Presentation Incarceration and Legal Restrictions By

Presentation Incarceration and Legal 07/08/2018 Restrictions Jeanette R Rosenberg OBE

Incarceration & Legal Restrictions on European Refugees in the UK during the 1930s and 1940s Refugee experiences in the UK before & during WW2

Jeanette R Rosenberg OBE 7 August 2018

Historical Backdrop • Between 1880 and 1914, about 1 million Jewish transmigrants arrived at the British ports. • Most crossed Britain quickly and left onwards to the USA. • This migration came to a halt in 1914 with the outbreak of WW1. • In the run up to WW1, some British people had been concerned about immigration, employment, housing etc. • These concerns were investigated by a Royal Commission in 1903 and led to the Aliens Act 1905, after which immigration controls were introduced. • Until 1905, a foreigner could spend his (or her) life in Britain without permit or informing the police.

(Archived) Website has lots of useful information and resources for Jewish migration to the UK

Legalised Anti-Semitism?

• The 1905 Aliens Act was moderate in comparison with subsequent legislation. • David Pannick QC noted in The Times on 28 June 2005, that if the 1905 Act had remained in force, a large proportion of the European Jews murdered by the Nazis would have been entitled to find refuge in Britain. • The day after WW1 started in 1914, Parliament approved the Aliens Restriction Act which prohibited and restricted Aliens from landing. This was in force for many years afterwards. • https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/enemy-aliens-great-britain-1914-1919

The 1938 Evian Conference • Discussed the Jewish refugee problem and the plight of the increasing numbers of Jewish refugees fleeing persecution by Nazi Germany. • Convened at the initiative of US President Roosevelt • Did not discuss Emigration to Mandate Palestine • Attended by representatives from 32 countries, and 24 voluntary organizations also attended as observers • The conference was ultimately doomed because aside from the Dominican Republic, delegations from the 32 participating nations failed to come to any agreement about accepting the Jewish refugees fleeing the Third Reich. • Led to agreement to allow Jewish children to leave mainland Europe.

‘Allo ‘Allo!

Listen very carefully; I shall say this only once!

• Good Moaning! - I was pissing by the door, when I heard two shats. You are holding in your hand a smoking goon; you are clearly the guilty potty.

Seriously - What a difference a generation makes

1939 Trading With the Enemy Act

• The Trading with the Enemy Act 1914, amended 1914, 1915 x 2, 1916 x3, 1918

• 1939 Act to impose penalties for trading with the enemy, to make provision as respects the property of enemies and enemy subjects, and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid. • Also applied in Mandate Palestine and other British territories.

Main UK Internment on Isle of Man

http://enemyaliens.ca/accueil-home-eng.html

Collar the Lot! – Winston Churchill

• Response to public anti- German Sentiment • Initially Nazis and non-Jewish Germans were interned alongside the Jews who had fled to the UK seeking refuge from Nazism • British women marrying non- British husbands assumed their nationality on marriage – this didn’t help • Many examples at TNA of women seeking to reclaim their British nationality

Civilian Internment 1939 – 1945 - 1 • Internment of civilians on opposing sides was carried out by all belligerent powers in WW2. • Also the fate of servicemen in the wrong place at the wrong time. • At the outbreak of WW2 there were around 80,000 potential enemy aliens in Britain. • It was feared they were spies, or willing to assist Britain's enemies in the event of an invasion. • All Germans and Austrians aged 16 or over were called before special tribunals and divided into 1 of 3 groups:

• 'A' - high security risks, numbering just under 600, who were immediately interned; • 'B' - 'doubtful cases', numbering around 6,500, who were supervised and subject to restrictions; • 'C' - 'no security risk', numbering around 64,000, who were left at liberty. More than 55,000 of category 'C' were recognised as refugees from Nazi oppression. The vast majority of these were Jewish. • www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6651858.shtml

Isle of Man - Internment

• WW1 & WW2

• Records online

• AJR Journal articles

www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/famhist/genealgy/intern.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_Internment_Camp

