Green Energy Technologies Market Study

JULY 2018

© Copyright EU Gateway | Business Avenues

The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of EU Gateway | Business Avenues and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The purpose of this report is to give European companies selected for participation in the EU Gateway | Business Avenues Programme an introductory understanding of the target markets countries and support them in defining their strategy towards those markets. For more information, visit www.eu-gateway.eu.

EU Business Avenues in South East

Central Management Unit

Singapore Market Study

JULY 2018

Submitted to the European Commission on 06 July 2018

Green Energy Technologies – Singapore Market Study - Page 3 of 206

Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 9

2. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGAPORE? ...... 15

2.1 POLITICAL OVERVIEW ...... 15 2.2 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW ...... 16 2.3 TRADE OVERVIEW ...... 17 2.4 MARKET ACCESS ...... 19 2.5 BUSINESS AND COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT ...... 20

3. MARKET OVERVIEW & EU ENTRY OPPORTUNITIES IN SINGAPORE ...... 23

3.1 THE GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES SECTOR IN SINGAPORE ...... 23 3.1.1 Overview of the Green Energy Sector ...... 23 3.1.1 Key Associations ...... 32 3.1.2 Entry Strategies ...... 33 3.1.3 Challenges & Entry Barriers ...... 37 3.2 WIND ...... 39 3.2.1 Market Overview...... 39 3.2.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 41 3.3 SOLAR ...... 49 3.3.1 Market Overview...... 49 3.3.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 55 3.4 AERO THERMAL ...... 69 3.4.1 Market Overview...... 69 3.4.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 69 3.5 GEOTHERMAL ...... 70 3.5.1 Market Overview...... 70 3.5.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 72 3.6 HYDROTHERMAL AND OCEAN ENERGY ...... 74 3.6.1 Market Overview...... 74 3.6.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 76 3.7 HYDROPOWER ...... 82 3.7.1 Market Overview...... 82 3.7.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 84 3.8 BIOMASS ...... 86 3.8.1 Market Overview...... 86 3.8.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 88

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 4 of 206

3.9 LANDFILL GAS/ SEWAGE TREATMENT GAS / BIOGAS ...... 94 3.9.1 Market Overview...... 94 3.9.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 98 3.10 POWER GENERATION ...... 103 3.10.1 Market Overview...... 103 3.10.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 108 3.11 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CARBON SERVICES ...... 112 3.11.1 Market Overview...... 112 3.11.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 119 3.12 BIOFUELS ...... 128 3.12.1 Market Overview...... 128 3.12.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 131 3.13 COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY ...... 133 3.13.1 Market Overview...... 133 3.13.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 138 3.14 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE ...... 143 3.14.1 Market Overview...... 143 3.14.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 144 3.15 MOBILITY SOLUTIONS ...... 146 3.15.1 Market Overview...... 146 3.15.2 EU Entry Opportunities ...... 158

4. REGULATIONS ...... 167

4.1 GENERAL IMPORT PROCEDURES ...... 168 4.2 GOVERNMENT TENDERS ...... 169 4.3 THE ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT ...... 171 4.4 THE BUILDING CONTROL ACT ...... 175 4.5 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS SCHEME (VES) ...... 176

5. ANNEX ...... 178

5.1 LIST OF USEFUL CONTACTS ...... 178 5.2 STARTING A BUSINESS IN SINGAPORE ...... 184 5.3 USEFUL STATISTICS ...... 189 5.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 196

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 5 of 206

List of Figures

Figure 1: Map of Singapore ...... 15 Figure 2: EU-Singapore Trade Flows, 2007-2017 ...... 18 Figure 3: RIE2020 Portfolio ...... 25 Figure 4: Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore (REIDS) ...... 27 Figure 6: Wind Turbine Installation at Nanyang Polytechnic ...... 40 Figure 7: A Micro Wind Turbine System ...... 44 Figure 8: Bangui Wind Farm in the Philippines ...... 46 Figure 9: Singapore Solar Irradiance Map ...... 49 Figure 10: Installed Capacity of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems by User Type, 2012-2017 ...... 50 Figure 11: Solar panel installations on public housing blocks ...... 51 Figure 12: The Singapore Sports Hub ...... 58 Figure 13: Singapore's Heat Flow ...... 70 Figure 14: The Patuha Geothermal Power Plant Project in West Java, ...... 72 Figure 15: Hann-Ocean's Drakoo Type-B Wave Energy Converter Array ...... 76 Figure 16: PUB’s Underground Water Storage Solution ...... 82 Figure 17: The Rock Caverns ...... 83 Figure 18: The Gardens by The Bay ...... 88 Figure 19: CGN Biomass-PV Integrated Power Generation Project in Singapore ...... 91 Figure 20: The Semakau Landfill ...... 95 Figure 21: The Ulu Pandan WRP to use Biogas to Generate Electricity ...... 99 Figure 22: Imports of Energy Products, 2005-2016...... 103 Figure 23: Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation, 2005-2017 ...... 104 Figure 24: Electricity Generation Capacity by Technology Type: 2005-2017 ...... 105 Figure 25: % Share of Electricity Generation Companies, 2015-2017 ...... 106 Figure 26: Projected Total Electricity Supply (Capacity), 2018-2021 ...... 107 Figure 27: Projected Annual System Demand, 2017-2027 ...... 107 Figure 28: Projected Business-as-usual Emissions, 2020 ...... 113 Figure 29: The Jurong Lake Town District ...... 121 Figure 30: Singapore's District Cooling System ...... 123 Figure 31: The Westin Hotel’s Jaguar fleet is run with used cooking oil ...... 128 Figure 32: A Cogeneration Plant in Singapore ...... 133 Figure 33: Monthly Electricity Generation and Consumption (GWh), 2009 - 2015 ...... 138 Figure 34: Alstom's Presence in Singapore...... 141 Figure 35: Carbon Intensity (Emissions per $GDP) ...... 143 Figure 36: Vehicle Population, 2007-2017 ...... 146 Figure 37: Mobility-as-a-Service Visualisation ...... 147 Figure 38: Singapore’s First Bike-Sharing Service ...... 150 Figure 39: Key Objectives of the 2nd Phase of EV Test-Bedding ...... 154 Figure 40: Smove Mobile Application ...... 158

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 6 of 206

List of Tables

Table 1: Ease of Doing Business in Singapore ...... 20 Table 2: Grants & Incentives for Green Energy Technologies in Singapore ...... 25 Table 3: SERIS – Main R&D Areas ...... 59 Table 4: Space Availability for Solar PV in Singapore ...... 60 Table 5: Biomass Recycling Rates in 2017 ...... 86 Table 6: WTEs in Singapore ...... 94 Table 7: Fuel Mix for Generation ...... 112 Table 8: List of Top 10 Technologies by Focus Area ...... 114 Table 9: Energy Efficiency Incentives & Programmes...... 117 Table 10: Plant Technology Share (%) of Electricity Generation, 2010-2016 ...... 134 Table 11: Generation Capacity by Technology Type ...... 135 Table 12: Green Mark Standards for Selected Strategic Areas ...... 175 Table 13: Rebates and Surcharges under VES Scheme ...... 177 Table 14: Imports of Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells ...... 189 Table 15: Exports of Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells ...... 189 Table 16: Imports of Parts of non-electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.(Wind Turbine Blades) ...... 190 Table 17: Exports of Parts of non-electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.(Wind Turbine Blades) ...... 190 Table 18: Imports of Generating sets, wind-powered ...... 191 Table 19: Exports of Generating sets, wind-powered ...... 191 Table 20: Imports of Generating sets (excluding wind-powered and powered by spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine) - Wave/Tidal power converter ...... 192 Table 21: Exports of Generating sets (excluding wind-powered and powered by spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine) - Wave/Tidal power converter ...... 192 Table 22: Imports of Heat-exchange units (excluding instantaneous heaters, storage water heaters, boilers and equipment) ...... 193 Table 23: Exports of Heat-exchange units (excluding instantaneous heaters, storage water heaters, boilers and equipment) ...... 193 Table 24: Imports of Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor (excluding hydraulic power engines) ...... 194 Table 25: Exports of Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor (excluding hydraulic power engines) ...... 194 Table 26: Imports of Furnace burners for pulverised solid fuel or gas, incl. combination burners ...... 195 Table 27: Exports of Furnace burners for pulverised solid fuel or gas, incl. combination burners ...... 195

