Unit 4 Electrical Principles and Technologies
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Electromagnetism What Is the Effect of the Number of Windings of Wire on the Strength of an Electromagnet?
TEACHER’S GUIDE Electromagnetism What is the effect of the number of windings of wire on the strength of an electromagnet? GRADES 6–8 Physical Science INQUIRY-BASED Science Electromagnetism Physical Grade Level/ 6–8/Physical Science Content Lesson Summary In this lesson students learn how to make an electromagnet out of a battery, nail, and wire. The students explore and then explain how the number of turns of wire affects the strength of an electromagnet. Estimated Time 2, 45-minute class periods Materials D cell batteries, common nails (20D), speaker wire (18 gauge), compass, package of wire brad nails (1.0 mm x 12.7 mm or similar size), Investigation Plan, journal Secondary How Stuff Works: How Electromagnets Work Resources Jefferson Lab: What is an electromagnet? YouTube: Electromagnet - Explained YouTube: Electromagnets - How can electricity create a magnet? NGSS Connection MS-PS2-3 Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. Learning Objectives • Students will frame a hypothesis to predict the strength of an electromagnet due to changes in the number of windings. • Students will collect and analyze data to determine how the number of windings affects the strength of an electromagnet. What is the effect of the number of windings of wire on the strength of an electromagnet? Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe that we rely on in many ways throughout our day. Most home appliances contain electromagnets that power motors. Particle accelerators, like CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, use electromagnets to control the speed and direction of these speedy particles. -
Electromagnetism
EINE INITIATIVE DER UNIVERSITÄT BASEL UND DES KANTONS AARGAU Swiss Nanoscience Institute Electromagnetism Electricity and magnetism are two aspects of the same phenomenon: electromagnetism. A moving electric charge (in other words, an electric current) generates a magnetic field. Every electromagnet consists of a coil, which is nothing more than a tightly wound wire. Many electromagnets also have an iron core to make the magnetic field stronger. The more times the wire is wound around the coil, the stronger the magnetic field produced by the same current. Demonstration: Using electric current to create a magnetic field What you’ll need • a large sheet of paper on which to conduct the experiment • a sheet of stiff card or plexiglass • two batteries connected in series • a coil of copper wire • iron filings • crocodile clips (optional) • a small piece of iron (e.g. a screw) to place inside the coil (iron core) Instructions 1. Position the coil so that you can easily access the two ends of the wire and connect them to the battery. I used crocodile clips to attach them to the battery contacts, but you could also use wooden clothes pegs or electrical tape. 2. Connect the two batteries in series (+ - + - ). 3. Place the plexiglass or card over the coil. 4. When the electrical circuit is closed, slowly scatter the iron filings on top. What happens? The iron filings arrange themselves along the magnetic field lines. If you look closely, you can make out a pattern. Turn a screw into an electromagnet What you’ll need • a long iron screw or nail • two pieces of insulated copper wire measuring 15 and 30 cm • two three-pronged thumb tacks • a metal paperclip • a small wooden board • pins or paperclips • a 4.5 V battery Instructions Switch 1. -
High Speed Linear Induction Motor Efficiency Optimization
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2005-06 High speed linear induction motor efficiency optimization Johnson, Andrew P. (Andrew Peter) http://hdl.handle.net/10945/11052 High Speed Linear Induction Motor Efficiency Optimization by Andrew P. Johnson B.S. Electrical Engineering SUNY Buffalo, 1994 Submitted to the Department of Ocean Engineering and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Naval Engineer and Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2005 ©Andrew P. Johnson, all rights reserved. MIT hereby grants the U.S. Government permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of A uthor ................ ............................... D.epartment of Ocean Engineering May 7, 2005 Certified by. ..... ........James .... ... ....... ... L. Kirtley, Jr. Professor of Electrical Engineering // Thesis Supervisor Certified by......................•........... ...... ........................S•:• Timothy J. McCoy ssoci t Professor of Naval Construction and Engineering Thesis Reader Accepted by ................................................. Michael S. Triantafyllou /,--...- Chai -ommittee on Graduate Students - Depa fnO' cean Engineering Accepted by . .......... .... .....-............ .............. Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Committee on Graduate Students DISTRIBUTION -