Civilian Internment 1939 – 1945 - 2 • The situation changed in spring of 1940 when many Germans and Austrians were rounded up. Italians were also included, even though Britain was not at war with Italy until June. • The internees were sent to camps set up at racecourses and incomplete housing estates, such as Huyton outside Liverpool. • The majority were interned on the Isle of Man, where internment camps had also been set up in World War One. • Facilities were basic, but it was boredom that was the greatest enemy. Internees organised educational and artistic projects, including lectures, concerts and camp newspapers. • At first married women were not allowed into the camps to see their husbands, but by August 1940 visits were permitted, and a family camp was established in late 1941. • That many of the 'enemy aliens' were Jewish refugees and therefore hardly likely to be sympathetic to the Nazis, was a complication no one bothered to try and unravel - they were still treated as German and Austrian nationals. • In one Isle of Man camp over 80 per cent of the internees were Jewish refugees.

Barbed Wire - 10 Camps on Isle of Man

• Mooragh Camp, Ramsey • Peveril Camp, Peel • Onchan Camp, Onchan • Rushen Camp, Port St Mary and Port Erin (for female and family internees only) • Central Camp, Douglas • Palace Camp, Douglas • Metropole Camp, Douglas • Hutchinson Camp, Douglas • Granville Camp, Douglas • Sefton Camp, Douglas

Civilian Internment 1939 – 1945 - 3

• More than 7,000 internees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. • The liner Arandora Star left for Canada on 1 July 1940 carrying German and Italian internees. It was torpedoed and sunk with the loss of 714 lives, most of them internees. • Others being taken to Australia on the Dunera, which sailed a week later, were subjected to humiliating treatment and terrible conditions on the two-month voyage. Many had their possessions stolen or thrown overboard by the British military guards. • An outcry in Parliament led to the first releases of internees in August 1940. • By February 1941 more than 10,000 had been freed, and by the following summer, only 5,000 were left in internment camps. • Many of those released from internment subsequently contributed to the war effort on the Home Front or served in the armed forces, e.g. in the Pioneer Corps.

Where were UK’s WW2 Internment Camps? • Cyprus - After WW2, British efforts to prevent Jewish emigration into Mandate Palestine led to the construction of internment camps in Cyprus where up to 30,000 Holocaust survivors were held at any one time to prevent their entry into the country. They were released in February 1949 after the founding of Israel. • England – during WW2 initially, refugees who had fled from Germany were also included, as were suspected British Nazi sympathisers The British government rounded up 74,000 German, Austrian and Italian aliens. Within 6 months the 112 alien tribunals had individually summoned and examined 64,000 aliens, and the vast majority were released, having been found to be "friendly aliens" (mostly Jews). • Isle of Man - During WW2 IoM was used as the primary site for the internment of civilian enemy aliens, both male and female. The camps were predominantly in commandeered hotels and boarding houses in seaside towns on the island. Around the camps for males, barbed wire fences were erected and military guard was brought over from England. The low-risk internees were, however, allowed to work on farms on the island and to go on excursions such as for walks or to swim in the sea. The camps were in operation from 27 May 1940 to 5 September 1945. The largest recorded number of internees on the island was roughly 14,000, reached in August 1940. There were ten camps on the island • Scotland - During the Second World War the British government allowed the Polish Government in Exile to establish and run its own internment camps in Scotland.

http://archives.jdc.org/sharedlegacy

Isle of Man Internment – How it worked

• Camps located in Ramsey, Douglas, Onchan • The men were allowed responsibility for some and other seaside locations. day-to-day operations at camp, including • Victorian rooming houses and private hotels ordering food, cooking and cleaning, and were grouped together and ringed with working the land on island farms, under the barbed wire to form compounds. In some, supervision of armed soldiers. Jews and Nazis shared the same spaces. • Others catered to the camp and the outside community, cutting hair, making shoes out of • Men and women were held separately: The recycled leather and cloth, repairing clothes 10,000 men were housed in nine camps and and constructing chicken coops. One Austrian 4,000 women and their children were baker in Hutchinson ran a café in a confined at a resort called Rushen on the Hutchinson laundry room. opposite coast. • Although the Isle of Man Camps operated • The women could swim, open bank accounts through to 1945, the numbers of Jewish and work as seamstresses, if they chose, but inmates dwindled steadily after March 1941, saw their husbands only during monthly as they were offered the chance to enlist, or visiting days until spring 1941, when families were released to work for the war effort. reunited in their own apartments.

