributed “Mexican Enchi- efforts to can chiles in New Mexico ion with Arizona and Oklahoma ladas.” These first published recipes failed in part because of the vari- in the “White City” on the banks of New Mexican dishes also include ability of the chile. Fabián García, a of Lake Michigan, and nearby a the first published recipes from His- scientist at the new College of Ag- Woman’s Building showcased ex- panic women in the Southwest and riculture in Mesilla, thought that if hibits of women’s scientific, artistic, in the nation.11 he could standardize the chiles and and scientific achievements. Each Soon, New Mexican recipes ap- make them milder, “consumption state and territory selected a slate peared in two other charity cook- would increase among the Anglo of “Lady Managers,” among them books. In 1899, the women of St. population,” according to Paul Bo- some of America’s most prominent John’s Episcopal Church in Albu- sland of New Mexico State Univer- TRADICIÓN September 2013 99 sity. By 1913, García had produced readers that authentic knowledge supper” to “a sated tourist seeking a chile that became identified as the and expertise in preparing New a new local flavor , [or] a resident New Mexican pod type, one that Mexican dishes resides with the with an acquired, but no less sin- García said was “larger, smoother, “native house-wife” (meaning His- cere, taste for the highly seasoned fleshier, more tapering, and shoul- panic, not Native American). In dishes of the Southwest, or a native, derless…for canning purposes.”14 other words, authentic New Mexi- to the chile born.” And she assured This new variety of chile “became can Hispanas produced authen- her readers that they would be the chile standard until 1950 and tic New Mexican food.17 Yet at the served “the genuine Mexican dish- helped established {sic} the Mexi- same time she encouraged people es, cooked in the traditional man- can food industry in the United of other backgrounds to prepare ner by a native woman.” The limited States.” Meanwhile Emilio Ortega, the dishes even though their au- menu included enchiladas, tamales, who had lived in Albuquerque for thenticity would rest on ingredi- and frijoles.20 Still, a visit to the En- a year in the mid-1890s, began can- ents and techniques. A skilled cook chilada House might have been too ning chiles successfully in Califor- herself, she was confident enough daring for some tourists who pre- nia in 1906.15 Within a few years, to declaim emphatically about the ferred more familiar culinary expe- milder, standardized canned green proper use of chile, noting that “in riences. Since the 1880s the name chile was available in many parts of preparing dishes made with chile, of Fred Harvey had been associ- the country. But no cookbooks then two prominent DON’Ts are impor- ated with restaurants and hotels in emerged from García’s work or that tant factors. DON’T use ground the region, but though Harvey proof Emilio Ortega. chile, and DON’T use either seeds moted many aspects of Southwest- After New Mexico became a state of skins of the pods under any cir- ern culture, and helped to launch a in 1912, interest in the area’s busi- cumstances whatever.”18 Unfortu- revival of Native American arts and ness and agricultural potential ac- nately, distribution of Tipton’s book crafts, his businesses offered little in celerated. In 1916, Alice Stevens was stopped when a state court en- the way of local food. Even as late Tipton, in charge of the publicity joined the Land Office from using as 1951, the menu for the “The New department of the State Land Of- its funds to advertise and scuttled Mexican Room” at the La Fonda fice,16 decided that a cookbook the project. Few copies of it are still hotel in Santa Fe featured only one could promote the state’s agricul- extant, and it is doubtful that many mention of chile or any other re- tural products. So she wrote New people saw it or used it. However, gional dish.21 Mexico Cookery. Designed as pro- the manuscript survived and in the Wary tourists were not the only motional literature, New Mexico 1930s the State Tourist Bureau re- ones skeptical of New Mexican Cookery targeted Anglo-American printed the recipes and distributed food. Even as boosters of agricul- audiences interested in using local them. The volume was finally re- tural development and tourism products to produce local dishes. printed in 1965.19 and state agencies promoted local However, for Tipton and the writ- By the 1920s, tasting New Mexi- dishes, home economists and medi- ers who followed her in the 1930s can food was becoming something cal experts expressed their worries and early 1940s, New Mexican food of a required experience for adven- about the diets of New Mexicans, was a product of ethnicity rather turous tourists. In 1921, American especially the rural poor. Despite than geography. New Mexican food Cookery featured an article by a the growth in population, tourism, came from the culture of Hispanic travel writer who visited Albuquer- and business opportunities, New New Mexicans, and she and later que and ate at a “famous” local res- Mexico remained largely a rural writers virtually ignored the influ- taurant. She wrote that if one were state, and the majority of Anglos, ence of the Native Americans in to “patronize the Enchilada House,” Hispanics, and Native Americans the region. She also introduced a one would find that its clientele in New Mexico were, according to paradox with which later writers ranged from those who came “in... one historian, “desperately poor.”22 would also contend. She cautioned evening dress for an after-theater In particular, Hispanic families 100 TRADICIÓN September 2013 had seen their farmland shrink some of them became involved in with New Mexican cuisine.30 and many men in Hispanic com- the preservation of New Mexican As interest in New Mexican crafts munities left their communities for culture–at least their interpretation and culture grew, women not only seasonal employment elsewhere. of it. They lobbied for the “restora- cooked and served food to tourists, The federal Smith-Lever act estab- tion” of the Palace of the Governors but some also began to write about lished the New Mexico Agricultural and federal protection for Bandelier New Mexico’s culinary heritage. Extension Service (AES) in 191423 National Monument, while Santa In 1933, New Mexico Magazine, to help families remain on their Fe became known as “The City the publication of the Department farms while introducing them to Different.”27 Tradition and tourism of Tourism, featured an article by modern agricultural techniques. became related themes in the pro- Elizabeth Willis De Huff, another The AES hired home economists motion of regional arts and crafts. founding member of the Spanish to instruct women in more mod- Enamored of a romantic vision of Colonial Arts Society and an asso- ern techniques for preserving and the Spanish colonial past, in 1925 ciate of Mary Austin. In “Cookery preparing the products of their writer Mary Austin and artist Frank As of Old,” De Huff established the farms for home consumption. Most Applegate founded the Spanish Co- authenticity of her narrative and home economists distrusted “eth- lonial Arts Society to promote the recipes by observing two women nic foods”, and even officials of the preservation and revival of tradi- of Santa Fe, “Señora Espinosa de U.S. Public Health service believed tional crafts. They hoped that lo- Gonzales” and “Señora Flores” pre- that many New Mexicans did not cal residents might reproduce the pare the dishes she then described. understand modern ideas about furniture and religious arts of their Reminding her audience that New nutrition because they depended ancestors and sell their products Mexican foods are “distinctively a on “highly seasoned foods.”24 En- to tourists. To that end, the Soci- type of their own,” she cautioned couraging the adoption of more ety held “Spanish Market” each that the success of those dishes re- mainstream “American” diets and summer in Santa Fe.28 Austin was lied on the culinary prowess of these trying to ensure adequate food sup- interested in “reviving cookery as “women clever in the arts of early plies year round, between 1916 and well as other old arts” but for some Spanish cookery.” But she went on 1918 home economists, including reason her plans did not material- to challenge her readers to experi- Gertrude Espinosa, began to teach ize.29 However, a few years later, a ment with the recipes, reminding women to can.25 A few Hispanas group of philanthropists under the them that “in trying them out one took up canning on a limited ba- leadership of Leonora Curtin estab- has a delightful feeling of daring sis, but the home economists were lished the Native Market in Santa and exhilaration–that feeling that discouraged that most women con- Fe, where artists and craftsmen always comes when exploring new tinued their traditional methods could market their work on a year fields.” She also introduced a theme of drying. Many probably lacked round basis. The facility included a that other writers soon would echo, the means to purchase the canning bar, a bandstand for live entertain- lamenting that what made New kettles or jars, but home economists ment, and an “authentic leather and Mexico’s culture unique and exotic also noted that in the north women wood tortilla mill,” that produced was in peril because of modern in- “relied on chile as their main cash the masa for tortillas. In addition, novations. She wrote nostalgically and credit crop.”26 Despite the initial the site featured two restaurants, El about a “delightful ancient kitchen” lack of success, by the 1930s Agri- Restaurante del Parian and La Co- in a New Mexican home whose cultural Extension service would cinita, and provided stalls where modernization–including “built-in revive its efforts to teach women to farmers could sell produce in sea- cupboards” and “a real sink and a can, and this later work would lead son. In the six years that the market stove”--threatened the survival of to several cookbooks. operated, it became a popular gath- what she termed “Native Culinary Meanwhile, the stream of new- ering place for locals and another A r t .” 31 comers to the region continued and place where tourists experimented Two years later, De Huff pub- TRADICIÓN September 2013 101 lished “Intriguing Mexican Dishes” ous preparation.” Finally, Fergusson Cabeza de Baca agreed that can- in Holland’s, The Magazine of the played her trump card–she noted ning was a superior method of food South, featuring much of the same that a domestic science teacher had preservation. Why these women so text and some of the same photos tested all of the recipes. What could opposed the traditional methods of as her article in New Mexico Mag- be more modern than the expertise drying food is not readily apparent, azine. In her first article, De Huff of a trained professional, precise especially since canning required portrayed her Hispana speakers as lists of ingredients, streamlined in- financially strapped homemak- not-quite-proficient in English, but structions, and labor-saving devic- ers to buy canning equipment and in the second De Huff used a de- es? Indeed, Fergusson had found a jars. Probably they hesitated to say meaning dialect for her informants winning combination of a subject openly that they thought canning that is painful to read today. Later, of regional interest, recipes from was more hygienic than drying, Cleofas Jaramillo recalled that she authoritative sources, and modern where fruits and vegetables were found the article so “deficient as to convenience. Her book sold well to exposed to dirt and insects. In any knowledge of our Spanish cooking” tourists, but it also was very popu- event, Cabeza de Baca became that she decided to write a cook- lar with the growing Anglo popula- convinced that for women to learn book of her own.32 tion of New Mexico and likely with to can successfully, they needed Before Jaramillo and several some Hispanas as well. It remains written instructions to which they other Hispanas penned their own in print in its fourteenth edition in could refer–an indication that liter- cookbooks, however, another An- 2011.34 acy among women had become the glo author more sensitive than De At the same time that Fergus- norm since the expansion of pub- Huff took up the subject of New son was modernizing some New lic and sectarian schools in the late Mexican food. Erna Fergusson, Mexican dishes, modern influ- nineteenth century. So in 1931 she born and raised in Albuquerque, ences accelerated in the kitchens of wrote Boletin de Conservar that pro- was a respected writer and the northern New Mexico as the AES vided, in Spanish, detailed recipes founder of Koshare Tours, a com- revived programs to improve the and instructions for canning fruits, pany that provided tours to Indian diet of poor Hispanics. As in earlier vegetables, jams and jellies and sta- pueblos and historic sites. Her Mex- decades, home economists empha- ples of the mainstream American ican Cookbook appeared in 1934.33 sized new technologies as well as diet. No recipes for the volume’s few Ferguson claimed authority for her economy, nutrition, and cleanliness, New Mexican dishes (tamales and recipes when she noted that most of and many remained very skepti- carne con chile) were included (it them came from Doña Lola Chaves cal of spicy “foreign” dishes. For- was assumed women knew how to de Armijo, a member of the very tunately, however, in 1929 a native prepare them) but canning instruc- prominent Chaves family. In Fer- New Mexican was assigned to the tions were furnished for those local gusson’s book, which contains many villages of northern New Mexico. favorites.36 more recipes than either Tipton or Fabiola Cabeza de Baca embraced When the popular publication DeHuff’s works, she, like the earlier new methods without losing an was revised and expanded four writers, acknowledged that prepar- appreciation for traditions and her years later, more New Mexican ing authentic dishes had been time- love of New Mexican dishes. Dur- dishes with recipes were featured. consuming and difficult. But she ing her long career, she wrote an au- Evidently younger women needed assured the modern reader that sat- tobiography, a short novel, and nu- specific instructions for preparing isfactory results could be achieved merous articles for newspapers and their favorite New Mexican foods. using “mechanical devices...[that] magazines, but among her most Like her contemporaries, Cabeza can lessen the strain on the hu- enduring contributions are the de Baca worried that some culi- man back” and that “commercial cookbooks that she authored while nary traditions were changing and products may often be substituted working as an extension agent.35 others were in danger of disappear- for ingredients that call for labori- Like her fellow home economists, ing. Still, while she appreciated and 102 TRADICIÓN September 2013 documented her cultural culinary writing a food column for the ministration (WPA) hired writers heritage, she also worked to mod- Spanish-language version of the in the Federal Writers’ Project to ernize the kitchens of New Mexico. Santa Fe New Mexican., El Nuevo record folk traditions, and research- By the mid-1930s she enthused Mexicano. The editor was Anto- ers began a search for foodways that that Hispanas were eagerly canning nio Martinez, who was married to seemed in danger of dying out. In- many foodstuffs, and one writer has Cabeza de Baca’s first cousin Mar- deed, the two Cabeza de Baca cous- concluded that the success of the garita. Margarita was the daugh- ins had worried about the loss of canning program “allowed the rural ter of New Mexico’s first Hispanic traditions as did Cleofas Jaramillo, population to remain on the land governor after statehood and a who in 1935 founded La Sociedad and to feed itself” during the Great domestic science teacher. In 1937, Folklórica to preserve “old His- Depression.37. she also became the first Hispana panic customs”and invited other In 1934, Cabeza de Baca wrote to publish a complete cookbook in upper-class Hispanas to join. After for the AES Los Alimentos y su pre- English. She titled her book Span- she saw DeHuff’s article inHol - paracion (Foods and their prepara- ish Foods of the Southwest, noting land’s, Jaramillo began to write her tion) which included a treatise on in the foreword that, “Our New own cookbook, claiming that De nutrition, admonitions about man- Mexican grandmothers were noted Huff gave inaccurate recipes. More ners, a glossary of New Mexican for their skill in the preparation of likely it was because De Huff called food terms, menus, and recipes for Spanish Dishes. They had a way of the food “Mexican and Mexican- New Mexican foods as well as many seasoning food that was typically American” and used a dialect for American dishes. Since this book- New Mexican, found nowhere else.” her cooks that was clearly demean- let too was written in Spanish, its She went on to dedicate the book- ing and offensive. In any event, in audience was clearly Hispanas, not let of “Southwestern Dishes” to her 1939 Jaramillo published The Genu- Anglos, and Cabeza de Baca did not grandmother, and then began her ine New Mexico Tasty Recipes. She provide a separate category for the recipe section with the title “Origi- was probably encouraged and per- New Mexican dishes. Recipes for nal New Mexican Dishes,” noting haps assisted by family members in- enchiladas and pozole were inter- that she had tested and prepared the cluding her brother Reyes Martinez spersed with those for Parker House dishes herself. She also suggested la- who worked for the WPA collecting rolls and Swiss steak. Trained in bor saving options, advising cooks stories about Hispanic traditions. In domestic science, Cabeza de Baca to use Quaker Masa Harina (the addition to defending her heritage included specific measurements dehydrated corn flour) for making against its appropriation by Anglos and cooking times. Clearly expec- tortillas or to buy them ready made, like De Huff, the widowed Jaramillo tations were changing for Hispana to use wax paper instead of corn also hoped to make money.40 homemakers. In Cabeza de Baca’s husks to wrap tamales or make po- Jaramillo’s recipes offer fewer in- book, they were introduced to An- sole with canned hominy. By 1940, structions or suggestions for mod- glo-American dishes like picallili the book appeared in its third edi- ern conveniences and though it has and meatloaf, and expected to cook tion, and the Santa Fe New Mexican been reprinted and remains in print, from written instructions, and to noted its popularity with “the non- it had a smaller readership than Ca- use precise measurements–a more Spanish people as well as the Span- beza de Baca’s Historic Cookery that “scientific” approach instead of a ish housewife.”39 the AES issued in 1939. Historic pinch of this or a pinch of that. And Margarita C. de Baca may have Cookery contained the most exten- her recipes presumed that these been inspired to write a cookbook sive compilation of recipes up until women’s homes had stoves and because of her cousin’s success or that time and was directed at Anglo- pressure cookers rather than the because of the attention that New American and Hispanic cooks. Ca- open fire and the clay olla (cooking Mexican foods were receiving from beza de Baca’s work had taken her pot) of earlier times.38 federal investigators in the 1930s. into the kitchens of poorer people, By the mid-1930s she was also In 1935, the Works Progress Ad- and her recipes represent a broader TRADICIÓN September 2013 103 cross section of the foods of north- printed in 1954,44 immense changes Mexico Field Office and the New ern New Mexico. Moreover, Fabiola had taken place in New Mexico. The Mexico Department of Agriculture, acknowledged as none of her prede- creation of more than twenty gov- state that the value of chile in 2009 was $57.4 million.,”accessed Septem- cessors had that “these dishes may ernment installations in New Mex- ber 27, 2011, at http://www.chil- be a combination of Indian, Span- ico during World War II brought in epepperinstitute.org/files/tiny_mce/ ish, and Mexican cookery.” As in her a flood of Anglo-Americans who file_manager/10-chile-release.pdf. previous books, Cabeza de Baca’s by 1950 became the majority of the 2 Susan Magoffin,Down the Santa Fe recipes called for specific amounts, state’s residents.45 Judging from the Trail and Into Mexico, ed. by Stella M. and gave precise measurements and opening of more restaurants serving Drumm (New Haven and London: Yale University, 1926): 94. easy to follow instructions, though real or ersatz New Mexican dishes 3 W. H. Emory, Lt. Emory Reports, ed. she also cautioned that “one should in the post-war years and the fre- Ross Calvin (Albuquerque: Univer- taste the food as prepared by a good quent reprintings of cookbooks like sity of New Mexico Press, 1951): 68. New Mexican cook to know what Fergusson’s and Cabeza de Baca’s, 4 Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp Across is just right.” 41 Immensely popular, New Mexican food was more popu- the Continent (1892: reprint, Lincoln her booklet was frequently revised lar than ever.46 As more New Mexi- and London: University of Nebraska and reissued, and by the 1970s, cans congregated in urban areas, Press, 1982): 138-39. 5 Cleofas M. Jaramillo, Romance of a the AES reported that more than young women might no longer had Little Village Girl (Albuquerque: Uni- 100,000 copies were in the hands of their mothers and grandmothers versity of New Mexico Press, 2000): cooks across the country. 42 A pri- nearby to teach them to cook, but 79-80. vate press still issues it today. they had ample sources to instruct 6 David L. Wheeler and William By 1940, two additional Hispanas them. In the preceding decades, Landis, “‘It is beef every day . . .’”: The were dishing up recipes for New women, particularly Hispanas, had Army Ration and the Enlisted Man, 1865-1890,” Military History of the West, Mexican dishes to an eager public. found a voice in preserving and vol. 26 (Fall 1996). Doña Eloisa Delgado de Stewart, promoting an important aspect of 7 U.S., Department of War, Manual for the widow of Santa Fe’s chief of po- New Mexico’s culture and revealed Army Cooks, 1896 (Washington, D.C.: lice, had opened a restaurant named much about the processes of mod- Government Printing Office, 1898): El Plato Sabroso (the tasty plate) in ernization and acculturation in the 185-190. the mid-1930s in Santa Fe, and in domestic sphere. They used their 8 Ben C. Truman, History of the World’s 1940 she published a cookbook by expertise and talents to create an Fair (Philadelphia: Syndicate Pub- lishing Co, 1893): 164. the same name. Delgado was a dis- impressive body of culinary infor- 9 For Albright see Richard Rudisill, tant cousin of Fabiola and Margari- mation and assured that New Mexi- Photographers of The New Mexico Terri- ta Cabeza de Baca, and likely knew can cuisine is recognized as a part tory, 1854-1912 (Santa Fe: Museum their cookbooks. Probably too the of regional identity. of New Mexico Press, 1973): 9. growing popularity of New Mexi- 10 Carrie Shuman, compiler, Favorite can cuisine that she witnessed in her Dishes (1893; reprint ed., Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2001):72; restaurant prompted her to write a Endnotes .Marc Simmons, The Little Lion of the 1 Agricultural Marketing Resource cookbook. In the same year, Marga- Southwest. A Life of Manuel Antonio Center, Bell and Chili Peppers, ac- ret Abreu’s Food of the Conquerors, Chaves (Chicago: Sage Press, 1973). cessed September 17, 2011, at http:// derived from a series of articles that 11 Shuman, Favorite Dishes, 74, 110, 67. www.agmrc.org/commodities_prod- 12 Lummis, A Tramp Across the Continent, appeared in New Mexico Magazine ucts/vegetables/bell_and_chilis 183. in 1939 and 1940, offered its readers notes that New Mexico’s chile pro- 13 Landmarks Club, Landmarks Club “interesting reading” and was “most duction exceeded that of California Cookbook. (Los Angeles: Out West in 2009, and gives a value of $49.4 informative on real New Mexico- Company, 1903), 1-17. million; “2010 New Mexico Chile Spanish cooking,”according to the 14 Paul Bosland and Eric Votava,”The Production,” a report of the U.S .De- Santa Fe New Mexican.43 Chile Cultivars of New Mexico State partment of Agriculture/NASS New By the time Abreu’s book was re- University Released from 1913 to 104 TRADICIÓN September 2013 1993,” New Mexico State University as is chile itself. Thus, the terms Adornment of the Women of New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, for the food have more to do with 1739 to 1900 (El Paso: Texas Western Research Report 719, College of perceptions of identity than with the Press, 1970). Tey Diana Rebolledo, Agriculture and Home Economics, 1. actual roots of the cuisine. ed., Nuestras Mujeres: Hispanas of New 15 Ed. Curry and Phil Villa, “Southwest 18 Tipton, New Mexico Cookery, reprinted Mexico. Their Images and Their Lives, Long Green Chile: Its [sic] Gene as The Original New Mexico Cookery, 1582-1992 (Albuquerque: El Norte Improvement Sources,” http://njveg. ed. Richard Polese, (Santa Fe: 1965), Publications/Academia, 1992): 38- rutgers.edu/NJpepperconference/as- 11. Later writers including Elizabeth 39. sets.pepper/pdfs/03_Curry&Villa.pdf. Willis De Huff, Erna Fergusson, 26 Jensen, “I’m Not Afraid of Work,” 37. 16 Santa Fe New Mexican, June 1, 1916. Cleofas Jaramillo, Margarita C. de 27 See Chris Wilson, The Myth of Santa 17 Alice Stevens Tipton, New Mexico Baca, and Margaret Abreu gave little Fe: Creating a Modern Regional Tradition Cookery (Santa Fe: Bureau of Public- attention to the contributions of Na- (Albuquerque: University of New ity of the New Mexico State Land tive Americans to the local cuisine, Mexico Press, 1997). Office, 1916); writers who have although Cabeza de Baca noted in 28 Maureen Reed, A Woman’s Place. explored this theme in the works of Historic Cookery that “these dishes Women Writing New Mexico (Albu- later writers include Anne Gold- may be a combination of Indian, querque: University of New Mexico man, “I Yam what I Yam: Cooking, Spanish, and Mexican cookery”, Press, 2005): 50. Culture, and Colonialism in New and Abreu acknowledged that “the 29 Minutes of the Spanish Colonial Mexico,” in Anne E. Goldman, Take Spanish women” who came to Arts Society, May 19, 1930, Octo- My Word: Autobiographical Innovations of New Mexico “depended on their ber 8, 1930, Spanish Colonial Arts Ethnic American Working Women (Berke- Indian slaves.” See “Margaret Abreu’s Society Records, Box 1, Folder 2, ley: University of California Press, Tongue-Tickling Recipes in Book,” New Mexico State Records Center 1996): 3-31, and Genaro M. Padilla, Santa Fe New Mexican, January 17, and Archives (NMSRCA) and W. “Imprisoned Narrative? Or, Lies, 1941. L. Elser to H. McCrossen, August 26, Secrets and Silence in New Mexico 19 See New Mexico Cookery, 11. 1930, Spanish Colonial Arts Society Women’s Autobiography,” in Hector 20 Louise Lloyd Lowber, “A New Records, Box 1, Folder 10, NMSRCA. Calderón and Josė David Saldívar, Mexico Supper at the Famous En- 30 Sarah Nestor, Native Market of the eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies chilada House in Old Albuquerque,” Spanish New Mexican Craftsmen, Santa in Chicano Literature, Culture, and Ideol- American Cookery, vol. 26 (October Fe, 1933-1940 (Santa Fe: The Colonial ogy (Durham, N.C.: Duke University 1921): 206. New Mexico Historical Foundation, Press, 1991). Another issue that 21 Menu, New Mexican Room, August 1978): 39-40. deserves more discussion than 25, 1951, Fray Angélico Chávez 31 Elizabeth Willis DeHuff, “Cookery space permits in this paper is the History Library, Museum of New as of Old,” New Mexico Magazine, vol. terms used for New Mexican food. Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 11 (February 1933): 13-14, 45-46. Franc Albright called her enchiladas 22 Joan Jensen, “I’ve Worked, I’m not Later De Huff became one of the “Mexican,” but both the Manual for Afraid of Work,” in New Mexican first writers of popular literature to Army Cooks and the women of St. Women: Intercultural Perspectives (Albu- write about the food traditions of the John’s Episcopal Church preferred querque: University of New Mexico Pueblos in “Fiesta Foods,” New Mexico the term “Spanish”, while Lummis Press, 1986): 228. Magazine, vol. 17 (February 1939): 21, chose “Spanish-American.” Such 23 Joan Jensen, “Canning Comes to 34-36. disparity persisted at least into the New Mexico,” in New Mexico Women. 32 DeHuff, “Intriguing Mexican Dishes,” 1940s because people with Hispanic Intercultural Perspectives (Albuquerque: Holland’s, The Magazine of the South, vol. surnames had experienced preju- University of New Mexico Press, 50 (March 1935): 34-47. See Cleofas dice and disdain and were trying to 1986): 207. Jaramillo, quoted in Marta Weigle, distinguish themselves from people 24 Sandra Schackel, Social Housekeepers. “About Cleofas Jaramillo,” in Jaramil- in Mexico. Many New Mexicans Women Shaping Public Policy in New lo, The Genuine New Mexico Tasty Recipes thought it demeaning to be called Mexico, 1920-1940 (Albuquerque: (1939; reprint ed., Santa Fe: Ancient “Mexican,” and identified themselves University of New Mexico Press,): City Press, 1981): 20. as “Spanish” or “Spanish-American,” 27. 33 For information about Fergusson, see creating some confusion for read- 25 Carmen Gertrudis Espinosa later Michael Ann Sullivan, “Erna Fergus- ers of the cookbooks. Many of the turned her attention from food son“ for the Office of the State Histo- “Spanish” recipes, such as enchiladas preparation to costume, and wrote rian, accessed online September 22, and tamales are of Mexican origin, Shawls, Crinolines, Filigree: The Dress and 2011 at http://www.newmexicohis- TRADICIÓN September 2013 105 tory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=546. 13, 1940. 43 Eloisa Delgado de Stewart, El Plato 34 Erna Fergusson, Mexican Cookbook, 40 Cleofas Jaramillo, The Genuine Tasty Sabroso Recipes (Santa Fe: Rudy Rodri- (Santa Fe: Rydal Press, 1934); for in- New Mexico Recipes. Jaramillo has been guez Printing, 1940). To understand formation about Doña Lola Chaves studied extensively. For brief biogra- the family relationships see the de Armijo (Fergusson’s spelling), see phies see “Cleofas Martínez Jara- Delgado family tree at http://www. Rose Diaz, “Lola Chávez de Armijo, millo,” in Nuestras Mujeres, 42-43, and hgrc-nm.org/surnames/GNMPD. 1858-1929,” in Nuestras Mujeres, 30-32. Weigle, “About Cleofas Jaramillo,” in html/d0021/g0002155.html#I51243. Quotations from Mexican Cookbook, The Genuine Tasty New Mexico Recipes, Margaret Abreu, Food of the Conquerors 3-4. 19-20. This reprint edition also (Santa Fe (?): n.p., n.d.) but “Margaret 35 Her prolific writing career has includes “Foods of the Southwest,” by Abreu’s Tongue-Tickling Recipes in brought much scholarly scrutiny Reyes N. Martinez, Cleofas’s brother Book,” Santa Fe New Mexican, Janu- to Fabiola Cabeza de Baca. She was who worked for the WPA, 28-31. ary 17, 1941, suggests a publication married to Carlos Gilbert, and some For more detailed accounts, see the date of 1940. The articles appears in of her works were written when she introduction by Tey Diana Rebolledo “In the New Mexico Kitchen,” New used the last name Gilbert. Oth- to Jaramillo’s Romance of a Little Village Mexico Magazine, vol. 17 (June 1939): ers were written under the name Girl. A fine essay about Jaramillo 38, (July 1939): 34, (August 1939): Fabiola Cabeza de Baca or Fabiola appears in Reed, Women Writing New 38, (September 1939): 34, (October C. de Baca. But she is best known Mexico, 69-120. 1939): 38, (December 1939): 33, by her birth name. For brief biogra- 41 Fabiola C. de Baca Gilbert, Historic New Mexico Magazine, vol. 18 (Janu- phies, see Cheryl J. Foote, “Fabiola Cookery, New Mexico College of ary 1940): 31, (February 1940): 32, Cabeza de Baca Gilbert” in Culinary Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ag- (March 1940): 36. Biographies, ed. Alice Arndt (Houston: ricultural Extension Service Circular 44 Abreu, Food of the Conquerors, (reprint Yes Press, 2006), 175-76, and “Fabiola 161, 1939, 3. ed., Santa Fe: Rydal Press, 1954). Cabeza de Baca,” in Nuestras Mujeres, 42 See Reed, Women Writing New Mexico, 45 Michael Welsh, “A Land of Extremes: 44-45. A longer and much more 313, n. 76. The Economy of Modern New Mex- comprehensive source is Merrihelen ico, 1940-1990,” in Contemporary New Ponce, “The Life and Works of Fa- Mexico, 1940-1990, ed. by Richard W. biola Cabeza de Baca, New Mexican Etulain (Albuquerque: University of Hispanic Woman Writer: A Con- New Mexico Press, 1994): 61-90. textual Biography” (Unpublished 46 C. De Baca Gilbert, Historic Cookery, Ph.D. dissertation, University of revised June 1954, states that “In re- New Mexico, 1995). Also see Padilla, cent years New Mexican foods have “Imprisoned Narrative?” in Criticism become increasingly popular,”1. in the Borderlands, 43-60. An excellent and nuanced study is found in Reed, Cheryl J. Foote received her Ph.D. A Woman’s Place, 121-70. from the University of New Mexico 36 Fabiola C. de Baca, Boletín de Conservar, and taught New Mexico history for New Mexico College of Agriculture more than twenty years at Central and Mechanic Arts, Agricultural Ex- New Mexico Community Col- tension Service Circular 106, 1931. lege. The author of Women of the New Mexico Frontier, 1846-1912, 37 Jensen, “I’m not Afraid of Work,” 243. she has contributed to antholo- 38 Fabiola C. De Baca Gilbert and Veda gies about the American West, A. Strong, “Los Alimentos y Su Pre- has served as a consultant to the paracion,” New Mexico College of Historic New England Foundation, Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ag- and has written about southwest- ricultural Extension Service Circular ern cuisine for Food History News 129, 1934. When the bulletin was and The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sunshine This essay is excerpted from Food and Drink in America. revised in 1942, Ms. Strong’s name and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: was not included on the title page The Statehood Period 1912-Present, and Fabiola’s was Fabiola Cabeza de published in collaboration with the Histori- Baca Gilbert. cal Society of New Mexico. The book can be 39 “Third Edition of “New Mexico ordered from Rio Grande Books or online at Dishes”, Santa Fe New Mexican, March Amazon.com. 106 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Perfect Crystals & Valuable Ores Perspectives on New Mexico History by Paul Kraemer 340 pages; 6 x 9 pb (65 photos) ISBN 978-1-936744-18-3 $19.95

