An Impenetrable Wall Between Progressivism and Zionism?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Impenetrable Wall Between Progressivism and Zionism? An Impenetrable Wall Between Progressivism and Zionism? Posted on August 14, 2017 by Ameinu Office Categories: Personal Stories of Zionism, Israel and Progressive Identity By Cheryl Gordon I am an American Jew, a New Yorker, and a student at the University of Michigan. As a Jew, I feel a connection to the land where the Jewish people trace their roots; to ancestors who lived in the land we now call Israel as far back as the Bible records Jewish history. Unfortunately, I find that my peers at school are quick to forget Israel’s history as a small state constantly threatened by hostile neighbors. They are quick to forget that our people were refugees too, and were exiled from our land twice (586 BCE, returned, exiled again in 70 CE, returned again). For me, Zionism is about love for Israel. It is about acknowledging and respecting the Jewish people’s history, looking ahead to our future, and taking the Zionist movement with us, encouraging it to evolve as the world changes and confronts new challenges. Contrary to the complex and nuanced definition I find so dear, when the term “Zionism” is mentioned in conversation with my peers, it is a controversial word often invoked with ignorance and hate. What solely comes to their minds is the Occupation, the violence perpetrated against Palestinian civilians, including children, and examples of the unlawful taking of Palestinian land, which have been promoted or sanctioned by various establishment groups and Israeli governments for years. I feel that the message I receive from my community on campus is that if you’re a liberal, you have to put your liberal values in a box, or on hold, if you’re a Zionist, because Israelis are being unfair and most certainly violating basic human rights of Palestinians. The way that young, social justice oriented leftists talk about Zionism creates in my mind an impenetrable wall between progressives and Zionists. However, I believe that I don’t need to give up any of my liberal views to be considered a legitimate supporter of Israel. I also don’t have to give up Zionism to be committed to liberal causes and justice. I spent the last semester studying abroad in southern France. I was there for the election of Emmanuel Macron, who emerged as France’s newest president after a nail-biting election, in which immigration and anti-immigrant sentiment were prominent themes. Macron recently issued a statement where he said: “Anti-Zionism is the new Anti- Semitism.” I feel proud that the French people elected a candidate like Macron: Someone who does more than acknowledge France’s role in the Holocaust, more than apologize, but shows real concern for what is going on today. As someone who is both compassionate and committed to learning, the mistreatment of Palestinians by Israelis motivates me to match the example Macron set. In Macron’s speech he was not oversimplifying Zionism, but was at the same time standing up for vulnerable peoples. I encourage everyone to look to that as an ideal of someone who seeks knowledge, is concerned, and open-minded. Living and learning on a liberal campus like Michigan, full of bright, social justice-oriented students, is stimulating and inspiring. Nevertheless, I have heard and read many statements by UM students and others that reveal the validity of Macron’s take on anti- Zionism being the new anti-Semitism. In 2015, following a terror attack by an armed Palestinian man that killed three Israelis, I was disturbed to walk past a Palestinian student group demonstration in the Diag on the University of Michigan’s Ann Arbor campus, where many student groups raise awareness for their causes. This group set up a large mock border checkpoint. This wall was adorned with glorified images of Palestinian violence, and slogans calling for the destruction of Israel. I became even more disturbed while I watched concerned students approach the demonstration only to learn at surface level about a complex history from a one-sided perspective. Another upsetting scandal occurred this year at the Chicago Dyke March, where participants with a Jewish gay pride flag were kicked out. So much for intersectionality. I connect these two scandals at the Chicago Dyke March and the display on Michigan’s campus as just two examples of presenting the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in grossly oversimplified terms, black and white, victim and perpetrator. Where is the solidarity here? The dialogue? The importance here is to learn about difficult subjects and be open to others. If you wall yourself off from ugly realities that “your side” or your people are doing, you are ultimately engaging in the same kind of ignorance that your opponents are doing. Zionists need to confront reality in Palestine. By and large, we’re not. I have spent my summer interning for Ameinu, which means “Our People” in Hebrew. At Ameinu, we are liberal Zionists supporting a progressive Israel, an Israel where Palestinians and Jews can co-exist in peace and respect each other’s rights. Ameinu fundraises for and publicizes many great causes that are much more effective than BDS. I endorse a two state solution. Instead of hurting the Palestinian economy I believe in building up a stable Palestinian state. The BDS movement boycotts various cultural events and academic exchanges, which is contrary to principles of freedom of expression, free exchanges of ideas, and discourages engaging with one another. Take issue with Zionism as you will. But first, as with any issue, learn. Follow Macron’s example of thoughtfulness and empathy in speech. Read about Zionism. Speak about Zionism. Engage with Zionists. We at Ameinu are citizens of the world. We are citizens working for peace and justice. We live by Jewish values and try every day to make our world a more peaceful and just place..
