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The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space
Michigan Law Review Volume 60 Issue 3 1962 The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space J. Henry Glazer Member of the Bar of the District of Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Air and Space Law Commons, Communications Law Commons, International Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation J. H. Glazer, The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space, 60 MICH. L. REV. 269 (1962). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol60/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW Vol. 60 JANUARY 1962 No. 3 THE LAW-MAKING TREATIES OF THE INTERNA TIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION THROUGH TIME AND IN SPACE ]. Henry Glazer* "Our Sages taught, there are three sounds going from one end of the world to the other; the sound of the revolution of the sun, the sound of the tumult of Rome ... and some say, as well, the sound of the Angel Rah-dio."l N THE twenty-fifth of June, the Gov~rnment of the United O States of America received an invitation to attend in Russia a conference of plenipotentiaries to consider the revision of an important multilateral convention. -
Radio for the 1990S: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan
University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 7-1-1991 Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan Susan V. Massey James S. Crane Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Recommended Citation Thomas Joseph Cryan, Susan V. Massey, and James S. Crane, Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace, 22 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 377 (1991) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol22/iss2/9 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 377 SPECIAL FEATURE RADIO FOR THE 1990s: LEGAL STRATEGIES IN AN EMERGING GLOBAL MARKETPLACE THOMAS JOSEPH CRYAN* SUSAN V. MASSEY** JAMES S. CRANE*** I. INTRODUCTION ................. 378 II. THE CURENT TECHNOLOGICAL STAGE.. ......................... 381 A. Amplitude Modulation ....... ......................... 381 B. Frequency Modulation ........... ......................... 383 C. Satellite Distribution ........ 383 D. Digital Technology ............ 385 III. THE GLOBAL MARKEtPLACE ......... 387 A. The United States ............. 388 B . E urope ............... ...... 390 1. England ............... .......................I I 391 2. France .................. ......................... 392 3. Eastern Bloc Nations ... ......................... 393 C. Asia and Latin America ...... ......................... 395 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY REGIME 396 * President, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1984. J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1991. *** General Counsel, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D. Florida State University College of Law, 1983. INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW [Vol. -
No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere 2014
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Rachel O'Dwyer No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere 2014 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3817 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Rezension / review Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: O'Dwyer, Rachel: No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere. In: spheres: Journal for Digital Cultures, Jg. 1 (2014), S. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3817. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://spheres-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/spheres-1_ODwyer.pdf Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0/ Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0/ License. For Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz more information see: finden Sie hier: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © the author(s) 2014 www.spheres-journal.org #1 Politics after Networks RACHEL O’DWYER NO MORE WALLED GARDENS? RESPONSE TO SPECTRUM ACCESS AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE To control information and where it travels is to control the economic and political base of contemporary society. The management and regulation of resources like base stations, servers, satellites, and antennas are central, but none more so than the physical media itself: fibre-optic cables, telephone lines and electromagnetic spectrum.1 In Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere, Beli argues that recent changes to the management of spectrum, coupled with material transformations taking place in mobile network infrastructure, are supporting the development of community-operated mesh networks. -
“R.M.S. Titanic” Hanson W