erfect Crystals and Valuable Ores: Perspectives on New Mexico History refer- ences an 1882 address by Adolph Bandelier to the Historical Society of New Mexico in which he said that unearthing the “perfect crystals Pand sometimes the most valuable ores” in our historical studies is “the task of the Society.” This volume contains 20 articles by Paul M. Kraemer done over a period of more than three decades of historical research and writings in which he always sought to unearth “valuable ores” even when he found many less than perfect crystals. As these articles show, Paul Kraemer has a deep and passionate interest in New Mexico history, particularly its Spanish Colonial and Mexican periods. His love of history is mirrored by his equally deep interest in science, particularly cell biology and cancer research, the focus of his long career as a leading scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory. He holds doctoral degrees in both microbiology and public health and has published more than 90 scientific papers. This Historical Society of New Mexico Publications in History continues the Society’s long-standing publication efforts, begun in 1881, along with the recent award-winning three-volume Centennial Series, Sunshine and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past.

Having proven his genius as a Los Alamos National Laboratory scientist, Paul Kraemer has now proven his mettle as one of New Mexico’s most accomplished historians. Not willing to simply rehash what others have thought and written, his book includes both new topics and new interpretations in essays that add fresh perspectives to our knowledge of the past. The result is a provocative book sure to be valued by all who study New Mexico history from the Spanish colonial period to the late nineteenth century. — Richard Melzer, former President, Historical Society of New Mexico

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Paul M. Kraemer holds doctoral degrees in both Microbiology and Public Health. Now retired, he served as a Group Lead- er at Los Alamos National Laboratory where he published more than ninety papers in microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and genetics. In addition, he has maintained an active interest in New Mexico history. He is a former trustee of the Museum of New Mexico Foundation and a member of the Friends of the Palace of the Governors. He is also a former treasurer of the Historical Society of New Mexico. He contributed three chapters to Sunshine and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past, vol. 1 and one chapter to Sunshine and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past, vol. 2.

