DOCSLIB.ORG

1941 (With Notation of Subsequent National Defense and Other Important Activities)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT FEDERAL COMMUNiCATIONS COMMISSION FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1941 (With Notation of Subsequent National Defense and Other Important Activities) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON I 1941 For Hale by the Superintcndet:lt of Documents, Washington, D. C. ~ • ~ •••• Price 10 cent. COMMISSIONERS MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION [As of December 15, 1941] CHAInMAN JAMES LAWRENCE FLY PAUL A. 'WALKER GEOROE H-ENnY PAYNE NORMAN S. CASE 'RAY C. 'VAKEFIELD T. A. M. CRAVEN **CLIFFORD J. DURR 19~ij.OOk office :March 22, 1941; succeeded Thad H. Brown, whose term expired June ::10. "Took office November 1, 1941; succeeded Frederick I. 'I'hompson, whose term expired June 30, 1941. II LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FEDERAL C01\-Il\IUNICATIO~S COMMISSION, WasMngton, D.O., Decembe>' 15, 1941. To the 00ngre88 of the United States: The Seventh Annual Report of the Federal Communications Com­ mission, submitted herewith, is brought up to date in major develop­ ments so that the Congress may bc more cnrrently informed about the Commission's national defense work and events in radio and wire regulation which have occurred since the fiscal year ended June 30 last. The war-time emergency and new considerations in the field of dec­ tricaI communications impose increasing and exaeting burdens on the Commission. The showing made has, in large measure, been possible by employee devotion to duty beyond that which might rensonably be expected, even in the face of unusual conditions. Respectful!y, JAMES LAWRENCE FLY, Ohairman. TJJ [ Page IV in the original document is intentionally blank ] TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX Chapter Page I. NATIONAL DEFENSE _ 1 II. GENERAL________ _ _ 7 III. TELEPHONE AND TELEGUAPH _ 13 IV. STANDARD BIWADCAST _ 21 V. NONSTANDARD BROADCAST _ _ _• __ ~ ~ _ ~ _ 29' VI. SAFETY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY _ 39" VII. RADIO OPERATORS. _ 51 VIII. TECHNICAl, STUDIES 55 IX. STAT1STICS __ 61 v [ Page VI in the original document is intentionally blank J GENERAL INDEX Chapter Page I. NATIONAL DEFENSE _ 1 1. Commh:;sion's national defense activities_ 1 2. National Defense Operations Section ~ _ 2 3. Foreign Broadca."It, Monitoring Servicc _ 3 4. Defense Communications Board ._ _ _ 5 (a) Organization • _ 5 (b) Aetivities _ 6 II. GENERAL___ _ • ~ _ 7 1. Administration __ .. _ _ 7 2. Commission membership changes _ 7 3. Staff organization____________________ ._. _ 8 4. PcrsonneL____________ _.. __ 8 5. Appropriations__ ___ .. _ 8 6. Legislation _ 8 (n) Recommendations to Congress _ 8 (b) Reports to Congress _ 8 (c) Newlcgislation_______________ _ _ 9 7. Litigatioll____________________________ _ _ 10 (a) Record of court cases_________ __ 11 8. Docket:,:; _ 11 9. TntcrnationaL______ _ _ 11 (a) GeneraL______ _ _ 11 (b) Interdepartmental Commitiee on Cooperation With American Repnblies _ 12 lO. Interdepartment Ra,dio Advisory Committee _ 12 lIT. TEI,EPHONE AND TELEGRAPH____ _ _ 13 1. Telephone _ 13 (a) General regulation. _ _ _ 13 (b) Telephone rate section cstablished _ 13 (c) 1'elephone rate reductions________ __ 13 (d) Other rate cases _ 14 (€) Telephone faciJities ._ _ _ 15 Applications ._ 15 Supplementing facilities _ 15 Consolidations ._ 15 2. Telegraph___ _ . _ 15 (a) Applications_____ __ 15 (b) Governmentmessagerates_______ " _ 16 (c) Investi~ations _ 16 Trans-Pacific rates _ 16 Pick-up and delivery practice8 .