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Tamires De Oliveira Andrade an INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO
Tamires de Oliveira Andrade AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO DELIMIT SPECIES IN THE EULAEMA CINGULATA AND EULAEMA PSEUDOCINGULATA PAIR (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) USING MORPHOMETRIC AND MOLECULAR EVIDENCE UMA ABORDAGEM INTEGRATIVA PARA DELIMITAR ESPÉCIES NO PAR EULAEMA CINGULATA E EULAEMA PSEUDOCINGULATA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) UTILIZANDO EVIDÊNCIA MORFOMÉTRICA E MOLECULAR SÃO PAULO 2021 Tamires de Oliveira Andrade An integrative approach to delimit species in the Eulaema cingulata and Eulaema pseudocingulata pair (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using morphometric and molecular evidence Uma abordagem integrativa para delimitar espécies no par Eulaema cingulata e Eulaema pseudocingulata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) utilizando evidência morfométrica e molecular Original Version Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Program of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Systematics, Animal Taxonomy and Biodiversity). Advisor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Roberto Ferreira Brandão Co-advisor: Dr. Kelli dos Santos Ramos Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Andrade, Tamires de Oliveira An integrative approach to delimit species in the Eulaema cingulata and Eulaema pseudocingulata pair (Hymenoptera: Apidae) using morphometric and molecular evidence.= Uma abordagem integrativa para delimitar espécies no par Eulaema cingulata e Eulaema pseudocingulata (Hymenoptera:Apidae) utilizando evidência morfométrica e molecular/ Tamires de Oliveira Andrade; orientador Carlos Roberto Ferreira Brandão; co-orientadora Kelly dos Santos Ramos. São Paulo, 2021. 51p. Dissertação de Mestrado – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2021. Versão original Volume único 1. Hymenoptera - Apidae. 2. Eulaema cingulata.3. Eulaema pseudocingulata.. I. Brandão, Carlos Roberto Ferreira, orient.; II. -
Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States
Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States September 1993 OTA-F-565 NTIS order #PB94-107679 GPO stock #052-003-01347-9 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States, OTA-F-565 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993). For Sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office ii Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop, SSOP. Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN O-1 6-042075-X Foreword on-indigenous species (NIS)-----those species found beyond their natural ranges—are part and parcel of the U.S. landscape. Many are highly beneficial. Almost all U.S. crops and domesticated animals, many sport fish and aquiculture species, numerous horticultural plants, and most biologicalN control organisms have origins outside the country. A large number of NIS, however, cause significant economic, environmental, and health damage. These harmful species are the focus of this study. The total number of harmful NIS and their cumulative impacts are creating a growing burden for the country. We cannot completely stop the tide of new harmful introductions. Perfect screening, detection, and control are technically impossible and will remain so for the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the Federal and State policies designed to protect us from the worst species are not safeguarding our national interests in important areas. These conclusions have a number of policy implications. First, the Nation has no real national policy on harmful introductions; the current system is piecemeal, lacking adequate rigor and comprehensiveness. Second, many Federal and State statutes, regulations, and programs are not keeping pace with new and spreading non-indigenous pests. -
Recolecta De Artrópodos Para Prospección De La Biodiversidad En El Área De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(1): 119-132, 2004 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Recolecta de artrópodos para prospección de la biodiversidad en el Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica Vanessa Nielsen 1,2, Priscilla Hurtado1, Daniel H. Janzen3, Giselle Tamayo1 & Ana Sittenfeld1,4 1 Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. 2 Dirección actual: Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica. 3 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. 4 Dirección actual: Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Recibido 21-I-2003. Corregido 19-I-2004. Aceptado 04-II-2004. Abstract: This study describes the results and collection practices for obtaining arthropod samples to be stud- ied as potential sources of new medicines in a bioprospecting effort. From 1994 to 1998, 1800 arthropod sam- ples of 6-10 g were collected in 21 sites of the Área de Conservación Guancaste (A.C.G) in Northwestern Costa Rica. The samples corresponded to 642 species distributed in 21 orders and 95 families. Most of the collections were obtained in the rainy season and in the tropical rainforest and dry forest of the ACG. Samples were obtained from a diversity of arthropod orders: 49.72% of the samples collected corresponded to Lepidoptera, 15.75% to Coleoptera, 13.33% to Hymenoptera, 11.43% to Orthoptera, 6.75% to Hemiptera, 3.20% to Homoptera and 7.89% to other groups. -
