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President Trump and Jerusalem : the Effects of the Relocation of The The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 2, Spring 2018 Print ISSN: 2252-347X Online ISSN: 2252-6959 https://doi.org/10.26351/JIMES2-12 President Trump and Jerusalem : The Effects of the Relocation of the American Embassy on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process Christine Sixta Rinehart Abstract On March 21, 2016, in a political campaign speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump vowed “We will move the American Embassy to the eternal capital of the Jewish people, Jerusalem” and, true to his word, a year after the election on December 6, 2017, he announced that the American Embassy would be moved from Tel Aviv to its new location in Jerusalem. The purpose of this article is to examine the reasons for this decision and to discuss the possible foreign policy implications of the transfer, particularly concerning the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Keywords President Trump; Foreign Policy; Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process; Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; President Mahmoud Abbas. Author’s contact: Prof. Christine Sixta Rinehart, The University of South Carolina Union; [email protected] 23 Christine Sixta Rinehart 24 Introduction (AIPAC), the Republican presidential candidate Donald John Trump vowed thatOn March America 21, 2016,would in “move a speech the to American the American Embassy Israel Publicto the Affairseternal Committee capital of the Jewish people, Jerusalem”. Later that day, in a rebuttal at AIPAC, the Democratic presidential candidate1 Hillary Rodham Clinton stated, “We need steady hands, not a president who says he’s neutral on Monday, pro-Israel on Tuesday, and who-knows-what on Wednesday because everything’s negotiable.” President Trump2 announced that Jerusalem would be the new location of the American Embassy True to and, his whileword, there a year were after cheers the election of jubilation on December in Israel, 6, a storm2017, of controversy immediately broke out across the Arab world. Many talking heads speculated that President Trump’s opportunity for solving3 the Israeli- table after the relocation of the American Embassy. PalestinianThe purpose conflict of this was article now inis tojeopardy examine as the the reasons Arabs would for moving never the come American to the embassy to Jerusalem and to consider the foreign policy implications of the embassy relocation, most particularly concerning the reactions to the move and the possibility of there being a new Israeli-Palestinian peace process. The History of the Capital of Israel which designated a partition plan that envisioned Jerusalem as a separate 4“international city”, was passed byOn theNovember United 29,Nations 1947 butResolution the war 181 that (II), followed Israel’s declaration of the new situation that had been created the United Nations revised its earlier independence in 1948 ultimately left Jerusalem as a divided city. Owing to Jerusalem “should be accorded special and separate treatment…and should decision and passed Resolution 194 on December 11, 1948 which stated that Sarah Begley, “Read Donald Trump’s Speech to AIPAC,” Time 1 Ryan Teague Beckwith, “Read Hillary Clinton’s Speech to AIPAC,”, March Time 21, 2016, http://time. com/4267058/donald-trump-aipac-speech-transcript/ (Accessed on February (Accessed 6, 2018). on 2 , March 21, 2016, Stevehttp://time.com/4265947/hillary-clinton-aipac-speech-transcript/ Holland and Maayan Lubell, “Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, ReversingFebruary 9, Longtime 2018). U.S. Policy,” Reuters 3 , December 6, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-usa-trump-israel/trump-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-reversing-The United Nations longtime-u-s-policy-idUSKBN1E01PS (Accessed on February 9, 2018). 4 “Resolution 181 (II). Future Government of Palestine,” , November 29, 1947, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061 D253 (Accessed on February 9, 2018). President Trump and Jerusalem be placed under effective United Nations control.”5 Following this resolution,25 most countries moved their embassies from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv which also became the center for the establishment of new embassies. of the western half of Jerusalem and Jordan in control of the eastern half- When the fighting ended in 1949, the armistice border left Israel in control which included the Old City. Lt. Col. Moshe Dayan of the Israeli Army and Lt. Col. Abdallah al-Tal of the Jordanian6 Army drew the lines on a map after the war with a green wax crayon (the origin of the term the “green line”) and this map later became part of the Israel-Jordan Armistice Agreement of April 3, to be located in Jerusalem and the center of government activity moved from 1949. In 1950 Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered the Israeli capital Tel Aviv where it had been functioning because of the dangerous situation in Jerusalem during the war. The United Nations’ General Assembly then stated that “Jerusalem should be placed under a permanent international responded by reconfirming Resolution 303 passed on December 9, 1949 which regime.”7 snipers on the city line between East and West Jerusalem who frequently shot During the period from 1949 until the 1967 War the Jordanians placed at citizens and other targets making life in the adjacent Israeli neighborhoods despite the promises they had made in the armistice agreement, not only did very difficult because of the constant violence and gunfire. The Jordanians, not allow Jews free access to the holy sites, including the Western Wall and the cemetery on the Mount of Olives, but also desecrated Jewish holy sites during these nineteen years. 