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 7 of 206

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research ACRA Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority ADAS Accelerated Depreciation Allowance for Energy Efficient Equipment and Technology AEC ASEAN Economic Community AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BCA Building and Construction Authority CCSU Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation CCGT/CoGen/Trigen Combined-cycle Gas Turbine/Cogeneration/Trigeneration (Combined Category) CHP Combined Heat and Power CoE Centres of Excellence E2PO Energy Efficiency Programme Office EASe Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme EDB Economic Development Board EENP Energy Efficiency National Partnership EMA Energy Market Authority ERI@N Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University EV Electric Vehicle DfE Design for Efficiency Scheme FTA Free Trade Agreement GREET Grant for Energy Efficient Technologies HDB Housing and Development Board ICES Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences IE Singapore International Enterprise Singapore IWMF Integrated Waste Management Facility MoU Memorandum of Understanding NCCS National Change Secretariat NEA National Environment Agency NERI NUS Environmental Research Institute NIC National Innovation Challenge NRF National Research Foundation NTU Nanyang Technological University NUS National University of Singapore PPP Public-private partnership PUB Public Utilities Board REIDS Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore SPRING Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board WRP Water Reclamation Plant WTE Waste-To-Energy

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 8 of 206

1. Executive Summary

Singapore is a modern bustling city which has embraced the conveniences of modern life and technology. The city-state, which is recognised as a leading financial and high-tech hub of the region, is a high-income, free-market economy in South East Asia. It offers an open and corruption-free environment to businesses in the market and attracts prominent companies from across the globe to invest and operate in the country.

Singapore has limited renewable energy options. With the exception of solar energy (Singapore is well-endowed with ample sunlight), the country has no hydro and very limited biomass resources, its wind speeds and mean tidal range are low, seas are densely used for ports, anchorage and shipping lanes, and geothermal energy is not considered as an economically viable option. Although there is limited potential for renewable , the country is making the best of its situation by focusing on energy efficiency, and has proven to work around these challenges by investing heavily in R&D to come up with innovative and creative solutions that attract global industry players. Singapore aims to position itself as a global green technology leader and a regional test-bed for innovative green technology solutions.

Wind

Singapore’s geography and limited open spaces constrain it from utilising conventional wind turbines effectively. Conventional turbines operate at wind speeds of above 4.5m/s but the average wind speed in Singapore is only about 2m/s. Being a global maritime hub, Singapore also has limited space for offshore wind exploration. However, the country has worked around these challenges by developing technologies suited for the country’s low wind speeds and is currently exploring opportunities to test-bed and commercialise wind energy in the country.

Solar

With an average annual solar irradiance of 1,580 kWh/m2/year and about 50% more solar radiation than temperate countries, solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has the greatest potential for wider deployment in Singapore and remains the most promising renewable energy source for

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 9 of 206

Singapore’s electricity generation. Solar energy deployment is progressing rapidly and is expected to gain an increasing share of the power generation mix in Singapore. The Government aims to raise the adoption of solar energy to 350 Mega-Watt peak (MWp) by 2020, representing a 5% of the projected peak energy demand.

Aero Thermal

In Singapore, while the clean and sustainable energy industry has been identified as a key strategic area, there have been no concrete initiatives relating to the development of aero thermal energy in the country. Nevertheless, as a form of renewable energy, this may be an attractive sector in the near future for Singapore, since its environmental awareness has been growing steadily over the past decade.

Geothermal

It has been traditionally accepted in Singapore that its geographic location precludes it from adopting geothermal energy and geothermal energy is widely accepted as not a viable option for energy generation. However, a study by the National University of Singapore (NUS) contradicts this belief by finding potential geothermal energy sources in three hot springs. There has been no effort directed towards the exploration of the geothermal potential of Singapore, other than the study by NUS.

Hydrothermal and Ocean Energy

Despite the fact that Singapore is an island country, it faces a number of limitations in terms of harnessing energy from the ocean as the country has calm and steady seas with a narrow tidal range. In addition, the country’s sea space is very busy due to port-related activities such as shipping and logistics, resulting in the lack of usable area for ocean energy. Despite these limitations, Singapore has a growing interest in the development of ocean energy, in general, and in tidal energy, in particular. The Singapore government has strongly supported the thrust in the sector by establishing various marine renewable energy test-beds, encouraging collaborative

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 10 of 206

projects among academic research organisations, industries and government agencies, as well as by providing funding and resources.

Hydropower

Currently, Singapore has no hydropower in its energy mix because it does not have a river system with fast flowing water. However, the country has recently come up with a creative multi-purpose solution that can potentially add hydropower to its power source, namely, the integrated underground drainage and storage system which could harness the power of flowing water to generate electricity in the future.

Biomass

Biomass power is not considered to be a core renewable energy option for Singapore. Singapore’s small size, high population density and land scarcity limits the country’s potential for sustainably-grown domestic biomass. Despite its limitations, Singapore has adopted technology to convert biomass to energy, as the country progresses towards becoming a clean energy hub in the Asia Pacific region.

Landfill Gas/ Sewage Treatment Gas / Biogas

Singapore’s growing population, flourishing economy and rapid industrialisation has contributed to about a 7-fold increase in the amount of solid waste output since 1970s. The increasing output of waste has spurred the country on to develop a world-class solid waste management system, which has led to an influx of companies specialising in the waste management sector. Presently, Singapore has 4 waste-to-energy incineration plants, which serve as a land-efficient method of waste management, and provide 3% of the island’s electricity needs.

Power Generation

With a small size of 715.8 km2 and limited natural and energy resources, Singapore barely has any energy fuel production, and is almost completely reliant on primary energy imports for domestic power consumption. Natural gas now makes up 95.26% of Singapore's fuel mix. Despite

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 11 of 206

Singapore’s lack of natural resources, its drive to find innovative and practical solutions to its energy security and sustainability has proven successful as can be attested by Singapore leading a 100% electrification rate in South East Asia. Singapore is now promoting a more diversified energy system given the rapidly evolving nature of energy markets and technologies in order to mitigate energy supply and price risks.

Energy Efficiency and Carbon Services

As the vast majority of carbon emissions originate from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy, Singapore has opted for the most direct way to reduce emissions by cutting down on its use of fossil fuels. The country has also pledged to reduce its emissions intensity by 36% by 2030, compared to its 2005 levels. As a result, Singapore has initiated various programmes and schemes to promote energy efficiency across power generation, waste/water, households, buildings, transport and industry sectors.

Biofuels

Biofuel is considered to be a viable form of renewable energy in Singapore as the country has strong competencies in the chemical and process engineering industries. Although the government has carried out several initiatives on the R&D of biofuel to develop a national biofuel industry, little intention was shown in promoting the utilisation of biofuels. A challenge to its large- scale commercialisation is the limited supply of locally available biological matter that can be converted into biofuel in Singapore. This has encouraged the country to become more innovative in overcoming the shortfall, with some local establishments turning to onsite micro-refineries to convert waste-cooking oil into biofuel.

Cogeneration Technology

Cogeneration - the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy - has become a standard feature in power generation facilities in Singapore. At present, CHP plants cover 97.34% of the market. The presence of strong industry clusters in Singapore has made possible the implementation of centralised cogeneration plants to serve the clusters. Major petrochemical

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 12 of 206

players have also taken the lead to have their own cogeneration plants. A staggering 97% of energy generated from the co-generation sector comes from the six power generation companies in Singapore, while the remaining 3% is generated by Autoproducers, meaning enterprises that produce electricity but for whom the production is not their principal activity.

Carbon Capture and Storage

Although Singapore has been actively promoting and supporting green initiatives, the country still relies largely on fossil fuels as a source of energy. Currently, Singapore contributes around 0.11%

rd of global emissions, and is ranked 123 out of 142 countries in terms of CO2 emissions per dollar GDP. Given Singapore’s low concentration of carbon dioxide in its industrial emissions, it is not considering Carbon Capture and Storage/ Utilisation (CCS/U) technologies as a key priority.

Mobility Solutions

With roads occupying 12% of Singapore’s relatively small land area, focus on intelligent transport solutions is accelerating in Singapore. Through the efforts of the Ministry of Transport (MOT), the Land Transport Authority (LTA), academic institutes and the private sector involvement, Singapore is moving towards a vision of sustainable future mobility, underpinned by intelligent public transport systems, green and self-driving vehicles, smart-devices, car-sharing services and other intelligent and green solutions. The sector offers numerous opportunities for companies with expertise in mobility solutions.

