DOCSLIB.ORG

The Philippine Insurrection the U.S. Navy in a Military Operation Other Than War, 1899-1902

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Philippine Insurrection the U.S. Navy in a Military Operation Other Than War, 1899-1902 Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2004-12 The Philippine Insurrection the U.S. Navy in a military operation other than war, 1899-1902 Carlson, Ted W. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1288 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION: THE U.S. NAVY IN A MILITARY OPERATION OTHER THAN WAR, 1899-1902 by Ted W. Carlson December 2004 Thesis Advisor: Kenneth J. Hagan Second Reader: Douglas Porch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2004 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The Philippine Insurrection: The U.S. Navy in a 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Military Operation Other Than War, 1899-1902 6. AUTHOR(S) Carlson, Ted W. 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) U.S. naval doctrine has been dominated by the Mahanian concept of massing large capital ships for over one hundred years. Yet, it was a Cyclone-class patrol craft, a USCG cutter, and an Australian frigate that pushed up the Khor-Abd-Allah waterway and opened up the port of Umm Qasr, Iraq, during the Second Gulf War. They continue to protect it and the surrounding oil infrastructure from attack from insurgents and terrorists today. With the navy’s current interest in transformation, the question arises, is the navy as presently configured well suited for today’s threats? This thesis explores the question of how should the navy meet threats to national interests. This is accomplished through historical analysis of an event that is similar to the situation today: The Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902). This episode showcases the shortcomings of the navy’s conventional approach to military operations other than war, and the need for change. In today’s asymmetric environment, the past provides insight into effective means for handling these types of threats. This thesis concludes that the navy needs to diversify itself to incorporate different ship platforms, platforms that incorporate the utility of old with the technology of new. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Navy, Philippines, Insurrection, Gunboats, Guerilla Warfare, Blockade, 15. NUMBER OF Asymmetric Warfare, Pacification, Army. PAGES 221 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION: THE U.S. NAVY IN A MILITARY OPERATION OTHER THAN WAR, 1899-1902 Ted W. Carlson Lieutenant, United States Navy B.A., San Diego State University, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2004 Author: Ted W. Carlson Approved by: Kenneth J. Hagan Thesis Advisor Douglas Porch Second Reader James J. Wirtz Chairman, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT U.S. naval doctrine has been dominated by the Mahanian concept of massing large capital ships for over one hundred years. Yet, it was a Cyclone-class patrol craft, a USCG cutter, and an Australian frigate that pushed up the Khor-Abd-Allah waterway and opened up the port of Umm Qasr, Iraq, during the Second Gulf War. They continue to protect it and the surrounding oil infrastructure from insurgent and terrorist attacks today. With the navy’s current interest in transformation, the question arises, is the navy as presently configured well suited for today’s threats? This thesis explores the question of how should the navy meet threats to national interests. This is accomplished through historical analysis of an event that is similar to the situation today: The Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902). This episode showcases the shortcomings of the navy’s conventional approach to military operations other than war, and the need for change. In today’s asymmetric environment, the past provides insight into effective means for handling these types of threats. This thesis concludes that the navy needs to diversify itself to incorporate different ship platforms, platforms that incorporate the utility of old with the technology of new. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. OUTLINE .........................................................................................................4 B. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH..........................................................6 C. PRE-HOSTILITIES ........................................................................................8 II. THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES AND CONVENTIONAL WARFARE.................................................................................................................17 A. THE CAMPAIGNS .......................................................................................23 1. Manila (February 4, 1899 – March 17, 1899)..................................23 2. Iloilo (February 8 – 12, 1899)............................................................27 3. Malolos (March 25 – August 16, 1899).............................................30 4. Laguna de Bay (April 