BOOK SIGNINGS Friday & Saturday, April 19 & 20 at 11am, Historical Society of New Mexico Conference, Las Cruces Convention Center Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com

TRADICIÓN September 2013 107 El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro by Joseph Sanchez

The development of roads is, of ment, it followed the paths of miners, very early in the colonial history of necessity, a significant function in ranchers, soldiers, missionaries and Mexico. By 1590, an alternate route, the historical evolution of nation native and European emigrants who the one mentioned by Humboldt, states. The historic roads of New settled places along the way. Narra- had been established from Vera- Spain, present Mexico, are as much tive accounts of the route describe its cruz through Orizaba and Puebla to prehistoric in character and purpose, variants throughout the 16th, 17th, Mexico City.4 The original route with and their development prior to 18th, and 19th centuries. They con- its indigenous precedences ran from European intrusions, influenced the tain a wealth of information about Veracruz to Jalapa, Chalco, Texcoco, location of many colonial roads that the topography as well as onomastic Venta de Caceras (present Oriental), were established between 1521 and forms of place names along the trail. and finally, Mexico City. Both routes 1821. Aside from Spanish military The scholarship of the selected litera- continued to serve Mexico City from needs, the colonial economic de- ture examined herein focuses on one Veracruz on the east coast through- velopment of New Spain led to the specific problem: the tracing of the out the colonial period. continual development of roads route and the variants of El Camino The route westward from Mexico throughout the Viceregal Period, Real de Tierra Adentro throughout its City to Acapulco was opened by 1535-1821. During the colonial pe- colonial history. 1547. The road began in Mexico City riod, internal and external economic and ran to Cuernavaca and Tuspa developments were intricately tied to The Four Principal Cami- whence it crossed the Río de las indigenous routes that similarly had nos Reales of New Spain Balsas through Chilpancingo, and been used for trade, transportation The significant historical finally to Acapulco. It was not until of people and things as well as for longevity of the caminos reales in the 1570s when the Manila trade got war. Although Pre-Columbian roads underway that the route gained in New Spain is easily tested through 5 were not well developed beyond contemporary descriptions of them importance. Although the road did the central highlands, routes and from the earliest times to the end of not accommodate wagons during the corridors from the Central Valley to Spanish colonial rule in the early sixteenth century, it was adequate for places lying beyond the edges of the nineteenth century. In his Ensayo pack trains. Aztec domain were well-defined for Político, published in 1808, Alejandro The southern route from Mexico travel. Unlike the roads developed by City to Oaxaca to Guatemala was de Humboldt, identified four major 6 Europeans for wagons and animals caminos reales that had played sig- begun in 1529. Its route was var- of burden, indigenous trails were nificant roles in the economic and ied, and it passed through many relatively primitive and generally demographic development of New towns. By the mid-sixteenth century, used for foot traffic. In contrast, late Spain and its frontier areas.1 The first it connected Mexico City via sev- sixteenth century Spanish colonial was the road from Mexico City to Ve- eral routes. One route went south roads combined primitive trails with racruz which ran through Puebla de through Cuernavaca, thence south- ones newly constructed, some with Xalapa; the second was the one that east to Izúcar. From Izúcar the route bridges, to areas with economic ran from Mexico City to Acapulco by turned southeast through Acatlan potential. Historically, the east-west way of Chilpanzingo; the third ran and the valleys of Tamazualapan, and south-north pathways from from Mexico City to Guatemala via Teposcolula, and Nochixtlan to the Mexico City followed the pattern of Oaxaca; and the fourth ran a long Valley of Oaxaca. Another road conquest, economic expansion to course from Mexico City to Durango from Mexico City ran from Puebla mining areas, and the transhumance and beyond Chihuahua, then known to Tepeaca, Tecamachalco, Tehuacan, of the livestock industry. Very early as Nueva Vizcaya, to Santa Fe in Cuicatlan and Seda. The segments of in the colonial period, roads which New Mexico.2 That road, wrote Hum- these roads were constructed be- connected major cities became part boldt, “is popularly called El Camino tween 1531 and 1548. of a network of trunk roads known Real de Tierra Adentro,” 3 the royal road The route from Mexico City as caminos reales. One such road was El of the interior. northward represented the historical Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which ran The road from Mexico City east- development of mining, ranching from Mexico City to Santa Fe in New ward to Veracruz, considered to be and farming that accompanied the Mexico. In its historical develop- the firstcamino real, was established push into the Gran Chichimeca.

108 TRADICIÓN September 2013 The period between 1545 and 1555 El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro: witnessed the opening of roads that Mexico City to San Juan de los Caballeros led to the mining areas between Querétaro and Zacatecas.7 In the early 1540s, as Spanish miners expanded northward, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza made land grants for settlers in the area, mostly for pas- turelands for livestock. The discovery of silver in Zacatecas in 1546 was the impetus for construction of new roads. During that time, the camino real was extended from Mexico City to Querétaro to Zacatecas. The expansion of the road during that period allowed for passage of pack trains and caravans of large wagons as well as made possible the opening of supply routes between Zacatecas, Guadala- jara, and Michoacán. Humboldt, moreover, recalled that El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro in its historical denouement ran from Mexico to Querétaro to Guanajuato and Durango beyond to Guautitlan, Huehuetoca, and the Puerto de los Reyes close to the hills near Bata “which rise 80 meters above the level of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico.”8 All roads led to and from Mexico City, and the caminos reales were the main thoroughfares of the colonial traffic to all parts of the Mexican viceroyalty.

The Sixteenth Century Camino Real The longest of the four caminos re- first cattle drives in North America well-traveled road from Mexico City ales in New Spain was El Camino Real took place along this trail. Indeed, the to Zacatecas attracted the attention de Tierra Adentro that ran from Mexico first Forty-niners in North American of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza City to Santa Fe in New Mexico. As history were those who rushed to the as new roads from the agricultural an emigrant trail in the sixteenth silver mines before the decade of the fields of Michoacán, Guanajuato, century, El Camino Real de Tierra Aden- 1540s was over. The establishment and Querétaro developed to supply tro, as it came to be known because it of Zacatecas in 1546 represented workers in the mines. In 1952, Philip traversed nearly the entire length of an important phase of the develop- Wayne Powell defined the historical the interior of present Mexico, took ment of the trail as Spanish settlers route from Querétaro to Zacatecas by on significance as the first step in pushed northward to other fields, examining the principal settlements the northward expansion of Spanish thus expanding the settlement pat- and stopping places (parajes) for the settlements and the development of tern beyond the Zacatecas-Durango evolving camino real as follows: a mining frontier. frontier line. With expansion came Going north from Mexico The first phases of the march demands for protection and pacifica- City, the route of travel was northward from Mexico City took tion of the area. To that end, mis- already well defined as far as place in the late 1540s as silver sionaries and soldiers moved forward Querétaro by the time of the mines were discovered in Querétaro, to establish religious and military Zacatecas discovery. There was Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and institutions along the route. Zacatecas. The first silver rush, the Significantly, the silver strike at a regular traffic of merchants, first wagon trains of settlers, and the Zacatecas served as the cause for officials, cattlemen, and live- expansion northward. By 1549, the stock through this province of TRADICIÓN September 2013 109 Jilotepec, a region that did not Durango dotted the road and defined the Valle de San Bartolomé in Nueva offer great travel difficulties. the importance of protecting the Vizcaya, present Chihuahua. Driving The principal settlements and settlement pattern. For example, dur- thousands of sheep, pigs, goats, cattle, stopping places for the traffic ing the period 1570 to 1600, presidios mules, and horses, the soldiers and were Cuautitlán, Tepejí, Jilote- between Querétaro and Guanajuato settlers began the trek to their new at Maxcala, Jofre, and Atotonilco homeland far to the north. Scouts, led pec, and San Juan del Río. Be- marked the beginning of the route. by the Sargento Mayor Vicente de tween Querétaro and the later In that same period, the progression Zaldívar, nephew of Oñate, wan- foundation of San Felipe there of the presidial line moved north dered far ahead of the wagon to find were two main roads toward of there to Jasó, Portezuelo, Ojuelos, an easier route with water and pas- Zacatecas. One went north- Bocas, Cíenega Grande, Cuicillo, and turage.12 As they approached the Río west direct to San Miguel, then Palmillas reaching Zacatecas. Beyond Grande, light snow had fallen in the along the east bank of the San Zacatecas, just south of Durango, the area as a cold wind swept the desert Miguel River toward San Feli- presidial garrisons at San Martín and of northern Chihuahua. pe. The other went north from Llerena for a while marked the north- For months on end, the air of Querétaro passed just to the ernmost end of El Camino Real de Tierra northern Chihuahua resounded with Adentro. Then, with the establishment the sharp cracks made by the whips east of the Nieto Pass (where of New Mexico by Juan de Oñate of drivers as they pushed the caravan a road branched off to San in 1598, the trail took a major jump farther into the tierra adentro. By the Miguel, then turned northwest from Santa Bárbara to the conflu- end of April 1598, they had reached through Jofre Pass (near the lat- ence of the Río Chama and the Río the Río Grande. Of the event, the au- er San Luis de la Paz), passing Grande. thor of the “Itinerario,” the main diary through the llanos called La In 1595, Viceroy Velasco and of the expedition, wrote: Mohina, and joining with the Juan de Oñate agreed on a formal On April 30, 1598, day of other road at a point between contract for the settlement of New the Ascension of our Lord, at 10 the Río de los Sauces and San Mexico. Under the terms of the this Río del Norte Governor Felipe. The combined road contract, which developed a history Don Juan de Oñate took pos- of its own owing to several disputes then went north west through session of all the kingdoms and between Oñate and the Viceroy the portezuelo of San Felipe to Velasco, Oñate would pay all expens- provinces of New Mexico, in Ojuelos. Just beyond Ojuelos it es for the expeditionary force, except the name of King Felipe [II], passed a point known as En- for the Franciscan missionaries who our lord, in the presence of cinillas, which was considered were subsidized by the Patronato Real Juan Pérez de Donis, royal no- to be the dividing line on the [the royal patronage], a special fund tary and secretary of the juris- Zacatecas highway between for missionaries. In return for un- diction and expedition. There the audiencias of Nueva Galicia derwriting certain expenses, Oñate was a sermon, a great ecclesi- and Mexico. From Encinillas would receive a salary, and hold the astical and secular celebration, the road passed through Las title of adelantado. Additionally, he a great salute and rejoicing, would serve as governor and captain Bocas and Ciénega Grande and in the afternoon, a com- general in command of all troops (both fortified by the viceregal within his jurisdiction, and he would edy. The royal standard was government during the 1570s), administer the encomienda, a feudal blessed and placed in charge of then on to the paraje del Cuicil- collection of tribute from Indians Francisco de Sosa Peñalosa, the lo, nine leagues from Zacatecas, under Spanish control. Generally, if royal ensign.13 where it joined another road Indians could not pay the tribute, the going north from Michoacán.9 amount due was converted to pay- They followed the river to a point ment in servitude. There were other where the mountains came down The Spanish league, particularly provisions stipulated in his contract.11 to form “the pass of the river and the in the eighteenth century, is gener- Even so, Oñate hoped to develop an ford.” The crossing was named “Los ally reckoned to be 2.6 miles. Travel- entailed estate (mayorazgo) from lands Puertos,”14 although later it would be ers were often surprisingly accurate acquired in New Mexico. known as El Paso. In that desolate in their measurement of distance On January 26, 1598, after much land, the warm spring sun of May traveled in a day. delay and great expenditure to 4 witnessed the activity as Oñate’s By 1575, the frontier line had, Oñate, the expedition was permitted army and forty Indians moved their moved as far north as the Santa to leave for New Mexico. In a great cargo, carts, and livestock across the Barbara-Parral in present Chihuahua. cloud of dust, the slow-moving, oxen- river. It was near there that they met Presidios between Querétaro and pulled carreta caravan creaked out of the first Indians from New Mexico.

110 TRADICIÓN September 2013 It was there they stopped to give the pueblos for their coming;18 and, horses. The caravan passed by the thanks to their God, for bringing as the expedition was in need of sup- abandoned pueblos north of So- them safely to that point in their plies, Oñate hoped to replenish the corro and left them undisturbed. travel northward. It was the first supplies. Somewhere north of Socorro, the European thanksgiving in North Beyond the Sierra del Olvido to Spaniards recrossed the river and America. the east lay a plain that would be traveled along the east bank on Looking northward into the tierra easier for the carts to travel despite slightly flatter terrain. Shortly they adentro beyond the river crossing of El its lack of water. The writer of the reached an abandoned pueblo they Paso, Oñate realized, “There is no oth- “Itinerario” noted that “We all fared called Nueva Sevilla, which later er road for carts for many leagues.”15 badly on account of the river, toward maps would show as Sevilleta. There, The Spaniards would have to blaze the west. On this day, when a dog in the abandoned pueblo, the settlers their own road. He asked the Indians appeared with muddy paws and camped for a week.21 about Cíbola, and they responded hind feet, we searched for some wa- Meanwhile, Oñate’s nephews, the “very clearly by signs that the settle- ter holes. At a place commemorated Maese de Campo Juan de Zaldívar ments were six days distant, or eight as El Perrillo [the little dog], Captain and the Sargento Mayor Vicente de days along the route of travel” for Gaspar de Villagrá found one and Zaldívar, explored the nearby pueb- the carts. But Oñate’s opinion about Cristóbal Sánchez another, not far los northeast of the camp. Although there being “no other road” was soon from where we were, toward the some of the pueblos they visited contradicted. Before the day was over, river.”19 were on the Río Grande, the Zaldívar “we passed the ruts made by ten carts The trail away from the river was brothers were attracted to those east that Castaño and Morlete took out overcome after much hardship to of the large Sierra Morena, present from New Mexico”16 about six years man and beast. “We were explor- Manzano Mountain Range. Where earlier. Indeed, some of Oñate’s men ing and feeling our way along the today’s Abó Pass──which the Span- had been with Morlete. entire route for the first time, and iards later called el portuelo [the little Ten days later, they moved up we suffered a great deal because gateway]──comes into view from the the desolate trail, now stopping to of not knowing it....We went six river, the small scouting party turned repair their carts; now stopping to leagues to the marsh of the mesilla east. At the southern end of the Man- observe a holy day of obligation; guinea, so-called because [the rock zanos, they visited other pueblos, now stopping to wonder about the on] it was black.”20 The date was 27 doubtless seen by Antonio de Espejo place “where it is said that Captain May 1598; they were near present in 1583 and probably by Sánchez Morlete hanged four Indians because San Marcial on a flat, marshy plain Chamuscado in 1581. Upon their they had stolen some horses.”17 The below a round top of black rock. They return to Nueva Sevilla, the Zaldívars summer rains and heat alternated as had crossed a plain, later known reported having seen many pueblos often as the thirst and hunger that as the Jornada del Muerto, dead- on the other side of the mountain. afflicted the slow-moving wagon man’s journey, which is about eighty One of them they identified by the train that passed below the Sierra del miles long. After one more day, they fascinating name of “Aboó.”22 It was Olvido with its craggy spirals which camped at a pueblo called Qualacú around 22 June 1598, when the rose a short distance to the east of on the northern end of the jornada Zaldívar brothers “discovered” the the Río del Norte. The range, present and at the southern end of the Río ancient pueblo. Soon after, they Organ Mountains, received its name Abajo, a relative geographical refer- rejoined the expedition. because Oñate’s men who had been ence meaning the lower part of the From their camp at Nueva Sevilla, with Morlete could not remember Río Grande which ran from Cochití Oñate led a detachment of some ever having seen them. Eight decades Pueblo in the north to a point near sixty horsemen northward once later, the Sierra del Olvido, named San Marcial. again. Passing through the valley of for the forgetfulness of Oñate’s men The cart train moved out along Puaray, they saw many pueblos and upon entering New Mexico, would the east bank of the Río Abajo and cultivated fields on both sides of the be renamed “Los Organos” by Span- by mid-June reached the pueblo Río Abajo within the area of present iards fleeing the province in the of Teypana, which the Spaniards Albuquerque. Most of the pueblos Pueblo Revolt of 1680. called Socorro because the people of Puaray, located along the river, At this point, near the vicinity there “furnished us with much maiz.” had been abandoned, for they lived of present Las Cruces, Oñate, the One of the Teypana leaders, Letoc, in fear of a returning Spanish army. Father Commissary Friar Cristóbal spoke Piro and communicated to the Their lore constantly reminded them de Salazar, Juan de Zaldívar, Vicente Spaniards about the other pueblos of the war of “fire and sword” waged de Zaldívar and a complement of they would pass on their trek north- on them by Francisco Vázquez de sixty horsemen set out for the Indian ward. Most of them, however, were Coronado almost six decades earlier. settlements far to the north. They abandoned in fear of the Spaniards By 1598, their fear, caused by having rode ahead of the caravan to prepare and their terrible weapons and killed Friar Agustín Rodríguez and