Recommended publications
  • JEWISH ,E4a!&Ead
    JEWISH $3.00 Frontier Ehud Barak's ,e4a!&ead CONTENTS JEWISH Vol. LXVI, No. 3 & 4 (635-6) M SUMMER 1999 Front er Israel 3 SINCE 1934 A SWEET AND SOUR VICTORY Susan Hattis Rolef A LABOR ZIONIST JOURNAL INAUGURAL ADDRESS : TOWARD 6 PEACE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS Ehud Barak Founders Hayim Greenberg Marie Syrkin JEWISH DUALISM 13 Chaim Nachman Editorial Board Bialik Henry Feingold, Chairman Saul B . Cohen History 18 I Hyman Faine THE KEHILAH IN WARSAW David Rosenthal Jonathan J. Goldberg Emanuel S . Goldsmith Jerry Goodman COPYRIGHTS : ANCIENT 20 Rabbi Mark W. Kiel AND MODERN Harold Ticktin Chava Lapin Judy Loebl Jeffry V. Mallow Books 23 Daniel Mann THE HOLOCAUST IN Mordecai Newman Samuel Norich AMERICAN LIFE Michael S . Perry By Peter Novick Henry L. Feingold Mark Raider Eduardo Rauch Ezra Spicehandler AN AFTERNOON WITH 25 Phyllis Sutker MEYER LEVIN Si Wakesberg David Twersky Mazal Tov 26 MISHA LOUVISH Nahum Guttman Editor In Memoriam 27 HYMAN R. FAINE Daniel Mann NOTE TO SUBSCRIBERS Saadia Gelb If you plan to move, please notify us six weeks in advance . A LABOR ZIONIST 30 PEACE MISSION Stephane Acel JEWISH FRONTIER (ISSN-0021-6453) is published bi-monthly by Labor Zionist JEWISH FRONTIER Letters, Inc . Editorial and advertising offices at 275 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 . Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY . POSTMASTER : Send address changes to Circulation, Jewish Frontier, 275 Seventh Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, 275 Seventh Avenue NY 10001 . Subscription rates for U .S. and possessions, $15 .00 per year for 6 issues, $25 .00 for 17th Floor two years for 12 issues .
    [Show full text]
  • Israel Engagement Beyond Hasbarah from the Editor
    THE STEINHARDT FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH LIFE AUTUMN 2011/CHESHVAN 5772 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1 THE JOURNAL OF THE STEINHARDT FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH LIFE ISRAEL ENGAGEMENT BEYOND HASBARAH FROM THE EDITOR AUTUMN 2011/CHESHVAN 5772 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1 ISRAEL ENGAGEMENT Eli Valley BEYOND HASBARAH Editor or decades, Israel engagement in North America hewed to a narrow narrative line. If Erica Coleman not overtly political, the methods of engagement frequently had politics just beneath Copy Editor the surface. Engagement meant understanding Israel’s importance to the world Jewish community as well as its right to exist — both in a general sense and in relation to the Yakov Wisniewski events of the day. This often turned engagement into a reactive enterprise — how the commu- Design Director nity could shore up support for this policy or for that war, and how Israel’s actions could best be presented and explained. THE STEINHARDT The reasons for this were understandable. There was a widespread perception of Israel being FOUNDATION under siege and a general sentiment that Diaspora communities could serve as Israel’s ambassa- FOR JEWISH LIFE dors. Moreover, a fear of losing young Jews to waves of anti-Israel agitation spurred campaigns to arm them with Israel’s side of the story. But ultimately, such efforts were a misuse of both Michael H. Steinhardt Israel and of American Jews. As the conflict became more nuanced and information more wide- Chairman spread, the Hasbarah method — explaining Israel through public relations — came to be dis- Robert P. Aronson credited by a more sophisticated population of American Jews, particularly among the younger President generations.