More than the co-author of It’s coming home -3 lions England Football anthem. David Baddiel Those watching the recent World Cup may have heard this once or twice recently!

• His Mother was German Jewish • He was featured in the UK edition of WDYTYA visiting the Isle of Man • Book The Secret Purposes - based loosely on the story of his maternal grandparents, who were Jewish and who fled from the Holocaust. David's book focuses on themes of immigration and race, dominant subjects in his own genealogy.

Civilian Internment 1939 – 1945 - 4

• British citizens interned by the Nazis: In September 1942 the Germans sent 2,000 British-born civilians from the Channel Islands to internment camps in Germany. Another 200 were deported in January 1943, as a reprisal for a British commando raid. • In 1941-2 approximately 130,000 civilians from Allied countries living and working in colonies invaded by the Japanese were interned. This included men, women and children from the Netherlands, the UK, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. • The camps varied in size; some were segregated according to gender or race but there were also many camps of mixed gender. • One of the largest un-segregated camps was the Stanley internment camp in Hong Kong, which held 2,800 mainly British internees. • Unlike prisoners of war, the internees were not compelled to work, but they were held in harsh conditions in primitive camps. Brutality by the Japanese guards was common and death rates were high. • Internment was also carried out in the USA after the Americans entered the war in December 1941. Some 100,000 Japanese-Americans living on the west coast of America were interned, often in very poor conditions.

The Royal Pioneer Corps

• One of the main routes out of internment on the Isle of Man and Kitchener Camps was by joining the Pioneer Corps www.royalpioneercorps.co.uk

My Grandfather – Arthur KRACKO

Jewish refugees to the UK

• 1938-9 - c.60,000 Jewish refugees initially welcomed, from Austria and Germany. Many were former concentration camp prisoners • Among them highly educated professionals or graduate students fluent in English, all sought to resume their careers or procure advanced degrees in fields including medicine, architecture, science and the arts. • Some married British subjects and started a family. • First 823 prisoners arrived on the Isle of Man on 27 May 1940 • They included German Nazi sympathizers mixed in with Jewish men, as well as school boys.

What Have the Germans Ever Done for Us? A History of the German Population of Great Britain

• Over 16 Nobel laureates • 70 Fellows of the Royal Society • 35 fellows of the British Academy. • Architects • Economists • Doctors • Musicians • Politicians

Find My Past - www.findmypast.co.uk

• Britain, Enemy Aliens and Internees, First and Second World Wars • Explore the enemy alien and internee records from TNA. • Browse the collection by conflict, series, or piece. • Foreign nationals interned in camps across the United Kingdom & the Commonwealth. • These records comprise enemy alien index cards from the Home Office, nominal rolls, correspondence, and much more.

HO 396 - Home Office: Aliens Department: Internees Index - http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9260

• Records of mostly Germans, Austrians, Italians & • Find My Past: www.findmypast.co.uk their spouses who were interned or considered for internment during the Second World War. • Britain, Enemy Aliens and Internees, First and Includes: Second World Wars • People of all nationalities interned in the UK, • Were your ancestors suspected of being Canada and Australia; enemy sympathisers or spies? • Those allowed to remain at liberty; • Were they interned or declared exempt from internment? • Germans and Italians released in the UK; • During the First and Second World Wars, • Germans and Italians interned in the UK; thousands of foreign nationals were investigated and interned in camps across the • Germans and Italians repatriated to the UK from United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. Australia and Canada. • These records comprise enemy alien index cards from the Home Office, nominal rolls, correspondence, and much more.

Lots of useful biographical information on these cards

Including about after internment

Always check for the backs of the cards, although some are still closed!