DRM105, PM Sinusoidal Motor Vector Control with Quadrature
PM Sinusoidal Motor Vector Control with Quadrature Encoder Designer Reference Manual Devices Supported: MCF51AC256 Document Number: DRM105 Rev. 0 09/2008 How to Reach Us: Home Page: www.freescale.com Web Support: http://www.freescale.com/support USA/Europe or Locations Not Listed: Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Technical Information Center, EL516 2100 East Elliot Road Tempe, Arizona 85284 1-800-521-6274 or +1-480-768-2130 www.freescale.com/support Europe, Middle East, and Africa: Freescale Halbleiter Deutschland GmbH Technical Information Center Information in this document is provided solely to enable system and Schatzbogen 7 software implementers to use Freescale Semiconductor products. There are 81829 Muenchen, Germany no express or implied copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or +44 1296 380 456 (English) fabricate any integrated circuits or integrated circuits based on the +46 8 52200080 (English) information in this document. +49 89 92103 559 (German) +33 1 69 35 48 48 (French) www.freescale.com/support Freescale Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Freescale Semiconductor makes no warranty, Japan: representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any Freescale Semiconductor Japan Ltd. particular purpose, nor does Freescale Semiconductor assume any liability Headquarters arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically ARCO Tower 15F disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or 1-8-1, Shimo-Meguro, Meguro-ku, incidental damages. “Typical” parameters that may be provided in Freescale Tokyo 153-0064 Semiconductor data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different Japan applications and actual performance may vary over time. -
Design and Optimization of an Electromagnetic Railgun
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2018 DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RAILGUN Nihar S. Brahmbhatt Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2018 Nihar S. Brahmbhatt Recommended Citation Brahmbhatt, Nihar S., "DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RAILGUN", Open Access Master's Report, Michigan Technological University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/651 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Controls and Control Theory Commons DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RAIL GUN By Nihar S. Brahmbhatt A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Electrical Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Nihar S. Brahmbhatt This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Electrical Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Report Advisor: Dr. Wayne W. Weaver Committee Member: Dr. John Pakkala Committee Member: Dr. Sumit Paudyal Department Chair: Dr. Daniel R. Fuhrmann Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ -
United States Patent (19) 11 4,343,223 Hawke Et Al
United States Patent (19) 11 4,343,223 Hawke et al. 45) Aug. 10, 1982 54 MULTIPLESTAGE RAILGUN UCRL-52778, (7/6/79). Hawke. 75 Inventors: Ronald S. Hawke, Livermore; UCRL-82296, (10/2/79) Hawke et al. Jonathan K. Scudder, Pleasanton; Accel. Macropart, & Hypervel. EM Accelerator, Bar Kristian Aaland, Livermore, all of ber (3/72) Australian National Univ., Canberra ACT Calif. pp. 71,90–93. LA-8000-G (8/79) pp. 128, 135-137, 140, 144, 145 73) Assignee: The United States of America as (Marshall pp. 156-161 (Muller et al). represented by the United States Department of Energy, Washington, Primary Examiner-Sal Cangialosi D.C. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-L. E. Carnahan; Roger S. Gaither; Richard G. Besha . - (21) Appl. No.: 153,365 57 ABSTRACT 22 Filed: May 23, 1980 A multiple stage magnetic railgun accelerator (10) for 51) Int. Cl........................... F41F1/00; F41F 1/02; accelerating a projectile (15) by movement of a plasma F41F 7/00 arc (13) along the rails (11,12). The railgun (10) is di 52 U.S. Cl. ....................................... ... 89/8; 376/100; vided into a plurality of successive rail stages (10a-n) - 124/3 which are sequentially energized by separate energy 58) Field of Search .................... 89/8; 124/3; 310/12; sources (14a-n) as the projectile (15) moves through the 73/12; 376/100 bore (17) of the railgun (10). Propagation of energy from an energized rail stage back towards the breech 56) References Cited end (29) of the railgun (10) can be prevented by connec U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS tion of the energy sources (14a-n) to the rails (11,12) 2,783,684 3/1957 Yoler ...r. -