    [Show full text]
  • JEWISH FronIer
    JEWISH Fronier WAR & PEACE ISRAEL'S in he Middle Eas IDENTITY PROBLEMS SOLDIER of PEACE The YITZHAK RABIN Sory Geaway o he CHANNEL ISLANDS' HANAN AYALTI s Legacy LIKUD & LABOR The Differences S I N C E 1 9 3 4 A LABOR ZIONIST JOURNAL JEWISH CONTENTSVol. LXV, No . 2 (631) MARCH/APRIL 1998 Fronier Israel 3 SINCE 1934 WAR & PEACE IN THE A LABOR ZIONIST JOURNAL MIDDLE EAST Susan Hais Rolef 6 Misha Louvish Founders IDENTITY PROBLEMS Hayim Greenberg LABOR AND LIKUD : The Difference 8 Marie Syrkin Commenary 10 AGAIN A "FINAL SOLUTION"? Henry L. Feingold Ediorial Board SHARETT CENTER 12 Henry Feingold, Chairman RENEWS ACTIVITIES Saul B . Cohen Hyman Faine Books 13 Jonahan J . Goldberg SOLDIER OF PEACE: Emanuel S . Goldsmih YITZHAK RABIN, by Dan Kurzman Joseph Adler Jerry Goodman Rabbi Mark W. Kiel THE PRESENCE IS IN EXILE, TOO, 30 Chava Lapin by Hanan J . Ayali Jeffry V. Mallow Daniel Mann News Briefs 15 Mordecai Newman Samuel Norich A Novel 16 Michael S . Perry ALTNEULAND Theodor Herzl Mark Raider Eduardo Rauch Noebook 17 Mordecai Shrigler Ezra Spicehandler FANTASTIC JOURNEY Nahum Guman Phyllis Suker David Twersky Biography 21 HANAN AYALTI David Rosenhal 24 Nahum Guman MOSES HESS AND HIS TIMES Mary Schulman Edior Travel 28 SOME GETAWAY! Haim Cherok Leers 30 NOTE TO SUBSCRIBERS If you plan o move, please noify SOL STEIN AT 92 31 us six weeks in advance . Conribuors 20 JEWISH FRONTIER (ISSN-0021-6453) is published bi-monhly by Labor Zionis JEWISH FRONTIER Leers, Inc. Ediorial and adverising offices a 275 Sevenh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 .