Phylogenetic Relationships and Historical Biogeography of Tribes and Genera in the Subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society 0024-4066The Linnean Society of London, 2005? 2005 862 227251 Original Article PHYLOGENY OF NYMPHALINAE N. WAHLBERG ET AL Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 86, 227–251. With 5 figures . Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of tribes and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) NIKLAS WAHLBERG1*, ANDREW V. Z. BROWER2 and SÖREN NYLIN1 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331–2907, USA Received 10 January 2004; accepted for publication 12 November 2004 We infer for the first time the phylogenetic relationships of genera and tribes in the ecologically and evolutionarily well-studied subfamily Nymphalinae using DNA sequence data from three genes: 1450 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) (in the mitochondrial genome), 1077 bp of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a) and 400–403 bp of wing- less (both in the nuclear genome). We explore the influence of each gene region on the support given to each node of the most parsimonious tree derived from a combined analysis of all three genes using Partitioned Bremer Support. We also explore the influence of assuming equal weights for all characters in the combined analysis by investigating the stability of clades to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. We find many strongly supported and stable clades in the Nymphalinae. We are also able to identify ‘rogue’ -
Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) Parasitizing Pauropsylla Cf
2018 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 58(1): 137–141 MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE doi: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0011 ISSN 1804-6487 (online) – 0374-1036 (print) www.aemnp.eu SHORT COMMUNICATION A new species of Synopeas (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitizing Pauropsylla cf. depressa (Psylloidea: Triozidae) in India Kamalanathan VEENAKUMARI1,*), Peter Neerup BUHL2) & Prashanth MOHANRAJ1) 1) National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, Hebbal, 560024 Bangalore, India; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2) Troldhøjvej 3, DK-3310 Ølsted, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] *) corresponding author Accepted: Abstract. Synopeas pauropsyllae Veenakumari & Buhl, sp. nov., a new species of Synopeas 23rd April 2018 Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Platygastridae: Platygastrinae), is recorded from Published online: galls induced by Pauropsylla cf. depressa Crawford, 1912 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) 29th May 2018 on Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) in India. It is concluded that S. pauropsyllae is a pa- rasitoid of this psyllid species. This is the fi rst record of a platygastrid parasitizing this host. Key words. Hymenoptera, parasitoid wasp, Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, psyllid, taxonomy, gall, host plant, Ficus, India, Oriental Region Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5D64E6E7-2F4C-4B40-821F-CBF20E864D7D © 2018 The Authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Licence. Introduction inducing plant galls are mostly scale insects, aphids and With more than 5700 species and 264 genera, Platy- psyllids. Among psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: gastroidea is the third largest superfamily in the parasitic Psylloidea), several families are known to induce galls; Hymenoptera after Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea gall-making species are particularly numerous in Triozidae, (AUSTIN et al. -
Plant Health Карантин Растений
КАРАНТИН РАСТЕНИЙ СЕНТЯБРЬ НАУКА И ПРАКТИКА 3/25/2018 РУССКО-АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЬ ПРОЛИФЕРАЦИИ ЯБЛОНИ CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA MALI стр. 4 ФИТОСАНИТАРНЫЙ РИСК РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЯДНЫХ КЛЕЩЕЙ (ARACHNIDA: ACARIFORMES) стр. 13 ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ РАКА КАРТОФЕЛЯ SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ДИАГНОСТИКИ стр. 27 ДИАГНОСТИКА НЕПОВИРУСА КОЛЬЦЕВОЙ ПЯТНИСТОСТИ ТОМАТА (ToRSV) МЕТОДОМ КЛАССИЧЕСКОЙ ПЦР стр. 41 CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA MALI APPLE PROLIFERATION PATHOGEN page 9 PHYTOSANITARY RISK OF HERBIVOROUS MITES (ARACHNIDA: ACARIFORMES) page 20 IDENTIFICATION OF THE AGENT OF POTATO WART DISEASE SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM USING MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC METHODS page 35 TOMATO RINGSPOT VIRUS DIAGNOSIS (ToRSV) USING CONVENTIONAL PCR page 46 RUSSIAN-ENGLISH JOURNAL PLANT HEALTH SEPTEMBER ISSN 2306-9767 ISSN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 3/25/2018 «КАРАНТИН РАСТЕНИЙ. НАУКА И ПРАКТИКА» ДВУЯЗЫЧНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ №3 (25) 2018 г. Главный редактор: Мартин Уорд — РЕДАКЦИЯ: А.Я. Сапожников, Генеральный директор ЕОКЗР Волкова Е.М. — кандидат директор ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» биологических наук, Ханну Кукконен — директор заведующая лабораторией Шеф-редактор: подразделения фитосанитарного сорных растений Светлана Зиновьева, надзора, EVIRA (Финляндия) начальник отдела по связям Волков О.Г. — начальник с общественностью Сагитов А.О. — доктор отдела биометода и СМИ ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» биологических наук, Кулинич О.А. — доктор Генеральный директор ТОО биологических наук, Выпускающий редактор: «Казахский НИИ защиты начальник отдела лесного карантина Ольга Лесных и карантина растений» e-mail: [email protected] Приходько Ю.Н. — кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, Сорока С.В. — кандидат Редакционная коллегия начальник научно-методического сельскохозяйственных наук, журнала «Карантин растений. отдела фитопатологии директор РУП «Институт Наука и практика»: защиты растений» НАН Скрипка О.В. — кандидат Швабаускене Ю.А. — заместитель Республики Беларусь биологических наук, ведущий Руководителя Россельхознадзора научный сотрудник лаборатории Джалилов Ф.С. -
