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Centro De Investigaciones Marinas-UH Universidad De La Habana Nemátodos acuáticos de vida libre de Cuba: diversidad y distribución. Item Type Thesis/Dissertation Authors Pérez García, José Andrés Publisher Universidad de La Habana Download date 30/09/2021 13:29:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/16887 Centro de Investigaciones Marinas-UH Universidad de la Habana Nemátodos acuáticos de vida libre de Cuba: diversidad y distribución Tesis presentada en opción al título de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Autor: José Andrés Pérez García La Habana 2019 Centro de Investigaciones Marinas-UH Universidad de la Habana Nemátodos acuáticos de vida libre de Cuba: diversidad y distribución Tesis presentada en opción al título de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Autor: José Andrés Pérez García Tutor: Dr. Maickel Armenteros Almanza La Habana 2019 RESUMEN La tesis aborda dos temas fundamentales para la ecología de los nemátodos acuáticos de vida libre: i) la diversidad del grupo presente en diferentes ecosistemas del archipiélago cubano y ii) la identificación de rasgos morfofuncionales que pueden considerarse como adaptaciones a las condiciones típicas de cada uno de los ecosistemas. Los resultados de investigación se presentan en cuatro capítulos. Los tres primeros analizan la estructura de las comunidades de nemátodos en tres tipos de hábitats: cuevas de agua dulce y anquihalinas, zona de degradación de coral en arrecifes y sedimentos fangosos de la bahía de la Habana. El cuarto capítulo presenta un listado de la nematofauna del Archipiélago Cubano en forma de un listado de especies. Existe desconocimiento respecto a la diversidad y ecología de la meiofauna de cuevas por lo que en noviembre del 2014 y enero del 2016, se muestrearon cinco cuevas de agua dulce y una cueva anquihalina en la zona occidental de Cuba. Se registraron 10 taxa de invertebrados, siendo los más abundantes Nematoda, Ostracoda, Acari y Copépoda. Las comunidades de meiofauna de las cuevas presentaron valores relativamente bajos de abundancia, probablemente debido a una combinación de las condiciones oligotróficas y la capacidad de colonización limitada de los organismos desde el exterior de las cuevas. Se identificaron 28 taxa de nemátodos, de los cuales 23 nunca antes habían sido descritos en ambientes subterráneos. Se reportan por primera vez para ambientes de agua dulce nemátodos de los géneros Desmodora y Paralongicyatholaimus, que han sido considerados como exclusivamente marinos. Ironus cf. ignavus fue la especie más abundante lo que concuerda con lo que aparece reportado en la literatura. En las cuevas de agua dulce la colonización está determinada por el arrastre de organismos con el agua de lluvia y por la dispersión de estos desde la superficie. Dominan los nemátodos partenogénicos y depredadores/omnívoros posiblemente debido a las condiciones de aislamiento y oligotrofía presente en los ambientes subterráneos. La diversidad de los nemátodos marinos en las zonas de degradación de coral (ZDC) ha sido poco estudiada a pesar de su contribución a la diversidad total del arrecife situación que comparte con los efectos de las escalas espaciales en las comunidades de nemátodos. Para llenar este vacío del conocimiento se estudiaron comunidades de nemátodos marinos en ZDC de dos arrecifes coralinos del Mar Caribe con los objetivos de describir la diversidad, analizar los efectos de las escalas espaciales y la posible existencia de combinaciones de rasgos biológicos que confieran alguna ventaja adaptativa. Se muestrearon dos arrecifes (Ballenatos y Punta Francés), seis sitios y 20 montones de coral muerto en un diseño completamente anidado. Se identificaron los nemátodos hasta nivel específico. Las ZDC albergan una comunidad de nemátodos diversa con 112 especies y un elevado recambio de especies. Las diferencias entre los arrecifes respecto a la abundancia y la densidad de especies probablemente están relacionadas con diferencias en la disponibilidad de energía dónde Punta Francés recibe una elevada entrada de materia orgánica y energía desde tierra. La escala espacial tuvo un efecto significativo en la riqueza de especies. Las diferencias en la composición específica estuvieron influenciadas principalmente por la escala a la que los factores ecológicos operan (10-1 para la heterogeneidad intersticial vs. 105 m para la dispersión). Posiblemente las distancias geográficas del orden de los 180 km constituyen barreras a la dispersión de los nemátodos y por tanto promueven la discimilitud entre las comunidades. Los datos obtenidos indican la existencia de un conjunto particular de caracteres morfológicos que favorecen la adaptación de los nemátodos a las ZDC. Fundamentalmente una combinación distintiva de un estoma armado, cutícula ornamentada y cola cónica. La Bahía de la Habana es uno de los sistemas estuarinos más contaminados a nivel mundial debido fundamentalmente a la afluencia de desechos urbanos e