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Fatherhood in Gaul Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages

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Fatherhood in Gaul Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Fatherhood in Gaul between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages By: Hannah Probert A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of History December, 2016 2 Abstract This thesis explores the idea and experience of fatherhood between the fifth and eighth centuries in Gaul. Fatherhood in this period, both as a concept and as a family identity, has been largely unexplored by historians despite the perceived shift from the Roman household dominated by the paterfamilias to the apparently more egalitarian kinship structures of the Early Middle Ages. This thesis has thus examined the different kinds of fatherhood that a person might hold and how that fatherhood, and the relationships it defined, changed across a lifetime and across the period. The powerful concept of the paterfamilias declined by the eighth century and instead fatherhood was recognized in two forms; the ‘fictive’ fatherhood held by men of religious status and biological fatherhood within the family where authority was increasingly defined by their fatherhood of young children. These two central forms of fatherhood were interlinked and shared an increasing emphasis on representing the affectionate bonds between fathers and their children. This thesis thus contributes a new understanding of the development of fatherhood and the family which moves beyond a simple division between the ‘Roman’ family of Late Antiquity and the ‘Germanic’ Sippe of the Early Middle Ages towards a more nuanced understanding of the changing relationships between the fifth and eighth centuries. As fatherhood was a relationship that impacted individuals at every level of society and at all stages of their life this study surveys the variety of sources that are available for Gaul in this period including hagiography, legal texts and archaeology. This work does not conceive fatherhood as an unchanging state but as a series of relationships that could vary based on age, gender, status and location. It therefore explores the dynamic nature of fatherhood between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. 3 4 Acknowledgements My first thanks must go to Julia Hillner who not only supervised this thesis but has been my mentor and friend for as long as I have known her. Her continued enthusiasm and attention to this project throughout has been vital. I could not have asked for a better supervisor. Martial Staub co-supervised this thesis and has been a constant supporter always ready to provide assistance and advice. I must also thank Simon Loseby who introduced me to the Merovingian world and has encouraged me in my efforts to better understand it. Many people have kindly read all or some of this thesis. I am grateful for their care and attention and can only apologize for the errors that have no doubt arisen from my failure to heed their advice. Dirk Rohmann read the work in its entirety and offered particular help with the translations. Les Probert also read the whole work and translated my language back into English. Conrad Leyser, Katie Hemer and the Late Antiquity Reading Group at the University of Sheffield all read various chapters and provided invaluable suggestions. I have been lucky to have remained at the University of Sheffield since I was an Undergraduate and to have been provided with funding by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities which enabled me to write this thesis. I was also able to spend much of the first year of my research at the Goethe Universität in Frankfurt am Main and those I met there, especially Muriel Moser, provided me with priceless help at the start. I have also received generous invitations to speak from the Oxford Late Roman Seminar, the International Network for the Study of Late Antiquity and the Gender and Medieval Studies Conference. The questions and comments I received at these events have helped to shape this work. My involvement with the Medieval and Ancient Research Centre at the University of Sheffield has been a source of assistance and friendship and I am thankful to all of its members. My friends have offered help and distractions and have been understanding of my frequent lapses into obsession. I am grateful to the Postgraduates at the University of Sheffield for knowing what this is like and to Kate, Katie and Alex in particular for many meals and for knowing when, and when not, to talk about work. Cat has provided food, drink and a shared fixation with non-thesis related topics which has saved me from myself. Tom has helped me to earn many free drinks at pub quizzes and, despite his tendency towards theft, has been a constant source of laughter. Alyx has shouldered many burdens with me and her friendship has made this process much easier. Brendan 5 has been the person with whom I could always discuss both this thesis and more important matters, such as the conversation of whales. I have lived through