~ _ 16 Cd) Prosecution ._ __ 16 3. Cable___ _ _ _ 16 (a) F.tfect of the war _ 16 (b) Developments_ 16 4. Radio common carriers _ 17 (a) Radiotelep;raph_ 17 (b) Radiotelephone . _ 18 5. Tariffs . 19 VlJ VIII GENERAL INDEX Chapter III. TKLEPHON'J'; AND TELEGRAPH-Colltillued. Page 6. Supervision of accounts _ 19 (a) Restatement of plant accounts on basis of origi· nat COHt___________ _ _ _ 19 (b) Depreciation _ 19 (c) Coopcration With Federal and State regulatory borlies _ 19 Cd) MiscelianeoIlH___________ -- _ 19 (e) Field Accounting Examinatinns _ 20 STANDARD BROADCAST_____ _ _ 21 1. GeneraL_ -------------------- 21 2. North American Re~ional Broadcasting Agreement- 21 3. Chain broadcasting rep;ulations .. _ 22 4. Newspaper-radio inquiry _ 25 .5. Multiple station operation _ 26 6. Directional antennas _ 26 7. Direct measurement _ 26 8. Standards of Good Engineerin,g Practice _ 27 9. Distribution of broadcast facilities _ 27 10. License Period Extended _ 27 11. Complaintf' and invf'sti,gations _ 27 (0) II No censorship" _ 27 (b) Radio facilities for candidates for public office __ 28 V. NONSTANDARD BROADCAST _ 29 1. General___ _ _ 29 2. High frequenc:\, (FM) broadcast service __ 30 (a) Authorizations . _ 30 (b) Changes in rules _ 30 3. Television hroaclcast service _ 32 (0) 1940 situatioIl____________ _ _ 32 (b) :\Tatiollal Television SYstem Committec _ 32 (c) 1941 hearill~ ~ ~ _ 33 (d) Rules and standardl'L ,. __ 33 (e) Dpvelopments - .. - 0 34 4. Jnternational broadcast service _ 34 S. Noncommercial educational broadcast service _ 35 6. Studio-tram;mitter ficrvicc__ ____ _ _ 36 7. Relay broadcast service _ 36 8. Facsimile broadcast service_______ _ _ 37 9. Developmental broadcast service _ 37 VI. SAFETY OF J,IFE AND PROPERTY ,. __ 39 I. Marine service_ _ _ 39 (0) Great Lakes ami inlanrl waters sllrvev _ 39 (b) Great LakeR radiotelephone service __ ~ _ 39 (r) ]\"'issis~inpi River rafliot,elephone service _ 40 (d) Radintclephom' in Glllf coast area • _ 40 (r) Coastal radiotelcgrnph .. _ 40 en Coastfl.l raniotelenhonf' _ 41 (I]) ConRtal-hnrhorstll,tions____ _ _ 41 (h) Rhip radiotelevrn,ph and radiotelephone _ 42 U) F.mf'rlWnCV marine communication _ 43 (1) Marine radio equipment _ 43 2. Aviation 'orvice_ _. _ 44 (n) Dompst,ic 3.viatiorL .___________ __ 44 (b) Airport traffic controL . _ 45 (c) NOl1scherJlllen nin'>.rll,ft_ _ _ 45 (d) Flvimr Ri'>hool st'l,tions. _ 46 (e) Jntcrnntional aviation f3ervicf' _ 46 3. Emerrrcncv R~rvicc _ 46 (n) Police_ _ _ 47 (b) Forestrv ,. _ 48 (r) Mnrinpfirest'l.tions._ .. _ 48 (rf) Rpecial emergency stations _ 48 4. F.xperimentalservices____ _ _ 49 5. Alaskan scrvices _ 50 6. Miscellaneous services_ ______ ___ " ._ 50 GENERAL INDEX IX Chapter Page VII. RADIO OPERA1'ORS___ __ 51 1. CommerciaL _ _. __ __ ___ 51 (a) Citizenship inquiries_____ 52 2. Amateur_____________________________________ 52 (a) Developments in amateur service_ ____ 53 VIII. TECHNICAL STUDIES________ 55 1. Interference from electromedical equipment_ ____ 55 2. Interference from low-power dcvices_____ 56 3. "College networks" and other wired radio_ _ 56 4. Measuring electrical noiso________ 56 5. High frequency blanketing______ 57 6. Ground wave propagation____________ 57 7. Ionospheric waves__ 58 8. Troposphericwaves____ 58 9. Variable frequency circuit theory______ 58 10. Electric and magnetic units_______________ 59 IX. STATISTICS________________ .