industriales originados en la Ciudad de la Habana. En este trabajo se comparan las comunidades de nemátodos de vida libre entre los años 2006 y 2016 para evaluar los resultados del programa de manejo en la bahía. En ambos años, los nemátodos fueron colectados en cuatro sitios en la Bahía e identificados hasta nivel de especies empleando la misma tecnología. Las muestras del 2016 presentan mejoras en algunas de las variables ambientales respecto a una década anterior aunque persisten efectos negativos y sinérgicos sobre la nematofauna como hipoxia y toxicidad por metales pesados e hidrocarburos del petróleo. Los nemátodos fueron afectados fuertemente por la contaminación lo que ha empobrecido las comunidades que son dominadas por unas pocas especies cosmopolitas, detritívoras y tolerantes como Terschellingia longicaudata y Sabatieria pulchra. La información ambiental analizada en esta contribución indica que las condiciones ambientales en la Bahía de la Habana son precarias y que existe la necesidad de reformular los programas de mitigación dado que la actual reducción de los contaminantes no ha provocado una mejora significativa en las comunidades bentónicas. La diversidad de los nemátodos acuáticos de vida libre es prácticamente desconocida para el área del Golfo de México y el Mar Caribe. El Archipiélago Cubano puede albergar una representación importante de la riqueza de especies de este grupo debido a su extensión geográfica y a la diversidad de hábitats. Se analizaron 83 sitios de una variedad de hábitats acuáticos incluyendo pastizales marinos, zonas de degradación del coral, zonas recubiertas por algas, fondos arenosos y fangosos, cuevas de agua dulce y anquihalinas y sedimentos de zonas profundas. El listado contiene 469 especies, 229 géneros, 50 familias y nueve órdenes. Chromadorida, Enoplida y Monhysterida fueron los órdenes mejor representados con 112, 100 y 83 especies respectivamente. Las especies más abundantes fueron Euchromadora vulgaris, Terschellingia longicaudata, Desmodora pontica, Sabatieria pulchra y Epsilonema sp. La mayoría de las especies listadas constituyen nuevos registros para la región. Existen diferencias en la riqueza de especies (RE) presente en los diferentes hábitats (entre paréntesis la RE): pastizales marinos (280), zonas de degradación del coral (139), sedimentos de zonas profundas (116), zonas recubiertas por algas (114), fondos arenosos (100), fondos fangosos (78), cuevas de agua dulce (19) y anquihalinas (16), corrientes de agua dulce (6). Este listado representa el reporte más abarcador respecto a la diversidad de los nemátodos vida libre de las regiones del Caribe y el Golfo de México. La diversidad reportada es mayor a la encontrada en otros listados de la región lo que es un reflejo del intenso esfuerzo de muestreo realizado y de la variedad de microhábitats del Archipiélago Cubano. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS Pág. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………...…. 08 1.1 Estructura de la tesis…………………………………….…………………..… 08 1.2. Aspectos generales……………………………………………………………. 08 1.3. Diversidad de los nemátodos marinos de vida libre………………………… 09 1.4. Rasgos biológicos y funcionamiento del hábitat……………………….…… 11 1.5. Hábitats estudiados…………………………………………………………… 12 1.6. Objetivo general………………………………………………………………. 14 1.7. Objetivos específicos…………………………………………………………. 15 1.8. Novedades de la tesis…………………………………………………………. 15 2. NEMÁTODOS ESTIGOBIONTES………………………………………………. 16 2.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………...……… 16 2.2. Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………. 18 2.3. Resultados…….……...………………………………………………………... 20 2.4. Discusión…….………………………………………………………………… 27 2.5. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………….. 32 2.6. Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………. 32 3. NEMÁTODOS DE LA ZDC……….…………………………………………....... 33 3.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………...……… 34 3.2. Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………. 37 3.3. Resultados…….……...………………………………………………………... 41 3.4. Discusión…….………………………………………………………………… 49 3.5. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………….. 54 3.6. Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………. 55 4. COMUNIDAD DE NEMÁTODOS DE LA BAHÍA DE LA HABANA…………. 56 4.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………...……… 57 4.2. Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………. 59 4.3. Resultados…….……...………………………………………………………... 62 4.4. Discusión…….………………………………………………………………… 71 4.5. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………….. 74 4.6. Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………. 75 5. LISTADO DE LOS NEMÁTODOS ACUÁTICOS DE CUBA………..…………. 76 5.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………...……… 77 5.2. Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………. 78 5.3. Resultados y Discusión…………...…………………………………………... 83 5.4. Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………. 100
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