“R.M.S. Titanic” Hanson W. Baldwin I The White Star liner Titanic, largest ship the world had ever known, sailed from Southampton on her maiden voyage to New York on April 10, 1912. The paint on her strakes was fair and bright; she was fresh from Harland and Wolff’s Belfast yards, strong in the strength of her forty-six thousand tons of steel, bent, hammered, shaped, and riveted through the three years of her slow birth. There was little fuss and fanfare at her sailing; her sister ship, the Olympic—slightly smaller than the Titanic— had been in service for some months and to her had gone the thunder of the cheers. But the Titanic needed no whistling steamers or shouting crowds to call attention to her superlative qualities. Her bulk dwarfed the ships near her as longshoremen singled up her mooring lines and cast off the turns of heavy rope from the dock bollards. She was not only the largest ship afloat, but was believed to be the safest. Carlisle, her builder, had given her double bottoms and had divided her hull into sixteen watertight compartments, which made her, men thought, unsinkable. She had been built to be and had been described as a gigantic lifeboat. Her designers’ dreams of a triple-screw giant, a luxurious, floating hotel, which could speed to New York at twenty-three knots, had been carefully translated from blueprints and mold loft lines at the Belfast yards into a living reality. The Titanic’s sailing from Southampton, though quiet, was not wholly uneventful. -
Ethics and Operating Procedures for the Radio Amateur 1
EETTHHIICCSS AANNDD OOPPEERRAATTIINNGG PPRROOCCEEDDUURREESS FFOORR TTHHEE RRAADDIIOO AAMMAATTEEUURR Edition 3 (June 2010) By John Devoldere, ON4UN and Mark Demeuleneere, ON4WW Proof reading and corrections by Bob Whelan, G3PJT Ethics and Operating Procedures for the Radio Amateur 1 PowerPoint version: A PowerPoint presentation version of this document is also available. Both documents can be downloaded in various languages from: http://www.ham-operating-ethics.org The PDF document is available in more than 25 languages. Translations: If you are willing to help us with translating into another language, please contact one of the authors (on4un(at)uba.be or on4ww(at)uba.be ). Someone else may already be working on a translation. Copyright: Unless specified otherwise, the information contained in this document is created and authored by John Devoldere ON4UN and Mark Demeuleneere ON4WW (the “authors”) and as such, is the property of the authors and protected by copyright law. Unless specified otherwise, permission is granted to view, copy, print and distribute the content of this information subject to the following conditions: 1. it is used for informational, non-commercial purposes only; 2. any copy or portion must include a copyright notice (©John Devoldere ON4UN and Mark Demeuleneere ON4WW); 3. no modifications or alterations are made to the information without the written consent of the authors. Permission to use this information for purposes other than those described above, or to use the information in any other way, must be requested in writing to either one of the authors. Ethics and Operating Procedures for the Radio Amateur 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Click on the page number to go to that page The Radio Amateur's Code ............................................................................. -
Radio Frequency Regulation
FICORA 4 X/2018 M 1 (2) Unofficial translation RADIO FREQUENCY REGULATION Issued in Helsinki 3 January 2018 The Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA) has, under section 96(1) and section 97(2) of the Information Society Code of 7 November 2014 (917/2014), laid down: Section 1 Objective of the Regulation The radio frequencies are used as this Regulation provides to safeguard the fair availability, efficient, appropriate and sufficiently interference-free use of radio frequencies. Section 2 Scope of application This Regulation applies to the radio frequency spectrum 8,3 kHz - 400 GHz. Radio transmitters intended for use on the radio frequencies must meet the requirements of this Regulation for transmitting and receiving frequencies, channel spacing, bandwidth of transmission, duplex separation, transmitted powers and other corresponding radio characteristics (radio interfaces). Electrical equipment other than radio equipment (ISM equipment), designated to generate radio frequency energy and used for scientific, industrial, medical or other similar purposes may only be used on the radio frequencies and on the conditions determined in this Regulation. Section 3 Use of radio frequencies The Frequency Allocation Table, as given in annex, contains provisions on the allocation of radio frequencies, frequency bands and sub-bands for different purposes of use. The radio interface requirements and the frequency bands designated for ISM equipment, and the terms of use of this equipment, referred to in section 2, are also included in -
1941 (With Notation of Subsequent National Defense and Other Important Activities)
SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT FEDERAL COMMUNiCATIONS COMMISSION FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1941 (With Notation of Subsequent National Defense and Other Important Activities) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON I 1941 For Hale by the Superintcndet:lt of Documents, Washington, D. C. ~ • ~ •••• Price 10 cent. COMMISSIONERS MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION [As of December 15, 1941] CHAInMAN JAMES LAWRENCE FLY PAUL A. 'WALKER GEOROE H-ENnY PAYNE NORMAN S. CASE 'RAY C. 'VAKEFIELD T. A. M. CRAVEN **CLIFFORD J. DURR 19~ij.OOk office :March 22, 1941; succeeded Thad H. Brown, whose term expired June ::10. "Took office November 1, 1941; succeeded Frederick I. 'I'hompson, whose term expired June 30, 1941. II LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FEDERAL C01\-Il\IUNICATIO~S COMMISSION, WasMngton, D.O., Decembe>' 15, 1941. To the 00ngre88 of the United States: The Seventh Annual Report of the Federal Communications Com mission, submitted herewith, is brought up to date in major develop ments so that the Congress may bc more cnrrently informed about the Commission's national defense work and events in radio and wire regulation which have occurred since the fiscal year ended June 30 last. The war-time emergency and new considerations in the field of dec tricaI communications impose increasing and exaeting burdens on the Commission. The showing made has, in large measure, been possible by employee devotion to duty beyond that which might rensonably be expected, even in the face of unusual conditions. Respectful!y, JAMES LAWRENCE FLY, Ohairman. TJJ [ Page IV in the original document is intentionally blank ] TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX Chapter Page I. -
Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting Thomas W
Michigan Technology Law Review Volume 4 | Issue 1 1998 "Chilling" the Internet? Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting Thomas W. Hazlett University of California, Davis David W. Sosa University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr Part of the Communications Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Internet Law Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Thomas W. Hazlett & aD vid W. Sosa, "Chilling" the Internet? Lessons from FCC Regulation of Radio Broadcasting , 4 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 35 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol4/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Technology Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "CHILLING" THE INTERNET? LESSONS FROM FCC REGULATION OF RADIO BROADCASTING Thomas W. Hazlett and David W. Sosa* Cite As: Thomas W. Hazlett and David W. Sosa, "Chilling" the Internet? Lessonsfrom FCCRegulation of Radio Broadcasting, 4 MICH. TELECOmm. TECH. L. REv. 35 (1998) available at <http:/www.mttlr.org/volfour/hazlett.pdf>. ExEcuTIvE SUMMARY ...................................................................... 35 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 36 II. CONTENT REGULATION IN BROADCASTING ............................... 41 Im. CONTENT REGULATION PRE-"FAIRNEsS" ........................44 IV. RED LION: THE REST OF THE STORY ........................................ 45 V. NIXON'S "CHILL" .................................................................... 47 VI. EXTENDING THE "CHILL" BEYOND WASHINGTON POLITICS ......... 50 VII. THE FCC LIFTS RADIO REGULATION, 1979-87 ........................ 51 VIII. DID THE FAIRNESS DOCTRINE "WARM" OR "CHILI'? ............ -
ABSTRACT AWA Review Wireless Comes of Age on the West Coast1
Lee AWA Review Wireless Comes of Age on the West Coast1 !2011 Bartholomew Lee ABSTRACT This is a story primarily about young men and what they accomplished in a remarkable Radio as we know it time, the fi rst two decades of the 20th Century, had many fathers. Cali- and in remarkable places – especially in Cali- fornia enjoyed unique fornia in the Western United States. Guglielmo circumstances that gave (William) Marconi, in his early twenties, elec- rise to independent de- trifi ed the technical world of the late 19th Cen- velopment. Young men tury with his successes using Hertzian electro- explored and advanced magnetic waves to communicate at distance, devices and means of what we now call “radio.” He did this without communication as soon the wired connections to which the world had as they read about ear- turned with enthusiasm earlier in the century. lier advances, especially The telegraph, including undersea cables, and Marconi’s use of wireless the telephone, needed wire, and lots of it. Com- spark systems. The arc munication without such wires, at fi rst wireless as a generator of high telegraphy, opened new vistas. This was par- power continuous wave ticularly so looking out to the world’s oceans. energy for communica- Communication with ships at sea (Marconi’s tions came to California primary initial interest) was now possible. Then, and then the world. Doc a challenge to the expensive cable monopolies Herrold began the fi rst could be mounted. This was so because the new regular broadcasting to a “wireless” meant exactly that: no expensive, known audience around capital-intensive investments in cables, only 1912 in California, using in terminal stations. -
A Guide to Morse Code Proficiency by Gary Hinson, Zl2ifb Version 1 July 2017