Opportunities in the Green Energy Technology Sector

Although Singapore has limited renewable energy resources, the country is positioning itself as a green energy technology R&D and test-bedding hub of the Asia-Pacific region. The country is well placed to play a bigger part in technology acceleration and innovation development, and it is suited for companies to act as a springboard or a testing ground for green energy solutions. While limited in space and resource-availability, Singapore has managed to overcome these challenges by investing heavily in technological research, development, test-bedding and commercialisation of various technologies. As a result, a diverse range of business opportunities is emerging across

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 13 of 206

various green energy fields, even those which are not yet directly open for utility in Singapore. Some of the key opportunities for European companies include:

 Collaborating with public and private agencies in Singapore to research & develop new technologies and energy solutions;

 Test-bedding green energy technologies across various testing sites in Singapore before expanding into wider South East Asian markets;

 Providing disruptive renewable resource technologies which are optimised for tropical, resource-limited areas, such as Singapore;

 Helping industrial, commercial, residential and public energy users to optimise energy efficiency by providing energy efficient products, tools, systems and services.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 14 of 206

2. What are the characteristics of Singapore?

Figure 1: Map of Singapore Source: Wikimedia Commons

Singapore is a small, multi-cultural and cosmopolitan city-state of 5.8 million people, in the very heart of South East Asia. Its total area is recorded at 719 km2, with 10 km2 of that made up of water. Singapore experiences hot, humid and rainy conditions all year long, with north-eastern from December to March and south-western monsoon from June to September.

The country is one of the most politically stable nations among the ten members states that make up ASEAN. Different ethnic groups live harmoniously in Singapore, which recognises English, Mandarin, Malay and Tamil as its official languages. The Chinese make up the largest ethnic group, with 74.3%, followed by Malays (13.4%), Indians (9%) and others (3.2%).

2.1 Political Overview

As a parliamentary democratic republic, Singapore’s parliament is very much modelled after the Westminster system. The Head of State is the President who is elected directly by the people through popular vote in a presidential election, following the amendments to the Constitution of

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 15 of 206

Singapore in 1991. The current incumbent is President Halimah Yacob who is Singapore’s 8th President and the country’s first female President. She was elected in September 2017.

Since 1959, The People’s Action Party (PAP) has been the ruling party governing Singapore. Members of Parliament are chosen through a general election for a term of five years. The last general election was held in 2015 with PAP securing a landslide victory with 69.86% of the vote, winning 83 of the 89 elected seats in parliament. The three organs of state are the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The Prime Minister, Mr. Lee Hsien Loong, is the effective head of the executive branch of government since August 2004. The Supreme Court, together with subordinate courts, holds the judicial power.

2.2 Economic Overview

A leading global business hub, Singapore offers an open and trade-driven economy that was ranked third globally in terms of GDP per capita (based on PPP) in 2017.1 Singapore registered a GDP growth of 3.7% in 2017, and is projected to grow by a range of 1.5% to 3.5% in 2018.2 Categorised as a high-income nation, its current GNI per capita is US$ 70,828 (EUR 60,058.30).3

The Singaporean government has pursued an outward-looking, export-oriented economic policy that encourages two-way flows of trade and investment. This has enabled Singapore to become a global trading hub with a trading capacity almost three times its GDP.

Singapore’s major industries include electronics, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, pharmaceutical manufacturing, processed food and beverages, rubber products, aerospace and ship repair, as well as its biotechnology, chemical and petrochemical industries. Singapore has also become an important financial, trade and wealth management hub for the South East Asian region and a global hub for currency and commodity trading, transhipment and oil and gas refining.

1 International Monetary Fund (2018). World Economic Outlook Database, January 2018. 2 Bloomberg (2018). Singapore’s Economic Growth Misses Estimates. 3 Data.gov.sg (2018). Per Capita GNI and Per Capita GDP at Current Market Prices, Annual.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 16 of 206

Singapore’s economic success is likely to be maintained in the future, but given the country's reliance on trade, it will be at risk of periodic slowdowns or recession when key export markets face economic pressure. However, healthy public finances, a strong net-creditor position, and solid economic fundamentals all contribute to Singapore's economic stability.

2.3 Trade Overview

Singapore continues to top global rankings when it comes to enabling trade, according to the Global Total EU-Singapore trade in Enabling Trade Report 2016, which found that the goods grew by 4.5% in 2016 to reach EUR 50.8 billion domestic market here is one of the world’s most open, with 99.7% of goods entering duty-free, while border clearing processes are the world’s best in terms of efficiency, predictability and transparency.4

Free-trade agreements are a cornerstone of Singapore's economic policy. The country depends heavily on foreign trade and it has implemented 21 FTA agreements with 32 trading partners. It has inked bilateral trade deals with the US, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, India, Jordan, China, India, Costa Rica, Panama, Turkey, and Peru. Singapore is also a member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which plays a key role in Singapore’s intra-Asian trade. ASEAN has FTAs with China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.5 Singapore is also a party to the Trans Pacific Partnership, which has been signed in March 2018 between 11 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, , Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam.6

The EU and Singapore completed the negotiations for a comprehensive free trade agreement in 2014. The European Commission has, in April 2018, presented the negotiation outcomes for the trade and investment agreement with Singapore to the 28 EU member states. The initialled agreement now needs to be formally approved by the Council of Ministers and ratified by the European Parliament. When ratified, it will bring dividends for both parties. The FTA covers

4 World Economic Forum (2016). The Global Enabling Trade Report 2016. 5 Enterprise Singapore (2018). Singapore Free Trade Agreements. 6 Channel News Asia (2018). Singapore Inks New TPP Trade Pact with 10 Countries.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 17 of 206

tariff-free access for goods, improved market access for services, reinforces intellectual property protection, competition policy, and technical barriers to trade and government procurement. It is also the first ‘green FTA’, especially designed to promote green growth. It will see the elimination of tariffs on imports from Singapore over five years.

Figure 2: EU-Singapore Trade Flows, 2007-2017 Source: European Commission / Directorate-General for Trade

Trade in goods between the EU and Singapore has remained resilient despite the instability in the global economic environment. Total EU-Singapore trade in goods grew by 4.5% in 2017 to reach EUR 53.3 billion and the EU retained its position as Singapore's third most important trading partner, behind only China and Malaysia.7 In 2017, total EU imports from Singapore reached EUR 20.1 billion, while the EU exported EUR 33.2 billion worth of goods to Singapore, resulting in a trade balance of EUR 13.1 billion in favour of the EU.8 In 2016, the existing bilateral

7 Straits Times (2018). Singapore-EU Trade Deal on Schedule to Enter into Force Later This Year. 8 European Commission (2018). EU-Singapore Trade in Goods.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 18 of 206

foreign direct investment stock between the EU and Singapore was roughly EUR 256 billion, having expanded rapidly over the past years.

Singapore’s economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in consumer electronics, IT products, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products, and on a growing financial services sector. As a strong advocate of free trade, Singapore is generally a free and open economy. It has few trade barriers except for selected dutiable goods - alcohol, petroleum products, tobacco products and motor vehicles. There are some import restrictions based mainly on environmental, health, and public security concerns.

2.4 Market Access

There are at present over 10,000 European companies of various sectors operating in Singapore’s cultural and linguistic Singapore. Most of these companies are using connections across Asia, highly qualified workforce, and openness to their establishment in the city-state to serve as top global talent makes Singapore the their regional hub to Asia. European companies preferred location to support the looking to do business in Singapore can expect global business community in their integrity, adaptability and respect for expansion in Asia. intellectual capital to be emphasised upon by a strategic-minded administration, which is attuned to the needs of companies to protect invention and innovation.

Using agents or distributors is a common and effective way to serve the Singapore market and, from here, the other countries in South East Asia. Many distributors in Singapore deal not only with the local market but also with the broader regional market. Prospective exporters to Singapore should be aware that competition is high and that buyers expect good after-sales service. When business warrants, many companies have found it useful and sometimes necessary to set up offices in Singapore.

On 31 December 2015, the ten ASEAN Member States established a common market, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), a boost to South East Asia's combined economic

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 19 of 206

clout as the world's seventh largest economy. The AEC has an estimated economic value of US$ 2.6 trillion (EUR 2.2 trillion) annually, powered by a fast-growing market of more than 600 million people.9 Being part of the AEC makes Singapore an attractive choice for firms looking to tap the growth potential of the bloc.

Singapore’s strategic location in the heart of Asia enables businesses to access the region’s rapidly expanding markets. Singapore has strong business, cultural and linguistic links to many Asian markets. In addition, its highly qualified workforce and openness to top global talent makes Singapore the preferred location to support the global business community in their expansion in Asia.