TRADICIÓN September 2013 111 his missionary companions in 1581, along the Río Arriba, the geographic route to the Río Grande from Santa seemed to loom over Puaray like a reference to the upper Río Grande Barbara to a point near present El curse. Almost every time a Spanish between Cochiti and Taos pueblos, Paso before moving northward to the expedition passed by, the people where Castaño de Sosa and his pueblo world of New Mexico. fled to the Sandia Mountains or to men had been eight years before. nearby pueblos. Although Oñate En route, Oñate passed the pueblo The Seventeenth Cen- had no such intentions, the people called Bove, which he named San tury Camino Real of Puaray and those of other pueblos Ildefonso in honor of the expedi- After 1600 and before 1700, the believed that the Spaniards would tion’s father commissary, Fray Alonso 27 presidial line followed the settlement seek revenge for the deaths of the Martínez. Having passed much of pattern along the Royal Road as it missionaries. the land which Castaño de Sosa had turned northeast toward El Pasaje, Oñate and his horsemen, none- described, they reached the conflu- then zagged northwest to El Gallo, theless, rode past the abandoned ence of the Río Grande and the Río south of Mapimí, then northerly to Puaray to the Keres pueblo known as Chama. There, on 4 July 1598, at a 23 Cerro Gordo south of Parral and the Santo Domingo. They knew of the small pueblo called Caypa, Oñate set presidio of Conchos north of there. pueblo because of the eventful arrest up camp. He renamed the pueblo Before the century ended, the north- of Gaspar Castaño de Sosa by Juan San Juan de los Caballeros and ernmost garrison was at El Paso. de Morlete in 1592. There the Span- ordered the Maese de Campo Juan Spanish frontiersmen depended iards sought out two of the Mexican de Zaldívar and a small contingent on the presidial line to defend their Indians, Tomás and Cristóbal, who of soldiers to return to Nueva Sevilla 28 properties. Land grants, estancias, had been with Castaño and had and bring up the settlers. By mid- farmlands, and other estates specify- decided to remain at Santo Domingo. August the settlers and sixty-one ing land tenure developed along the Oñate needed them as translators. carts had arrived at San Juan. Of the Camino Real. By the end of the 1600s, Although Spanish activities along eighty-three wagons that had begun a new definition operated along the the Río Abajo between Nueva Se- the expedition, twenty-two had been Royal Road. The word hacienda, which villa and Santo Domingo had been left along the trail between El Paso once meant moveable property such peaceful, Tomás and Cristóbal were and Nueva Sevilla. Because of their as harvest and livestock haciendas, taken by surprise24 and quickly im- value to colonial transportation, they 29 now extended to include mining pressed into service as interpreters. would be retrieved at a later date. haciendas.30 The mill, animal driven Although the Santo Domingo The expedition to settle New Mexico or water powered, characterized the Indians looked on with guarded had taken nearly eight months. The harvest and mining haciendas. The displeasure, they soon realized that route they established would ex- words mill and hacienda became Oñate intended them no harm. tend El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro interchangeable. Along the Camino Oñate, through his Mexican Indian nearly 650 miles. It would become Real countless mills were constructed interpreters, called a general council the major road connecting the New and, because of their economic at Santo Domingo and invited the Mexican outpost with the rest of the importance, became associated with seven nearby pueblos to send rep- Spanish empire for the rest of the place names along the route. In time, resentatives. Once the council was colonial period. haciendas with their mills were as- assembled, Governor Oñate, speak- The expedition of Juan de Oñate sociated with extensive land holding through Tomás and Cristóbal, had blazed a new segment to the ing patterns characterized by large explained the purpose of the new camino real. Unlike miners and fortified houses. So impressive were Spanish presence among them and ranchers who pushed the frontier certain haciendas that they became asked each leader to pledge obedi- northward from Mexico City by towns on the Camino Real. Travel- ence to the Spanish Crown, an act establishing towns, haciendas and ers on the Royal Road depended on which he believed they comprehend- mining districts, virtually taking one 25 haciendas for shelter and protection. ed. Then he announced that Santo step at a time, Juan de Oñate and his Presidios, haciendas, mines, fron- Domingo would be the site of a Fran- expedition of settlers to New Mexico tier settlements and Indian pueblos ciscan convent dedicated to Nuestra in 1598 were users of an established dotted the route of the Camino Real. Señora de la Asunción and that the trail lined with Spanish settlements In 1940, Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas patron saints of the pueblo would and presidios. Beyond Santa Barbara, 26 edited Descripción Geográfica de los be Peter and Paul. Convinced that Oñate’s scouts blazed a direct route Reinos de Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya peace had been established among almost due north to the Río Grande. y Nueva Leon por D. Alonso de la Mota y the pueblos of the Río Abajo and Their descriptions were usually in Escobar. Through the eyes of Bishop the Spaniards, Oñate departed Santo the form of day to day reports of Alonso Mota y Escobar, one is able Domingo in a northward direction. what they had seen when they fol- to see how life on the linear frontier Seeking a place to settle, Oñate lowed rutted portions of the camino of the Camino Real operated as Spain and his men pushed their horses real or when they blazed a new direct

112 TRADICIÓN September 2013 expanded its effective claim deeper period. Lagos, wrote Bishop Mota y trade it was only for mares, horses, and deeper into the interior of New Escobar, was established in 1561 as mules, and cattle.41 Zacatecas was not Spain in the early seventeenth a defensive post against Indians, but far from there. century. The development of the road equally so, because of the fertility of Regarding Zacatecas, Bishop Mota as seen by Bishop Mota y Escobar the soil, the two rivers and a large y Escobar, revealed something about reveals the route along the Camino lake in the area which contributed daily life in towns on the Camino Real. Real between Lagos and Cuencamé. to its agricultural potential. Bishop Rich in gold and silver,42 the hills The widest east-west extension of his Mota y Escobar pointed out that around Zacatecas formed a fabulous pastoral visita presents a panoramic firewood was scarce because Lagos treasure waiting to be excavated. guide to a frontier stretching from was so far from the wooded moun- They were discovered in 1540 by the west coast of Sinaloa eastward to tains in the vicinity.35 Cerro Gordo, Juan de Tolosa, a Basque.43 La Bufa, Nuevo Leon near the Gulf of Mexico. a nearby mountain, was a haven for a large hill, held rich deposits which The long south to north extension of enemy Indian tribes which included made Zacatecas one of the wealthi- his travels ran from Colima to Nueva the Copuces, the Zacatecas, and the est areas on the Camino Real. The Vizcaya, present Chihuahua.31 Guachichiles who raided Spanish common language of Zacatecas Bishop Mota y Escobar was born settlements including Lagos. The was Spanish, but many indigenous in Mexico City, on May 18, 1546, of structures at Lagos, he wrote, were tongues were spoken owing to the Captain Gerónimo Ruíz de la Mota architecturally more like towers and presence of a sizeable population of and Catalina Iñiguez de Escobar.32 fortifications than well ordered resi- “mexicanos, otomíes, tarascos and other Having spent his life as a church- dences. Lagos had twenty Spanish nations.”44 Zacatecas was filled with man, Mota y Escobar became bishop citizens, who appeared quite wealthy various mechanics, tailors, carpenters, of Guadalajara in 1597. Later, in 1606, compared to others in the vicin- and smiths.45 Among other resources he was appointed to the bishopric ity. A parish church was financed in Zacatecas, he noted that firewood of Puebla where he served until his through tithing. Well situated along was expensive because settlers had death in 1625.33 Following an Indian the Camino Real, Lagos was blessed denuded the vicinity of trees. Fire- uprising at Topia in Nueva Galicia by two rivers nearby that provided wood was carted in on the large, in 1601, Mota y Escobar, as bishop catfish and other fish. A large lake solid wheel carretas and sold at the of Guadalajara, undertook a pastoral close to Lagos provided wildlife that highest price. The situation was simi- inspection of the province. With supplemented the village diet.36 lar at Lagos. In Zacatecas, Spaniards, his known zeal, he traveled exten- On the Camino Real, Lagos was well Mestizos, Indian laborers, black and sively throughout Nueva Galicia and supplied with all kinds of clothes, mulatto slaves lived in many of the recorded from his detailed notes his wine, vinegar, raisins, and almonds 300 adobe houses, which were noth- Descripción Geográfica de la Nueva Galicia, from Mexico and other provisions.37 ing more than hovels, with a few between 1602 and 1605.34 Bishop Mota y Escobar felt Lagos stone structures. He described four In his eyewitness account, Bishop was one of the best situated towns in plazas that were connected by one Mota y Escobar gave information Nueva Galicia.38 main road. Franciscans, Jesuits and about towns, their founding, and In contrast, he saw the Villa of Augustinians competed in Zacatecas, their purpose. Everywhere Bishop Aguascalientes when it was still a for there was only one parish church. Mota y Escobar went, he noted growing village with adobe houses Among his many observations, which towns had mills, which had badly laid out. In its midst was a par- Bishop Mota y Escobar wrote about cattle, which had mines, which had ish church. Then, Aguascalientes was the history and politics of the mines stores, and which religious orders mostly inhabited by poor, but rugged, in Zacatecas.46 ministered sacraments to frontiers- mestizo frontiersmen who herded At Fresnillo, he saw 12 mills men in peril of losing their souls. cattle.39 Aguascalientes, wrote Bishop and, at the Hacienda de Medina on His descriptions of small villages or Mota y Escobar, was so named “for the northern edge of the Zacatecas settlements, his scrupulously kept some hot springs which are near mining frontier, he headed toward statistics about people and animals, there; a year around arroyo runs Nueva Vizcaya (present Chihua- his observations about the land, past the houses from which all the hua), where he saw cultivated fields, mines, mills, commerce, ethnography, neighbors drink, and although the livestock, and mills for processing and politics along the route painted water runs hot, it neither tastes like silver.47 Beyond there, at Pueblo de an extraordinary picture of the line asufre, alumbre nor herrumbre, when it is Sain, he saw livestock in the area of settlement along the Camino Real chilled, the water is very sweet and and two water-run mills for process- and other areas in Nueva Galicia. salubrious.”40 The people were poor ing ore, indications of an incipient He noted, for example, that Lagos and served the large landowners by economy based on mining.48 At was situated on the Camino Real that herding their large herds of varied Sombrerete, which he called Real de went from Mexico City to Zacatecas, livestock. At Aguascalientes the Minas de Sombrerete and Villa de one of the most traveled roads of the people did not farm. When they did Llerena, he wrote that the richest ores

TRADICIÓN September 2013 113 had already been extracted although for its coal mines.54 Mexico in 1626, a panoramic view five or six haciendas with their mills On to La Punta by way of Valle of the Camino Real in New Mexico were still in operation along with de las Poanas, Bishop Mota y Escobar would be lacking. In his Memorial a Franciscan convento.49 Just west of mentioned crossing a large stream of 1630 and his Revised Memorial of Sombrerete, Bishop Mota y Escobar called Los Berros.55 From there, Mota 1634, Benavides recorded invalu- found Real de Minas de San Martín, in y Escobar traveled to Tunal, a pueblo able descriptions of villages and mountainous terrain. He noted its of peaceful Chichimeca farmers. A people north of El Paso, which by economic decline as a mining area Franciscan priest attended to their now was the recognized gateway to with five or six Spanish residents spiritual needs.56 At this point Mota New Mexico. Like Bishop Mota y sustained by groves of apple trees, a y Escobar had meandered in and Escobar, Benavides traveled the land product in demand among miners in around present Durango and, barely and recorded his observations for his the area.50 six miles from there, had turned superiors to use in promoting the Traveling northward past Chal- southwest. Not far from Avino, Mota missionary field in“la conversión de San chihuites to Valle de Suchil, located y Escobar passed through Peñol Pablo en la provincia de Nuevo México.” Of between Sombrerete and Nombre Blanco, a place with several mines the southern limit of New Mexico, de Dios in present Durango, Bishop and two water-driven mills.57 Benavides, writing through Spanish Mota y Escobar was impressed with From there, Bishop Mota y colonial eyes, wrote, its fertility and its eight productive Escobar, again changing directions, “The kingdom of the prov- farms.51 Beyond there, he veered west meandered to Cuencamé. Of the inces of New Mexico are toward Nombre de Dios. Once there, mines there, he wrote that they had situated four hundred leagues Mota y Escobar described the town been recently discovered, sometime beyond the City of Mexico, to as hot and humid with a stream that in 1601. Most of the mines were the north at 370. And, although carried water year around. Nombre on one mountain. A parish church de Dios, he wrote had been founded had already been constructed there the settlements are situated to defend the road from Chichimeca to serve over a hundred Spanish there, the district really begins raiders. At that time, Nombre de Dios residents. Franciscan missionaries two hundred leagues before was a paraje, or stopping place on the worked among the Chichimecas after that point, that is, in the Val- Camino Real situated on the northern whom the town was named.58 ley of Santa Bárbara, the last edge of Nueva Galicia. At the time of Beyond there, Bishop Mota y pueblo of New Spain in that his visita, Nombre de Dios had fifteen Escobar’s next stop was in the Valle direction. The dividing line is or twenty resident Spaniards living de San Bartolomé. There he saw all the Conchos River, so named in small adobe houses who owned kinds of crops and livestock owing because of the Concha nation large farmlands nearby. Near there, to an irrigation system. Industri- which dwells there. From here 50-70 Indians lived in a small pueblo ous frontiersmen had built mills for with a Franciscan convent.52 flour to sell to nearby miners. Wild- we travel on for a distance of In the vicinity of Nombre de Dios life abounded and Mota y Escobar one hundred leagues in search at Asiento del Capitán Loiz, Bishop reported seeing geese, ducks, and of the Río del Norte, and we do Mota y Escobar found four water- cranes at a marsh not far from the this at very great risk, because driven mills, some for processing ore Spanish settlement. At that time, the route passes through the and others for grinding wheat. He Franciscans from Santa Barbara territory inhabited by the To- also observed livestock and an abun- made weekly visitations to the par- bosos, Tarahumares, Tepioanes, 59 dance of wildlife in the area. From ish church there. Nearby, at Todos Tomites, Sumas, Hanos and there, he went to Real de Minas de Santos, Bishop Mota y Escobar noted other very ferocious, barbarous las Nieves and saw much livestock, eight to ten Spaniards running a and indomitable tribes....We plentiful water, and large cultivated mule driven mill there. Aside from fields. There, he saw four or five mills an abundance of water and wildlife, have made every effort to con- for processing ore and a mule-driven they raised wheat and other crops vert and pacify these nations, mill. as well as livestock for sustenance. both for the good of their souls West of there was the working Mota y Escobar wrote that Todos and the safety of the road.... Estancia del Comendador Rodrigo Santos was the last settlement in the Having traversed these hun- del Río with large numbers of slaves, northwestern part of Nueva Vizcaya. dred leagues, we arrive at the Indian servants and mulattoes who Beyond that point began the large famous Río del Norte.”61 worked as herders and field hands.53 expanse leading to New Mexico.60 Beyond Real de Joachín and San Were it not for the diligent eye of Beyond the ford of the Río del Juan de Mezquital, inhabited by 100 Alonso de Benavides, the Franciscan Norte, it appears that Benavides trav- Chichimecas, Bishop Mota y Escobar prelate and custodian of the Holy eled through an area inhabited by reached Gracián, which was known Office of the Inquisition in New the Apaches del Perrillo, which was 114 TRADICIÓN September 2013 obviously present Jornada del Muer- ing. Among the creaking carretas, their Toward the end of the century, an to. El Perrillo, the water hole named large carossa, a covered wagon with event occurred that would give the during the Oñate expedition of 1598 bedding and curtains, appeared quite Jornada del Muerto its name. The which found water in a seemingly distinct. In a separate wagon rode naming of the Jornada del Muerto waterless plain by following the their servants, including the mulatta occurred as a result of the persecu- tracks of a small dog, had given way Clarilla and the negress Ana de la tion of a German, Bernardo Gruber, to a toponym as well to the designa- Cruz, who would serve the Lópezes by the Holy Office of the Inquisi- tion of an Apache tribe, probably part in Santa Fe. The servants attended tion.66 Between 1668 and 1670, the of the Mescaleros or Mimbreños.62 the carossa at every stop. Inquisition in New Mexico inves- A ways up present Jornada del The journey on the Camino tigated its last case in the Jurisdic- Muerto, Benavides passed present Real was not only long and tiring but tion of Las Salinas in the Manzano San Marcial before reaching Socorro. dangerous. Caravans were some- Mountains. Facing charges of su- In his Memorial, he described mines times waylaid by robbers or some perstition, Bernardo Gruber, a trader south of Socorro, and mission sites catastrophe could occur on winding from Sonora, suffered an ordeal at the at San Antonio de Senecú and San hillsides. The Lópezes endured the hands of frontier Inquisition authori- Luis de Sevilleta. North of Socorro, journey by reading or by some other ties that later cost him his life. Aware along a stretch of the Camino Real, diversion. It was said they never left that Gruber had been mistreated, of- Benavides followed the Río Grande their carossa, not even to attend Mass. ficials of the Holy Tribunal in Mexico to San Antonio de la Isleta and then By spring 1659, after several months City moved to lessen the powers of to San Francisco de Sandia, thence on the trail the caravan had reached local agents of the Holy Office in north of there to San Felipe and on Parral on the southern end of Chi- outlying provinces like New Mexico. to Santa Fe, which was founded huahua’s mining frontier. Wending By that time, Gruber was dead and in 1610. Benavides provided yet its way from water hole to water his case closed. Along the dry waste- another glimpse of the Camino Real hole across the desert, the caravan lands northeast of El Paso, two place- through New Mexico which would finally reached the crossing of the names, Jornada del Muerto and Alemán, be replicated by prospectors, miners, Río Grande near present-day El Paso. survived to remind travelers on the soldiers, friars, settlers, and governors Not far from there, missionaries at Camino Real of Bernardo Gruber’s final who settled in New Mexico. The the Conversión de los Mansos y Sumas, a test. colorful onomastic development of mission serving two semi sedentary Charged with superstition involv- New Mexican place names was still Indian tribes, had the Royal Road ing claims of immortality, Gruber, in its developmental stage. lined with natives holding branches referred to as El Alemán [the German] By the middle 1600s, the Camino to form an archway in honor of the was arrested at Quarai and eventu- Real was in constant use between new governor.64 ally jailed at Sandia Pueblo where he Santa Fe, El Paso, and Mexico City. Proceeding northward through spent nearly two years as a prison- One of the most notable governors in the Jornada del Muerto, they reached er.67 Meanwhile, his herds, his goods, New Mexico during the seventeenth the Convento de Nuestra Señora de Socorro and his trading contacts dissipated century was Governor Bernardo on June 30, 1659. With church bells before him as the hard winters and López de Mendizábal (1659-1661), ringing and trumpets blaring, the drought-stricken summers took high and his first lady, Doña Teresa de father guardian, Fray Benito de la Na- toll of his animals, and his goods be- Aguilera de la Rocha. López would tividad, sprinkled holy water on the came prey to local frontiersmen who travel the Camino Real twice: first as governor and the caravan and direct- made off with some of Gruber’s trade governor, then as prisoner of the ed them to the church. That evening, items. Finally, with no word about Holy Office of the Inquisition.63 Their one of the settlers in the area invited whether he would be set free or kept trip to New Mexico, nonetheless, the governor and his wife to sup- imprisoned at Sandia, Gruber plot- is noteworthy because it is one of per. Doña Luisa Díaz de Betansos y ted with his loyal Apache servant, the very few descriptions presented Castro, an eighty-year old widow, but Atanasio, to escape. Local frontiers- in seventeenth century documents a very spry frontierswoman,65 and man including Juan Martín Serrano about travel along the Royal Road. her daughter Doña Isabel de Salazar, assisted in the escape by providing The Lópezes left Mexico city with had prepared a sumptuous dinner in Gruber with supplies and several the yearly supply caravan of 1658 honor of the dignitaries. horses.68 Feigning illness, Gruber was bound for New Mexico in Decem- The next day the caravan broke able to distract his jailers into think- ber of that year. As the caravan camp and resumed the journey ing he was not much of an escape moved along the dusty Camino Real de northward. They stopped at many of risk.69 At midnight of June 22, 1670, Tierra Adentro, passing mining camps, the haciendas, estancias and missions Gruber, having loosened the bars to towns and ranches, it was obvious along the Camino Real in the Prov- his jail cell, made his escape.70 Riding that the governor and his wife were ince of New Mexico before reaching south through the bosques of the San- accustomed to a high standard of liv- Santa Fe sometime in mid-July. dia Jurisdiction, Gruber and Atanasio