Axial Field Permanent Magnet Machines with High Overload Capability for Transient Actuation Applications
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD Axial field permanent magnet machines with high overload capability for transient actuation applications By Jiangnan Gong A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering The University of Sheffield. JANUARY 2018 ABSTRACT This thesis describes the design, construction and testing of an axial field permanent magnet machine for an aero-engine variable guide vane actuation system. The electrical machine is used in combination with a leadscrew unit that results in a minimum torque specification of 50Nm up to a maximum speed of 500rpm. The combination of the geometry of the space envelope available and the modest maximum speed lends itself to the consideration of an axial field permanent magnet machines. The relative merits of three topologies of double-sided permanent magnet axial field machines are discussed, viz. a slotless toroidal wound machine, a slotted toroidal machine and a yokeless axial field machine with separate tooth modules. Representative designs are established and analysed with three-dimensional finite element method, each of these 3 topologies are established on the basis of a transient winding current density of 30A/mm2. Having established three designs and compared their performance at the rated 50Nm point, further overload capability is compared in which the merits of the slotless machine is illustrated. Specifically, this type of axial field machine retains a linear torque versus current characteristic up to higher torques than the other two topologies, which are increasingly affected by magnetic saturation. Having selected a slotless machine as the preferred design, further design optimization was performed, including detailed assessment of transient performance. -
Permanent Magnet DC Motors Catalog
Catalog DC05EN Permanent Magnet DC Motors Drives DirectPower Series DA-Series DirectPower Plus Series SC-Series PRO Series www.electrocraft.com www.electrocraft.com For over 60 years, ElectroCraft has been helping engineers translate innovative ideas into reality – one reliable motor at a time. As a global specialist in custom motor and motion technology, we provide the engineering capabilities and worldwide resources you need to succeed. This guide has been developed as a quick reference tool for ElectroCraft products. It is not intended to replace technical documentation or proper use of standards and codes in installation of product. Because of the variety of uses for the products described in this publication, those responsible for the application and use of this product must satisfy themselves that all necessary steps have been taken to ensure that each application and use meets all performance and safety requirements, including all applicable laws, regulations, codes and standards. Reproduction of the contents of this copyrighted publication, in whole or in part without written permission of ElectroCraft is prohibited. Designed by stilbruch · www.stilbruch.me ElectroCraft DirectPower™, DirectPower™ Plus, DA-Series, SC-Series & PRO Series Drives 2 Table of Contents Typical Applications . 3 Which PMDC Motor . 5 PMDC Drive Product Matrix . .6 DirectPower Series . 7 DP20 . 7 DP25 . 9 DP DP30 . 11 DirectPower Plus Series . 13 DPP240 . 13 DPP640 . 15 DPP DPP680 . 17 DPP700 . 19 DPP720 . 21 DA-Series. 23 DA43 . 23 DA DA47 . 25 SC-Series . .27 SCA-L . .27 SCA-S . .29 SC SCA-SS . 31 PRO Series . 33 PRO-A04V36 . 35 PRO-A08V48 . 37 PRO PRO-A10V80 . -
Magnetism Known to the Early Chinese in 12Th Century, and In
Magnetism Known to the early Chinese in 12th century, and in some detail by ancient Greeks who observed that certain stones “lodestones” attracted pieces of iron. Lodestones were found in the coastal area of “Magnesia” in Thessaly at the beginning of the modern era. The name of magnetism derives from magnesia. William Gilbert, physician to Elizabeth 1, made magnets by rubbing Fe against lodestones and was first to recognize the Earth was a large magnet and that lodestones always pointed north-south. Hence the use of magnetic compasses. Book “De Magnete” 1600. The English word "electricity" was first used in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne, derived from Gilbert's 1600 New Latin electricus, meaning "like amber". Gilbert demonstrates a “lodestone” compass to ER 1. Painting by Auckland Hunt. John Mitchell (1750) found that like electric forces magnetic forces decrease with separation (conformed by Coulomb). Link between electricity and magnetism discovered by Hans Christian Oersted (1820) who noted a wire carrying an electric current affected a magnetic compass. Conformed by Andre Marie Ampere who shoes electric currents were source of magnetic phenomena. Force fields emanating from a bar magnet, showing Nth and Sth poles (credit: Justscience 2017) Showing magnetic force fields with Fe filings (Wikipedia.org.) Earth’s magnetic field (protects from damaging charged particles emanating from sun. (Credit: livescience.com) Magnetic field around wire carrying a current (stackexchnage.com) Right hand rule gives the right sign of the force (stackexchnage.com) Magnetic field generated by a solenoid (miniphyiscs.com) Van Allen radiation belts. Energetic charged particles travel along B lines Electric currents (moving charges) generate magnetic fields but can magnetic fields generate electric currents. -
Electric Motors
SPECIFICATION GUIDE ELECTRIC MOTORS Motors | Automation | Energy | Transmission & Distribution | Coatings www.weg.net Specification of Electric Motors WEG, which began in 1961 as a small factory of electric motors, has become a leading global supplier of electronic products for different segments. The search for excellence has resulted in the diversification of the business, adding to the electric motors products which provide from power generation to more efficient means of use. This diversification has been a solid foundation for the growth of the company which, for offering more complete solutions, currently serves its customers in a dedicated manner. Even after more than 50 years of history and continued growth, electric motors remain one of WEG’s main products. Aligned with the market, WEG develops its portfolio of products always thinking about the special features of each application. In order to provide the basis for the success of WEG Motors, this simple and objective guide was created to help those who buy, sell and work with such equipment. It brings important information for the operation of various types of motors. Enjoy your reading. Specification of Electric Motors 3 www.weg.net Table of Contents 1. Fundamental Concepts ......................................6 4. Acceleration Characteristics ..........................25 1.1 Electric Motors ...................................................6 4.1 Torque ..............................................................25 1.2 Basic Concepts ..................................................7 -
PLL Approach to Mitigate Symmetrical Faults in Weak AC Grid of DFIG Based Wind Turbine for Voltage Stability Analysis
International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering Volume 5, Issue 2 (April, 2018) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222 Available Online at www.ijeecse.com PLL Approach to Mitigate Symmetrical Faults in Weak AC Grid of DFIG Based Wind Turbine for Voltage Stability Analysis Cholleti Sriram1, O. Rakesh2, M. Harish3, A. Sridhar4 1Assistant Professor, 2-4UG Scholars, EEE Department, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Study of Instability issues of the grid-connected of wind turbines (WTs) based on doubly fed induction doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines generators (DFIG) that intends to improve its low- (WTs) during low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) have got voltage ride through(LVRT) capability. The main little attention yet. In this paper, the small-signal behavior of objective of this work is to design an algorithm that DFIG WTs attached to weak AC grid with high impedances would enable the system to control the initial over during the period of LVRT is investigated, with special attention paid to the rotor-side converter (RSC). Firstly, currents that appear in the generator during voltage based on the studied LVRT strategy, the influence of the sags, which can damage the RSC, without tripping it. high-impedance grid is summarized as the interaction As a difference with classical solutions, based on the between phase-looked loop (PLL) and rotor current installation of crowbar circuits, this operation mode controller (RCC). As modal analysis result indicates that the permits to keep the inverter connected to the generator, underdamped poles are dominated by PLL, complex torque something that would permit the injection of power to coefficient method (CTCM), which is conventionally applied the grid during the fault, as the new grid codes demand.