8 – 17, 1899)..................................................31 5. San Isidro (April 21 – May 30, 1899, and October 15 – November 19, 1899) ...........................................................................33 6. Zapote River, June 13, 1899..............................................................37 7. Monsoons and Reorganization .........................................................40 8. Cavite, October 7 – 13, 1899, and January 4 – February 9, 1900..45 9. Tarlac, November 5 – 20, 1899 .........................................................48 10. San Fabian, November 6 – 19, 1899 .................................................49 B. THE BLOCKADE .........................................................................................50 C. OTHER OPERATIONS................................................................................63 D. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................69 III. THE HEMP EXPEDITION AND GUERILLA WARFARE (1900) ....................73 A. THE HEMP EXPEDITION..........................................................................74 B. GUERILLA WARFARE AND PACIFICATION ......................................81 C. THE BLOCKADE .........................................................................................99 D. THE CHINA RELIEF EXPEDITION ......................................................111 E. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................113 IV. THE FALL OF THE GENERALS, BATANGAS, SAMAR, AND THE END..121 A. THE ARMY..................................................................................................122 B. CIVIL ADMINISTRATION.......................................................................125 C. THE NAVY...................................................................................................126 D. THE INSURGENTS ....................................................................................131 E. FALL OF THE GENERALS......................................................................131 1. Luzon.................................................................................................131 2. The Visayas.......................................................................................136 F. THE PERSISTENT ONES (LUCKBAN AND MALVAR).....................139 3. Batangas............................................................................................140 4. Samar ................................................................................................144 G. THE END OF HOSTILITIES ....................................................................159
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922
    Cover: During World War I, convoys carried almost two million men to Europe. In this 1920 oil painting “A Fast Convoy” by Burnell Poole, the destroyer USS Allen (DD-66) is shown escorting USS Leviathan (SP-1326). Throughout the course of the war, Leviathan transported more than 98,000 troops. Naval History and Heritage Command 1 United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922 Frank A. Blazich Jr., PhD Naval History and Heritage Command Introduction This document is intended to provide readers with a chronological progression of the activities of the United States Navy and its involvement with World War I as an outside observer, active participant, and victor engaged in the war’s lingering effects in the postwar period. The document is not a comprehensive timeline of every action, policy decision, or ship movement. What is provided is a glimpse into how the 20th century’s first global conflict influenced the Navy and its evolution throughout the conflict and the immediate aftermath. The source base is predominately composed of the published records of the Navy and the primary materials gathered under the supervision of Captain Dudley Knox in the Historical Section in the Office of Naval Records and Library. A thorough chronology remains to be written on the Navy’s actions in regard to World War I. The nationality of all vessels, unless otherwise listed, is the United States. All errors and omissions are solely those of the author. Table of Contents 1914..................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of United States Public Documents, September 1905
    No. 129 September, 1905 CATALOGUE OF United States Public Documents Issued Monthly BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS Government Printing Office Washington Government Printing Office 1905 Table of Contents Page Page 447 State, Department of....... .. 463 General Information............................. 449 j Treasury Department....... .. 464 Congress of United States..................... 449 । War Department................ .. 466 Sheep-bound Reserve..................... 449 Courts of United States.... .. 469 President of United States ................... 449 | District of Columbia......... .. 469 Agriculture, Department of.............. 452 [ Smithsonian Institution .. .. 469 Commerce and Labor, Department of. 457 1 Various Bureaus............... .. 471 Interior, Department of the................. 461 I Shipments to Depositories .. 