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The Libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon As Classical Models The Libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon as Classical Models The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Nagy, Gregory. 1998. “The Library of Pergamon as a Classical Model (updated, online version).” In Pergamon: Citadel of the Gods (ed. H. Koester), Harvard Theological Studies 46: 185–232. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37366726 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Classical Inquiries Editors: Angelia Hanhardt and Keith Stone Consultant for Images: Jill Curry Robbins Online Consultant: Noel Spencer About Classical Inquiries (CI ) is an online, rapid-publication project of Harvard’s Center for Hellenic Studies, devoted to sharing some of the latest thinking on the ancient world with researchers and the general public. While articles archived in DASH represent the original Classical Inquiries posts, CI is intended to be an evolving project, providing a platform for public dialogue between authors and readers. Please visit http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.eresource:Classical_Inquiries for the latest version of this article, which may include corrections, updates, or comments and author responses. Additionally, many of the studies published in CI will be incorporated into future CHS pub- lications. Please visit http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.eresource:CHS.Online_Publishing for a complete and continually expanding list of open access publications by CHS. Classical Inquiries is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 In- ternational License. Every efort is made to use images that are in the public domain or shared under Creative Commons licenses. Copyright on some images may be owned by the Center for Hellenic Studies. Please refer to captions for information about copyright of individual images. Citing Articles from Classical Inquiries To cite an article from Classical Inquiries, use the author’s name, the date, the title of the article, and the following persistent identifer: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.eresource:Classical_Inquiries. For example: Nagy, G. 2019.01.31. “Homo Ludens at Play with the Songs of Sappho: Experiments in Comparative Reception Teory, Part Four.” Classical Inquiries. http://nrs.harvard.edu/ urn-3:hul.eresource:Classical_Inquiries. Classical Inquiries Studies on the Ancient World from the Center for Hellenic Studies Home About People References The CI Poetry Project Home » By Gregory Nagy » The Libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon as Classical Models The Libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon Share This as Classical Models June 3, 2020 Posted By Gregory Nagy listed under By Gregory Nagy Comments off 2020.06.03 | By Gregory Nagy §0. This essay, about the Library of Alexandria in Egypt and the Library of Pergamon in Asia Minor, is an online rewriting-in-progress of an earlier essay, written over two decades ago and published both in print (Nagy 1998a) and online (Nagy 2011). In that essay, as also in two abbreviated rewritings (Nagy 1998b/2001 and Nagy 2001), I argued that these two ancient libraries represented, each in its own way, a Classical model. In the rewritten version here, in-progress (start-date 2020.06.03), I hope to integrate more fully my overall argumentation, making room for further inquiry by arranging for an online procedure of open peer review by way of annotations solicited from colleagues and students, especially from those who are interested in the very idea of a Library.[0] Classical Inquiries (CI) is an online, rapid-publication project of Harvard’s Center for Hellenic Studies, devoted to sharing some of the latest thinking on the ancient world with researchers and the general public. Editor Keith DeStone kdestone at chs.harvard.edu Editor: Poetry Project Natasha Bershadsky nbershadsky at chs.harvard.edu Assistant Editor Antony giving the Library of Pergamum to Cleopatra. Based on an anecdote, not all that Angelia Hanhardt believable, in Plutarch’s Life of Antony 58.9. Pen and brown ink and brush and brown wash with traces of black chalk, 9.3 x 13.6 cm. Francesco Allegrini, Italian, 1615/1620 – after 1679. Web Producer Princeton University Art Museum. Bequest of the Joseph F. McCrindle Collection. Image via the Princeton University Art Museum. Noel Spencer Consultant for Images Definitions Jill Curry Robbins §1. In using the expression classical models in the title of this essay, I have in mind models for actually creating the Classics. By classics here I refer not to any current general definition but to ideas that took Search shape in the specific historical contexts of centers of learning that flourished in the Greek-speaking world from the fourth through the second centuries BCE. The primary points of reference are: Subscribe Now! (1) the Lyceum or Peripatos in Athens, as shaped by Aristotle and his successor, Theophrastus, in the fourth century; (2) the Library {186} at the Mouseion or Museum (‘the sacred precinct of the Muses’) in Alexandria, Subscribe to this site to receive email supported by the dynasty of the Ptolemies (Lagidai) in the third and the second centuries BCE; and updates about the latest research—just (3) the Library in Pergamon, supported by the dynasty of the Attalids (Attalidai), especially during the one or two notices per week. reign of Eumenes II (197–158 BCE). EU/EEA Privacy Disclosures §2. For historical background on the idea of the classics around the fourth through the second centuries BCE, I rely primarily on Rudolf Pfeiffer’s History of Classical Scholarship.