Forest Understory Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblage in a Meridional Amazonian Landscape, Brazil
SHORT NOTE doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1544 6/caldasia.v40n1.64841 http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/cal Caldasia 40(1):192-194. Enero-junio 2018 Forest understory ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) assemblage in a Meridional Amazonian landscape, Brazil Ensamblaje de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) arbóreas en un paisaje amazónico meridional, Brasil JUCIANE APARECIDA FOCAS-LEITE1, RICARDO EDUARDO VICENTE2*, LUCIENE CASTUERA DE OLIVEIRA1 1Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso-UNEMAT, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias. Avenida Perimetral Rogério Silva, S/N, Jardim Flamboyant, CEP 78580-000, Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil. [email protected], [email protected] 2Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT, Núcleo de Estudos da Biodiversidade da Amazônia Mato-grossense. Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. [email protected] * Corresponding author. ABSTRACT Ants inhabit and exploit the most varied habitats from the underground to the forest canopy. However, studies on the diversity of arboreal ants are less frequent in the Amazon. In this paper we list arboreal ant species sampled in understory along four transects in a forest remnant in a South Amazonian landscape. The list includes 32 species, of which three (9 %) are new records for the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, one of these species being sampled for the first time in Brazil. Key words. Amazon, biodiversity, arboreal ants, Formicidae, neotropical region RESUMEN Las hormigas habitan y explotan los hábitats más variados desde el subsuelo hasta el dosel del bosque. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre la diversidad de hormigas de la vegetación son menos frecuentes en el Amazonas. En este artículo enumeramos las especies de hormigas recogidas en el sotobosque de un remanente de bosque en un paisaje del sur de la Amazonia. -
INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a Synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a Historical Sketch
ZOOLOGÍA-TAXONOMÍA www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 31(2):407-440. 2009 HACIA UNA SÍNTESIS DE LOS PAPILIONOIDEA (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CON UNA RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Towards a synthesis of the Papilionoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from Guatemala with a historical sketch JOSÉ LUIS SALINAS-GUTIÉRREZ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] CLAUDIO MÉNDEZ Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos, Ciudad Universitaria, Campus Central USAC, Zona 12. Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] MERCEDES BARRIOS Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON), Universidad de San Carlos, Avenida La Reforma 0-53, Zona 10, Guatemala, Guatemala. [email protected] CARMEN POZO El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). Unidad Chetumal. Av. Centenario km. 5.5, A. P. 424, C. P. 77900. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, México. [email protected] JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D.F. 04510; México. [email protected]. Autor responsable. RESUMEN La riqueza biológica de Mesoamérica es enorme. Dentro de esta gran área geográfi ca se encuentran algunos de los ecosistemas más diversos del planeta (selvas tropicales), así como varios de los principales centros de endemismo en el mundo (bosques nublados). Países como Guatemala, en esta gran área biogeográfi ca, tiene grandes zonas de bosque húmedo tropical y bosque mesófi lo, por esta razón es muy importante para analizar la diversidad en la región. Lamentablemente, la fauna de mariposas de Guatemala es poco conocida y por lo tanto, es necesario llevar a cabo un estudio y análisis de la composición y la diversidad de las mariposas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) en Guatemala. -
Psyllid Host-Plants (Hemiptera: Psylloidea): Resolving a Semantic Problem