• Legislative background to Kindertransport: • 1943, the Guardianship (Refugee Children) Bill - 1944 Act. • Still relevant - Lord Alf Dubs 2016 Amendment to the Immigration Act, to help today’s unaccompanied refugee children gain safe passage to Britain amidst the European migrant crisis.

• Lord Alfred Dubs came to the UK with the Kindertransport • He was one of the Nicholas Winton children

Kindertransport • Following Kristallnacht, Parliament debated on 21 November 1938 and agreed to allow refugee children to be temporarily homed in Britain. • Children from Austria, Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. • First of the Kinder arrived in December 1938. • Last Kindertransport in September 1939 – ceased due to outbreak of war. • The British Jewish community and the Quakers advocated for rescuing vulnerable children and bringing them to Britain, and passport restrictions were waived. • Refugee workers both in Europe and in Britain organised visas and transport for children up to the age of 17. • The various groups, which did most to organise the rescue missions were: • The Jewish Refugee Committee • Central British Fund for German Jewry, re-named Central Council for Jewish Refugees in 1939 • Movement for the Care of Children from Germany, re-named Refugee Children’s Movement in 1939 • Society of Friends (the Quakers) • Children’s Inter-aid committee (which involved the Save the Children Fund) • British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia • As part of the rescue, each child had to have a guarantor in Britain to cover the £50 cost of the return trip. • For all children in the care of the Refugee Children’s Movement, Lord Gorell was named as their guardian in England and their ‘tutor’ for children residing in Scotland.

Kindertransport

• Many children stayed with relatives or family friends. • Others stayed in hostels, lodgings or holiday camps, e.g. Dovercourt near Harwich. • Before they entered the country the Kinder received medical examinations and were deloused. • The records do not stop at the point of arrival in the UK. • The Kinder continued to be monitored during the war years, with information on their financial maintenance and religious upbringing being recorded centrally.

Kindertransport Records – Via Find My Past

• Historical records from 41 volumes from 6 government departments:

• War Cabinet (CAB) • Foreign Office (FO) • Home Office (HO) • Education (ED) • Health (MH) • Security Service (KV)

Jawne Gymnasium Köln

Dr Klibansky sent 5 classes (130 students) to safety in the UK. He and his family were deported in 1942. The square was named for him in 1990 5 Stolpersteine for him & his family have been placed in Köln.

The Pianist of Willesden Lane - Mona Golabek

• Mona Golabek & Lee Cohen • The Children of Willesden Lane: Beyond the Kindertransport: A Memoir of Music, Love, and Survival. • Lisa Jura’s Kindertransport Story

Kindertransport issues

• The majority of the Kinder did keep their Jewish faith. Even when children where cared for by Christians, Rabbis visited them and stayed in touch. However, some did convert to the religion of their British hosts, and a few eventually reconverted to Judaism.

The Boys

• Following WW2 some survivors settled in Britain. • The British government had agreed to admit 1,000 young camp survivors, but only 732 could be found. • These teenagers, originally from Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, had suffered appalling treatment in ghettos, slave labour and concentration camps. • Most had lost all their families, and many had seen family members killed in front of them. • In Britain they came to terms with their grief together, sharing past experiences and events in their new lives. • Many of these survivors became a part of the 45 Aid Society, which still remains an exceptionally close knit and devoted group today. https://45aid.org

The Boys (and girls!) - From the Holocaust to Lake Windermere

Judge Robert Rinder • Strictly come dancing 2016 (UK’s dancing with the stars) • A bit like Judge Judy

• He will discovers how the parents and 5 siblings of his Jewish grandfather, Moishe MALENICKY, died at the hands of the Nazis in an upcoming episode of WDYTYA? • Moses MALENICKY was one of The Boys • Robert will visit Piotrkow in Poland, to the spot where his grandfather’s family would have been taken to their deaths during the Holocaust.

• (Robert’s Jewish grandmother was from London’s East End).