____________________ 61 1. Broadcast financial data______________ 61 2. Broadcast statistics____ ___ 62 (a) !\umber of broadcast stations __ . 62 (b) Broadcast applications_ _________ 62 3. Other radio service statistics_____________ 63 4. Common carrierstatistics_____________ __ 64 (a) Annual and monthly reports____________ 64 (b) Statistical compilations_ ___ _________ 64 (c) Wire certificates_______ 64 5. Field activity statistics____ 64 6. Publications_ __ __.. __ _ ____ 65 (a) For sale by Superintendent of DocllmenhL ____ 66 CHAPTER I National Defense I. COMMISSION'S NATIONAL DEFENSE ACTIVITIES 2. NATIONAL DEFENSE OPERATIONS SECTION 3. FOREIGN BROADCAST MONITORING SERVICE 4. DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS BOARD I. COMMISSION'S NATIONAL DEFENSE ACTIVITIES Solving the many comnlunicat-ions problems arising from the Na~ tion's defense effort is a primary concern of the Federal Cou1munica­ tions Commission. The rapid expansion of the Army and Navy, espe­ cially their air forces, the development of civilian defense plans and projects, the rise of new and perilous conditions on the high seas, the interruption of all direct cable service to the continent of Europe (the United Kingdom, Eire, and the Azores excepted), the need for ade­ quate presentation of United States broadcasts via short waves to other countries, especially in Latin America, the increase in telephone, tele­ graph, and radio communications traffic concurrent. with the defense program-these and a, variety of other developments during the past year have profoundly affected the day-to-day business of the Commis­ sion. No part of the Commission's work has been left unaffected by emergency requirements, and two new sections-the Natjona.! Defense Operations Section and the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service­ have been established to meet ('articular defense needs. Typical of the many CommIssion defense activities are the licensing of and granting addItional power to short-wave stations beamed on foreign countries; work with the Interdepartmental Committee on Cooperation with American Republics; the approval of 66 telegraph line-extension applications, 35 of which were for lines to military or naval establishments and one of which concerned a I,800-mile addi­ tion to the 30,OOO-mile weather-reporting system of the Civil Aero­ nautics Administration; special studies of our radiotelegraph links with other countries; rapid expansion of the channels available for aviation services, including special frequencies for aviation schools in connection with the Army's pilot-trainmg 'program; and a variety of technical studies and research projects dIrectly related to national defense needs. Details of these and other defense activities of the Com­ mission will be found throughout the various subdivisions of this report. 1 2 REPORT OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSIOK The defense progralll has 11lade necessary the expansion of plant .and equipment in a variety of communications fields; and the Commis­ sion has sought to expedite and facilitate such expansion in every ap­ propriate way. Shortages of strategic materials and skilled labor es­ sential to communications work have made it especially important to determine )vhich types of expansion are essential to present or antici­ pated defense reqmrements.
Recommended publications
  • Frequency Finder