2.5 Business and Competitive Environment

Ease of Doing Business in Singapore 2018 Rank 2017 Rank 2016 Rank Change in Rank (2017-2018)

Overall Rank 2 2 2 No change

Starting a business 6 6 10 No change

Dealing with construction permits 16 10 1 - 6

Getting electricity 12 10 6 - 2

Registering property 19 19 17 No change

Getting credit 29 20 19 - 9

Protecting minority investors 4 1 1 - 3

Paying taxes 7 8 5 + 1

Trading across borders 42 41 41 - 1

Enforcing contracts 2 2 1 No change

Resolving insolvency 27 29 27 + 2

Table 1: Ease of Doing Business in Singapore Source: World Bank

9 World Economic Forum (2016). The ASEAN Economic Community: What You Need to Know.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 20 of 206

The World Bank ranked Singapore at the second spot in its Doing Business Rank for 2018, maintaining its 2016 and 2017 ranking. Singapore has historically retained one of the top spots since 2007.

Well-organised governance has given rise to some of Singapore has sophisticated the world's finest infrastructure, including sophisticated telecommunications networks, telecommunications networks, extensive public extensive public transportation, transportation, well-managed healthcare and well- managed healthcare and education and ultra-modern air education, and ultra-modern air and seaport facilities. and seaport facilities Singapore Airport has received multiple awards and accolades, and is consistently ranked by numerous airport rating agencies as one of the best international airports in the world. In 2017, it handled a record 62.2 million passengers (a growth of 6% on 2016), 373,200 landings and take-offs, and 2.13 million tonnes of airfreight movements, making it one of the busiest airports on the globe. Changi International Airport is linked to 300 cities in 70 countries.

Singapore is one of the world’s premier hub ports, offering a breadth and range of maritime services that few can match. The Port of Singapore recorded a total of 626.2 million tonnes of cargo in 2017, up 5.5% from 2016, while annual vessel arrival tonnage increased by 5.1% to reach 2.8 billion gross tonnes.10 It is currently the busiest transhipment port in the world, connecting Singapore to over 600 ports in over 120 countries. Other modern infrastructure in the country includes extensive lines of roads and railroads, which ensure efficient movement of people and goods.

The tax system is well established and considered to be investor-friendly, reflecting Singapore's overall favourable attitude towards foreign investment. The government is keen to attract foreign investment and is unlikely to undertake tax or other measures that might dissuade such investment. The responsibility to handle tax issues is vested in the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. It offers various taxation schemes for individuals residing and corporations

10 Business Times (2018). Singapore’s Container Traffic Up 8.9% in 2017.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 21 of 206

operating in Singapore. Tax incentives are available to R&D activities of all industries and a special tax regime for the banking, fund management, leasing and shipping sectors.

To encourage enhancement in economic and technological development, tax incentives in the form of reduction of tax rate or exemption from applicable tax are offered to various industries including manufacturing and services, investment and financial services, shipping and trading. Apart from that, Singapore also offers regional and international headquarters tax incentives to corporations operating from the country to serve international and regional markets.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 22 of 206

3. Market Overview & EU Entry Opportunities in Singapore

3.1 The Green Energy Technologies Sector in Singapore

3.1.1 Overview of the Green Energy Sector

Although the puts some constraints on the country’s potential for renewable energy, with the notable exception of solar energy, the city-state is making the best of its situation by focusing on energy efficiency. Singapore has proven to work around these challenges by investing heavily in R&D to come up with innovative and creative solutions, such as building Despite limited resources, the world’s largest floating solar panel test-bed in terms Singapore positions itself as a of capacity. This success has also allowed Apple, Inc. global green technology leader and a regional test-bed for in 2015 to become the first company in Singapore to run innovative green technology exclusively on renewable energy, marking a significant solutions. step in its goal to power 100% of its facilities worldwide with clean energy.

Despite limited resources, Singapore aims to position itself as a global green technology leader and a regional test-bed for innovative green technology solutions. For this reason, it is heavily supporting research and development (R&D) on low carbon and renewable energy technologies for the region. It also recognises that technology is improving rapidly, becoming significantly cheaper; and energy solutions that are not feasible for it today, may become viable in the future. In anticipation of further deployment of more renewables into the grid in the future, the Singapore government is providing funding and incentives for R&D efforts related to energy efficiency and clean energy, green buildings and construction, water and environmental technologies, green transport and shipping, waste minimisation, environmental initiatives, and capability development. Some of the prominent grants and incentives include:

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 23 of 206

Grants & Incentives for Green Energy Technologies in Singapore

Economic Development Board (EDB) Schemes & Grants

Research Incentive Scheme RISC encourages the development of R&D capabilities and technologies through the support for Companies (RISC) of projects in the area of science and technology. TGC encourages manpower capability development in applying new technologies, industrial Training Grant for Company skills and professional know-how through the support of training programmes for companies’ (TGC) employees. PG encourages firm-level projects which aim at improvements to energy, water, land and/or Productivity Grant (PG) labour efficiencies through transformation efforts to enhance companies’ operations or involving adoption of technologies.

EDB Tax Incentives

Pioneer Certificate (PC) & PC and the DEI aim to encourage companies to grow capabilities and conduct new or expanded Development and economic activities in Singapore. Expansion Incentive (DEI)

National Environmental Agency (NEA) Grants & Incentives

E2F is designed to support companies in the industrial sector to be more energy efficient. It encourages owners and operators of facilities to integrate energy and resource efficiency Energy Efficiency Fund improvements into their development plans early in the design stage, conduct a detailed energy (E2F) assessment for their facilities to identify energy efficiency improvement opportunities, and invest in energy efficient equipment or technologies. The 3P Partnership Fund aims to encourage organisations and companies from the People, 3P Partnership Fund Private and Public (3P) sectors to work together to develop innovative and sustainable environmental initiatives that promote environmental ownership amongst the local community. IES Fund targets Singapore-registered companies seeking to undertake innovative environmental projects, including those in the renewable energy sector. The fund provides grants of up to a maximum of S$ 2 million (EUR 1,272,240), using a three-tiered funding structure. Full funding is provided for projects that produce final technologies and/or products Innovation for that could be directly employed in Singapore. Partial funding, up to 50% of qualifying costs, is Environmental Sustainability provided to projects that aim at the development of environmental technologies and/or products (IES) Fund that would have industry-wide benefits/ applications. Finally, funding of up to 50% of qualifying costs for manpower and 30% of other costs is provided to projects that aim at improving the environmental performance of a particular company. Besides manpower costs, qualifying costs cover equipment and materials, professional services and intellectual property rights. The tax incentive allows capital expenditure on qualifying energy efficient or energy-saving Once Year Accelerated equipment to be written off in 1 year instead of 3. Qualifying equipment includes: solar heating Depreciation Allowance or cooling system and solar energy collection systems.

National Research Foundation (NRF) – Urban Solutions & Sustainability Programme

Industry Alignment Fund IAF-PP supports collaborative research with companies to seed and build capabilities in areas (Pre-Positioning) (IAF-PP) ahead of industry need. Urban Solutions & The programme supports cutting-edge research with potential impact to Singapore. It is open Sustainability (USS) to science and technology areas that are relevant to the USS domains, such as Energy (e.g. Competitive Research solar, power systems, green buildings, waste-to-energy, and green data centres), Water, Land Programmes for Energy and Liveability, and Urban Mobility.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 24 of 206

Grants & Incentives for Green Energy Technologies in Singapore

The programme supports piloting and test-bedding of new technologies in the USS space to USS Living Lab Initiatives accelerate their commercialisation and adoption. It supports initiatives in the energy sector, for Energy including power systems, green buildings, waste-to-energy, and green data centres, as well as the areas of water and urban mobility. The programme promotes and supports R&D in clean energy technologies through a Clean Energy Innovation competitive bidding process. Each bidding round seeks applications in specific technology Research Programme areas. Private sector companies qualify for up to 70% of the approved direct qualifying costs of a project. Singapore has allocated S$ 300 million (EUR 190.8 million) for the NIC on “Energy Resilience Energy National Innovation for Sustainable Growth”. This challenge aims to encourage the development of innovative and Challenge (NIC) cost-competitive energy solutions for deployment within 20 years to help Singapore improve energy efficiency, reduce carbon emissions and increase energy options.

Table 2: Grants & Incentives for Green Energy Technologies in Singapore Source: EMA, NEA, IRENA, NRF, EDB

Under its Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2020 Plan (2016-2020), the government is also expected to invest heavily in R&D support up to 2020. It has committed S$ 19 billion (EUR 12.09 billion) for the period of 2016-2020, out of which S$ 0.9 billion (EUR 572.5 million) will be invested into solving intermittency problems of renewables (e.g. smart controls, storage, weather forecasting), smart metres and demand side management, the effectiveness of interconnecting micro-grids, integrating renewables into the urban landscape and floating solar PV farms, among many other projects.11 Over the same period, over S$ 3.2 billion (EUR 2 billion) will be also invested in advanced manufacturing and engineering R&D, and S$ 3.3 billion (EUR 2.1 billion) for innovation and enterprise.