Sir Nicholas Winton 1909-2015 • 669 Czech children rescued • 2003 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for Services to Humanity, • Rescue efforts remained virtually unknown until 1988, when his wife Grete found a scrapbook from 1939 with all the children's photos and a complete list of www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007780 names of those rescued.

www.ushmm.org

www.kitchenercamp.co.uk This former army camp near Sandwich, Kent, was adapted by the Council of German Jewry to house mostly single Jewish men from Germany and Austria who had been released from concentration camps in the aftermath of the infamous November Pogrom on the proviso that they would leave Germany immediately, often without their families.

TIP: Speak to Clare Weissenberg – she’s here!

http://enemyaliens.ca/accueil-home-eng.html

Rabbi Erwin SCHILD CM. 9 March 1920 - born at Koeln Mülheim, Germany. 1938 - Imprisoned in Dachau for 5 weeks. 1939- Fled to England. 1939-40 Interned on the Isle of Man. 1940 - departed for Canada. 1940-42 - Interned in Ontario, Canada Now - Rabbi Emeritus of the Adath Israel Congregation Toronto Holder of Canada Medal

Rabbi Erwin Schild of Toronto, Canada

Many information sources about the “Dunera Boys” • Extensive listing in my handout • My thanks to Diana da Costa for sending me lots of info!

HMT Dunera

[email protected]

Info from Diana da Costa – with thanks

Gerhard Leopold Besch born on 24 June 1924 – the youngest Dunera Dunera Boys on HO 396 films boy. Card ref: HO396_139_00173

139 A-C 1939-43 140 D-F 1939-43 141 G-H 1939-43 142 I-L 1939-43 143 M-R 1939-43 144 S 1939-43 145 T-Z 1939-43 147 Internees 1940-42 returned to UK, A-H 148 Internees 1940-42 returned to UK, I-Z

Trading with the Enemy Legislation

• Legislation passed during or approaching a war that prohibits business activities with foreign nationals, but also acts that might assist the enemy. • The British Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 was also applied to Mandatory Palestine, as to other British-ruled territories. • Carried a penalty of up to seven years' imprisonment.

• Not repealed until 1995. (Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1995, Part VI.)

• Yes, really! Look in the Gazette if you want to see for yourself!

www.thegazette.co.uk

Contains information about the lives of ordinary people, including:

• change of name by deed poll • naturalisation • civil service appointments (including nationalised industries) • military, judicial, government and ecclesiastical appointments • honours and medals • corporate information • bankruptcy/insolvency • death

The Gazette

• Gazette Issue 42024 published on the 3 May 1960. Page 17 of 76 Leo Rosenberg Naturalisation

My Dad’s naturalisation

Dad’s Naturalisation Certificate

The National Archives (Kew) • Adoption • Deed Poll • Divorce • Internment • Military • Naturalisation • Prisoner of War • Colonial Office • & many many more

Stateless – When German citizenship had been removed.

Card shows German – but crossed out!

1939 Register for England & Wales (FMP & Ancestry) • Enumeration on 29 September 1939. • Records made available after FOI campaign. • Different access for Scotland & Northern Ireland. • Information used to issue ration books. • Census Substitute (no UK census taken in 1941 due to WW2). • Can be a useful source of married women’s last names from after WW2. • Information updated for use with Medical records – NHS numbers.

1939 Enumeration

Exact date of birth is given here – living people are redacted. New records opened all the time, and collections updated.

Ref: RG101/0576J/009/32

1939 Register (Scotland)

www.worldjewishrelief.org/about-us/your-family-history

WJR

• Formerly Central British Fund for Jewish Relief • Rescued 75,000 Jews from Europe in 1930s/40s, inc 10,000 via Kindertransport • Reference Slips & Case Files (some destroyed) • Jerry Springer went on WDYTYA • Access via online form – then wait and found out about the deaths of his grandmothers during the • They email you the info Holocaust in his parents’ WJR • Free, but waiting time may be files. several weeks.

Comparison - 2 Kinder Files from WJR

Plus 6 more full pages of typed and handwritten notes!

www.wienerlibrary.co.uk

What Resources are there here?