    Frequency Finder

    FREQUENCY FINDER USER MANUAL Version 22 November 2013 ManualFF.docx 1(175) 19 November 2013 Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Installing 2.1 Operating systems 2.2 Installing with FileMaker Pro Advanced 2.3 Installing runtime version 2.4 Installing Google Earth 2.5 Downloading 2.6 Pop-up dialog boxes 2.7 Updating the database Chapter 3 Starting 3.1 Open 3.2 FileMaker Folders 3.3 FileMaker Toolbar 3.4 Start Page 3.4.1 Access to websites and documentation 3.4.2 Installing relevant programs 3.4.3 Regional Offices web sites 3.4.4 Navigation to data bases 3.4.5 Applications 3.4.6 Preset Region 3.4.7 Back-up and recovery 3.5 Closing Frequency Finder Chapter 4 Frequency assignment planning for VHF air/ground communication systems 4.1 VHF COM Home Page 4.2 VHF COM data base 4.2.1 Data fields in VHF Com list 4.2.2 Content of the data fields 4.2.3 Buttons on the toolbar 4.3 Finding frequency assignments 4.3.1 Find temporary (D) records 4.3.2 Query 4.3.3 Select Frequencies (Manually) 4.4 Export COM list 4.4.1 Initiate Export COM list 4.4.2 Toolbar for export COM list 4.4.3 File format for export COM list 4.4.4 Printing the COM list (exported) 4.5 Mapping ManualFF.docx 2(175) 19 November 2013 4.5.1 Initiate mapping 4.5.2 Mapping single station 4.5.3 Mapping found stations 4.6 Testing of frequency assignments and viewing the calculation results 4.6.1 Initiating the testing of frequency assignments 4.6.2 Start testing 4.6.3 Test results 4.6.4 Visualizing test results on the map 4.6.5 Summary calculations 4.6.6 Details co-frequency compatibility 4.6.7 Details adjacent frequency compatibility 4.7 Introducing of a new or modified frequency assignment 4.7.1 Initializing a new or modified frequency assignment 4.7.2 New/Mod frequency window toolbar 4.7.3 New frequency or modifying existing frequency 4.7.3.1 Station characteristics 4.7.3.2 Sector name 4.7.4.
  • The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space

    The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space

    Michigan Law Review Volume 60 Issue 3 1962 The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space J. Henry Glazer Member of the Bar of the District of Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Air and Space Law Commons, Communications Law Commons, International Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation J. H. Glazer, The Law-Making Treaties of the International Telecommunication Union Through Time and in Space, 60 MICH. L. REV. 269 (1962). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol60/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICHIGAN LAW REVIEW Vol. 60 JANUARY 1962 No. 3 THE LAW-MAKING TREATIES OF THE INTERNA­ TIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION THROUGH TIME AND IN SPACE ]. Henry Glazer* "Our Sages taught, there are three sounds going from one end of the world to the other; the sound of the revolution of the sun, the sound of the tumult of Rome ... and some say, as well, the sound of the Angel Rah-dio."l N THE twenty-fifth of June, the Gov~rnment of the United O States of America received an invitation to attend in Russia a conference of plenipotentiaries to consider the revision of an important multilateral convention.
  • Power Communication Using Optical-Fiber

    Power Communication Using Optical-Fiber

    IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE) Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: [email protected] Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2015 ISSN 2321-600X Power Communication using Optical-fiber Saurabh1 Varun Kumar2 1Modinagar, Ghaziabad 2Room N0.314 Ginni Hostel, KNGD Campus Modinagar, Ghaziabad ABSTRACT Power transmission is a very important tool in electrical engineering field. In power transmission it is very necessary to communicate from on location to another. For such communication it is generally desired to have a wired communication but that cost too high and also faces the problem of interference of power frequency of 50Hz /60Hz with communicating frequency of GHz. To win over this problem certain improvement in wired communication or else wireless communication can be chosen but wired communication is given priority over the wireless communication due to economic considerations and the complexity of the wireless communication. Also wireless communication use is prohibited in the radioactive zone of the nuclear plants. Here a brief detail on the power communication using Optical fiber will be presented. Keywords: optical -fiber, forward current, communication, power line 1. INTRODUCTION Power transmission and communication is the major field in electrical and electronics sectors where the work has been carried out simultaneously to improve the quality and cost effectiveness. When we talk about power we mean to convey the voltage and current of high magnitude. Since, the development and the work of the electronics, communication sector through the optical- fiber the world has seen a complete turnout. Today the data from the Pacific is send to Asia in very few seconds, this has been made possible due the presence of optical fiber cables in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
  • Review of Communication Technologies for Smart Homes/Building Applications