473 Justice, Department of.......................... Navy Department.................................. 461 I Index.................................. Post-Office Department........................ 462 I Abbreviations Used in this Catalogue ...acad. Mile, miles.......................... m. Academy....................................... Miscellaneous..................................... ... Agricultural................................ ...agric. .amdts. Nautical............................................... naut. Amendments............................... Number, numbers..........................no., nos. American..................................... ..Amer. Appendix .................................... ....app.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Ships and Submarines of the United States Navy
    AIRCRAFT CARRIER DDG 1000 AMPHIBIOUS Multi-Purpose Aircraft Carrier (Nuclear-Propulsion) THE U.S. NAvy’s next-GENERATION MULTI-MISSION DESTROYER Amphibious Assault Ship Gerald R. Ford Class CVN Tarawa Class LHA Gerald R. Ford CVN-78 USS Peleliu LHA-5 John F. Kennedy CVN-79 Enterprise CVN-80 Nimitz Class CVN Wasp Class LHD USS Wasp LHD-1 USS Bataan LHD-5 USS Nimitz CVN-68 USS Abraham Lincoln CVN-72 USS Harry S. Truman CVN-75 USS Essex LHD-2 USS Bonhomme Richard LHD-6 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower CVN-69 USS George Washington CVN-73 USS Ronald Reagan CVN-76 USS Kearsarge LHD-3 USS Iwo Jima LHD-7 USS Carl Vinson CVN-70 USS John C. Stennis CVN-74 USS George H.W. Bush CVN-77 USS Boxer LHD-4 USS Makin Island LHD-8 USS Theodore Roosevelt CVN-71 SUBMARINE Submarine (Nuclear-Powered) America Class LHA America LHA-6 SURFACE COMBATANT Los Angeles Class SSN Tripoli LHA-7 USS Bremerton SSN-698 USS Pittsburgh SSN-720 USS Albany SSN-753 USS Santa Fe SSN-763 Guided Missile Cruiser USS Jacksonville SSN-699 USS Chicago SSN-721 USS Topeka SSN-754 USS Boise SSN-764 USS Dallas SSN-700 USS Key West SSN-722 USS Scranton SSN-756 USS Montpelier SSN-765 USS La Jolla SSN-701 USS Oklahoma City SSN-723 USS Alexandria SSN-757 USS Charlotte SSN-766 Ticonderoga Class CG USS City of Corpus Christi SSN-705 USS Louisville SSN-724 USS Asheville SSN-758 USS Hampton SSN-767 USS Albuquerque SSN-706 USS Helena SSN-725 USS Jefferson City SSN-759 USS Hartford SSN-768 USS Bunker Hill CG-52 USS Princeton CG-59 USS Gettysburg CG-64 USS Lake Erie CG-70 USS San Francisco SSN-711 USS Newport News SSN-750 USS Annapolis SSN-760 USS Toledo SSN-769 USS Mobile Bay CG-53 USS Normandy CG-60 USS Chosin CG-65 USS Cape St.
    [Show full text]
  • Marcela M. Agoncillo
    National Historical Commission of the Philippines MARCELA M. AGONCILLO MARCELA M. AGONCILLO (1860-1946)Maker of the Filipino National Flag Enshrined in Philippine history as the maker of the Filipino flag, Marcela Mariño Agoncillo was born in Taal, Batangas on 24 June 1859 to Francisco Mariño and Eugenia Coronel. Marcela was reputed to be the prettiest in Batangas so she was fondly called “Roselang Bubog” and like any daughter of a rich couple, a maid or an elderly relative always accompanied her. She was sent to study at the Sta. Catalina College run by the Dominican nuns in Intramuros, Manila. It was in this school that she was trained well. She learned Spanish, music, crafts, and social graces expected from a Filipina of social stature. A noted singer and one who occasionally appeared in zarzuelas in Batangas, Marcela attracted many suitors but it was the rich young lawyer, Don Felipe Agoncillo, who won her heart. The two got married and had six daughters: Lorenza, Gregoria, Eugenia, Marcela, Adela (who died at the age of 3), and Maria. Their daughters were trained to be respectable women, always reminding them to live honestly and well and to work hard without depending on the family wealth. One with a heart for her nation, she stood by her husband in defending their poor town mates against the corrupt Spanish authorities. Felipe was branded filibustero but this did not deter her loyalty to him. Instead, she calmly accepted her husband’s decision to go into self-exile in Hong Kong. She and her children later followed in Hongkong.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to loe removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI* Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 WASHINGTON IRVING CHAMBERS: INNOVATION, PROFESSIONALIZATION, AND THE NEW NAVY, 1872-1919 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorof Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephen Kenneth Stein, B.A., M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Evaluation of the Emergence of Nueva Ecija As the Rice Granary of the Philippines
