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Referat: BASIC [email protected] (D.Gryschock) 28.03.99 Referat: BASIC [David Gryschock AE; U 702] - 1 - [email protected] (D.Gryschock) Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.) ................................................Was zum Geier ist BASIC ?......................................................................Seite 3 2.)........................................Woher stammt es und welche Entwicklungen folgten ?.........Seite 3 3.) ................................................Funktion ....................................................................................................Seite 5 4.)........................................Erklärung anhand eines Beispielprogrammes.........................Seite 5 5.)........................................Übersicht der wichtigsten BASIC-Befehle.............................Seite 9 6.)........................................Quellen....................................................................................Seite 9 [David Gryschock AE; U 702] - 2 - [email protected] (D.Gryschock) 1.) Was ist BASIC? BASIC ist eine Abkürzung mit folgender Bedeutung: B - steht für Beginners A - steht für All-purpose S - steht für Symbolic I - steht für Instruction C - steht für Code BASIC bedeutet also Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was soviel heißt wie Allzweck-Programmiersprache für Anfänger. Mit BASIC sollen also auch Anfänger in die Lage versetzt werden, Programme zu schreiben. Die Programmiersprache BASIC sollte folgende Ansprüche erfüllen: • sie ist leicht zu erlernen und einfach anzuwenden • sie ist benutzerfreundlich • sie liefert die gewünschten Ergebnisse ganz schnell • sie ist von jedermann anzuwenden • für diese Programmiersprache ist die vom Anwender benötigte Zeit wichtiger als Rechenzeit. Was ist eigentlich ein Programm? Unter einem Programm versteht man eine endliche und eindeutige Folge ausführbarer Anweisungen an einen Prozessor in einer bestimmten Programmiersprache. Endlich bedeutet, daß das Programm irgendwann endet. Eindeutigkeit ist notwendig, weil ein Computer nicht selbständig einen Zweifelsfall entscheiden kann. Der Programmierer muß schon genau formulieren, was der Computer tun soll. Da es sinnlos ist, einem Prozessor Befehle zu geben, die er nicht versteht, müssen die Anweisungen auch ausführbar sein. Die Entwicklung eines Programmes erfolgt meist in mehreren Schritten: Problemanalyse, Programmplanung, Programmcodierung, Programmkorrektur, Programmtest und Dokumentation. 2.) Woher stammt es und welche Entwicklungen folgten? BASIC wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre in den USA (am Dartmouth College in den USA von J. G. Kemeny und T. E. Kurtz) als stark vereinfachtes FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator, älteste höhere Programmiersprache) für Schüler und Programmier- anfänger entwickelt. Dieses erste BASIC war sehr, sehr einfach. Es gab nur vierzehn Befehle und einen einzigen Datentyp, nämlich "number" - es wurde kein Unterschied zwischen Ganz- und Gleitpunktzahlen gemacht. Dieses UrBASIC war auch nicht interaktiv, sondern die Programme mußten erfaßt und dann compiliert werden. Erst dann konnten sie gestartet werden. Dieses BASIC hatte zwar nur einen geringen Leistungsumfang, aber es setzte sich sehr schnell durch, weil es einfach zu erlernen war. Wenn wir uns den BASIC-Stammbaum ansehen (s.u.), dann erkennen wir, daß BASIC wie gesagt am meisten von FORTRAN übernommen hat. Aber auch einige Eigenschaften von ALGOL und Assembler flossen ein. In den 70-ern gab es bald viele, viele BASIC-Dialekte, die sich alle voneinander unterschieden. Da wurde dann der erste Versuch einer Standardisierung gemacht: American National Standard Programming Language Minimal BASIC. ANSI X3.60-1978. American National Standards Institue, New York. Es blieb bei diesem einzigen Normierungsversuch - der BASIC-Sprachen-Dschungel blieb weiter bestehen. In den 70-ern eroberte BASIC sogar die Bereiche der Systemprogrammierung: Für das Betriebssystem RSTS auf den Minicomputern der Serie PDP-11 entwickelte Digital Equipment Corporation wichtige Funktionen mit ihrer ziemlich ausgefuchsten Version BASIC-PLUS. In den späten 70-ern und dann erst in den 80-ern konnte so ziemlich jeder Personal Computer ein BASIC aufweisen, so dass diese Sprache für viele EinsteigerInnen die erste Programmiersprache war, mit der sie sich anfreundeten und dann - vielleicht aus Bequemlichkeit - dabei blieben. In den späten 80-ern bekam dann BASIC noch einmal erneut Aufwind, als der Marktführer Microsoft seine Version von QuickBASIC freigab (J. C. Bradley, QuickBASIC and Q- BASIC Using Modular Structures. W.C. Brown, 1989, Dubuque, IA). 