[1] He takes note of a key word for Email Address this idea: krisis, in the sense of ‘separating’, ‘discriminating’, ‘judging’ (verb krinein) those works and Subscribe authors deemed worthy of special recognition, and those not.[2] Those that were ‘selected’ in this process were the enkrithentes, a term that corresponds to the later Roman idea of the classics (the classici), who were authors of the ‘first class’ (primae classis).[3] This classical principle of selectivity, where some things Now Online have to be excluded in order for other things to be included, is the basis for the modern usage of the word canon.[4] The Greek word for those who were engaged in the process of making these critical selections was kritikoi ‘critics’. §3. A prime example of the kritikoi is Philitas of Cos, a prototype of the poet-scholars of the Library of Alexandria: Strabo (14.2.19 C657) describes him as ποιητὴς ἅμα καὶ κριτικός ‘a poet and at the same time a kritikos’.[5] §4. This term kritikoi was superseded by the alternative terms grammatikoi and philologoi as the choice self-designation of the scholars {187} of the Library of Alexandria.[6] By contrast, the scholars of the Library of Pergamon, most notably Crates of Mallos, preferred the earlier designation kritikoi.[7] According to Crates, the kritikos had to be master of the entire ‘science’ (epistēmē) of logikē, while the grammatikos was confined to explaining questions of vocabulary and prosody.[8] §5. This formulation of Crates serves here to distinguish the Library of Pergamon as a classical model, in direct comparison with the alternative classical model of the Library of Alexandria. Crates’ generalized claim that the kritikoi of Pergamon stand for a more holistic approach to scholarship than the grammatikoi of the Library of Alexandria is connected, I will argue, to his specific claims about Pergamene approaches to the study and even the reception of Homer. It is also connected to the rivalry between Pergamon and Alexandria over the intellectual legacy of Aristotle’s Peripatos. To begin, I quote a key formulation, to which I will return for a reexamination at the very end of my essay: οἱ δὲ αὐτὸ τοῦτο τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξηγούμενοι, οὐ μόνον Ἀρίσταρχος καὶ Κράτης καὶ ἕτεροι πλείους τῶν ὕστερον γραμματικῶν κληθέντων, πρότερον δὲ κριτικῶν. καὶ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς Ἀριστοτέλης, ἀφ’ οὗ φασι τὴν κριτικήν τε καὶ γραμματικὴν ἀρχὴν λαβεῖν. And those who make exēgēsis of the meaning (dianoia) of Homer—not only Aristarchus and Crates and several others of those who were later called grammatikoi but who had earlier been called {188} kritikoi, and especially Aristotle himself, from whom they say that kritikē and grammatikē have their origin.[9] The Central Thesis, with Two Clarifications Top Posts & Pages §6. Before proceeding, it is essential to clarify two points in order to avoid major misunderstandings. The first has to do with Crates’ actual formulation of the distinction between the kritikoi of Pergamon and the grammatikoi of Alexandria. I wish to emphasize that his claim to a holistic approach is not at odds with a parallel claim of adherence to a principle of selectivity, which is essential to establishing a canon. This principle of selectivity is actually built into Crates’ appropriation of the term kritikos. The ideal of The Library as a garden of the establishing a canon, as the designation kritikos conveys it, was the common property of Pergamene and Muses Alexandrian scholars alike. Moreover, not only the Pergamenes but also the Alexandrians promoted models The Last Words of Socrates at that combined claims to selectivity with claims to a holistic approach. Such a combination is the essence of what I call the classical model, as conveyed by all three words krisis, enkrithentes, and kritikoi. the Place where he Died §7. Although the Alexandrian scholars eventually abandoned the term kritikos in favor of grammatikos, Seven Greek tragedies, seven they preserved and, in fact, perfected the principles that shaped the idea of kritikos in the first place. Their simple overviews work reveals most clearly the combination of selective and holistic perspectives: The canon as conceived by the Alexandrian scholars is not to be confused with the actual collection of works housed in the great library of the Museum at Alexandria.
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