$4.0 $3.2 $3.3 $2.8 $2.5 $1.9 $0.9 $0.4

Advanced Health & Urban Services & Innovation & Manpower Academic White Space Manufacturing Biomedical Solutions & Digital Enterprise Research & Engineering Sciences Sustainability Economy

Figure 3: RIE2020 Portfolio Source: National Research Foundation

11 https://www.nrf.gov.sg/rie2020

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 25 of 206

Among the renewables, Singapore is particularly focusing on the adoption of solar energy. The country is actively supporting pilot projects and investing in R&D in solar cell technology. For instance, Singapore is ramping up solar PV adoption through initiatives such as SolarNova, a landmark government-led programme that aims to accelerate solar deployment in Singapore by promoting and aggregating solar demand across government agencies.

The country is also developing, testing and deploying solutions to manage the intermittency that solar energy Among the renewables, Singapore is particularly presents to the grid, for instance, by smart controls, focusing on the adoption of solar forecasting, energy storage, demand response, solar energy by investing and integration of other forms of renewable energy heavily in R&D, test-bedding together with conventional energy sources. and commercialization.

The country is currently home to over 50 international and local solar companies across manufacturing, project development and financing areas. Most recently, a major solar module manufacturer, Renewable Energy Corporation (REC) has chosen Singapore to set up its largest fully-integrated solar module manufacturing facility that is expected to produce 190,000 solar modules per month.

To further develop the renewable energy sector, Singapore has also invested in a landmark project by building the region’s first large-scale, offshore power grid system on Semakau Landfill. Called the Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore (REIDS), it combines renewable power from the sun, wind and sea, as well as diesel, storage and power-to-gas technologies, to ensure these energy sources operate well together.12

12 More information on this initiative under chapter 3.1.3

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 26 of 206

Figure 4: Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore (REIDS) Source: OES

It has also established CleanTech Park, which is the first eco-business park in the region. The park facilitates R&D and test-bedding of clean technology and solutions through its plug-and- play environment.

In 2017, the government has also announced that a carbon tax would be introduced by 2019. The tax will be applicable to mostly upstream emitters like power generators and heavy industry as opposed to small consumers. The tax provides further incentives for companies to clean up their act and it will further stimulate the development of clean energy technology in Singapore. The revenue of the carbon tax will be used to fund other emissions reduction measures.

Singapore is keen to be an R&D centre for renewable energy technologies in South East Asia. The country focuses on customised disruptive product design, which it evaluates through test-bedding efforts. Singapore’s strengths include its ability to evolve industry clusters to promote supply chains and hence reduce cost, as well as its capabilities in utilising spill- over technologies from related industries. Although renewables are unlikely to play a large role in the future energy mix in Singapore, they are helping to enhance Singapore’s energy resilience and environmental sustainability and position the country as the technological and test-bedding hub of the region.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 27 of 206

Key Energy Policies, Targets and Objectives

Singapore’s overall energy policy framework aims to maintain a balance of its policy objectives, namely economic competitiveness, energy security and environmental sustainability. The country has adopted five key strategies that seek to balance these three policy objectives:

 Diversify energy supplies;

 Enhance infrastructure and systems;

 Improve energy efficiency;

 Strengthen green economy;

 Ensure competitive energy pricing.

Two notable blueprints that endorse the adoption of renewables and outline the country’s sustainable energy strategies are: the Singapore Green Plan 2012 and the National Climate Change Strategy. Given Singapore’s limited access to renewable energy, energy efficiency is its core strategy to reduce emissions. The country seeks to enhance energy efficiency across all sectors of the economy. It has set itself the following targets:

 35% reduction in economy-wide intensity by 2030, i.e., the amount of energy required to produce each S$ of GDP.

 36% reduction in its emissions intensity by 2030, compared to its 2005 levels. It also aims to stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030.

 Raise the adoption of solar power to 350 MWp by 2020, which is a 5% of the projected peak electricity demand.

In a bid to achieve long-term strategy targets, the Energy Conservation Act was passed in Parliament in 2014. This is an Act to mandate energy efficiency requirements and energy management practices to promote energy conservation, improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Singapore has also implemented many reward-based incentives to facilitate the adoption of energy efficiency practices.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 28 of 206

Competitive Landscape of Green Energy Technology

Singapore’s research initiatives, good financing capabilities, supportive government and other supporting services has attracted various green energy companies from around the world and have helped to anchor a new ecosystem of more than 100 clean energy companies in Singapore. A number of international players in the green energy sector have established a presence in the country. Among others, some of these players include:

 SunEdison, Emerson & 3M from the US;

 Alstom, DNV GL, ENGIE, EDF, IDSUD Energies, REC, Schneider Electric & Vestas from Europe;

 Trina Solar, Panasonic & ClassNK from Asia.

Large Singaporean companies operating in the green energy sector both within and beyond Singapore’s shores include players such as Keppel Group, Sembcorp and Sunseap Group. Contributing to the vibrancy of the energy ecosystem are also the local small and medium sized enterprises, such as:

 Horizon Energy Systems, a local start-up that develops ultra-lightweight fuel cell systems for applications in the military, defence and civilian markets;

 Green Koncepts, a Singapore-based cloud energy management solutions provider;

 DLRE, a local company focused on micro-grids, distributed generation, remote area power system.

Most recently (in late 2017), Singapore received a wave of new clean energy investments, which bodes well for Singapore’s role as the springboard for companies to serve the fast-growing markets in Asia. According to the Economic Development Board (EDB), there were six large clean energy investments secured that will create 400 professional-level jobs and result in S$ 500 million (EUR 318.1 million) in cumulative business spending over the next five years.13 Among the latest investments are:

13 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/clean-energy-investments-worth-500m-over-5-years-set-to-create-400-jobs

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 29 of 206

 Shanghai-headquartered Envision Energy, which provides wind turbines and energy- management solutions. Envision will set up its global digital R&D centre and its global headquarters for Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities.

 Chinese solar firm GCL New Energy and smart-meter manufacturer Jiang Linyang, as well as the US-based wind-turbine technology company Hover Energy, are also setting up their regional headquarters in Singapore for sales, operations, finance, treasury and other various management functions for the Asia-Pacific region.

 The field of energy storage and advances in the adoption of intermittent renewable-energy sources and electric vehicles, have also received a boost with investments by two companies. German quality-assurance provider VDE Renewables is investing S$ 20 million (EUR 12.7 million) to set up a major energy storage testing and certification lab in Singapore to serve Asia. Narada will also set up its regional Energy Storage Solution Centre of Excellence in Singapore to develop co-innovation opportunities with companies here.

Key Agencies

The Singaporean government plays an active role in promoting green economy and scaling up renewable energy manufacturing, test-bedding and systems integration activities. Its strategy for green energy technologies relies heavily on (i) cooperation between various ministries and government agencies as well as the private sector and research institutions; (ii) development of innovative technologies (capability development); and (iii) development of a local industrial cluster.

The lead government agency in Singapore that regulates the country’s energy sector is the Energy Market Authority (EMA), a statutory body under the Ministry of Trade and Industry. EMA is responsible for ensuring the security, reliability and adequacy of electricity supply in Singapore. It has created a regulatory framework and developed a market structure that promotes competition and a level playing field in the electricity and gas industries, whilst protecting consumers’ interests.

Aside from acting as a regulator, EMA’s other two core functions are serving as the Power System Operator (PSO) and industry developer. As the PSO, EMA is responsible for the reliable supply

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 30 of 206

of electricity to consumers, as well as the operation of the power system in Singapore. The Power System Control Centre (PSCC) functions as the nerve centre of the electricity generation and transmission system. PSO also works with various market participants to ensure compliance with operational standards and obligations. Meanwhile, to achieve a dynamic energy sector in Singapore, EMA also takes the lead in industry development by advancing manpower capabilities, catalysing innovations, establishing thought leadership, and promoting residential energy efficiency. In addition to the above, EMA oversees the renewable energy efforts in Singapore and facilitates the deployment of renewable energy resources. It administers funding for R&D efforts and supports companies form the private sector with opportunities to test-bed and demonstrate new generation technologies.

Another government agency that has a role in Singapore’s energy sector is the National Environmental Agency (NEA), a statutory board under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. NEA is the designated authority spearheading measures to encourage energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions. It does this through legislation, incentives and information drive.