    Presented at the DLSU Research Congress 2015 De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines March 2-4, 2015 A Historical Evaluation of The Emergence of Nueva Ecija as the Rice Granary of the Philippines Fernando A. Santiago, Jr., Ph.D. Department of History De La Salle University [email protected] Abstract: The recognition of Nueva Ecija’s potential as a seedbed for rice in the latter half of the nineteenth century led to the massive conversion of public land and the establishment of agricultural estates in the province. The emergence of these estates signalled the arrival of wide scale commercial agriculture that revolved around wet- rice cultivation. By the 1920s, Nueva Ecija had become the “Rice Granary of the Philippines,” which has been the identity of the province ever since. This study is an assessment of the emergence of Nueva Ecija as the leading rice producer of the country. It also tackles various facets of the rice industry, the profitability of the crop and some issues that arose from rice being a controlled commodity. While circumstances might suggest that the rice producers would have enjoyed tremendous prosperity, it was not the case for the rice trade was in the hands of middlemen and regulated by the government. The government policy which favored the urban consumers over rice producers brought meager profits, which led to disappointment to all classes and ultimately caused social tension in the province. The study therefore also explains the conditions that made Nueva Ecija the hotbed of unrest prior to the Second World War. Historical methodology was applied in the conduct of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Honoring Our Veterans and Families for Their Selfless Commitment to Our Country and Community
    SALUTE TO VETERANS WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 2020 • DAILY COURIER, Grants Pass, Oregon — 7D Howard Lewis Cochran Lester Crawford Derral Wampler Helen Arlene Huddleston Steve W. Laible Lara Anne Briseno U.S. Army Air Corps U.S. Army U.S. Army U.S. Army U.S. Air Force U.S. Army Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Technical Sergeant Specialist 4 Technical Sergeant Major Captain Major Years of service: Years of service: Years of service: 1943-1946 Years of service: 1967-1971 Years of service: Years of service: 1943-1945 1982-1989 Where served: Corvallis; South Where served: Korea, Vietnam, 1971-1993 Seven Where served: Where served: Germany; Pacific (Philippines) Germany, United States Where served: Texas; Korea; Where served: Brooke Army 31 B-17 missions over Europe Texas Washington, D.C.; Hawaii; Hospital, Texas; Guantanamo California Bay, Cuba; Iraq Alan Crews Earl Humphrey David L. Sparks William J. “Bill” Morgan U.S. Air Force U.S. Army U.S. Army and National Guard U.S. Coast Guard Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Broham Tucker Lonnie Dean Rockey Highest rank achieved: Highest rank achieved: Lieutenant Colonel Private 1st Class U.S. Navy U.S. Coast Guard Specialist E-4 Petty Officer 3rd Class Years of service: Years of service: 1944-1946 Highest rank achieved: and National Guard Years of service: Years of service: 1967-1993, 1995-2003 Where served: European Engine Man 3rd Class Highest rank achieved: 1971-1974 1968-1972 Where served: Vietnam; Theater Years of service: Seaman Where served: Washington; Ui Where served: Vietnam (1969- Korea; England; Germany; 1965-1968; Naval Reserve Years of service: Jong Bu, South Korea 1970) United States through 1971 1950-1953 Where served: USS Blandy Where served: Japan; Seattle; (Mediterranean, Caribbean); Portland USS Harnett County (Vietnam river patrol) Albert J.
    [Show full text]
  • DIRECTORY of PDIC MEMBER RURAL BANKS As of 27 July 2021
    DIRECTORY OF PDIC MEMBER RURAL BANKS As of 27 July 2021 NAME OF BANK BANK ADDRESS CONTACT NUMBER * 1 Advance Credit Bank (A Rural Bank) Corp. (Formerly Advantage Bank Corp. - A MFO RB) Stop Over Commercial Center, Gerona-Pura Rd. cor. MacArthur Highway, Brgy. Abagon, Gerona, Tarlac (045) 931-3751 2 Agribusiness Rural Bank, Inc. 2/F Ropali Plaza Bldg., Escriva Dr. cor. Gold Loop, Ortigas Center, Brgy. San Antonio, City of Pasig (02) 8942-2474 3 Agricultural Bank of the Philippines, Inc. 121 Don P. Campos Ave., Brgy. Zone IV (Pob.), City of Dasmariñas, Cavite (046) 416-3988 4 Aliaga Farmers Rural Bank, Inc. Gen. Luna St., Brgy. Poblacion West III, Aliaga, Nueva Ecija (044) 958-5020 / (044) 958-5021 5 Anilao Bank (Rural Bank of Anilao (Iloilo), Inc. T. Magbanua St., Brgy. Primitivo Ledesma Ward (Pob.), Pototan, Iloilo (033) 321-0159 / (033) 362-0444 / (033) 393-2240 6 ARDCIBank, Inc. - A Rural Bank G/F ARDCI Corporate Bldg., Brgy. San Roque (Pob.), Virac, Catanduanes (0908) 820-1790 7 Asenso Rural Bank of Bautista, Inc. National Rd., Brgy. Poblacion East, Bautista, Pangasinan (0917) 817-1822 8 Aspac Rural Bank, Inc. ASPAC Bank Bldg., M.C. Briones St. (Central Nautical Highway) cor. Gen. Ricarte St., Brgy. Guizo, City of Mandaue, Cebu (032) 345-0930 9 Aurora Bank (A Microfinance-Oriented Rural Bank), Inc. GMA Farms Building, Rizal St., Brgy. V (Pob.), Baler, Aurora (042) 724-0095 10 Baclaran Rural Bank, Inc. 83 Redemptorist Rd., Brgy. Baclaran, City of Parañaque (02) 8854-9551 11 Balanga Rural Bank, Inc. Don Manuel Banzon Ave., Brgy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service