TRADICIÓN September 2013 115 followed the Camino Real past present Friday morning, Gruber was gone! decayed. I examined them, and it Albuquerque toward Belen.71 Near He had taken only one horse south seemed that they belonged to Ber- there they rode near the Hacienda of along the Camino Real; the other three nardo Gruber, the fugitive. I made a Thomé Domingues de Mendoza on horses were still there. The youth search which did not result in vain, their way toward Isleta and Socorro spent the rest of Friday and Satur- for I found at once all of his hair and Meanwhile, his jailer at Sandia day in an unsuccessful search for El the remnants of clothing which he discovered the escape. Quickly, a Alemán, the German. Returning to had worn. I and my companions posse was organized under orders Senecú, Atanasio went to the convento searched carefully for the bones, of the governor to chase down the to report Gruber’s disappearance.74 and found in very widely separated escapee and his accomplice. Their After listening to the young places the skull, three ribs, two long efforts proved fruitless, for no trace Apache, Fray Francisco ordered four bones, and two other little bones of them could be found. Nine days Indians to take Atanasio to Pedro de which had been gnawed by animals. later, Captain Cristóbal de Anaya Leyba, the alcalde mayor of the Juris- This, sir, occurred on Wednesday had pursued the fugitives as far as diction of Senecú, who lived in So- the thirtieth of the month of July of El Paso del Norte without result. Far corro. From there, he was transferred this present year. It is supposed that to the north of them another event to Sandia Pueblo where he was inter- an Indian who was traveling with unraveled.72 It appears that Bernardo rogated by Fray Pedro de Ayala and Bernardo Gruber killed him.76 Gruber’s life had already come to Padre Juan Bernal. At first Atanasio Castillo and his companions an end. A lone Atanasio rode into claimed to be the sole accomplice in took Gruber’s remains to El Paso del Mission Senecú not far from Socorro. the escape of Bernardo Gruber. But Norte. There, outside a mission site, There, he was later apprehended Fray Pedro, who was aware of other La Conversión de los Mansos y Sumas, the by Anaya, who received a message testimony, implicated Juan Martín bones of Gruber were buried by the about Atanasio’s surrender. The Serrano as well. Soon after his inter- resident priest.77 The Gruber story, young Apache confessed his story rogation, Atanasio escaped. Father which appeared closed to his con- to Fray Francisco Nicolás Hurtado, Ayala believed that he had returned temporaries, quietly resurrected itself ministro de doctrina del Convento de Senecú to Sonora. Later, it would be said, in New Mexico lore. Since then, not far from Socorro. The Apache without proof, that Atanasio had the name Jornada del Muerto haunted picked up the narrative at the Camino killed Gruber.75 every colonial and modern map of Real near Thomé Domínguez Men- Although the despoblado was New Mexico. It would be one of doza’s hacienda. Riding day and continually searched for Gruber over hundreds of stories that emerged night through Tuesday, June 24, they the next few months, what were from the historical development of passed the feast day of San Juan on believed to be the German’s remains the Camino Real north of El Paso. the trail somewhere near Senecú. were found quite by accident by As the seventeenth century That night they camped at a place travelers near what would bear the neared its end, the great Pueblo called Fray Cristóbal. The next day place name Alemán. New Mexican Revolt of 1680 exploded in the face they pulled their tired horses through lore would commemorate the trail as of New Mexico settlers, sending the hot wasteland to Las Peñuelas, La Jornada del Muerto [The Dead Man’s them reeling to El Paso where they which was waterless. They arrived Journey]. Almost three weeks after remained for twelve years. The there about 4 p.m., when the sun Gruber’s escape, five traders on their Pueblo Revolt is part of the history of was still high. Exhausted, thirsty way to Parral in present Chihuahua, the Camino Real, for it resulted in an and dusty, Gruber, unable to travel passed between Las Peñuelas and event in which Hispanic refugees, any further, sent young Atanasio El Perillo. One of them, Captain using the Royal Road, fled southward in search of water. “Bring it back in Andrés de Peralta, strayed from the from Santa Fe past the pueblos of the a jícara,” he said hoarsely. In case of group, then called out to his compan- lower Río Grande to Socorro, then danger, he gave his harquebus to the ions that he had found something. through the Jornada del Muerto, to Apache, who traveled a full day to Francisco del Castillo Betancur, who El Paso. the water hole at San Diego, reaching knew Gruber well, was with them. From El Paso, Spanish officials led it at midday on Thursday.73 Writing from Parral in September sorties northward along the Camino At the water hole, he filled the 1670, to a friend in New Mexico, Real to reconnoiter the damage done jícara and rode back toward Las Castillo described what he had seen: to the land they had occupied since Peñuelas. But on the way the jícara I went to him and found a roan 1598. Some expeditions hoped to broke and Atanasio returned to San horse tied to a tree by a halter. It retake New Mexico, but it was not Diego for water. The only way to was dead and near it was a doublet until 1692 that the “Reconquest” carry water back to his master, he or coat of blue cloth lined with ot- began. That year, Diego de Vargas reasoned, was to soak his sudador ter skin. There were also a pair of led an army northward along the [saddle blanket]. When Atanasio trousers of the same material, and Camino Real and succeeded in gaining finally arrived at Las Peñuelas on other remnants of clothing that had a foothold in Santa Fe which led to

116 TRADICIÓN September 2013 the recolonization of New Mexico. Robles in 1946, describes the purpose Missouri was established, it incor- The Camino Real had witnessed a of the inspection and the various porated the Camino de Chihuahua into pageantry of settlers, soldiers, friars, routes taken by the expedition. From its name, the Santa Fe-Chihuahua fugitives, and refugees in Colonial Mexico City, Rivera marched north Trail, thus extending the length of the New Mexico’s history. toward the Basílica of Nuestra Señora network of immigration and com- de Guadalupe, thence to the ancient mercial routes in North America and The Eighteenth Century Toltec ruins at Tula, and finally pick- joining two frontier cultures: His- Camino Real ing up the road to Querétaro and panic America and Anglo America. The eighteenth century unfurled Zacatecas, the old mining frontier of In 1808, Alejandro de Humboldt, with a stream of activity along yesteryear. Tracing the Camino Real, included, in his Ensayo Político, maps of the Camino Real as Spain sought to Rivera headed toward Durango and the Rivera expedition along El Camino strengthen its holdings. The Camino Ciudad Chihuahua, then north to Real de Tierra Adentro demonstrating Real, as an emigrant route from New El Paso and lastly, the old presidial the impressive length of the route Spain, once again saw a series of settlement at Santa Fe. with all of its historical development wagon trains headed northward as The military inspection by Rivera from Mexico City to Santa Fe. new settlers and missionaries moved revealed many weaknesses in the The next forty years saw but little to reoccupy New Mexico. defense of the north for which he change in military life along the By the 1720s, New Mexico was made recommendations. Similarly, Camino Real with exception of new back in Spanish hands, but a new Rivera’s cartographer, Barreiros, left installations that were established threat loomed on the horizon. French a graphic outline in several maps of along the way to bolster defenses traders who had pushed onto the the frontier and its many colonial and, coincidentally, creating new Great Plains and East Texas posed a roads, including the Camino Real. The place names. Not until the Seven challenge to the Spanish occupation entries in Diario y Derrotero describe Years’ War did Spanish officials take of New Mexico. The need to bolster an active linear frontier along the up a new military inspection of the defenses along the northern frontier Camino Real filled with hard working, northern frontier of New Spain. prompted Spanish officials to review but poor, frontiersmen who served as Spawned by the Peace of Paris in the situation on the frontier. To that farmers and militiamen, friars who 1763, which resulted in a new map end, in 1724, Brigadier Pedro de tended their ministries, miners who for North America which gave Great Rivera was commissioned to lead a depended on local ranchers and Britain strategic advantages, Spain two-year inspection of military instal- farmers to sustain them, black slaves undertook reform of its defense lations along the northern frontier. and Indian servants whose miserable system under the Bourbon Reforms. His cartographer Francisco Barreiros lives and labor left their mark etched Under the reforms, King Carlos III of mapped much of the territory along in mine shafts of places like Queré- Spain ordered the reorganization of the Camino Real. taro, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Durango, military units. As the military inspection moved and Santa Barbara, merchants who In the midst of the whirlwind along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, traveled the royal road, and woman activity, the marquees de Ruby, a field and children who perpetuated the marshal, began a general inspec- Rivera and his entourage retraced the 78 ancient road that was reaching a new cultural life along a 1200 mile cor- tion of the north. For two years, cycle of development. By his time, ridor that stretched from Mexico 1764-66, Ruby and his small escort many of the adobe villages seen by City to Santa Fe in New Mexico. inspected the entire presidial system Bishop Mota y Escobar had become Significantly, two new places had of the Provincials Internals, that is, large towns or cities. Some of the been added to the map of northern the northern frontier of New Spain, places seen by Mota y Escobar had New Spain. The Villa de Alburquer- from Guanajuato to Santa Fe in New disappeared. Along the way, Rivera que, New Mexico, founded in 1706, Mexico and from Sonora to Texas. described other new places that had and the Villa de Chihuahua (present The result of the Ruby inspection was been established since then. Ciudad Chihuahua), founded in 1709, Regalement de 1772, a set of military Traveling on El Camino Real de added new life, by way of a revived regulations that provided a plan of Tierra Adentro through Mexico’s commerce, to the Camino Real. The es- defense as well as rules governing interior, the expedition took many tablishment of these villas resulted in the deportment of military personnel side trips off the road in its inspection new names for that segment of the while on duty. The 1772 regulations as it virtually zig-zagged throughout royal road between the two places. served to set the tone and pattern for the frontier. Rivera’s report Diario y The Camino de Chihuahua as seen soldiering on New Spain’s northern Derrotero de lo caminado, visto y observado from New Mexico and the Camino de frontier. en la visita que hizo a los presidios de la Nuevo Mexico as seen from Chihuahua In 1935, Vito Alessio Robles Nueva España septentrional el Brigadier were duly noted in Spanish colonial edited one of the reports of the Rubí Pedro de Rivera, edited by Vito Alessio cartography. Later, in the nineteenth mission to the north: Nicolás de Lafora, century, when the Santa Fe Trail from Relación del Viaje que Hizo a los Presi-

TRADICIÓN September 2013 117 dios Internos Situados en la Frontera de la Alameda, Corrales, Bernalillo, Sandia, fare for insurgent and royalist forces America Septentrional. Lafora served as San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti, locked in mortal combat in the wave the expedition’s cartographer. His Los Golondrinas, La Cienega, and of independence movements that maps, like those of Barreiro before Santa Fe. The places that appeared on plagued a dying Spanish empire. him, graphically described El Camino Miera y Pacheco’s maps demonstrat- Indeed, as the first phase of rebel- Real de Tierra Adentro. In 1766 Lafora ed the continued existence of places lion ended, the Hidalgo Revolt had visited El Paso from 18 July to 5 on the Camino Real since the days of been quelled by royalist armies, and August. Like all travelers before him, Oñate. Father Miguel Hidalgo fled along the he realized he was at the gateway The eighteenth century also Camino Real to Ciudad Chihuahua, to New Mexico on the Camino Real. witnessed ecclesiastical visitas made near where he was captured, and At that time the Presidio de Nuestra by Bishop Pedro Tamarón y Romeral where he was imprisoned, tried, and Señora de Pilar del Paso del Río del (1760), Fray Atanasio Domínguez executed in 1811. Out of the inde- Norte housed a company of cavalry (1776), Fray Juan Agustín Morfí pendence movement emerged an that was below strength at forty-six (1777), and other important church- incipient Mexican nation. With it, men. Nearby were five missions in men who described, as Bishop Mota the Camino Real entered a new era. the area ministered by Franciscans. y Escobar before them, the frontier The village of El Paso, the presidio, people who lived along the Camino The Nineteenth Century the missions, and an hacienda in the Real as well as their economies, their Camino Real vicinity contained 5000 people. Lafo- homes, and their culture. The sig- Toward the end of the indepen- ra’s colleague, José Urrútia, a military nificance of theirvisitas is that they dence movement in Mexico, Anglo- engineer, drew the plan of El Paso left a written record of life along a American Mountain Men entered and its cultivated fields along with linear frontier that was always in New Mexico to trap fur bearing that of the presidio and location of communication with all points along animals and trade with New Mexi- the missions. Urrútia drew a similar it through commerce, immigration, cans. By 1821, the Santa Fe Trail from plan for Santa Fe, the terminus of the and the general movement of people Missouri had been established. It ran Camino Real and the northern extent and things. These reports include the its course from 1821 to the 1890s, of the Rubí mission. geographical range from Mexico City when railroad lines displaced oxen- In the 1770s and 1780s, renewed to Santa Fe in New Mexico. Particu- drawn freighting trails. The advent of interest in New Mexico among lar descriptions of the Camino Real the railroad spelled the slow demise Spanish officials resulted in the through New Mexico add knowl- of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro as appointment of Juan Bautista de edge regarding the antiquity of place the principal means for commerce, Anza, a legendary soldier and names between El Paso and Santa Fe. as railroad lines would soon extend capable administrator, as governor As New Mexico gained in throughout the southwestern United of New Mexico. Anza’s march from importance, visibility and stature as States and the central corridor of Sonora past Fronteras took him to an established frontier area in the Mexico. But before that happened, the Río Grande. His inspection of eighteenth century, Spanish officials the Camino Real realized an historical New Mexico along the Camino Real recognized its military and ecclesi- transition that spelled change. resulted in a number of changes astical values. It was, after all, part of Perhaps the earliest Anglo-Amer- to the age-old problem of frontier the Spanish empire. After nearly two ican description of the Camino Real is defenses in New Mexico. Ultimately, centuries, Spanish officials began to that of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, Anza led a march northward of acknowledge the imperial invest- who, captured by Spanish troops in Santa Fe in pursuit of Cuernoverde, ment in New Mexico. Even though 1807, was taken to Santa Fe. Pike was the Comanche chieftain, who had New Mexico still had a way to go taken to Ciudad Chihuahua so that plundered New Mexican farms and in terms of its economic develop- officials could determine whether to Indian pueblos. Anza finally trapped ment, the military inspections and punish Pike and his men for trespass- and killed his adversary in southern the ecclesiastical visitas reflected a ing on Spanish soil or release them. Colorado, forcing a peace on the renewed interest in its strategic im- In the end, Pike was released by way Comanche. portance. In many ways the Camino of San Antonio in Texas, but not The cartography produced by Real had served as the umbilical cord before he was inadvertently given a Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, during that had nurtured New Mexico’s tour along El Camino Real de Tierra Ad- the 1770s and 1780s, continued a progress through trade, immigration, entro and the colonial road to Saltillo tradition of mapping the Camino Real and imperial support. But the times and San Antonio. His journals were in New Mexico. In New Mexico, were changing too rapidly for the subsequently published, revealing, the settlement pattern stretched from realization of Spanish plans for New to the outside world, a view of the El Paso past the Jornada del Muerto Mexico. Camino Real and the Spanish frontiers to Sevilleta, Socorro, Belen, Isleta, Between 1810 and 1821, the of New Mexico, Chihuahua, Coa- Pajarito, Los Chaves, Alburquerque, Camino Real soon became a thorough-