A Guide to Morse Code Proficiency by Gary Hinson, ZL2iFB Version 1 July 2017 Contents Introduction Speed Ti ming is ever y thing Pitch Q-codes, abbreviations, punctuation and prosigns Swings and fists Hinson tips Sending better CW Copying CW better Conclusion Reader feedback References Bibliography (other useful resources) Figure 1 ON4IZ Doc's shiny key collection Introduction Properly-formed Morse code is a delight to hear when strong, and copyable by ear even when signals are quite weak. Despite being monotonic and irregular, good Morse has a curiously musical quality, far from monotonous. However, on the air we typically face QRM, QRN, QSB, weak/marginal signals leading to errors and gaps in the copy, confusion, fatigue and frustration. Throw in badly-sent CW such as mis-sent characters, uncorrected errors, spelling mistakes, stray dits and missing dahs, variable timing with seemingly random spacing, plus off-frequency “One of the goals of every transmitters, drift, chirp, ringing filters and so on, and making contact skilled CW operator is to send may become, let’s say, challenging. well. That means good Prompted by a lively discussion around W1RM Pete’s sage comment character formation and this guide offers advice on improving proficiency in Morse code for those character spacing. It makes already using CW (Continuous Wave) on the amateur bands. After⇒ little difference what you use explaining the key issues, you will find tips for both sending and receiving. to do the sending, be it Both aspects are important and can be improved - no matter how good, straight key, bug, keyer, etc. -
Wireless LAN in Paired Radio Spectrum with Downlink-Uplink Separation
Wireless LAN in Paired Radio Spectrum with Downlink-Uplink Separation Stefan Schmid Stefan Mangold Thomas R. Gross Disney Research & ETH Zurich Disney Research Dept. of Computer Science Zurich, Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland ETH Zurich, Switzerland Abstract—Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard apply a simple contention-based radio access protocol. Downlink communication from access points to mobile stations shares the radio channel with uplink communi- cation from mobile stations to the access points. This protocol is due to the contention-based design that targets the operation in unlicensed spectrum. In the future, because of the growing demand for wireless communication services, WLANs might not only operate in unlicensed but also in licensed spectrum. However, licensed spectrum favors the use of separate (paired) radio channels for downlink and uplink communication – a setup that requires frequency-division-duplex communication. This paper describes and evaluates the feasibility of a WLAN system operat- ing in paired spectrum with a proof of concept implementation. Our testbed employs off-the-shelf WLAN chips (two per device) and driver modifications that enable the system to operate with downlink-uplink separation while still maintaining the ability Fig. 1. Target scenario ( c Disney): Stations operate with downlink-uplink to function in unlicensed (single-channel) spectrum. We provide separation with two WLAN modules per station (each operating on another insights based on our testbed and evaluate the performance of frequency channel). Our driver modifications ensure that transmissions and our solution. receptions occur on different frequencies. I. INTRODUCTION traffic. The following sections describe an 802.11-like protocol (based on [4]) that operates in paired spectrum and introduces The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system was new opportunities based on the fact that full-duplex communi- originally developed for data networks with coverage of less cation is now possible. -
Comments and Suggestions Welcomed Version 1.51
Preliminary Draft – Comments and Suggestions Welcomed Version 1.51 Revolutionary Ideas for Radio Regulation Douglas A. Galbi Senior Economist Federal Communications Commission2 June 12, 2002 Abstract Radio technology seems destined to become part of the standard micro-processor input/output system. But unlike for memory or display systems, for radio systems government regulation matters a lot. Much discussion of radio regulation has focused on narrow spectrum management and interference issues. Reflecting on historical experience and centuries of conversation about fundamental political choices, persons working with radio technology should also ponder three questions. First, what is a good separation and balance of powers in radio regulation? Second, how should radio regulation be geographically configured? Third, how should radio regulation understand and respect personal freedom and equality? Working out answering to these questions involves a general process of shaping good government. This process will be hugely important for radio regulation, technology, and applications. 1 The most current version is available from http://www.galbithink.org and http://users.erols.com/dgalbi/telpol/think.htm . 2 The opinions and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Communications Commission, its Commissioners, or any staff other than the author. I am grateful for numerous FCC colleagues who have helped me and encouraged me over the past seven years of my career at the FCC. Author’s address: [email protected]; FCC, 445 12’th St. SW, Washington, DC 20554, USA. Contents I. Revolutionary Ideas II. Separation and Balance of Powers A. Long-Run Decline in Administrative Enforcement B.