the process of researching and writing this thesis with Charlie and sharing the highs, lows and occasional Curlywurly with him has been essential to its completion. My greatest support has been my family who have always encouraged me no matter how bemused they were by how I chose to spend my time. I would especially like to thank my grandparents, Joyce, Allan, Tom and Lil, who have shared my love of history and who have always been a source of comfort. My sister Lauren has always been my strongest advocate and has, in this as in so many other things, forged a path which I would not have been brave enough to attempt without her. Finally I would like to thank my parents, whose generosity, encouragement and love have never ceased and to whom I owe more than I can express. 6 Abbreviations Biblical quotations come from R. Weber and R. Gryson (eds), Die Vulgata (Stuttgart, 2007) with translations from Douay-Rheims. Abbo of Provence, ‘Testament of Abbo of Provence’, ed. and Abbo, Test. trans. P. Geary, in P. Geary, Aristocracy in Provence: The Rhône Basin at the Dawn of the Carolingian Age (Philadelphia, 1985) Formulary of Angers, in Formulae Merowingici et Karolini Angers aevi, ed. K. Zeumer, MGH Leges (Hanover, 1886), pp. 1-25 ————————————ed. and trans. A. Rio, The Formularies of Angers and Marculf: Two Merovingian Legal Handbooks (Liverpool, 2008) Avitus of Vienne, Alcimi Ecdicii Aviti Viennensis episcopi Av., Ep. Opera quae supersunt, ed. R. Peiper, MGH AA VI.2 (Berlin, 1883) --------------------, trans. D. Shanzer and I. Wood, Avitus of Vienne: Letters and Selected Prose (Liverpool, 2002) Bert., Test. Bertramn of Le Mans, ’Testament’, Das Testament des Bischofs Bertram von Le Mans vom 27. März 616, ed. M. Weidemann (Mainz, 1986) Brev. Breviarium Alarici, ed. C. Hänel (Leipzig, 1849) 7 Codex Theodosianus, ed. T. Mommsen and P. Meyer (Berlin, C. Th. 1905) ————————----, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions, ed. and trans. C. Pharr (Princeton, 1952) Casearius of Arles, Epistolae, in G. Morin (ed.), Sancti Caes. Ep Caesarii episcopi Arelatensis Opera omnia nunc primum in unum collecta I (Maredsous, 1942), pp. -----------------------, Epistolae, trans. in Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament and Letters, ed. and trans. W. Klingshirn (Liverpool, 1994), pp. 77-140 Caesarius of Arles, Regula ad Virgines, in G. Morin (ed.), Caes., Reg. Virg. Sancti Caesarii episcopi Arelatensis Opera omnia nunc primum in unum collecta I (Maredsous, 1942), pp. -----------------------, trans. in The Rule for Nuns of St. Caesarius of Arles: A Translation with a Critical Introduction, ed. and trans. M. C. McCarthy (Washington, 1960) Caesarius of Arles [attr.], Sermones, ed. G. Morin, CCSL Caes. Serm. 103/104 (Turnholt, 1953) -------------------------------------------, trans. M. M. Mueller (Washington, 1977) CCSL Corpus Christianorum - Series Latina 8 ChLA Chartae Latinae Antiquiores (France), ed. A. Bruckner and R. Marichal (Bern, 1981-1985) Cass., Conf. John Cassian, Collationes patrum in scetica eremo, ed. J.-P. Migne, PL 49 (Paris, 1846), pp. 477-953 Cass., Inst. ----------------, De institutis coenobiorum, ed. J.-P. Migne, PL 49 (Paris, 1846), pp. 53-476 ----------------, trans. E. C. S. Gibson, in The Works of John Cassian (New York, 1894) Cod. Ius. Codex Iustinianus, ed. P. Krueger (Cambridge, 2014) ———————-, trans. F. H. Blume and T. Kearley (Wyoming, 2009) De civ. Dei Augustine, de civitate dei, ed. B. Dombert and A. Kalb, CCSL 47-48 (Turnhout, 1955) ---------------------------------------------------------, ed. and trans. R. W. Dyson (Cambridge, 1998) Des. Ep. Desiderius of Cahors, Epistulae Sancti Desiderii, ed. D. Norberg (Stockholm, 1961) Digesta, ed. T. Mommsen and P. Krueger (Cambridge, 2014) Dig. ----------, trans. S. P. Scott, The Digest or Pandects of Justinian (Cinciannati, 1932) Ep. Aus. Epistolae Austrasicae, ed. W. Arndt and B. Krusch, MGH Epp. III.1 (Berlin, 1892), pp. 110-153 9 Etym. Isidore of Seville, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, ed. and trans. S. A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach, and O. Berghof (Cambridge, 2006) Euch. Paulinus of Pella, Thanksgiving, in H. G. Evelyn-White (trans.), Ausonius (London, 1921), Vol. II, pp. 293-352 Leges Visigothorum, ed. F. Beyerle and R. Buchner, MGH LL For. Iud. nat. Germ. I (Hanover, 1902) ———————, ed. and trans. S. P. Scott, The Visigothic Code (Forum Judicum) (Boston, 1910) Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina, ed. F. Leo, MGH AA IV.1 Fort., Carm. (Berlin, 1881) ----------------, partial translation in J. George, Venantius Fortunatus: Personal and Political Poems (Liverpool, 1995) Freising Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising, ed. T. Bitterauf (Munich, 1905) Gauthier N. Gauthier, Recueil des Inscriptions Chrétiennes de la Gaule: antérieures a la Renaissance carolingienne. Volume I: Premiére Belgique (Paris, 1975) GC Gregory of Tours, Liber in Gloria confessorum, ed. B. Krusch, MGH SRM I.2 (Hanover, 1885), pp. 284-370 ----------------------, Glory of the Confessors, trans.
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