118 TRADICIÓN September 2013 huila, and Texas. 1 Alejandro de Humboldt, Ensayo Descubrimiento, Conquista y Orga- Between 1821 and 1846, Anglo- Político sobre el reyno de Nueva nización de las Antiguas Posesiones American traders engaged in trade España, 1808 (Madrid: Imprenta de Españoles de América y Oceanía with Santa Fe. Notable among them Núñez, 1818), I:296. (hereinafter cited as CDI) (Madrid, was Josiah Gregg, whose account 2 The four roads are discussed in 1864-1865, 42 vols.), XVI:242. Commerce of the Prairies: The Journal of a Woodrow Borah, “Early Colonial 14 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:244. The date described New Mexico Santa Fé Trader Trade and Navigation Between was 4 May 1598. during the 1830s and 1840s. As a 15 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:244. The date trader, Gregg had plied his busi- Mexico and Peru,” Ibero-Americana (1954), 38:27; John K. Chance, was 4 May 1598. ness acumen on the Camino Real. Dr. Adolph Wislizenus, who accompa- Race and Class in Colonial Oax- 16 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:244-45. The nied the U.S. Army to New Mexico aca (Stanford: Stanford Univer- date was 11 May 1598. during the Mexican War, left his sity Press:1978), 54; Philip Wayne 17 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:235. The date Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico, Con- Powell, Soldiers, Indians & Silver was 11 May 1598. nected with Col. Doniphan’s Expedition, in (Berkeley: University of California 18 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:247. The date 1846-1847. Wizlizenus’s descriptions Press, 1952), 20; Peter William Rees, was 22 May 1598. of the Camino Real are of particular “Route Inertia and Route Competi- 19 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:248. The date interest because of the attention he tion: An Historical Geography of was 23 May 1598. gave to locations and distances along Transportation Between Mexico City 20 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:249. the route. and Vera Cruz,” Ph.D. diss. Univer- 21 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:251. The Anglo-American intrusion 22 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:252. into Spanish, and later Mexican, ter- sity of California at Berkeley, 1971, 112; and William Lytle Schurz, The 23 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:252-53. ritories represented the historical progression of change along the Camino Manila Galleon (New York: E.P. Dut- 24 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:253.

Real. Ultimately, the United States ton and Co. 1939), 385. 25 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:256. would become a shareholder in the 3 Humboldt, Ensayo Político, 296. 26 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:254. history of the Camino Real for it would 4 Humboldt, Ensayo Político, 296. 27 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:256. become intricately intertwined with Also see, Rees, “Route Inertia and 28 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:254-56. that of Mexico. Route Competition: An Historical 29 Itinerario, CDI, XVI:254-56. In its long history, the Camino Geography of Transportation Be- 30 François Chevalier, Land and Soci- Real developed as Mexico’s frontier tween Mexico City and Vera Cruz,” ety in Colonial Mexico: The Great extended along a south to north line p. 112. Hacienda (Berkeley: University of until it stretched from Mexico City California Press, 1963), 266. to Santa Fe in New Mexico. It served 5 31 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción as a line of communication between Schurz, The Manila Galleon, p. 385. 6 Chance, Race and Class, p. 54. Geográfica, p. 15. settlements for trade, defense, and further expansion. By the nineteenth 7 Powell, Soldiers, Indians & Silver, p. 32 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción century, the Camino Real connected 20. Geográfica, pp. 9-10. two frontiers, one Spanish, the other 8 Humboldt, Ensayo político, 144. 33 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Anglo-American. The significance of 9 Powell, Soldiers, Indians & Silver, Geográfica, p. 14. the Camino Real is based on its historic pp. 17-18. 34 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción use and the resulting demographic 10 Herbert E. Bolton, ed., Spanish Geográfica, pp. 14-15. pattern that evolved in the history of Exploration in the Southwest, 1542- 35 Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas, edi- two countries as well as the evolu- 1706 (New York: Charles Scribner’s tor, Descripción Geográfica de los tion of the Camino Real as an intercon- Son, 1916). 201. Reinos de Nueva Galicia, Nueva necting network of modern roads 11 Bolton, ed., Spanish Exploration, Vizcaya y Nueva Leon por d. Alonso and railroads that are international 201. de la Mota y Escobar (Mexico, D.F.: in scope and character. In the broad facets of U.S. history and Mexican 12 Joseph P. Sánchez, The Río Abajo Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1940), pp. history, the Camino Real played a role Frontier, 1540-1692: A History of 121-123. in trade and commerce, settlement Early Colonial New Mexico (Albu- 36 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción patterns, war, and transmission of querque: Albuquerque Museum His- Geográfica, p. 122. culture. In its historical denouement, tory Monograph Series, 1987), 54. 37 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción the Camino Real transcends time, 13 Itinerario in Pacheco, Joaquín F., Geográfica, p. 123. place, and culture. Cárdenas, Francisco de, y Torres de 38 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Mendoza, Luis, eds., Colección de Geográfica, p. 122. Endnotes Documentos Inéditos Relativos al 39 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción TRADICIÓN September 2013 119 Geográfica, p. 124. 110-119. 72 Statement by Fray Juan Bernal, 40 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción 64 Primera Audiencia de don Bernardo June 30, 1670, AGN, Inq. 666, f. 408. Geográfica, 124. López de Mendizábal, 1663, Archivo 73 Declaration of Atanasio, Sandia, 41 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción General de la Nación, Sección Inquis- July 8, 1670, AGN, Inq. 666, ff. 411- Geográfica, 124. ición (hereinafter cited as AGN, Inq.) 412. 42 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción 594 74 Declaration of Atanasio, Sandia, Geográfica, 139. 65 Testigo de Luisa Díaz de Betansos July 8, 1670, AGN, Inq. 666, ff. 411- 43 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción y Castro, Socorro, April 30, 1662, 412. Geográfica, 140. AGN, Inq. 593. 75 Francisco del Castillo Betancur 44 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción 66 The following narrative about Ber- to Dr. Juan de Ortega, El Parral, Geográfica, 145. nardo Gruber is taken from Joseph September 1, 1670, AGN, Inq. 666, f. 45 Ramírez Cabañas, Descripción P. Sánchez, “Bernardo Gruber and 402. Geográfica, 146. the New Mexican Inquisition,” in 76 Francisco del Castillo Betancur 46 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Sánchez, The Río Abajo Frontier, to Dr. Juan de Ortega, El Parral, Geográfica, 139-155. 120-128. September 1, 1670, Archivo General 47 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción 67 Autos sent by Fray Juan Bernal to de la Nación, Sección Inquisición Geográfica, p. 174. Mexico City, AGN, Inq. 608, f. 333. 666, f. 402. Translated by Joseph P. 48 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Also see, AGN, Inq. 666, f. 406. Sánchez. Geográfica, p. 175. 68 Declaration of Atanasio, Sandia, 77 Ibid. 49 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción July 8, 1670, AGN, Inq. 666, f. 404. 78 Joseph P. Sánchez, Spanish Blue- Geográfica, p. 176-177. 69 Testimony of Captain Francisco de coats: The Catalonian Volunteers in 50 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Ortega, Pecos, June 30, 1670, AGN, Northwestern New Spain, 1767-1810 Geográfica, p. 177. Inq. 666, f. 406. (Albuquerque: University of New 51 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción 70 Undated letter of Fray Juan Bernal, Mexico Press, 1990), 6-7. Geográfica, p. 179. AGN, Inq. 666, f. 404. 52 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción 71 Undated letter of Fray Juan Bernal, Geográfica, pp. 179-180. AGN, Inq. 666, f. 404. Dr. Joseph P. Sánchez is superinten- 53 Ramírez Cabañas. ed., Descripción dent of Petroglyph National Monu- Geográfica, pp. 182-183. ment and the Spanish Colonial 54 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción Research Center at the University Geográfica, p. 184. of New Mexico. Dr. Sánchez is also 55 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción founder and editor of the Colonial Latin American Historical Review Geográfica, pp. 180 and 185. (CLAHR). Before his career with the 56 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción National Park Service, Dr. Sánchez Geográfica, p. 193. was a professor of Colonial Latin 57 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción American history at the University Geográfica, p. 194. of Arizona, Tucson. He was also 58 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción director of the Mexican-American Geográfica, p. 195. Studies and Research Center. He 59 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción has taught at the University of Geográfica, pp. 199-200. New Mexico, Santa Ana College 60 Ramírez Cabañas, ed., Descripción in Southern California and at the Geográfica, pp. 199-201. Universidad Autónoma de Guada- 61 Peter P. Forrestal, translator, and lajara in Mexico. Cyprian J. Lynch, ed., Benavides’ Memorial of 1630 (Washington, D.C.: Academy of American Francis- can History, 1954), pp. 9-10.

62 Forrestal, trans., and Lynch, ed., This essay is excerpted from From Mexico Memorial of 1630, 14. City to Santa Fe: A Historical Guide 63 For an account of the governorship to El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. of Bernardo López de Mendizábal, The book can be ordered from Rio Grande see Sánchez, Río Abajo Frontier, Books or online at Amazon.com. 120 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Duke City Diamonds Baseball in Albuquerque by Gary Herron 282 pages; 7.5 x 9.25 pb ISBN 978-1-936744-05-3 $24.95 Duke City Diamonds is the definitive depiction of baseball that’s been played in Albuquerque, going back to the short-lived 1915 pro team to the DUKE CITY playoff-bound exploits of the 2012 Albuquerque Isotopes. Capsule summaries on every pro team, highlights, the team records and managers and photos highlight the first three chapters, while the rest are dedicated to the managers and coaches of the professional teams that played here, exhibitions and all-star games, the top high school players of the past few decades in the metro area, the all-time best Lobos and an ex- haustive chapter on the 100-best pro ballplayers of all-time. Did you know old “Gashouse Gang” catcher Bill DeLancey managed the Albuquerque Cardinals for a few seasons? DIAMONDS If you like baseball, and especially if you follow the game in the Duke BASEBALL IN ALBUQUERQUE City – and probably have fond memories of the old Sports Stadium – this is the book for you! GARY HERRON

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Author Gary Herron is a lifelong baseball fan, from his earliest memories of following the Detroit Tigers when he was growing up in the suburbs of Detroit. That love for the national pastime came with him when he moved to New Mexico in 1975 and adopted the Albuquerque Dukes as the team to follow … and, thanks to his knowledge of the game and its rules, began filling in as an Official Scorer for the Pacific Coast league at the Albuquerque Sports Stadium in 1983. He became the full-time O.S. for the Dukes at the mid-point of the 1985 season, and just about “scored” every Dukes home game through the 1999 season – more than 1,000 games. When the Isotopes began playing at brand-new Isotopes Park in 2003, Herron was the O.S. for their debut and although others share the O.S. duties, he had worked 360 Isotopes’ games by the end of the 2012 season.

CONTENTS Tingley Field Days, 1932-68 Sports Stadium Years, 1969-2000 Isotopes Park, 2003-Today Managers & Coaches New Mexicans love high school baseball UNM baseball through the years Exhibitions, all-star games, and more played here Albuquerque’s Baseball Hall of Fame The 100 best Albuquerque pro players

BOOK SIGNINGS Sunday, April 14, 2013 Bookworks, 4022 Rio Grande Blvd NW, Albuquerque, 3-5pm Friday to Sunday, May 10-12, Southwest Book Fiesta, Albuquerque Convention Center

Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com slim randles Home Country Slim Randles is one of our authors, having penned the award-winning A Cowboy’s Guide to Growing Up Right and Home Country. Slim also writes a nationally syndicated column every week in over 250 newspapers with over 2.2 millions readers every week across the country. We are proud to be able to include some of his humor and inpirational ramblin’s. Hope you like his take on things.

September means pencils, books such as finding a parking spot close houses she saw. Where would they and teacher’s dirty looks for the to the fairgrounds that doesn’t cost put the servants? How could you youngsters, but it also means state $5. Practical things. Or how about a hold a dance in one? And a garage fair season. That’s when the world’s ribbon for not missing a day’s work for just two cars? But it was here her largest zucchini squash is at its prime, all year? Or for being a nice guy and truck driver lived, and here became of course. The farm animals are all always letting other drivers change … a special place. If she’d known shed off and shiny and cute, their lanes in front of you. those many years ago before their horns polished to diamond-like per- Somehow, though, we have to steamy relationship of the children: fection by hard-working and hopeful be content with just knowing we did his daughter by his first wife and her kids. those things, so we can feel like a dukelet by him, and the murders in The state fair is an annual state fair blue-ribbon winner inside. the Soggy Bottoms that wrenched pilgrimage of sorts, the fairgrounds ------their idyllic tranquility into another temporary home. We need Dud Campbell could feel it in wrenched shards of cross-cultural to touch base with turkey legs, corn the mornings … the cool breeze agony…” dogs and deep fried everything. We on the skin, the slight chill in the Dud smiled at that and sipped who sport gray in our hair, or no hair air, the messages nature sent to tell his coffee. Not bad. Not bad at all. at all, can look with relief at that gi- us autumn is almost here. And in The coffee was good, too. ant slingshot that shoots high school autumn, Dud knew, the duchess and “… would she have fallen for kids into a state fair orbit. It’s a relief the truck driver would return to his this man of her dreams? This man because no one expects us to do that. computer for yet another season of with the long billfold on a chain? And when we were young enough novel writing. This American with the stainless to actually do that, thankfully, the In fact … steel insulated coffee mug with the diabolical state fair scientists hadn’t Dud switched on the computer lid on it? This paragon of practical invented the darn thing yet. and sat down to work on “Murder in pursuits?” Cruising around, you get to see the Soggy Bottoms” once again. Doc Oh yes, Dudley, he told himself. everyone at their best. Best fair-type thought that sounded like mayhem This year I think we’ll finally finish clothing. Best behavior. Best smiles. in the neonatal ward, so we just this novel. If you scowl at any point during a called it the duchess and the truck ------visit to the state fair, you either aren’t driver. A building project (for those trying very hard or someone ran off Anita smiled when she saw her of us who are carpenterially chal- with your date. husband back at work on his dream lenged) can be a confusing night- And we make those little secret book, and made coffee. mare of little whatchits we never promises to ourselves, too. You see, It was always hardest for Dud to learned the name of and have no we’d love to win a ribbon for making type the first word, so he wrote “Dear idea how to use. a quilt, or raising an animal, or taking Mom” as he always did, and then Oh, if we need a two by four a fabulous photograph or coming up proceeded with the story. He’d delete that’s eight feet long, we’re on pretty with the best painting in the whole the Dear Mom later. safe ground and can head on over to state. But not all of us can do those “When the duchess came to MundoSlab, the building center that things. Maybe there should be some the truck driver’s hometown,” he dedicates about half an acre to just other categories for the rest of us, wrote, “she was startled by the small tar paper. It’s fun going over there