1990 erschien dann noch Visual BASIC von Microsoft, das speziell auf die Windows-basierten Applikationen ausgerichtet ist. Auch wenn auf der Joyce diese neuesten BASIC-Varianten nicht zur Verfügung stehen, so können wir doch zwischen diversen Dialekten wählen: • Bereits 1977 wurde von Gordon Eubanks das CBASIC (= Commercial BASIC) ent- wickelt. Eine (frühe) Variante fand dann den Weg in die Public Domain: E-BASIC (= Easy BASIC).. • 1982 veröffentlichte DR (= Digital Research) die Version 2.0 von CBASIC. Anders als die ersten CBASIC- Versionen, erzeugt dieser Compiler richtige Objektmodule, die sich mit anderen Modulen zu größeren Programmen zusammenbinden lassen. Für die Joyce ist diese Variante besonders interessant, weil Befehle enthalten sind, mit der [David Gryschock AE; U 702] - 3 - [email protected] (D.Gryschock) sich die GSX- Grafik-Routinen direkt aufrufen lassen. Außerdem verfügt CBASIC 2.0 über eine hochgenaue BCD- Arithmetik mit vierzehn signifikanten Stellen. Anfangs wurde dieses CBASIC auch von Markt & Technik angeboten. Wie meine Recherchen ergeben haben, machte Microsoft Ende 1986 dem M&T-Chef Carl- Franz von Quandt ein "unsittliches Angebot" der Art: "Ihr bekommt das MBASIC nur dann, wenn ihr CBASIC aus dem Angebot nehmt!" Kein Kommentar!. • 1977 erschien von Microsoft die erste BASIC-Version für CP/M. Diese Version wurde dann immer wieder erweitert. Von Markt & Technik wurde Mitte der 80-er ein Paket angeboten, das das Microsoft-BASIC aus dem Jahr 1981 enthielt. Viele haben sich damals dieses Paket weniger wegen des BASIC, sondern wegen des mitgelieferten Makro-Assemblers M80 gekauft.. • Den 1985 erstmals angebotenen Joycies hatte Amstrad ein Super-BASIC mitgegeben: Mallard-BASIC. Amstrad hatte das Softwarehaus Locomotive beauftragt, dieses Mallard-BASIC auf die Joyce zu übertragen. In Großbritannien hatte nämlich der Name Mallard einen guten Klang. Es gab dieses BASIC schon für die BBC- Computer von Acorn. Während frühere BASIC-Dialekte für ihre unzureichenden Struckturierungsmöglichkeiten berüchtigt waren und zu unleserlichem “Spaghetticode” verleiteten (was wohl der Grund dafür ist, daß BASIC in Schulen nicht so beliebt ist wie z.B. Turbo Pascal), existieren inzwischen struckturierte Varianten, die viele Elemente von Pascal enthalten. Die Urversion von BASIC hat heutzutage sogut wie keine Bedeutung mehr, da sie als prähistorisch bezeichnet werden kann, aber die Sprache existiert wenn auch in einer leicht abgewandelten und stark erweiterten Form noch immer. Beispiele hierfür finden sich v.a. in den visuellen BASIC-Dialekten (z.B. MS Visual BASIC, 1991) die in den letzten Jahren unzählige Funktionserweiterungen erfahren haben, die sich aber mehr an professionelle Programmierer richten (Was ja eigentlich nicht im Sinne der Erfinder ist). [David Gryschock AE; U 702] - 4 - [email protected] (D.Gryschock) 3.) Funktion Da BASIC mehr oder weniger auf jeden Windows-Rechner standardmäßig installiert ist, kann sich jedermann selbst ein Bild über dessen Funktionsweise machen. Die Ur-Version von BASIC gibt es freilich schon lange nicht mehr, da es nicht mehr den heutigen Ansprüchen gerecht wird und auch die weiterentwickelte, standardmäßig von Microsoft mitgeliefete Version namens QBASIC ist veraltet, doch gerade für Anfänger sind die Programmierschritte, aufgrund der logischen Abfolge und relativen leichten Sprache recht verständlich. Wahrscheinlich ist dies der Grund, warum Microsoft BASIC noch immer zu seinen Softwarepaketen “dabeipackt”, damit sich der Einsteiger ein Bild von dieser Programmiersprache machen und letzlich die neueren und teueren BASIC-Nachfolger wie Visual BASIC kaufen soll. Jede Programmiersprache verfügt über einen festgelegten Wortschatz aus sogenannten Schlüsselwörtern. Dieser Wortschatz ermöglicht es dem Programmierer in Verbindung mit Konstanten, Variablen und Operatoren, Befehle an einen Computer bzw. seinen Prozessor zu übermitteln. Zu den wichtigsten Schlüssenwörtern in BASIC gehören z. Bsp.: - cls (löscht den Bildschirm), - input (nimmt eine Eingabe entgegen), - print (gibt etwas auf dem Bildschirm aus) und - end (beendet ein BASIC-Programm). Der Prozessor versteht die in BASIC formulierten Anweisungen allerdings nicht direkt. Jedes BASIC-Programm muß deshalb erst in die Maschinensprache übersetzt werden. In BASIC geschriebene Programme werden in der Regel für den Prozessor erst dann übersetzt, wenn das Programm "läuft". Solche Programmiersprachen nennen wir Interpreter. BASIC interpretiert die im Programm formulierten Befehle so, daß sie vom Prozessor verstanden werden. Neben den Interpretersprachen gibt es auch Compilersprachen. Eine Compilersprache übersetzt ein Programm schon vor der Ausführung in die Sprache des Prozessors. Compilierte Programme für PC's sind direkt ausführbar, ihre Dateinamenergänzung ist COM oder EXE. Pascal oder C sind solche Compilersprachen. Es gibt allerdings auch BASIC- Compiler! 4.) Erklärung
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