    The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service During the Revolutionary Period and the Filipino- American War (1896-1906): A Story of Struggle from the Formation of Diplomatic Contacts to the Philippine Republic Augusto V. de Viana University of Santo Tomas The Philippine foreign service traces its origin to the Katipunan in the early 1890s. Revolutionary leaders knew that the establishment of foreign contacts would be vital to the success of the objectives of the organization as it struggles toward the attainment of independence. This was proven when the Katipunan leaders tried to secure the support of Japanese and German governments for a projected revolution against Spain. Some patriotic Filipinos in Hong Kong composed of exiles also supported the Philippine Revolution.The organization of these exiled Filipinos eventually formed the nucleus of the Philippine Central Committee, which later became known as the Hong Kong Junta after General Emilio Aguinaldo arrived there in December 1897. After Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in May 1898, he issued a decree reorganizing his government and creating four departments, one of which was the Department of Foreign Relations, Navy, and Commerce. This formed the basis of the foundation of the present Department of Foreign Affairs. Among the roles of this office was to seek recognition from foreign countries, acquire weapons and any other needs of the Philippine government, and continue lobbying for support from other countries. It likewise assigned emissaries equivalent to today’s ambassadors and monitored foreign reactions to the developments in the Philippines. The early diplomats, such as Felipe Agoncillo who was appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary of the revolutionary government, had their share of hardships as they had to make do with meager means.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page Iii
    DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page iii Defining Moments The spanish- American War Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom 155 W. Congress, Suite 200 Detroit, MI 48226 DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page v Table of Contents Preface . .ix How to Use This Book . .xiii Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War . .xv NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . .3 Chapter One: American Expansion in the 1800s . .7 Chapter Two: Spain and Its Colonies . .23 Chapter Three: The Call to Arms: Remember the Maine! . .35 Chapter Four: A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba . .53 Chapter Five: The War in the Philippines . .71 Chapter Six: American Imperialism in the New Century . .85 Chapter Seven: Legacy of the Spanish-American War . .103 BIOGRAPHIES Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) . .121 Filipino Rebel Leader and Politician George Dewey (1837-1917) . .124 American Naval Commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) . .128 American Newspaper Publisher of the New York Journal and Leading Architect of “Yellow Journalism” v DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page vi Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War Queen Lili’uokalani (1838-1917) . .132 Last Monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii Antonio Maceo (1845-1896) . .136 Cuban Military Leader in the Ten Years’ War and the Spanish-American War José Martí (1853-1895) . .140 Cuban Revolutionary Leader and Writer William McKinley (1843-1901) . .143 President of the United States during the Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) . .147 Hero of the Spanish-American War and President of the United States, 1901-1909 Valeriano Weyler (1838-1930) .
    [Show full text]
  • Used by Permission. the United States Navy Supply Corps and A
    SUMMER 2021 SUPPLY CORPS FOUNDATION “OAKLEAF” Used by permission. The United States Navy Supply Corps and a Philippine Heritage By Dan McKinnon Among all the U.S. Navy officer communities and corps, none have a more special relationship with the Filipino in our Navy than the Supply Corps. That partnership has a history that should be understood. The history of the Philippines is remarkably intertwined with the United States. It was for half a century our colony. Its school system and governance are in our model. Along with Canada and Great Britain it is arguably our nation’s closest ally of the past century. It is the third largest English-speaking nation in the world and over 300,000 Americans live in the Philippines and four million former Filipinos live in the United States where Tagalog is the fourth most spoken language. The history of the creation of the Philippine nation is well told. How the Spanish American War was intended to help the Cuban “War of Independence” against a European power. How the United States sent the Battleship Maine to the Havana Harbor to ensure the safety of Americans. How on February, 15, 1898 the Maine sank following a massive explosion with 266 men killed and a Spanish torpedo blamed. How a rallying cry “Remember the Maine” helped pave a road to war. How our blockade of Cuba led Spain to declare war on April 21, 1898. How Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt stepped down and became Teddy Roosevelt of the “Rough Riders”, and as Acting Navy Secretary had ordered the U.S.
    [Show full text]