122 TRADICIÓN September 2013 just to see what the new foreign filled that pothole in front of the a massive septic tank, Bud said, “big doo-dads are for construction this drugstore. But that was about it. enough so if I want to put in a hotel, month, and you never know when “What do you mean it isn’t the I don’t have to worry.” you’ll find something you can’t live same, Jimmy?” It was a balmy day in May, past without. You can buy all the stuff in “This is going to sound funny to coffee time, and the backhoe master there from either the kid who mowed you guys,” he said, “but all that time was at work. Bud was standing there your lawn up until a month ago, or over there, I kept thinking about watching Jim work his digging magic from that nice girl your boy used to how nice it was going to be to get in the backyard, along with half a take to the movies. out in the woods at night again with dozen others, including us. Now and But when the real tough parts Ed Lakey and the dogs and go coon then Jim would just do something to of a project come along, you know, hunting, you know? It was so hot show off his skill. At one point, when things that involve plumbing or over there, I tried to remember what Jim’s backhoe cut through a buried wiring, there’s only one place to go it felt like to wear Carhartt coveralls tree root, there was about a foot-long ... the surviving old-fashioned hard- and feel that cold night air and hear section of root lying alone at the bot- ware store. MundoSlab coming in those hounds bawling and running tom of the hole. sure cut down on the number of down along the river. Oh man, that “Hey,” Bud yelled at Jim, good- old-fashioned hardware stores, but was one of the things that kept me naturedly, “firewood!” there’s always one in every town that going.” Jim grinned and reached his survives, and for a good reason. He looked at us and his mind long steel arm down into the hole, They have gray-haired guys came back home there for a minute. gently picking up just the one piece standing just inside the door to help “Of course, I missed you guys, too. of wood, lifting it out of the hole, and you find just what you need, even Thought about you a lot.” delivering it to Bud’s outstretched if you don’t know what it’s called “Well, sure you did,” Doc said. hand as though it were the crown and have no clue how to install it, or “Anyway,” Jimmy said, “I got jewels. even if anyone’s invented something home and the first thing I did ... well, As we watched, Jim lifted the to fix this particular problem. almost the first thing I did... was call massive concrete vault of the septic I walked in the hardware store Ed and tell him I needed to get in tank and placed it gently in the hole. the other day, and a guy with plenty the woods, and how about he throws Then his helper hooked a chain to of gray came over and asked if he those dogs in the truck, you know, the septic tank lid and Jim lifted this could help. and we’ll go hunting? He told me he into the air and swung it over the “Well,” I said. “I have a float thin- was sorry, but he didn’t have a single hole. But instead of lowering it, Jim gie on the horse trough that broke. hound any more. Had to quit coon stopped the machine in mid stride It’s that little doo-trammy that’s kinda hunting for good. and hollered at the new septic tank copper-colored and fits on top of the “Well, you know Ed. He lives owner. whiz-gidget.” to go hunting with those dogs, so I “Hey Bud!” he yelled, “Got any Without breaking stride, he asked him what happened. He said bodies you want to hide?” looked at me and said, “Right-hand his wife was upset at him for spend- The perfect place for a murder threads, or will you need an adaptor?” ing so much time with those dogs victim. Agatha Christie didn’t even Let’s see MundoSlab top that. and not with her. She said he loved come up with that one. ------those dogs more than he loved her You have to admire professional- Sure was good to see Jimmy and she told him either the dogs ism wherever you may find it. back from the Middle East last week. would have to go or she would. ------He looks good in that uniform, too. “So Ed said, ‘Doggonit, Jimmy. I The Club didn’t last long. He was running all over the place flipped a coin and the dogs lost.’” It wasn’t the dues, which were for a few days, visiting everyone he ------nothing. It wasn’t being worried knows, but he finally came in to the When Jim Kennedy uses his about being elected recording sec- Mule Barn and sat at the philosophy big backhoe, a crowd usually gathers. retary or something if you missed a counter, headquarters of the world He’s an artist, you see. meeting. There were no officers, no dilemma think tank, to be with us. He runs his massive-toothed directors and no meetings. “Must be good to be home,” Doc monster gouging holes in the back- It was born of an idea that oc- said. yards of his neighbors, putting in curred to Doc one day. He said the “You bet,” Jimmy said. “But it isn’t their pipes and even the occasional members of the Mule Barn truck the same as it was.” swimming pool, and does it with the stop’s philosophy counter and world We thought about that. Thought grace of a surgeon. dilemma think tank should organize. back over the year he’d been gone. A At Bud McFarland’s place the After his third cup, Doc turned to few new babies born, a few old-tim- other day, he was there to install the others and said sitting there hav- ers gone to rest. Oh yes, they finally Bud’s new septic tank. This was to be ing coffee day after day without any

TRADICIÓN September 2013 123 real purpose just didn’t seem right. “Okay,” Steve said. “Let’s get this Club died a quiet death. Doc said, “There are so many straight. No meetings. No name for ------things a real organization can do.” The Club, right? No officers. No dues It was a bright morning, and “What would those things be, to pay. All we have to do is give our we had finished off the coffee and Doc?” Steve asked. shoes to some orphans, right?” conversation at the Mule Barn truck “Giving shoes to orphans,” Doc “And feed kids in third world stop, and we couldn’t think of any- said. “Or curing hunger in third countries.” thing much to do because we were world countries. Or we could watch “I don’t know any kids in third still full from breakfast and it was TV and file complaints.” world countries. Could we feed one too early for lunch, and the politi- Then Dud piped up. “Would we or two around here, just to kinda e-e- cal problems and Hollywood gossip have to wear funny hats and have a e-ease into it?” tanks had been thoroughly topped secret handshake and a password?” “I don’t think so,” said Doc. “We off. So we went over to Doc’s house “Absolutely,” Doc said. “Other- gotta come up with a third world to look at his mare in the back yard. wise, how would you know who country and then find out who’s in She had, he said, a quarter crack in a was one of your brother club mem- charge of feeding kids. Then we can front hoof. bers and who wasn’t?” send them something.” So there we were, in a half Mavis said, “What’s your secret “I move we adjourn this meet- circle around the little mare, staring password? Regular or decaf?” ing,” said Steve. at that slight crack as though focus- “I don’tSlim think Randles we should let “There are no meetings,” said ing would bring a welded solution women join,” said Bert. Doc. to the problem, but we all knew we Home Country: NobodyDrama, nodded dreams, until after and Ma -laughter Since from no one could name a third just needed to drink Doc’s coffee and vis hadAmerica’s topped off the heartland cups, and had world country without a map or lis- change the scene. gone200 pages; into 6 x the9 pb bowels ISBN 978-1-936744-03-9 of the kitchen. $17.95 tening to National Public Radio, The “I see you have a block of salt,” Bert said. ome Country is not a place, but a state of mind. In this place Slim Randles is the recorder of everything – good and bad. Slim is a downSlim home kinda Randles Doc nodded. Bert said, “Speaking Hguy with a sense of humor that often makes fun of himself. Slim would no sooner land a really big fish, or track a bear than tell a really great tale of his friends in of salt …” the outdoors. Over 2 million peopleHome in 42 states readCountry: his Home Country Drama, weekly column dreams, and laughter from We really hadn’t been, but in big and small newspapers. Slim is an award-winning author and journalist who has seen it all and then some smooth transitions aren’t always easy. more. These are tales of real people with stories that will make you cry,America’s laugh, and say, heartland “I never thought of that!” Home Country is your home no matter200 wherepages; it6 is.x 9 Kick pb back ISBN 978-1-936744-03-9 $17.95 “…. puts me in mind of the time and read the best stories of five years of Slim’s Home Country columns. Take a minute I stopped in that little store,” Bert to sip a lemonade, sit in the old rocker with omeyour Country dog by your is not side, a place, relax, but and a statewatch of the mind. In this place Slim Randles sunset – you are home. is the recorder of everything – good and bad. Slim is a down home kinda said. “Few years back now, I guess. Slim Randles brings a lot to theH table whenguy with he talks a sense about of humor America’s that oftenheartland. makes A fun of himself. Slim would no veteran outdoorsman and journalist,sooner Slim land shares a really the big drama, fish, ordreams, track a andbear laughter than tell wea really great tale of his friends in Well, it was about the last time Milly all feel in our everyday lives. Allthe along outdoors. the way, Over Slim 2 million uses hispeople highly in 42 evolved states read sense his of Home Country weekly column humor and seems to find a way into bigpoke and fun small at his newspapers. own daily life. This book is a collection had pups, because I think I’d left her of the best of Slim’s wit and wisdom.Slim Over is an2 million award-winning readers of author hometown and journalist newspapers who has seen it all and then some home to have them. Of course, she in 42 states follow Slim on a weeklymore. basis. These are tales of real people with stories that will make you cry, laugh, and say, “I never thought of that!” Home Country is your home no matter where it is. Kick back waited until I got home ….” and read the best stories of five years of Slim’s Home Country columns. Take a minute to sip a lemonade, sit in the old rocker with your dog by your side, relax, and watch the Doc and Steve stared at him JustHome where Country is not Home just a place, Country? but a state of mind. It is a place where few doors sunset – you are home. encouragingly. “And?” are locked and laughter can be heardSlim at all Randles hours. brings a lot to the table when he talks about America’s heartland. A Home Country is the friendlyveteran philosophy outdoorsman counter and down journalist, at the MuleSlim sharesBarn truck the drama, stop, where dreams, Doc and and laughter Bert and we Dud “Oh … well, there’s this little and the rest of the world-dilemma-think-tankall feel in our everyday gather each lives. morning All along over the coffeeway, Slim to solve uses thehis highlyworld’s evolved problems sense and of plan mischief. humor and seems to find a way to poke fun at his own daily life. This book is a collection store up north … out in the middle Home Country is that swimmingof the hole best onof Slim’sLewis witCreek, and where wisdom. the Overchildren 2 million drop fromreaders the of tire hometown swing into newspapers the pool, mak - of about flat nothing … and it was ing wet diamonds flash in the sun.in 42 Andstates it isfollow the old Slim movie on a theaterweekly thatbasis. has reverted to showing silent movies just to try to stay afloat in this age of DVD players. Home Country is where young guys get moon-eyed over young girls who can’t see them for sour grapes, but they all hot and I was thinking of a nice cold manage to live through it, and it is the place where Dewey the Accident Prone tries many different ways of earning a living JustHome where Country is not Home just a place, Country? but a state of mind. It is a place where few doors cocola right about then, so I stopped.” to see if he can find one that doesn’t cause too much harm. are locked and laughter can be heard at all hours. Home Country is where Sarah runs the Read Me Now bookstore and has one special category called “Love and Bert looked around. “Dang store Home Country is the friendly philosophy counter down at the Mule Barn truck stop, where Doc and Bert and Dud Other Fiction.” It’s the place where stories travel faster than electricity and laughter outruns the stories. It’s a place where and the rest of the world-dilemma-think-tank gather each morning over coffee to solve the world’s problems and plan was about full of salt.” a potluck supper is a major andmischief. much-anticipated social event and where a stolen garden hose is reported in the local newspaper. Home Country is that swimming hole on Lewis Creek, where the children drop from the tire swing into the pool, mak- “Salt?” So just where is Home Countrying wet? It isdiamonds here, in ourflash hearts. in the It’s sun. a warmAnd it summeris the old evening, movie theater a place that by hasthe revertedfire in towinter, showing a silent movies just to try to place of hope and love and sometimesstay afloat tears, in too.this It’sage a ofplace DVD where players. we can be ourselves and kick off the shoes of care any “Everywhere. This guy had ice time we want to — It’s home. Home Country is where young guys get moon-eyed over young girls who can’t see them for sour grapes, but they all cream salt. Bags of it. Salt blocks for manage to live through it, and it is the place where Dewey the Accident Prone tries many different ways of earning a living ABOUT THE AUTHOR to see if he can find one that doesn’t cause too much harm. horses, sheep, cows, rabbits and even Slim Randles learned mule packingHome from Country Gene Burkhart is where and Sarah Slim runs Nivens. the Read He learned Me Now mustanging bookstore and and wild has burroone special catch- category called “Love and danged guinea pigs. He had regular ing from Hap Pierce. He learned horseOther shoeing Fiction.” from It’s the Rocky place Earick. where He stories learned travel horse faster training than electricity from Dick and Johnson laughter and outruns Joe Ca the- stories. It’s a place where bral. He learned humility from thea mulespotluck of supper the eastern is a major High Sierra.and much-anticipated For the last 40 years social or event so, he’s and written where a lotstolen of stuff, garden too, hose is reported in the local salt. He had huge bags of bulk salt for especially in his Home Country column,newspaper. which is syndicated all across this country. He lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and So just where is Home Country? It is here, in our hearts. It’s a warm summer evening, a place by the fire in winter, a putting on the ice. in a small cabin in the middle of nowhereplace of hopeat the and foot love of the and Manzano sometimes Mountains. tears, too. It’s a place where we can be ourselves and kick off the shoes of care any time we want to — It’s home. “So I went to pay for my drink AWARDS and I says to the guy, ‘You must sell Best Self-Help Book, ABOUT THE AUTHOR Rio Grande Books a lot of salt.’ And he says to me, ‘No, Slim Randles learned mule packing from925 Gene Salamanca Burkhart NW and Slim Nivens. He learned mustanging and wild burro catch- 2012 New Mexico-Arizonaing from Book Hap Pierce. Awards He learned horse shoeing from Rocky Earick. He learned horse training from Dick Johnson and Joe Ca- but that salesman who calls on me bral. He learned humility from the mulesLos of theRanchos, eastern NM High 87107 Sierra. For the last 40 years or so, he’s written a lot of stuff, too, especially in his Home Country column,505-344-9382 which is syndicated [email protected] all across this country. He lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and sure does.’” in a small cabin in the middle of nowhere atwww.LPDPress.com the foot of the Manzano Mountains. AWARDS Best124 Self-Help Book, Rio Grande Books TRADICIÓN September 2013 2012 New Mexico-Arizona Book Awards 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com

Southwest Books by Barbe Awalt

Postcards from the honey. Published in Miera y Pacheco: A Leaving Tinkertown Rio Bravo Border by 2013 by Arcadia Pub- Renaissance Span- by Tanya Ward Good- Daniel D. Arreola. lishing, paperback, iard in Eighteenth- man. Published in Published in 2013 by $21.99, B&W with Century New Mexico 2013 by UNM Press, University of Texas many archival pho- by John Kessel. Pub- paperback, $19.95, Press, hardback, 258 tos, 127 pages, ISBN lished in 2013 by B&W with 24 photos, pages, B&W with 978-0-7385-9677-8. University of Oklaho- 232 pages, ISBN 978- many archival pho- I have said it many ma Press, hardback, 0-8263-5366-5. tos, $40, ISBN 978-0- times, Arcadia is doing 232 pages, B&W and Did you ever go 292-752801. all of us and history a color with photos & through Tinkertown? 1 map, $29.95, ISBN Between 1900 and favor publishing these Tickertown is in the 978-0-806-143774. the 1950s, Mexican books. I know some Sandia Mountains near Don Bernardo Miera border towns were des- people don’t like Ar- Albuquerque and is a y Pacheco (1713-1785) tinations and had com- cadia books because charming trip to the was a cartographer, mercial postcards for they are formulaic but past. This is a story of an artist, engineer, soldier/ sale to tourists. Towns it is documenting the artist, a family, a collec- captain, district officer, pictured are: Matamoros, history of a place. Sure tion, and a destination. merchant, debt collector, Reynosa, Nuevo Laredo, they won’t be best There is a whole, deeper metallurgist, miner, dam Piedras Negras, and sellers but the people side to the story of Tin- builder, and rancher. Villa Acuña. This collec- who live there, tour- kertown and it is worth Back then, you had to tion of postcards shows ists, or historians want reading and enjoying. do a lot to survive. This how towns looked and the information. We, It is a warm, cozy gift is a biography that a are a great documenta- in Albuquerque, have for the holidays on a lot of historians want. tion. This is a prize for driven through Hun- special family with their We often see Miera y the history of these ing and love the old triumphs over adversity. Pacheco’s work in New towns. All towns with a buildings need to know Mexico but have no Treasure Among the postcard history should the beginnings of this idea he was behind Shadows by Marie publish them in book location outside of Old it. This is a wonderful Romero Cash. Pub- form. Town. Now the people, documentation of a life lished in 2013 by buildings, and past of Camel Press, paper- Albuquerque’s Hun- that had a lot of impact Huning will not be lost. back, $15.95, 291 ing Castle Neighbor- to this day. hoods by Jane Ma- Bravo to Arcadia again! pages, B&W, ISBN

126 TRADICIÓN September 2013 978-1603-81907-7. kids to read about the liked a history essay – Built To Last: An Marie Romero Cash dangers of meth. Is brief – so I as a dumb Architectural History is one of our favorite this the new curse of Anglo would know. It of Silver City, New artists. Her downright our society? This may is a good book to give Mexico by Susan Ber- funny and thought pro- be a way to reach kids to a person who loves ry and Sharman Apr Russell. Published in voking pieces are a con- because preaching Native American! 1995 by the Silver stant winner in Spanish doesn’t work. You get to Pioneering in Ter- City Museum Society, Market. She has been kill two birds with one ritorial New Mexico: paperback, $19.95, writing books in many book – the dangers of The Memoirs of H.B. B&W with many ar- genres for years and her drugs and the value of Ailman by Helen J. chival pictures, map Jemimah Hodge Mys- reading. Lundwall. Published & drawings, ISBN tery series is a chance in 2008 by the Silver 0-9649469-0-4. 30 Years of Gather- for her to build on what City Museum Society, ing by Dr. Lita Derek We got this book also paperback, $19.95, she knows in Santa Fe. & Melanie Mathews. from the folks at the B&W with archival Tim McCabe’s treasure Published in 2013 Silver City Museum as photos and maps, hunt echoes the hunt by Gathering of Na- a thanks. I have wanted ISBN 978-0-9649- by Forrest Fenn that has tions, paperback, 168 this book for a while gotten national cover- pages, many color 4692-7. so it will be treasured. I age. There is a casino pictures, $25, ISBN This was a gift from served on the Humani- murder, sex, violence, 978-2-1560-10130-9. the folks at the Silver ties Board with Susan and many clues. Who This is a handsome City Museum and it is Berry who at that time could ask for more! souvenir of the history a little gem. Though a was the Director of the A great gift or a good of Gathering of Nation, little older you can get it Silver City Museum. beach or plane read. every spring in Albu- at the Silver City Mu- The type is a little dated Now Marie has made it querque. It would have seum Store. It is a true in the book but it docu- in two worlds! benefitted greatly with history of the Silver City ments the great flood, a Table of Contents so area and it is a history the wonderful Victorian Curse of the Chu- you knew all the people that is often overlooked. paCabra by Rudolfo houses, and old build- who have made GON Ailman headed the ings. The book goes into Anaya. Published in Silver City bank and his 2013 by UNM Press, an event of merit. The history, the particulars home is the site of the paperback, $19.95, people – dancers, Miss of each historic home, 174 pages, B&W, Indians World, artists, Silver City Museum. and the drawings are ISBN 978-0-8263- drummers, announcers The book was reissued all adornments for the th 4114-3. are fabulous and the on the 25 Anniversary houses. It is worth hav- First of all, anything pictures great but you of the book. When you ing if you like historic by Rudy is worth read- don’t know why those visit Silver City you homes and architecture! ing. This story would particular people were need the book. be great for high school featured. I would have TRADICIÓN September 2013 127 NICholas HERRERA

Catherine Robles-Shaw Award-winning Artist PO Box 43 El Rito, New Mexico 87530 303/258-0544 505.581-4733 Special Orders for Altarscreens www.nicholasherrera.com www.catherineroblesshaw.com

128 TRADICIÓN September 2013 ! EXPERIENCE IT ! Art &Colcha Lovato

ELVIS ROMERO ELVIS ROMERO AND FIESTAELVIS AND SANTA DE FE ROMERO AND FIESTA DE SANTA FE featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape

by Andrew Leo Lovato

For three centuries, the Fiesta de Santa Fe has commemorated historical events including the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico by Don Diego de Vargas in 1692 and the confraternity of the Rosary ELVIS ROMERO named in honor of La Conquistadora. Over the generations the oldest community celebration in the country has evolved to include AND DE elaborate parades and processions, including the royal court of De- FIESTA Vargas and La Reina, and memorably, the burning in effigy of Zozo- bra, or Old Man Gloom, drawing locals and visitors each autumn. SANTA FE featuring “Children are the heart of Fiesta,” reflects Andrew Lovato as he recalls his schoolboy experiences growing up in Santa Fe in the 1960s. Enter Lovato’s altar ego, a fictional character named Elvis Romero, who with his cousin Pepa engage in a scheme to rescue Zozobra’s Zozobra from his inevitable demise. In a Huck Finn tale for all

featuring Great Escape ages, Lovato captures the essence of Fiesta de Santa Fe as only a child can experience it. by Andrew Leo Lovato

Zozobra’s Great Escape Andrew Leo Lovato, PhD, is professor of speech communication at Santa Fe Community Col- lege and author of numerous books and articles relating to New Mexico history and culture, including Santa Fe Hispanic Culture: Preserving Identity in a Tourist Town (UNMP).