While NEA and EMA generally take the lead on government-led initiatives in the renewables and green energy technology sectors, they often collaborate with various other government agencies, such as Singapore’s Economic Development Board (EDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), Building and Construction Authority (BCA), Housing and Development Board (HDB), Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), and the National Research Foundation (NRF). In addition, they cooperate with public research institutions and the private sector to push green energy technologies forward.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 31 of 206

3.1.1 Key Associations

The Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS) represents the interests and provides a common platform for companies in renewable energy, energy efficiency, carbon development and trading, and financial institutions to meet, discuss, collaborate and undertake viable projects together. The association extends its focus to include capacity building, technology strengthening and market intelligence assisting its members in achieving sustainable growth locally and regionally via enterprise development, market development, training and learning platforms. SEAS plays a strategic role in supporting Singapore’s vision, to be a global clean energy hub where products and solutions are developed and exported. SEAS has also built strategic relations with regional clean energy industry organisations, multilaterals and government institutions enabling projects for its members.

Singapore Sustainability Alliance (SSA) was formed in 2011 under the auspices of the Singapore Business Federation (SBF) due to the rising need and expectation for a broad-based platform that converges business, government and academic interests to address sustainability issues holistically. Alliance members are represented across different sustainability clusters such as clean energy and energy efficiency, environmental management, green IT, green building, sustainable manufacturing, sustainable supply chain & logistics, sustainable water solutions, waste management & recycling, sustainable business practices, etc. SSA is also plugged into the International Cleantech Network (ICN) and Global Cleantech Cluster Association (GCCA), two leading cleantech cluster networks around the world.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 32 of 206

3.1.2 Entry Strategies

Singapore has become an attractive location for international cleantech companies to develop key capabilities and serve markets in the region. Their presence in Singapore is also serving as an invitation to smaller and non-traditional power players to gauge their place in the market. New entrants also bring with them new technologies and business models that are opening up various entry modes for EU companies. Some of the viable entry strategies may include:

 Partnerships

 Joint Ventures

 Tendering Opportunities

 R&D Collaborations

 Test-Bedding of Products

 Tradeshows

Partnerships

EU companies may find it useful to have local partners, who can provide access to the domestic and regional markets, reduce labour costs, and provide immediate on-site assistance to customers, as well as liaise with customers and the authorities. Many Singaporean companies have accumulated a wealth of experience in doing business in the region and have built a wide distribution network covering the neighbouring countries of South East Asia as well as India and China.

Joint Ventures

Foreign companies operating in Singapore are not required to take on joint venture partners except in the few restricted industries which are financial services, professional services, and media. Despite this, European companies may find it advantageous to enter joint ventures as this can expand distribution capacity, and local service providers can assist with providing after-sales repair and maintenance services. This may also be a popular option for European companies seeking to gauge their product or service’s potential in the wider South East Asian

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 33 of 206

market. Many of the international brands available in the region also establish their regional headquarters in the country due to its favourable business environment and excellent infrastructure. Having a joint venture would also allow EU firms to combine different capabilities, services and products that could provide comprehensive offerings to local and regional customers and would strengthen their value propositions.

Tendering Opportunities

European Green Energy Technology companies can sell their products in Singapore through direct submission of tenders to government agencies. Foreign companies are usually allowed to bid for tenders, but if this is not the case it will be clearly stated. All government tenders can be found on www.gebiz.gov.sg. Government procurement tenders vary and range from simple purchases of solar modules, to consulting services for complex projects.

R&D Collaborations

Singapore offers a sophisticated R&D environment for green energy technologies. Companies can consider the existing R&D hubs for collaborations between companies, universities and public research institutes. Some of the available opportunities include:

 Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS): SERIS is Singapore’s national institute for applied solar energy research. The institute is sponsored by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singapore’s National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB). The institute conducts research, development, testing and consulting in the fields of solar energy conversion and solar building technologies. Its R&D focus is on materials, components, processes and systems for (i) photovoltaic electricity generation, and (ii) solar and energy-efficient buildings. SERIS collaborates closely with researchers from NUS and other universities, research organisations and industry, both locally and globally. Its collaboration with companies from the global solar sector spans from small start-ups to industry leading solar heavyweights.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 34 of 206

 Energy Research Institute at NTU (ERI@N): ERI@N has considerable expertise in areas of fuel cells, wind & tidal energy, energy storage, photovoltaics, smart energy systems & grids. Major research areas include air-conditioning, smart grids & lighting, electrical drives and electromobility, nanomaterials and composite materials, wind/ water tunnel testing and tribology, high performance computing, and prototyping facilities for solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries. The institute has entered into research collaborations with international companies, such as Bosch, BMW, DNV, Engie and Rolls-Royce.

Test-Bedding of Products

Singapore also wants companies to use it as a “living lab” for testing cutting-edge energy technologies. It allows local and foreign companies to use its state-of-the-art infrastructure to facilitate the development, testing and commercialisation of innovative solutions. The number of R&D and test-bedding projects undertaken by Singapore has increased steadily over the years. Companies can consider Singapore as a reference market to develop and sharpen their solutions before scaling up to markets in Asia and the rest of the world. Some of the examples of test- bedding opportunities are provided below:

& Testbeds: Singapore has recently established the offshore micro-grid demonstration platforms on two islands – Pulau Ubin and Pulau Semakau – as testbeds for companies. These sites will integrate and test renewable energy and energy storage on micro-grids, the technologies which are expected to be in high demand across South East Asia where many towns and villages are not connected to the main grid.

 NTU EcoCampus: In 2014, ERI@N launched the S$ 20 million (EUR 12.7 million) EcoCampus initiative, which has turned the NTU campus into a mega test-bed for research projects in green technologies. EcoCampus has ambitious targets to reduce energy, carbon, water and waste intensity by 25% by 2020, from the 2011 baseline. The campus boasts an integrated infrastructure for a systems-level living lab, allowing companies to test and assess their latest technologies at both building and district levels. It is the first project of its kind in Asia – the project that integrates R&D, demonstration and deployment of sustainability solutions in one location. Multinational companies, such as 3M, Murata, Engie, Siemens as

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 35 of 206

well as local companies such as Joule-Air, Alfa Tech and Green Koncepts, are involved in this initiative.

 Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS): In 2014, Singapore has also announced the Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore, also known as REIDS (details in Figure 4 on Page 27), which is South East Asia’s first major micro-grid test-bed.

Having multiple energy sources on one grid will help to overcome the challenges of using renewable energy, such as the intermittency of solar energy during cloudy days, or the lack of wind on a still day, for instance. As reported by Singaporean newspaper, The Straits Times, the grid costs an initial S$ 100 million (EUR 63.6 million) and is expected to draw S$ 20 million (EUR 12.7 million) in project investments over the next five years. It takes up about 64,000 m2 of land, roughly the size of about eight soccer fields. In 2017, REIDS has attracted three new investors – the US multinational firm Emerson, French electric utility EDF and French renewable energy company IDSUD Energies, which will develop three new research micro-grids on REIDS. These companies are keen to test technologies that work elsewhere under tropical conditions and develop renewable energy integration and micro- grid solutions that can address the rapidly growing micro-grid markets in Asia-Pacific.

 Singapore Power Living Lab Platform: In 2015, Singapore Power (SP) and the EDB launched a S$ 30 million (EUR 19.1 million) Centre of Excellence for Energy Development and Piloting. This initiative will drive innovation and commercialisation of next generation energy network technologies for greater reliability and efficiency throughout Singapore’s grid infrastructure. The centre’s first flagship project is the Singapore Power Energy Advanced Research and Development programme (SPEAR), which will involve SP partnering firms to co-develop and pilot technologies, such as grid sensing, data analytics, substation automation, grid communications and smart energy management. The first batch of innovation partners under the SPEAR Programme includes 3M and Omnetric Group, a joint venture between Siemens and Accenture.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 36 of 206

Tradeshows

Companies may also find entry points via tradeshows, which often serve as avenues for showcasing new technologies and solutions, and waypoints for finding and establishing strong business partnerships. The key upcoming tradeshows in Singapore are:

Singapore International Energy Week (SIEW) is an annual platform for the energy professionals, policymakers and commentators to discuss and share best practices and solutions within the global energy space. SIEW aims to facilitate the exchange of ideas and discussions on pertinent energy-related issues, while simultaneously providing a platform to showcase innovative products and solutions in the energy marketplace. SIEW will take place between 29 October – 2 November 2018 at the Marina Bay , Singapore.