8 Old City from the Jordanians and, since this part of the city contains some of During the June 1967 War Israel took over control of East Jerusalem and the the most important historical and holy sites for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, regardless of who controls it, it has continued to be a center of contention. In addition, directly after the end of the war, Israel expanded the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem by an additional 70 square kilometers to include 5 Eylon Aslin-Levy, “Jerusalem Already Has Plenty of Embassies—Just Not to Israel,” The Tower Oren Libermann,, Issue 48 (March “Why Moving2017), http://www.thetower.org/article/jerusalem-already-has-the US Embassy to Jerusalem is so Controversial,” CNN, plenty-of-embassies-just-not-to-israel/ (Accessed on February 28, 2018). 6 7 DecemberAslin-Levy, “Jerusalem6, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/24/middleeast/donald-trump-us-Already Has Plenty of Embassies.” embassy-israel-explainer/index.htmlIsrael (Accessed Ministry on Februaryof Foreign 10, Affairs 2018). 8 “Divided Jerusalem (1948-1967),” , 2013, http://mfa. gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Jerusalem%20Before%20the%20Six%20Day%20 War%20-1949-1967-.aspx (Accessed on February 22, 2018). Christine Sixta Rinehart some26 of the surrounding West Bank area. Although Israel had made Jerusalem as more evidence by the Arabs and Palestinians to be more evidence of the Israeliits capital state’s in 1950, desire the for post-war more land. additions9 to the city of Jerusalem were seen passedIn July the 1980 United Israel Nations’ passed Security the Basic Council Law of passed Israel whicha resolution declared condemning Jerusalem Israel’sto be the annexation capital of ofthe East Jewish Jerusalem people. and Immediately declared the after law theto be 1980 a violation Law was of international law. Israel offered Palestinians living in Jerusalem the option of becoming permanent10 residents of the state of Israel but most Palestinians declined the offer as they refused to acknowledge Jerusalem as the capital of Israel while many Palestinians continued to refuse to recognize Israel’s right to exist11 at all. The United Nations and the European Union still assert the validity of Jerusalem should be an international city that is administered by the United Nations.Resolution 181 (II) which was passed on November 29, 1947 and states that Arabs refused12 to accept allowing the Jews to have any presence in their ancestral homeland Whileand were the Jews so incensed accepted by this the with resolution anticipation that inthey 1947 went the toPalestinian war as a result of it. Now the Jews will neither give up control over Jerusalem to make it an international13 city administered by the United Nations nor will they split the city with the Palestinians. The opportune time for the Palestinians to have Donaldpart of Jerusalem Trump passed Is Not in The 1947. First This is. now. a moot point. Although President Trump has never publicly elaborated upon his reasons for moving the American Embassy back to Jerusalem, it is speculated that one purpose of the embassy move is to solidify his vote and support from the Christian right in the United States. The Conservative Christian right views the Jews as God’s chosen people and as a close ally of the United States in an often treacherous Middle East. The Christian right supports Israel as a beacon of 9 Ibid. Libermann, “Why Moving the US embassy to Jerusalem is so Controversial.” Beverley Milton-Edwards, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A People’s war (New York: 10 11 The United Nations Routledge, 2009), pp. 121-122. 12 “Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine,” , November 29, 1947, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253Jerusalem Center for Public(Accessed Affairs on February 25, 2018). 13 Liora Chartouni, “70 Years after Resolution 181: An Assessment,” , November 26, 2017, http://jcpa.org/article/70-years-un-resolution-181- assessment/ (Accessed on February 25, 2018). President Trump and Jerusalem freedom and the last defense against Islamic terrorism and fundamentalism.27 Pastor John Hagee, an evangelical television preacher, has commented: promise closely because if President Trump moves the embassy I can assure you that 60 million evangelicals are watching this into Jerusalem, he will historically step into immortality.
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