• Memorial Books • Lists of Survivors • Reference Books • Books on Cemeteries • Phone Directories • Newspapers & Journals • Microfilms • & much much more

On the Shelves

• 65,000 Books and Pamphlets, of which over 25,000 are available nowhere else in the UK • 17,000 Photographs • 1,500 Eyewitness accounts • 1 million press cuttings • 1,500 periodical titles and 175 current subscriptions • 1,500 document collections of over 1.5 million pages with over 70 new collections added every year

The Archive of the International Tracing Service - @ The Wiener Library

• The fullest record of Nazi persecution in existence • Until 2007, the largest closed Holocaust archive in the world • 26,000 metres of shelving • Records of approximately 17.5 million victims of Nazism

www.its-arolsen.org

ABRAHAMOVIC (849)

https://ajr.org.uk

• AJR Journal Archive • Current issue online • Internment information • Kindertransport info • Kindertransport database • Search requests • Child survivors • Other Holocaust issues

AJR – Dr Anthony Grenville

Kindertransport Survey on AJR’s Website If you are clever.....

The Hitler Emigrés: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazis • Faculty members of the Hutchinson Camp “university” included world-renowned scholars who taught outdoor classes in language, law, math and science, accommodating large numbers of pupils. • In 1941, there were 200 Jewish physicians from London in Douglas’ Central Camp alone. Specialists and surgeons who had carried their instruments to the Isle of Man assisted local doctors running the camp sick bays and dispensaries, and caring for those with contagious or serious illnesses in hospital facilities in the Falcon Cliff Hotel. • Forming close relationships, many attended the Central Promenade Camp Synagogue, whose services, in English took place in the ballroom of the Lido Dance Hall nearby; there was also a synagogue set up in a hut at the Onchan Camp. • Camp publications, included Hutchinson’s “The Camp” and “The Sefton Review,” and the “Onchan Pioneer”.

IOM internment art featured on 2010 Manx stamps

• Exhibition held to mark 70 years • Art as Manx cultural heritage • More on BBC news archives • More info from Manx Government website • Newspapers & Photo Archives also online, some is pay to view

IoM 7 page resource guide: https://manxnationalheritage.im/wp- content/uploads/2016/11/CG4-Internment-Nov2015.pdf

Ode to Finchleystraße? • www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s09k1 • After the Nazi annexation of Austria in March 1938, Vienna's large Jewish community fled - some to Glasgow and Manchester but the vast majority to the area of North-West London close to Swiss Cottage. • The area became so full of German-speaking refugees that anecdotes tell of war-time bus conductors calling out "Finchleystraße - Passports Please!" as the bus drew up at the top of the Finchley Road. Originally opening as a coffee bar • The shops and cafes are no longer there, but a in 1937, its servings of goulash, vibrant group of elderly refugees shared their memories of Finchleystraße with historian Mike Wiener schnitzel and apple strudel Berlin and reflected on their conflicting desires to recreate the best of Vienna whilst assimilating into provided refugees – many of British society. whom came from Vienna and Berlin – with familiar tastes and smells.

What about WW2? - Moving Here (Archived) - C20th. • With the rise of the Nazism, many Jews sought to leave mainland Europe but few countries, including Britain, were willing to accept refugees. • To obtain a British visa you needed a job or a sponsor in Britain. • Desperate advertisements appeared in the Jewish Chronicle and other newspapers in Britain appealing for work. • Many women were admitted to Britain on domestic visas and employed by British families as cooks or housekeepers, although they were often highly educated and from professional or artistic backgrounds. • About 50,000 adults were admitted to Britain as refugees between 1933 and 1939. • The British Jewish community came together to offer financial and practical support. • The British government agreed to issue visas to children brought under the protection of the Central British Fund (CBF). • The Kindertransport brought 9,354 unaccompanied children to Britain in 1938 and 1939, from babies to teenagers. Many of these children were never to see their families again.