Asia Clean Energy Summit (ACES) is Asia’s leading event focusing on clean energy technology, policy and finance supported by leading government agencies, research institutes and industry in Singapore. ACES provides a common platform for regional thought leaders in both the public and private sector to collaborate on critical issues and opportunities in harnessing clean energy for the future. The ACES exhibition also creates a marketplace for companies to showcase their latest technologies and solutions. ACES will take place between 31 October – 2 November 2018 at the Sands Expo and Convention Centre at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore.

3.1.3 Challenges & Entry Barriers

Singapore is a prime destination for European companies seeking opportunities in the South East Asian region: the country has a world-class environmental infrastructure, educated labour force, and a supportive government. Singapore is also part of the ASEAN Economic Community, a regional economic block which is in the process of integration to create a unified market and production base via a free flow of goods and services, foreign direct investment, skilled labour, and capital. Singapore being a global hub for technology and trade can also market its products and services to the 630 million people in the ASEAN region.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 37 of 206

Furthermore, Singapore is a relatively open market economy, and it is less challenging to set up business and operate in the country than in other markets within the region. However, European companies should keep in mind that some challenges are present as well. The key challenge would be the higher cost of operating a business in the country, in comparison to the other ASEAN markets. Other issues are the relatively small size of the market, the dominance of multinational corporations, and Singapore’s tight labour market, as the government has moderated the growth of the foreign workforce.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 38 of 206

3.2 Wind

3.2.1 Market Overview

Because of Singapore's geography and limited open spaces, most wind turbines are not efficient at Singapore’s low wind speeds. Commercial wind turbines operate at wind speeds of around 4.5m/s but the average wind speed in Singapore is only about 2m/s. In addition, being a global maritime hub, exploiting the potential of offshore wind is also limited as much of the country's sea space is used for ports, anchorage and shipping lanes.

Singapore has worked around these challenges by developing technologies suited for the country's condition. As reported by Singaporean newspaper Channel NewsAsia, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) researchers have come up with designs for wind turbines specially adapted to Singapore's climate.14 The blades of their turbines are made of a lighter material and are angled in such a way that they spin fast even at low wind speeds. The capacity of each turbine is 50 kilowatts of electricity - enough for the daily power consumption of 70 households.

In 2017, Singapore has installed its first long-span and largest wind turbine at Semakau Landfill. The wind turbine is sensitive enough to generate power with wind speeds as low as 3 meters per second and up to a maximum of 20 meters per second. According to NTU, the developer of this project, at 14 stories high and with three 10.5-metre long-span rotor blades, the turbine can produce enough energy to power 45 four-room household units a year. This project is part of the Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore (REIDS), which combines multiple power sources - solar, wind and sea, diesel, storage and power-to-gas technologies, to ensure a stable supply of energy.

Micro, vertical-axis wind turbines have also made an appearance on some commercial and residential buildings in Singapore, and have also been deployed on some of Singapore’s islands. For example, two small vertical-axis turbines at 1kW each have been installed at Nanyang

14 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/from-bacteria-to-wind-power-ntu-leads-charge-in-developing-renew-8234154

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 39 of 206

Polytechnic (NYP), sufficient to power 50 fluorescent light tubes. To cater to the local wind conditions, some local players have adapted their offering to low speed winds. For example, one of the local distributors, CygnusPower, are offering turbines that can start generating electricity at wind speeds of 1.3 m per second, well below Singapore’s average of 2m/s. In comparison, horizontal-axis turbines need wind speeds of 2 to 3 m/s. The key to CygnusPower’s efficiency is its lightweight aluminium-alloy blades, which are shaped to catch the wind, said inventor Tsuneo Noguchi, of Japan’s Nihon University. Another commercial supplier, iWind, also produces vertical- axis machines but with a different type of blade. Vertical-axis turbines are less noisy than their horizontal siblings and can run on the wind from air-conditioning exhaust fans.

Figure 5: Wind Turbine Installation at Nanyang Polytechnic Source: CygnusPower

Even without a large domestic market and poor wind conditions, Singapore is still poised to become the regional leader for wind technology activities, particularly, in R&D and test-bedding micro-wind technologies. Aside from being an R&D hub, industries with complementary capabilities to the wind sector such as aerospace, marine and offshore sectors, controls and system integration are thriving in Singapore, adding to the interest in wind energy technologies.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 40 of 206

Considering trade statistics, in 2017 Singapore imported wind turbines blades for a value equal to US$ 100 million, with the USA, Germany, and China being the most important exporting partners. Other important EU players include the United Kingdom, ranked fifth, and Italy, ranked sixth. More information on trade statistics can be found in Chapter 5.3.

Local Companies

Large wind companies in Singapore are predominantly engaged in wind turbine and plant deployment as well as material supply to the region. In addition, there are a number of SMEs who are getting a slice of the market by offering innovative products and services. Some of the key local players in the Singaporean wind market include:

Keppel Corporation is a Singapore-headquartered conglomerate founded in 1968, which specialises in offshore and marine engineering, property, infrastructure development, as well as telecommunications and transportation. Keppel Fels Limited, a subsidiary of Keppel Offshore & Marine Ltd, a wholly-owned company of Keppel Corporation, delivered one of the world’s largest multi-purpose wind turbine installation vessels called Seafox 5 in 2012 to a 288 MW wind farm in the German sector of the North Sea. Keppel Verolme BV (a Dutch shipyard wholly owned by Keppel O&M) and AREVA Energietechnik GmbH also won a project worth EUR 62 million to build a Mobile Offshore Application Barge for a new offshore wind farm of Wetfeet Offshore Windenergy GmbH.

Cygnus Power, a local maker and supplier of vertical axis wind turbines, have sold their products in villages in Indonesia, Japan, and Malaysia. It also installed 2 kW vertical axis turbine at NYP in Singapore.

Daily Life Renewable Energy partnered with Ngee Ann Polytechnic to establish a Wind Technology Training Centre, to train aspiring wind energy professionals in the local workforce.

3.2.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Although the wind sector remains small in Singapore, there are a number of opportunities that European companies may tap. Some of the interesting venues for entry include:

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 41 of 206

 Research collaborations with local organisations;  Test-bedding of next generation wind technology;  Micro vertical axis wind turbine systems adapted for urban environments;  Exporting wind technology and related services to the region.

Research Collaboration

There are opportunities for companies to collaborate with local organisations on research & development projects and test-bed next generation wind technology in Singapore, including materials testing, component and prototype development, integration to grid, and storage solutions that are adapted to tropical environments, among others.

For example, the Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N) is involved in tracking the country's wind behaviour – it has placed wind measuring stations above public Housing Development Board (HDB) blocks and in various offshore islands,15 and is also testing some small wind turbines. Its activities are a part of a range of initiatives by NTU to be a world-class, clean energy R&D hub in the region.

ERI@N has also signed agreements with local and European organisations, including multinational companies such as Rolls Royce, DNV, Vestas and Keppel Offshore & Marine to develop cost- effective ways of constructing offshore wind turbines and other sea-bed power generation research.

The university is also working together with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Norwegian Research Centre for Offshore Wind Technology (NOWITECH) in order to tap their competencies in the areas of offshore renewables development and deployment.

In addition to ERI@N, other agencies in Singapore that are involved in wind energy R&D include the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and the National University of Singapore (NUS), which are both collaborating with the major Spanish wind energy company Gamesa.

15 http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/corpcomms2/Documents/2011/oct/TODAYonline%20_111007_NTU%20in%20ocean%20energy%20research%20linkup.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 42 of 206

Test-bedding of Next Generation Wind Technology

Companies may find opportunities to test-bed next-generation technologies that can help Singapore harness this wind potential. As illustrated by Prof Subodh Mhaisalkar, executive director at NTU’s Energy Research Institute, in an interview with Channel NewsAsia, while there are very limited wind resources on the main island itself, Singapore’s (Semakau Island and adjacent regions) may have significant wind resources, with wind speeds of up to 6 metres per second.16 Some progress is already underway to test-bed potential technologies for harnessing wind energy.

For instance, the wind turbines developed by NTU were deployed on Semakau Island in July 2016, as part of a project to build a power grid that integrates renewable energy sources. The initiative is known as Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS), which aims to be a test and demonstration site for the proper integration of renewable generation into a micro grid. Various technologies will be tested, including solar, wind, marine, bio energy, fuel cell, diesel, storage, and power-to-gas technologies.

Micro Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Systems Adapted for Urban Environments

Within the domestic market, JTC Corp and the Housing Development Board, which develop commercial and residential buildings respectively, are looking into the use of vertical axis wind turbines to harvest waste air flow from lift exhausts.