242 Florida Entomologist 97(1) March 2014 PSYLLID HOST-PLANTS (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA): RESOLVING A SEMANTIC PROBLEM 1,* 2 3 2 DANIEL BURCKHARDT , DAVID OUVRARD , DALVA QUEIROZ AND DIANA PERCY 1Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland 2Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 3Embrapa Florestas, Colombo/PR, Brazil *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Evolutionary and biological patterns can be obscured by inadequate or ill-defined terminol- ogy. An example is the generally very specific relationship between the sap-feeding hemip- teran group, psyllids, and their breeding plants, commonly called host-plants. The literature is clogged with references to so called ‘hosts’, which are often merely plants on which psyllids were found accidentally, and no immature development was detected. Recently the term host has also been applied by some authors to any plant on which immature or adults feed. Here we propose a terminology to clarify associated plant definitions, and we suggest restricting the use of the term host-plant to plants on which a psyllid species completes its immature to adult life cycle. For the other plant associations we suggest the terms overwintering or shel- ter plant (plants on which adult psyllids overwinter and on which they may feed), food plant (plants on which adult psyllids feed, but do not breed and do not spend an extended period of time) and casual plant (plants on which adult psyllids land but do not feed). Key Words: jumping plant-lice, psyllids, host-plant, terminology RESUMEN Patrones evolutivos y biológicos pueden ser oscurecidas por la terminología inadecuada o mal definida. -
EPPO Reporting Service
ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ET MEDITERRANEENNE PLANT PROTECTION POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 10 PARIS, 2012-10-01 CONTENTS _______________________________________________________________________ Pests & Diseases 2012/203 - First report of Anthonomus eugenii in the Netherlands 2012/204 - First report of Aromia bungii in Italy 2012/205 - Drosophila suzukii continues to spread in Europe 2012/206 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Germany 2012/207 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Croatia 2012/208 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in the United Kingdom 2012/209 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in Portugal 2012/210 - First report of Drosophila suzukii in the Netherlands 2012/211 - Situation of Drosophila suzukii in Belgium 2012/212 - First report of Aculops fuchsiae in Belgium 2012/213 - First report of Carpomya incompleta in France 2012/214 - Outbreaks of Bemisia tabaci in Finland 2012/215 - Update on the situation of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in the Czech Republic 2012/216 - Synchytrium endobioticum no longer found in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 2012/217 - Outbreak of Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum in Qatar 2012/218 - Ralstonia solanacearum detected in the Czech Republic 2012/219 - First report of „Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum‟ on carrots in France, in association with Trioza apicalis 2012/220 - Occurrence of „Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri‟ is confirmed in Belgium 2012/221 - „Syndrome des basses richesses‟ detected in Germany: addition to -
Trophic Ecology of the Armadillo Ant, Tatuidris Tatusia
Trophic Ecology of the Armadillo Ant, Tatuidris tatusia, Assessed by Stable Isotopes and Behavioral Observations Author(s): Justine Jacquemin, Thibaut Delsinne, Mark Maraun, Maurice Leponce Source: Journal of Insect Science, 14(108):1-12. 2014. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.014.108 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1673/031.014.108 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 108 Jacquemin et al. Trophic ecology of the armadillo ant, Tatuidris tatusia, assessed by stable isotopes and behavioral observations Justine Jacquemin1,2a*, Thibaut Delsinne1b, Mark Maraun3c, Maurice Leponce1d 1Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 2Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 3J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Germany Abstract Ants of the genus Tatuidris Brown and Kempf (Formicidae: Agroecomyrmecinae) generally oc- cur at low abundances in forests of Central and South America. -
Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)
Systematic Entomology (1999) 24, 7–16 Lenomyrmex, an enigmatic new ant genus from the Neotropical Region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) FERNANDO FERNA´ NDEZ C. and EDGARD E. PALACIO G.* Instituto de Investigacio´n de Recursos Biolo´gicos ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Santafe´ de Bogota´ D.C., and *Fundacio´n Nova Hylaea, Santafe´ de Bogota´ D.C., Colombia Abstract. We describe a new myrmicine ant genus, Lenomyrmex, with four new species: L. mandibularis (type species) and L. foveolatus from Colombia, L. wardi from Ecuador and Colombia, and L. costatus from Panama. The new taxon is clearly distinguished from other myrmicine ants by the following combination of characters: (1) mandibles elongate-triangular, with crenulate masticatory margin three times longer than basal margin, and bearing a series of ten to twenty minute peg-like denticles that arise along and immediately behind the masticatory margin; (2) frontal lobes poorly expanded laterally, partly covering the antennal fossae; (3) large and deep antennal fossae; (4) antennal scrobes absent; (5) eyes protuberant; (6) petiole pedunculate, with poorly defined node and with an anteroventral subpetiolar process pointed anteriorly. The affinities of this new taxon within Myrmicinae remain unclear and the observed characters do not permit it to be included satisfactorily in any of the known tribes or genus groups of the subfamily. Introduction several unusual characters, such as the mandible shape, fine peg-like mandibular denticles and well exposed antennal fossae. Myrmicinae is the most widespread and complex subfamily of The ants come from lowland forest in Panama and rain forest Formicidae (Bolton, 1994), with a great variety of life habits from the western slopes of the Choco biogeographic zone.