Jewish Chronicle - Since 1841

www.helen-fry.com Dr Helen Fry

• Author of numerous books about WW2 • German Jews in the UK • History of Jews in the UK • e.g. Churchill's German Army: The Germans who Fought for Britain in WW2 • The M Room: Secret Listeners who Bugged the Nazis in WW2

Fritz & Robin Lustig (Please ask Roger how they are related!) • In the final stage of his journey, Robin Lustig travels to the Isle of Man where his father was interned as an enemy alien during World War Two

• Robin Lustig - www.wanderingscribes.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lustig

• Fritz Lustig (1919–2017) was a German-Jewish emigrant to England during the Nazi era. • He was briefly interned as an "enemy alien", at Peveril Camp, on the Isle of Man, in 1940, following the outbreak of World War II. • He enlisted in the British Army's Pioneer Corps, but was transferred to the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre in 1943, where he eavesdropped on captured Axis officers at Latimer House and Wilton Park in Buckinghamshire, known then as "No 1 Distribution Centre" and "No 2 Distribution Centre" respectively.

www.bombsight.org

Much loved BBC tv sitcom about the British Home Guard in WW2

http://london.iwm.org.uk

• Family history resources • How to guides • Databases & Archives • Research • & the rest of the museum’s resources too!

• Holocaust exhibition

• Oral History: www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/ object/80004343 Dunera interest!

Re-educating German POWs in the UK after WW2 • At the end of WW2 there were over 400,000 German POWs housed in 1,500 camps throughout the UK. • To enable them to take their place in a democratic post- war Germany re-education was necessary. • Some 200 lecturers travelled the length and breadth of the country to lecture in the camps and prepare these prisoners for civilian life. • This book contains over 50 letters and reports written by one lecturer, Paul Bondy, a German refugee. • His experience is compared to that of another refugee, Hermann Sinsheimer, whose correspondence has to date appeared only in German. • This work offers a grass roots perspective of conditions in POW camps and of prisoner morale in the early post-war years, and affords insight into the difficulties experienced by those charged with actually delivering the lecture programme during this time of austerity.

www.thekeep.info German Jewish Family Archives • The establishment of the Centre for German- Jewish Studies www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs at the University of Sussex in 1994 has attracted the deposit of various collections that reflect the study of political, social, literary and intellectual German-Jewish history, in particular the history of Jewish refugees and their families to the UK during and after WW2. The collections also hold many personal papers and memoirs. • A hidden gem for German Family History Research in the UK

Josef Michael Rosenberg dob 11 Feb 1922

Joe’s Story – how do I know....

13 December 1938 to UK with Kindertransport Kindertransport Survey – Participant 1007 14 December 1938 to UK with Kindertransport Official German Document 14 December 1938 Arrival Harwich via Hook of Holland then Liverpool Street Kindertransport Survey – Participant 1007 December 1938 Camp in Lowestoft Kindertransport Survey – Participant 1007 December 1938 – January 1939 At Butlins in Lowestoft Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg

January 1939 Dovercourt Camp in Kent Kindertransport Survey – Participant 1007 January/February 1939 Hospital with Diphtheria in Colchester then to Clacton for recuperation Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg

17 February 1939 Diphtheria – in Hospital Papers from AJR File 3 July 1939 Henley Lawn Guest House Crow Hill Broadstairs Kent Papers from AJR File For recuperation from Diphtheria During 1939 Cook at Turners Court Agricultural College for Orphans – Wallingford Farm near Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg and Papers Benson Oxfordshire from AJR File 12 December 1939 Cook for the Sword Family in Chipping Norton Oxfordshire: Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg and Papers c/o Major Sword, Chivel Farm Heythrop Oxfordshire from AJR File 27 December 1939 16a Dennington Park Road Hampstead NW6. Papers from AJR File June 1940 Interned on Isle of Man Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg 1940 Interned Isle of Man – for 11 months Kindertransport Survey – Participant 1007 June 1941 Released from Internment and back with the Sword family for 2 months Autobiography as told to Jeanette Rosenberg

22 July 1941 Onchan, Isle of Man – Freed from Internment Internment Card HO 396 /273 / 00141

The End

• Thank you. • Any questions?

• PS: If you think of • Twitter: @ettenaeJRR something to ask me later • Facebook: Jeanette R Rosenberg • Skype: Jeanette.R. Rosenberg • Handout on my blog: • Email: • https://roundtoitgenealogy.wordpress.com [email protected]