    [Show full text]
  • What We've Been up To
    ערכים ליברלים ישראל פרוגרסיבית 2020-2021: WHAT WE’VE BEEN UP TO WHO ARE WE? Ameinu, Hebrew for “Our People,” is a national, multi-generational community of progressive Jews in North America. Recognizing the unbreakable bond between the Jewish people and Israel, as well as the commitment to make our own society better, we mobilize those Jews who seek opportunities to foster social and economic justice both in Israel and in North America. As Zionists, we understand that a secure peace between Israel and its neighbors is essential to the survival of a democratic Jewish state. With this in mind, we build support within the North American Jewish community for a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Here is a short report about our most recent activities and programs, for more, please follow us on social media or visit our website: www.ameinu.net. 2020 WORLD ZIONIST CONGRESS - HATIKVAH SLATE Before 2020 even began, we worked with our partners in the U.S. progressive Israel community to construct the Hatikvah Slate. The Slate ran in the 2020 World Zionist Congress elections. From January to March we mobilized thousands of people to vote for our vision of peace and justice, while facing attempts by right wing forces to have our delegation disqualified from the Congress on bogus grounds. Their case was denied and we sent 30 delegates and alternates to the virtual Congress held in October. We formed a left-center coalition to block a power grab by the right-religious bloc of organizations, ensuring a balance in governance within international Zionist bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • February 3, 2021 Dear Member of Congress: the 79 Undersigned
    February 3, 2021 Dear Member of Congress: The 79 undersigned local, state, and national Jewish organizations write in strong support of the transformational democracy reform package the For the People Act (H.R. 1/S. 1), and urge you to prioritize its passage. As Jews, we are commanded tzedek, tzedek tirdof, to pursue justice. By enacting this bill, we can enhance integrity, fairness, and transparency in our nation’s elections, create a democracy that values all voices, and build a more just society. The 2020 election has underscored the urgent need for democracy reform, and the common- sense reforms in the For the People Act address many of these problems. This legislation aims to accomplish three overarching goals: (1) protecting and strengthening the sacred right to vote, (2) ending the dominance of big money in politics, and (3) implementing anti-corruption, pro- ethics measures to clean up government. Without structural democracy reform, our nation will remain unable to fully address important, substantive priorities, especially critical amid a pandemic, including protecting and expanding affordable health care, stopping the spread of COVID-19, and providing the assistance and support people need to care for themselves and their families. The reforms in the For the People Act are necessary to advance racial justice and ensure that our government works for all people, not just a powerful few. President Joe Biden has stated that a “first priority” of his administration is to lead on a comprehensive set of democracy solutions like those reflected in H.R. 1/S. 1. As such, we urge a vote on this bill as soon as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • A Positive Sign from the Zionist Left
    A positive sign from the Zionist left Gerald Steinberg Thursday, October 10, 2013 Ameinu, a Jewish organization that supports “progressive causes in Israel,” has taken a refreshing and long- overdue step in naming, shaming and pushing back against hard- core anti- Zionists. In a publication titled The Third Narrative: Progressive Answers to the Far Left’s Critiques of Israel, Ameinu condemns the “relentless barrage of accusations against Israel on the web, on campus and in other settings.” This notably harsh language is fully justified. For many years, liberal values and moral causes have been exploited for immoral political warfare against Israel, including boycott campaigns and false accusations of “apartheid.” Fundamental principles such as human rights, peace, and democracy are cynically abused in distinctly anti- progressive and anti- liberal attacks that demonize Israel as the nation- state of the Jewish People. Ameinu’s counter- offensive is particularly important for Jewish students who are naturally sympathetic to the language and appeal of social justice, but have little knowledge of the history and facts, and are easily brainwashed. Many well- intentioned liberals are taken in by a well- financed network of self- proclaimed human rights groups obsessed with hatred of Israel, and by marginal individuals who misappropriate the Jewish framework of “tikkun olam” (repairing the world). The discredited Goldstone report, published in 2009, whose false claims caused major damage, demonstrated the destructive influence of this network of non- governmental organizations (NGOs). The radical anti- Zionist left also promotes what is euphemistically referred to as a “bi- national solution,” and invents legal arguments, such as a “right of return” for millions of Palestinians who claim refugee status.