    Review of Communication Technologies for Smart Homes/Building Applications

    Accepted for presentation at the 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT-ASIA). Bangkok, Thailand. November 4-6, 2015. 1 Review of Communication Technologies for Smart Homes/Building Applications M. Kuzlu, Senior Member, IEEE, M. Pipattanasomporn, Senior Member, IEEE, and S. Rahman, Fellow, IEEE 1Virginia Tech – Advanced Research Institute, Arlington, VA 22203 [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] frequency. Therefore, communication requirements for CPN Abstract— A customer premises network (CPN) is a critical applications are typically low power consumption, low cost, element to support messaging exchange among smart meters, an simplicity, and secure communications. energy management unit, load controllers, smart appliances and Typical smart grid applications in a CPN, such as HEM, electric vehicles in a smart home/building environment. Smart metering, demand response, etc., are discussed in [3, 4, 5]. In grid applications in a CPN generally are driven by the need for [6], authors propose a comprehensive assessment of various Home/Building Energy Management Systems (HEM/BEM). communication technologies for CPNs and develop an Design of an effective energy management system requires the approach for selecting suitable technologies for demand selection of a proper communication technology. The objective of response applications. A contemporary look at the current state this paper is to compare commonly used wired and wireless of the art in smart grid communications and networking communication technologies for smart grid applications in a premises area network in terms of their standard/protocol, technologies as well as assess their suitability for deployment maximum data rate, coverage range, and adaptation rate. These to serve various smart grid applications are discussed in [7, 8].
  • Wireless Challenges and Signals

    Wireless Challenges and Signals

    Outline 18-452/18-750 • Goals and structure of the course Wireless Networks and Applications • Administrative stuff Lecture 2: Wireless Challenges • A bit of history • Wireless technologies • Building a network Peter Steenkiste » Designing a BIG system Carnegie Mellon University » The OSI model » Packet-based communication » Challenges in Wireless Networking Spring Semester 2020 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS20/ Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 1 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 2 Why Use Wireless? What is Hard about Wireless? There are no wires! There are no wires! Has several significant advantages: • In wired networks links are constant, reliable and • Supports mobile users physically isolated » Move around office, campus, city, … - users get hooked » A 1 Gps Ethernet always has the same properties » Remote control devices (TV, garage door, ..) » Not true for “54 Mbs” 802.11a and definitely not for “6 Gbs” 802.11ac » Cordless phones, cell phones, .. » WiFi, GPRS, Bluetooth, … • In wireless networks links are variable, error- prone and share the ether with each other and • No need to install and maintain wires other external, uncontrolled sources » Reduces cost – important in offices, hotels, … » Link properties can be extremely dynamic » Simplifies deployment – important in homes, hotspots, … » For mobile devices they also differ across locations Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 3 Peter A. Steenkiste, CMU 4 Page 1 Wireless is a shared medium Attenuation and Errors Bob Mary • In wired communication, Bob Mary signals are contained in a conductor • In
  • A Century of WWV

    A Century of WWV

    Volume 124, Article No. 124025 (2019) https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology A Century of WWV Glenn K. Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology, Radio Station WWV, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA [email protected] WWV was established as a radio station on October 1, 1919, with the issuance of the call letters by the U.S. Department of Commerce. This paper will observe the upcoming 100th anniversary of that event by exploring the events leading to the founding of WWV, the various early experiments and broadcasts, its official debut as a service of the National Bureau of Standards, and its role in frequency and time dissemination over the past century. Key words: broadcasting; frequency; radio; standards; time. Accepted: September 6, 2019 Published: September 24, 2019 https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 1. Introduction WWV is the high-frequency radio broadcast service that disseminates time and frequency information from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. WWV has been performing this service since the early 1920s, and, in 2019, it is celebrating the 100th anniversary of the issuance of its call sign. 2. Radio Pioneers Other radio transmissions predate WWV by decades. Guglielmo Marconi and others were conducting radio research in the late 1890s, and in 1901, Marconi claimed to have received a message sent across the Atlantic Ocean, the letter “S” in telegraphic code [1]. Radio was called “wireless telegraphy” in those days and was, if not commonplace, viewed as an emerging technology.
  • Eie312 Communications Principles