ISBN 978-089013-532-7

New Mexico M NM P

Cady Wells and New Mexico Colcha Club Southwestern Modernism Spanish Colonial Embroidery & the Women Who Saved It Edited by Lois P. Rudnick By Nancy C. Benson Clothbound $39.95 BY CHERYL ALTERS JAMISON Jacketed Paperbound $34.95 AND BILL JAMISON Conexiones Connections in Spanish Colonial Art Origins of New Mexico Families A Geneaology of the Spanish By Carmella Padilla and Donna Pierce Colonial Period

Clothbound $50.00 By Fray Angelico Chávez E-book Edition $40.00 Converging Streams Art of the Hispanic and Paperbound $55.00 Native American Southwest Tasting New Mexico Edited by William Wroth and Robin Farwell Gavin Recipes Celebrating 100 Years of Recipes Celebrating One Hundred Years Paperbound $39.95 Distinctive Home Cooking of Distinctive Home Cooking By Cheryl Alters Jamison and Bill Jamison Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish Paperbound with Flaps $29.95 By Rubén Cobos Traditional Arts of E-book Edition $14.00 Spanish New Mexico

Paperbound $19.95 By Robin Farwell Gavin Paper-over-board $19.95 Elvis Romero and Fiesta de Santa Fe Featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape By Andrew Leo Lovato Museum of New Mexico Press Paper-over-board $22.50 www.mnmpress.org Low ’n slow 800.249.7737 Lowriding in New Mexico Visit us at Spanish Market in the Photographs by Jack Parsons book tent on the plaza. Text by Carmella Padilla Paperbound $27.50 130 TRADICIÓN September 2013 Journey of Hope • 36" by 48" 719.543-1514 www.janoliver.com TRADICIÓN Septemberoriginals 2013 • commissions • giclee 131 Among the Cottonwoods The Enduring Rio Abajo Villages of Peralta and Los Pinos, New Mexico before 1940 by Francelle E. Alexander 400 pages, 89 illustrations/maps/charts, 7 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-83-4 ($29.95) (pbk.,alk.paper)

In New Mexico, people have a keen interest in the villages of their ancestors and derive part of their identity from their villages. Although the villages of the lower Rio Grande, the Rio Abajo, have been a significant part of New Mexico, they have not been studied as often as villages in the upper Rio Grande, the Rio Arriba. This book is an effort to begin to fill a gap that has long existed in scholarly studies and histories. It is also intended to appeal to an audience that enjoys local New Mexico history and has a keen interest in the Rio Abajo region, especially the people and the politics of Valencia County. Covered in this work are some of the notable people of the area, i.e., Col. J. Francisco Chaves, Henry Connelly and the Oteros, who had significant roles in the history of nineteenth century New Mexico. Rarely have their lives been covered in this detail, especially in the context of their region and villages.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Winner, 2012 NM-AZ Book Awards Francelle Alexander is a native New Mexican, having grown up in Albuquerque, both the South Valley and the North Val- ley. She attended UNM where she earned her B.A. and M.A. Order Form — Among the Cottonwoods After a career in the Albuquerque Public Schools, she lived and worked overseas. For almost ten years, she was able to travel and study villages in Asia and Europe. Upon returning from Copies ______$29.95 each ($32.35 each in new mexico) $5.50 shipping for the first copy; $3.00 for each add’l copy abroad, she began extensive research on the villages of Peralta and Los Pinos (now Bosque Farms). Card No.______

COMMENTS ON THE BOOK Expire Date______This book is the first that I have read that has put my family 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______stories in the context of the history and geography of the region, VISA or Mastercard linking everything together. It has answered so many questions and connected me to more of my family’s history, which rein- Name______forces my love of family traditions and culture. This book will be invaluable to anyone studying New Mexico history.—Maria Address______Toledo-Ifill, descendant of many families in Valencia County. City______New Mexico is well known for its cities and its science, but the real heart of the state can be found in the little towns and State/Zip______villages that dot the landscape along the many “roads less traveled.” It is in these communities that the vibrant traditions that Daytime phone______define the New Mexico culture continue to thrive. Peralta and Los Pinos (now Bosque Farms) are two of these villages with Email address______rich histories that date back to the early nineteenth century. This landmark book is a must read for anyone who wants to experience New Mexico village life first hand and should be on Rio Grande Books every serious historian’s bookshelf.—John Taylor, noted New 925 Salamanca NW Mexico historian and author. Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] FREE SHIPPING on orders www.LPDPress.com received by 10/31/13 Retablos & Relief Carvings Rosina López de Short

GABYGLASSExquisite Custom Handmade Art Glass Designs & Creations That Warm Your Heart

Special Orders Welcomed 1381 Bluebonnet Trl., Del Rio, TX 78840-6008 Glass Designer & Artist Gabriela Bartning Aguirre (830) 768-1734 [email protected] or 602.462-9419 [email protected] www.gabyglass.com

TRADICIÓN September 2013 133 Charlie Carrillo

Santo by Charlie Carrillo and Pottery by Debbie Carrillo

Studio by Appointment

2712 Paseo de Tularosa, Santa Fe, NM 87505 134 505/473-7941 E-Mail: CCarr1810@TRADICIÓNaol.com September 2013

Unique Piece of Jason Southwestern History Salazar For Sale

includes original portfolio case, book, 50 hand-colored wood-block prints, and documentation letter (estimated value $35,000)

Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design in New Mexico published in 1938 No. 6 of 200 Extremely rare

Traditional & Contemporary Wood Carving inquiries welcome Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW 505/514-1120 or 505/271-0925 Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

136 TRADICIÓN September 2013 A Moment in Time The Odyssey of New Mexico’s Segesser Hide Paintings edited by Thomas E. Chávez Painted in New Mexico sometime in the first half of the eighteenth century, the 352 pages 87 illustrations; 6 x 9 two large works of art that have become known as the Segesser Hide Paintings were sent ISBN 978-1-936744-04-6 ($21.95 pb) to Lucerne, Switzerland in 1758 by a Jesuit missionary. Rediscovered after World War II by a Swiss ethno-historian, the paintings returned to New Mexico in 1986. As works of art they are unique. As historical documents they are revealing. They are the most novel and important artifacts, if not works of art, of New Mexico’s Co- lonial history. The history, intrigue, and inherent value of the Paintings has no bounds. Scholars have marveled over them. This book is an anthology that brings together a sampling of those scholars who have seen and studied the Paintings. The information gleaned from the Paintings inspired them to think about history and art in different ways. Five of this book’s authors have passed away, others continue to learn and share. The true value of the Segesser Paintings is that knowledge continues to radiate from them. This book is but a example of that benefit, an important contribution to New Mexico’s Centennial.

ABOUT THE EDITOR Thomas E. Chávez received his Ph. D. in History from the University of New Mexico. He served for twenty-one years as director of the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico and retired as Executive Director of the National Hispanic Cultural Center. He has published nine books and many articles of history. He is a recipient of a Fulbright Research Fel- lowship and was recently awarded the Premio Fundación Xavier de Salas in Spain for his work promoting “understanding” between Spain and the United States.

The Segesser Hides are on permanent display at the Museum of New Mexico History in Santa Fe, New Mexico. FREE SHIPPING on orders received by 10/31/13 Table of Contents The Segesser Hide Paintings: History, Discovery, Art by Thomas E. Francisco Xavier Romero: A Hitherto Unknown Santero by Thomas J. Chávez Steele, S. J. Pictorial Images of Spanish North America by Bernard L. Fontana Indian Auxiliaries and the Segesser Paintings by Oakah L. Jones An Odyssey of Images: The Influence of European and New World Joseph (López) Naranjo: Tewa Interpretar by Joe S. Sando Prints on Eighteenth Century Hide Paintings in New Mexico Treachery and Tragedy in the Texas Wilderness: The Adventures of Jean byKelly T. Donahue l’Archévèque (a.k.a. Juan Archibeque) in Texas by Kathleen Gilm- The Segesser Hide Paintings in Relationship to the European ore and Native American Traditions by Howard D. Rodee Material Culture as Depicted in the Segesser Hide Paintings by Diana “In the Style of that Country;” The History of Hide Painting DeSantis and Charles Bennett in New Mexico by Donna L. Pierce Some Comments on the Weapons in the Segesser Paintings by Howard Buried Treasure: Spain’s Legacy in High Plains History by James A. D. Rodee Hanson The Use of the Gun in the Villasur Massacre by Jeffrey Hengesbaugh Some Mission Records and Villasur by Fray Angélico Chávez Conservation Report on the Segesser Hide Paintings by Bettina Ra- phael Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com TRADICIÓN September 2013 137 deColores Galleria 112 Rio Grande Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87104 (505) 246-9257 PRESENTS The Masters “Old Town Treasure” — Dallas Morning News

Roberto Gonzales Charlie Carrillo

Sculpture Garden Participating Artists Gary Sanchez

Santos, Tin & Furniture Santos & Paintings

Ricardo Hooper Ernesto Salazar

Oils

New Mexican Tin Cedar Carvings Other artists include: Ted Roybal, David McCoy, Robert Gonzales, Steve Lucero, William Cabrara, Jerry Montoya, and youth artists Adriana & Liberty Gonzales P.O. Box 7453, Albuquerque, NM 87194 y www.decolorsgalleria.com de olores alleria Becoming a Part of My History C G Through Images & Stories of My Ancestors by Andrés Armijo 1 68 pages 137 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 11 ISBN 978-1-890689-75-9 ($29.95) (Trade paper)

A perfect model for anyone interested in knowing about themselves and their world through research into genealogy and photographic collections, this book is a personal journey into the Becoming author’s past, but it is also a fascinating account of family life in New Mexico, neighborhoods in Albuquerque, the rites and ritu- als of Hispanos, how a family through the ages pictured itself, a Part of My History and how all this information and reflection enlightens the author. “Everything is Illuminated,” while it educates and entertains the reader. This is an original and creative approach to personal and local history. This is a new take on the story of photography and genealogy as it focuses on the importance of the family. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Beginning his career as a Spanish instructor at the University THROUGH IMAGES & STORIES of New Mexico, Armijo has been on the UNM staff for the OF MY ANCESTORS past fifteen years, working in academic programs. He has degrees in Spanish and Southwest Hispanic Studies. COMMENTS ON THE BOOK: Armijo’s book is a new take on the story of photography Andrés Armijo in Nuevo México, the importance of familia. His critical exploration takes us beyond the snapshot to more fully understand it. The family album, and the shoeboxes of pictures, become a place where deep and compelling meanings can be found and recovered. Photographs that have been generally forgotten provide a unique window into the past. Armijo’s book leads us into those images and helps us find new ways to examine the deeper meaning of New Mexico’s rich visual history.—Miguel Gandert, Photographer and Professor of Communication and Journalism, University of New Mexico

One of the great truths in life is that to know what we’ve come from lets us know ourselves better and helps us determine where we’re going. It is such a search that Andrés Armijo describes in Becoming a Part of My History: Through Images and Stories of My Ancestors. It is replete with charming anecdotes that remind us of our own family stories. It is enriched with photographs of several generations of family, a photographic genealogy rare in studies of one’s ancestors. It can be enjoyed by anyone interested in their own and other families’ histories. A gem of a book.—Nash Candelaria, novelist, short story writer 2011 Best First Book, BOOK REVIEW: New Mexico Book Awards The text and photos in this book would be wonderful in demonstrating to students or adults how to research their family and present them in an interesting way.—ReadingNewMexico.com FREE SHIPPING Rio Grande Books Other artists include: Ted Roybal, David McCoy, Robert Gonzales, on orders 925 Salamanca NW Steve Lucero, William Cabrara, Jerry Montoya, and youth artists Adriana & Liberty Gonzales received by Los Ranchos, NM 87107 P.O. Box 7453, Albuquerque, NM 87194 y www.decolorsgalleria.com 10/31/13 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com Out of the Shadows Winner, 2012 New Mexico-Arizona The Women of Southern New Mexico Book Awards edited by Martha Shipman Andrews 218 pages; 6 x 9 pb ISBN 978-1-890689-82-7 $17.95

The Wild West of New Mexico, with Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, Geronimo, and the U. S. Cavalry center stage, is so powerful and entertaining a myth in the popular imagi- nation that the lives and contributions of New Mexico’s women — especially those of Southern New Mexico — have been largely overlooked. Visual images provide a particularly evocative means of examining the dark spaces behind the overshadowing Western myths so dominated by the concerns and exploits of men. The extensive photograph collections of the Rio Grande Historical Collections and the Hobson-Huntsinger University Archives of the New Mexico State University Library’s Archives and Special Collections Department give witness to the experiences of women as they helped to settle the mountains and deserts of New Mexico between 1880 and 1920. Photographs from these collections capture the unexpected: the self-reliance of women ranchers, the craftsmanship and industry of Native Ameri- can women, the comfortable lives of a prominent Hispanic mercantile family, and the opportunities for women created by educational institutions. The accompanying essays by noted scholars and archivists have found the lives of women in southern New Mexico to be not full of endless toil and deprivation but rather, in the words of young Mildred Barnes from the mining community of Lake Valley, “delightful, exciting, and filled with a sense of abundance.” ABOUT THE EDITOR Martha Shipman Andrews is University Archivist and associate professor at New Mexico State University, Las Cru- ces. She is current editor of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review. She edited The Whole Damned World: New Mexico Aggies at War: 1941-1945, recipient of two 2009 New Mexico Book Awards and the Centennial Award as one of the “100 Best Books of New Mexico.” CONTENTS Introduction by Rick Hendricks Home-Making In The Sacramento Mountains: The Photographs Of G.E. Miller And The Blazer Collection by -Mar garet D. Jacobs Women’s Lives Once Lived: The Amadors of Las Cruces by Terry R. Reynolds Bygone Days on the Black Range by Linda G. Harris The Mescalero Basketmakers by Joan M. Jensen “That’s My Mountain!” Agnes Morley Cleaveland by Darlis A. Miller “It’s not the work that bothers me, but it’s the chores:” Women on ranches, through primary sources by Charles Stan- ford and Maura Kenny Educating the Useful Woman by Martha Shipman Andrews Sisters of Loretto by Wendy C. Simpson Southern New Mexico Women’s Clubs by Charles Stanford New Mexico Women In Writing: A Guide to the Circulating Collection at NMSU Library by Mardi Mahaffy FREE SHIPPING Rio Grande Books on orders in collaboration with the received by New Mexico State University Library 10/31/13 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com

University of New Mexico Press

returns to Spanish Market! July 28 and 29, 2012, on the Santa Fe Plaza

Featuring many new titles, author book signings, and a rich selection of scholarly, children’s, bilingual, fiction, New Mexico, and cook books!

University of New Mexico Press 800.249.7737 • unmpress.com