    [Show full text]
  • There Is No “Status Quo” Drivers of Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
    THERE IS NO “STATUS QUO” DRIVERS OF VIOLENCE IN THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT NATHAN STOCK AUGUST 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher. Copyright © 2019 The Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute 1763 N Street NW Washington, D.C. 20036 Follow MEI: @MiddleEastInst /MiddleEastInstitute There is No “Status Quo” Drivers of Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Nathan Stock iv | About the author nathan stock Nathan Stock is a non-resident scholar at the Middle East Institute. Prior to joining MEI he spent nine years working for former President Carter’s organization, The Carter Center. He served in the Center’s Conflict Resolution Program, out of Atlanta, GA, before moving to Jerusalem to run the Center’s Israel-Palestine Field Office. Stock led Carter Center efforts to facilitate the reunification of the Palestinian political system and to assert Palestinian sovereignty via international fora. He designed and managed projects targeting the Fatah-Hamas conflict, and implemented programming to monitor and advance political solutions to the Syrian civil war. Prior to joining the Center, Stock worked in Afghanistan on a USAID-funded grant to strengthen local civil society organizations. During the Al-Aqsa Intifada, he lived in the Gaza Strip, working with a Palestinian NGO to design and fundraise for conflict resolution programs targeting the Palestinian community.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of Grants Awarded: 2014 – 2015
    UJA-FEDERATION OF NEW YORK REPORT OF GRANTS AWARDED: 2014 – 2015 AWARDED: REPORT OF GRANTS YORK OF NEW UJA-FEDERATION The world’s largest local philanthropy, UJA-Federation of New York cares for Jews everywhere and New Yorkers of all backgrounds, connects people to their Jewish communities, and responds to crises — in New York, in Israel, and around the world. Main Office Regional Offices New York Long Island 130 East 59th Street 6900 Jericho Turnpike New York, NY 10022 Suite 302 212.980.1000 Syosset, NY 11791 516.762.5800 Overseas Office Israel Westchester 48 King George Street 701 Westchester Avenue Jerusalem, Israel 91071 Suite 203E 011.972.2.620.2053 White Plains, NY 10604 914.761.5100 Northern Westchester 27 Radio Circle Drive Mt. Kisco, NY 10549 914.666.9650 www.ujafedny.org COMBAT POVERTY, PROMOTE DIGNITY FOSTER HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CARE FOR THE ELDERLY SUPPORT FAMILIES WITH SPECIAL NEEDS REPORT OF GRANTS AWARDED: STRENGTHEN ISRAELI SOCIETY 2014 - 2015 CONNECT JEWS WORLDWIDE DEEPEN JEWISH IDENTITY SEED INNOVATION CREATE AN INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY RESPOND TO EMERGENCIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .........................................................................................................................2 Jewish Communal Network Commission (JCNC) Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 3 Commission Membership List.................................................................................. 4 Fiscal 2015 Grants ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • June 20, 2018 the Honorable Jeff Sessions Attorney General U.S. Department of Justice Washington, DC 20530 the Honorable Kirstje
    June 20, 2018 The Honorable Jeff Sessions Attorney General U.S. Department of Justice Washington, DC 20530 The Honorable Kirstjen Nielsen Secretary of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security Washington, DC 20528 Dear Attorney General Sessions and Secretary Nielsen, On behalf of the 55 undersigned national and 291 state and local Jewish organizations and institutions, we write to express our strong opposition to the recently expanded “zero-tolerance” policy that includes separating children from their migrant parents when they cross the border. This policy undermines the values of our nation and jeopardizes the safety and well-being of thousands of people. As Jews, we understand the plight of being an immigrant fleeing violence and oppression. We believe that the United States is a nation of immigrants and how we treat the stranger reflects on the moral values and ideals of this nation. Many of these migrant families are seeking asylum in the United States to escape violence in Central America. Taking children away from their families is unconscionable. Such practices inflict unnecessary trauma on parents and children, many of whom have already suffered traumatic experiences. This added trauma negatively impacts physical and mental health, including increasing the risk of early death.1 Separating families is a cruel punishment for children and families simply seeking a better life and exacerbates existing challenges in our immigration system. It adds to the backlog of deportation cases and legal challenges in federal courts, places thousands more immigrants in detention facilities and shelters, endangers the lives of more children, and instills additional fear in people seeking safety in our country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recent Ameinu Conference
    The Recent Ameinu Conference Ameinu’s organization, “The Third Narrative,” sponsored a “progressive academic teach-in” at the CUNY Journalism School on November 1. It featured outstanding advocates of Peace, the two-state settlement, and social justice in Israel and Palestine, among them Peter Beinart, JJ Goldberg, Ghaith al- Omari, Todd Gitlin and Michael Walzer, among others. It should be said at the outset that Ameinu assembled a progressive cast that does it credit; the Board Members of PPI in attendance, including Irwin Wall, Leanard Grob, and Lilly Rivlin found little if anything to criticize, except, perhaps, that the panelists all agreed with one another as well as with us. One also could say the gorilla in the room, boycott, was ignored; all seemed to accept that Beinart’s kind of Zionist boycott of the West Bank only, also the policy of PPI, is legitimate. The conference would seem to presage a warmer and more energetic cooperation between our organizations, along the lines of our successful joint petition in favor of supporting the Iran agreement. If this colloquium is indicative of Ameinu’s views, there is little daylight between them and Partners. On the other hand, Israel’s Labor party, of which Ameinu pretends to be the American arm, came in for some severe criticism at the conference. None of the panelists made reference to Meretz. This was regrettable, because it left the implication that there are no voices in Israel to partner with in pursuing the struggle for two states and against the occupation. Peter Beinart led off, and although most of what he said we have heard before, his argument was cogent and well put-together and his recommendations for action strong and doable.