    Eie312 Communications Principles

    EIE312 COMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES Outline: Principles of communications: 1. An elementary account of the types of transmission (Analogue signal transmission and digital signal transmission). Block diagram of a communication system. 2. Brief Historical development on communications: a. Telegraph b. Telephony c. Radio d. Satellite e. Data f. Optical and mobile communications g. Facsimile 3. The frequency Spectrum 4. Signals and vectors, orthogonal functions. 5. Fourier series, Fourier integral, signal spectrum, convolution, power and energy correlation. 6. Modulation, reasons for modulation, types of modulation. 7. Amplitude modulation systems: a. Comparison of amplitude modulation systems. b. Methods of generating and detecting AM, DBS and SSB signals. c. Vestigial sideband d. Frequency mixing and multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing e. Applications of AM systems. 8. Frequency modulation systems: 1 a. Instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, modulation index, Bessel coefficients, significant sideband criteria b. Bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal, power of an FM signal, direct and indirect FM generation, c. Various methods of FM demodulation, discriminator, phase-lock loop, limiter, pre- emphasis and de-emphasis, Stereophonic FM broadcasting 9. Noise waveforms and characteristics. Thermal noise, shot noise, noise figure and noise temperature. Cascade network, experimental determination of noise figure. Effects of noise on AM and FM systems. 10. Block diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio receiver, AM broadcast mixer, local oscillator design, intermodulation interference, adjacent channel interference, ganging, tracking error, intermediate frequency, automatic gain control (AGC), delay AGC, diode detector, volume control. 11. FM broadcast band and specification, Image frequency, block diagram of a FM radio receiver, limiter and ratio detectors, automatic frequency control, squelch circuit, FM mono and FM stereo receivers.
  • DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commission- Ing and Monitoring Application Note

    DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commission- Ing and Monitoring Application Note

    DVB-T / DVB-H Transmitter Measurements for Acceptance, Commission- ing and Monitoring Application Note Product: | R&SETL Broadcasting transmitters are subject to particularly stringent standards with re- spect to broadcast signal quality, because even small faults can lead to service dis- ruptions for many viewers. A single instrument, the R&S®ETL TV analyzer, performs all required DVB-T / DVB-H transmitter measurements, from the initial acceptance testing for the transmitter, to measurements performed during commissioning and preventive maintenance. 7BM101_2E - Christiane Klaus Application Application Note 12.2013 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Overview ................................................................................. 3 2 Preparatory Steps .................................................................. 4 2.1 Required Equipment .................................................................................... 4 2.2 Test Setup ..................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Protection against Destructive Input Power .............................................. 6 ® 2.4 R&S ETL Default Configuration ................................................................. 6 3 Measurements ........................................................................ 8 3.1 Power ............................................................................................................. 8 3.1.1 Transmitter Output Level ...............................................................................
  • Sober Second Thought? Korematsu Reconsidered

    Sober Second Thought? Korematsu Reconsidered

    Arkansas Law Review Volume 74 Number 2 Article 2 June 2021 Sober Second Thought? Korematsu Reconsidered Mark R. Killenbeck University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/alr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Fourteenth Amendment Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Mark R. Killenbeck, Sober Second Thought? Korematsu Reconsidered, 74 Ark. L. Rev. 151 (2021). Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/alr/vol74/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arkansas Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOBER SECOND THOUGHT? KOREMATSU RECONSIDERED Mark R. Killenbeck* How to best describe and treat Korematsu v. United States?1 A self-inflicted wound?2 It is certainly an exemplar of a case that in key respects tracks Justice Stephen Breyer’s caution about decisions that have “harm[ed] not just the Court, but the Nation.”3 Part of an “Anticanon,” resting on “little more than naked racism and associated hokum” and “embod[ying] a set of propositions that all legitimate constitutional decisions must be prepared to refute”?4 Perhaps. Or is it simply an opinion and result that “has long stood out as a stain that is almost universally recognized as a shameful mistake”5? The aspersions are varied, voiced by a wide range of critics. The Supreme Court has now joined the chorus.
  • Federal Communications Commission Record FCC 87-27