    [Show full text]
  • Schedule of Grants Made to Various
    Schedule of Grants Made to Various Philanthropic Institutions [ Year Ended June 30, 2015 ] ORGANIZATION AMOUNT Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc. 19,930 3S Contemporary Arts Space, Inc. 12,500 Alzheimer’s Disease & Related Disorders Association, Inc. 46,245 A Cure in Our Lifetime, Inc. 11,500 Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, New York A Torah Infertility Medium of Exchange (ATIME) 20,731 City, Inc. d/b/a CaringKind 65,215 Abraham Joshua Heschel School 397,450 Alzheimer’s Disease Research Foundation d/b/a Cure JEWISH COMMUNAL FUND JEWISH COMMUNAL Abraham Path Initiative, Inc. 42,500 Alzheimer’s Fund 71,000 Accion International 30,000 Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation 15,100 Achievement First, Inc. 170,000 Am Yisroel Chai Foundation, Inc. 25,036 Achiezer Community Resource Center, Inc. 20,728 Ameinu Our People, Inc. 17,000 Actors Fund of America 47,900 America Gives, Inc. 30,856 Adas Torah 16,500 America-Israel Cultural Foundation, Inc. 25,500 Adler Aphasia Center 14,050 America-Israel Friendship League, Inc. 55,000 Administrators of Tulane Educational Fund 11,500 American Antiquarian Society 25,000 Advanced Learning Institute 10,000 American Associates of Ben-Gurion University of Advancing Human Rights 18,000 the Negev, Inc. 71,386 Advancing Women Professionals and the Jewish American Associates of the Royal Academy Trust, Inc. 15,000 Community, Inc. 25,000 American Association for the Advancement of Science 35,000 Aegis America, Inc. 75,000 American Association of Colleges of Nursing 1,064,797 Afya Foundation of America, Inc. 67,250 American Cancer Society, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annapolis Conference: a Chronic Case of Too Little, Too Late?
    THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE: A CHRONIC CASE OF TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE? A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Liberal Studies By Marta P. Silva, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. December 1, 2010 THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE: A CHRONIC CASE OF TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE? Marta P. Silva, B.A. Mentor: Ralph Nurnberger, Ph.D. ABSTRACT On November 26- 27, 2007, President George W. Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice organized the Annapolis Peace Conference, the first international conference to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on American soil. It was held at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. The conference brought together representatives from 49 states and organizations. The presence of such a diverse group demonstrated strong support for a resolution to the Israeli-conflict and for Ehud Olmert, Prime Minister of Israel and Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority as peace negotiators. This thesis analyzes why the Annapolis Peace Conference failed to resolve the Israel-Palestinian conflict. The United States’ long term myopia to the geopolitical realities of the Jewish/Muslim relationship has caused a pernicious, on-going stalemate in the Middle East. The discussion here begins with the analysis of the Bush administration’s policies throughout the two terms and then looks at the yearlong events leading up to the conference. The analysis concludes that the Bush administration’s lack of concern for the conflict during the President’s first term; the geopolitical fallout from the attacks on September 11, 2001; lack of enforcement of the Annapolis Peace Conference provisions; ii missed diplomatic and political leverage opportunities; and the political weakness of all three leaders during and after the Annapolis Peace Conference led to the failure of the Annapolis Peace Conference.
    [Show full text]