    Federal Communications Commission Record FCC 87-27

    2 FCC Red Vol.5 Federal Communications Commission Record FCC 87-27 the AM band limit the opportunities for such changes Before the without creating objectionable interference. MQreovel. Federal Communications Commission these conventional methods do not always provide sta- Washington D.C. 20554 tions with sufficient economic flexibility to improve their service to all areas. The use of additional transmitters that simultaneously broadcast the programs of a primary origi- nating station is an effective and economical method that MM Docket No. 87-6 could be applied in some circumstances to improve and extend a station's service area. In the Matter of 4. The technology relating to synchronized transmitters was discussed early in the United States in a paper written Amendment of Part 7 by Charles B. Aiken of Bell Telephone Laboratories in i933, In 1937. the first experimental authorization to to Authorize the use of explore this technology in the U.S. was granted to radio Multiple. Synchronous station WLLH. Lawrence. Massachusetts. which has con- Transmitters by AM tinued its synchronous operations to this day. Similar Broadcast Stations experiments have been conducted in Boston (WBZ). Charlotte. North Carolina (WBT). Cincinnati. Ohio (WSAI). and in Washington. D.C. (WINX and WWDC). NOTICE OF INQUIRY Synchronized groups of transmitters have been used in the AM band on a large scale in Europe for many years. Adopted January 15, 1987; ReIeased March 3, 1987 and more recently in Japan. These foreign operations have been based upon the same theoretical bases as the By the Commission: earlier Uniied States operations.4 The results of the inter- national experience have been largely consiStent with those obtained in the United States.
  • Radio for the 1990S: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan

    Radio for the 1990S: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan

    University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 7-1-1991 Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan Susan V. Massey James S. Crane Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Recommended Citation Thomas Joseph Cryan, Susan V. Massey, and James S. Crane, Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace, 22 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 377 (1991) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol22/iss2/9 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 377 SPECIAL FEATURE RADIO FOR THE 1990s: LEGAL STRATEGIES IN AN EMERGING GLOBAL MARKETPLACE THOMAS JOSEPH CRYAN* SUSAN V. MASSEY** JAMES S. CRANE*** I. INTRODUCTION ................. 378 II. THE CURENT TECHNOLOGICAL STAGE.. ......................... 381 A. Amplitude Modulation ....... ......................... 381 B. Frequency Modulation ........... ......................... 383 C. Satellite Distribution ........ 383 D. Digital Technology ............ 385 III. THE GLOBAL MARKEtPLACE ......... 387 A. The United States ............. 388 B . E urope ............... ...... 390 1. England ............... .......................I I 391 2. France .................. ......................... 392 3. Eastern Bloc Nations ... ......................... 393 C. Asia and Latin America ...... ......................... 395 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY REGIME 396 * President, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1984. J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1991. *** General Counsel, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D. Florida State University College of Law, 1983. INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW [Vol.
  • No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere 2014

    No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere 2014

    Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Rachel O'Dwyer No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere 2014 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3817 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Rezension / review Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: O'Dwyer, Rachel: No More Walled Gardens? Response to Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere. In: spheres: Journal for Digital Cultures, Jg. 1 (2014), S. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/3817. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://spheres-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/spheres-1_ODwyer.pdf Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0/ Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0/ License. For Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz more information see: finden Sie hier: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © the author(s) 2014 www.spheres-journal.org #1 Politics after Networks RACHEL O’DWYER NO MORE WALLED GARDENS? RESPONSE TO SPECTRUM ACCESS AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE To control information and where it travels is to control the economic and political base of contemporary society. The management and regulation of resources like base stations, servers, satellites, and antennas are central, but none more so than the physical media itself: fibre-optic cables, telephone lines and electromagnetic spectrum.1 In Spectrum Access and the Public Sphere, Beli argues that recent changes to the management of spectrum, coupled with material transformations taking place in mobile network infrastructure, are supporting the development of community-operated mesh networks.