Another adaptation of a micro wind turbine generation system for the local market was recently featured by the Intellectual Property Intermediary (IPI) on its website.17 This consists of a vertical axis wind turbine with an enclosure mounted above a cooling tower’s exhaust fan to harness the wind energy for producing electricity.18 Cooling towers, one of the component of a chiller plant system, are prevalently installed in most buildings in Singapore for cooling purpose. The cooling towers typically rely on power-driven fans to draw or force the air through the tower. Wind speeds

16 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/from-bacteria-to-wind-power-ntu-leads-charge-in-developing-renew-8234154 17 IPI is an agency under Singapore’s Ministry of Trade & Industry, which focuses on industry needs and translates their innovation objectives into specific technology requirements to enable enterprises to develop new processes, products and services. 18 https://www.ipi-singapore.org/technology-offers/cross-axis-wind-turbine

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 43 of 206

of up to 18 m/s are recorded at a distance of 0.3 meter above the outlet of the cooling tower, which is a suitable level for generating electricity.

Figure 6: A Micro Wind Turbine System Source: Intellectual Property Intermediary (IPI), Ministry of Trade & Industry

Exporting Wind Technology and Related Services to the Region

A number of firms have established a presence in Singapore to tap the larger opportunity in the region. Siemens AG, for example, established its regional office in the country to manage the acquisition and implementation of wind farm projects in China and India.

DNV also put up a clean technology centre in Singapore that offers advisory service in green and wind turbine technology. DNV was attracted by the country’s strength as a financial hub due to the growing demand for wind and solar energy assessment in technical and financial areas.

Chinese Envision Energy, which provides wind turbines and energy-management solutions, is also setting up its global digital R&D centre in Singapore, while the US-based wind-turbine technology company Hover Energy is setting up its regional headquarters for sales, operations, finance, treasury and other management functions for the Asia-Pacific region.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 44 of 206

EU Companies

Gamesa

Gamesa is a Spanish company specialising in wind industry technology. The company develops, constructs, and sells wind farms across the globe, and has more than 7,000 MW of installations. Gamesa also provides operations and maintenance services, managing close to 21 GW of energy capacity.

In 2011, Gamesa set up its R&D laboratory in Singapore along with key partnership agreements with Singaporean universities and research institutions, such as NTU, NUS, and A*STAR, to tap the country’s intellectual and engineering capabilities. The company is confident that the partnerships will keep them at the forefront of advanced material research. It is collaborating in the following research projects:19

1. NTU is providing R&D support to Gamesa in the area of wind turbine blade coatings and how it can be integrated into the company’s existing manufacturing system.

2. Gamesa and NUS’s partnership focuses in studying various and effective methods in monitoring materials by the use of embedded sensors. The collaboration will also include assessments on its applications particularly in the industrial sector.

3. The Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), a research institute of A*STAR, and Gamesa will work together to measure the durability of the turbine blades' carbon fibre polymers after nano-reinforcements are incorporated for added strength, as well as exploring the R&D practices in manufacturing with the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), another research institute of A*STAR.

19 https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb/en/news%20and%20events/News/2011/Downloads/Press-Release-GAMESA-OPENS-A- TECHNOLOGY-LAB-IN-SINGAPORE-FOR-ADVANCED-MATERIALS-RESEARCH.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 45 of 206

Vestas

Vestas was founded in 1898 in Western Denmark and is the largest manufacturer, seller, and service provider of wind turbines worldwide. To date, it has 75 GW of installed wind capacity and more than 50 GW under its service.

In 2008, Vestas Wind System unveiled its R&D centre in Singapore along with three master research partnerships with NTU, NUS, and A*STAR in areas such as advanced composite development, material fatigue studies, and applied research in sensor technology.20 Vestas was specifically drawn to Singapore’s culture and reputation for research and innovation, robust intellectual property laws, ethical frameworks and governmental support for the industry.

Figure 7: Bangui Wind Farm in the Philippines Source: Eco Business

The company has used Singapore as a base to secure projects across South East Asia, for instance, the Bangui Wind Farm project in the Philippines, which uses 20 units of 70-metre high Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, arranged on a single row stretching along a nine-kilometre shoreline off Bangui Bay, facing the West Philippine Sea.

In 2013, the company decided to simplify its global R&D reach in order to reduce operational costs by closing three of its R&D offices that were located in China, Denmark, and Singapore.

20 https://globenewswire.ca/Index?page=141000

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 46 of 206

The series of closure was part of the company’s restructuring exercise after the expiration of its production tax credit. The company however pledged that it would continue to scale its business according to the business needs and market demands in the wind energy industry.

In 2015, Vestas demonstrated its commitment to the region by signing a collaboration agreement with The Blue Circle, a renewable energy company established in Singapore, and a developer of renewable energy projects in South East Asia. The agreement will allow The Blue Circle to bring Vestas’ latest on-shore turbine technology for low wind speed sites to South East Asia.

The Blue Circle

The Blue Circle, which was established in Singapore in 2013 by French nationals, looks to bridge the gap in project development in the region by bringing international project development experience, financial expertise and capabilities together with local market understanding. Its growth strategy is twofold: through the development of its own projects and through partnership with local developers. Being vertically integrated and having its own wind engineering team, The Blue Circle identifies green field sites, pursue project development milestones up until financing and operating of the generating assets. In addition to projects it has undertaken in Vietnam, it has also helped regulators in Thailand write the country's regulations concerning the siting of wind turbines.

NauticAWT

NauticAWT is a Danish-owned firm headquartered in Singapore. It was founded in 2011 with the goal of serving the upstream segment of the oil and gas industry. It initially offered subsurface, subsea and surface facilities engineering services and contracting solutions for field exploration, field development and field refurbishment, including asset life extension and production enhancement for mature and ageing oil and gas assets.

The company diversified into the onshore wind energy sector with the aid of the Singapore government agency International Enterprise Singapore (IE Singapore). It focused on the supply of materials to the sector, rather than building a distribution network for wind turbines. To compete

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 47 of 206

with established European players, NauticAWT obtained certification for its Malaysia-based manufacturing plant, as well as offered cost-competitive pricing.21

NauticAWT received funding from IE Singapore, a government agency that helps spearhead the overseas growth of Singapore-based companies and promote international trade. With this, NauticAWT was able to run necessary testing for its products for certification purposes. IE Singapore’s broad international network also enabled the company to gain important connections in Latin America and Europe. Through its support, NauticAWT was able to supply advanced grouting materials to global energy company Vestas, which also agreed to use the company’s materials for future wind turbine installations.

21 https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/diversifying-business-to-venture-onto-new-shores-energy-solutions

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 48 of 206

3.3 Solar

3.3.1 Market Overview

Solar energy remains the most promising renewable energy source for Singapore when it comes to electricity generation. According to EMA, with an average annual solar irradiance of 1,580 kWh/m2/year and about 50% more solar radiation than temperate countries, solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has the greatest potential for wider deployment in Singapore.

Solar energy deployment is progressing rapidly and expected to gain an increasing share of the power generation mix in Singapore. The Government aims to raise the adoption of solar energy to 350 Mega-Watt peak (MWp) by 2020, representing a 5% of the projected peak energy demand. Beyond 2020, the Government plans to further raise the adoption of solar power in the system to 1 GigaWatt peak (GWp).22 This is a dramatic leap from the installed 19 MWp capacity in 2014 and is a testament to Singapore’s commitment towards the use of clean technologies.

Singapore receives an average annual solar irradiance of 1,180 kWh/m2, approximately 50% more radiation than major solar hubs

Figure 8: Singapore Solar Irradiance Map Source: Energy Market Authority

As research and technological improvements bring down costs and improve the efficiency of solar PVs, its adoption in Singapore has accelerated in the last five years (see Figure below).

22 https://www.ema.gov.sg/Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems.aspx

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 49 of 206

Grid-connected installed capacity of solar PV systems increased 14 times from 10.1 MWp in 2012 to 143.3 MWp by the end of 2017.23

Figure 9: Installed Capacity of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems by User Type, 2012-2017 Source: Energy Market Authority

The country has equally strong growth within the non-residential sector (public service agencies, town councils and grassroots units, and the private sector) as well as the residential sector.

The Singaporean government is taking proactive steps to raise the adoption of solar energy in Singapore, as the country can leverage on its strong competencies in semiconductors, electronics, precision engineering, chemical industries as well as its manufacturing expertise and extensive supplier base. In addition to driving the demand for the adoption of solar PV systems in Singapore, it has implemented various measures such as reducing the processing time for the connection of solar installations and simplifying the process for solar owners to sell excess electricity to the power grid via the Central Intermediary Scheme.

Singapore views research and innovation as a major growth driver for this industry. The Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) is the lead technical organisation supporting the large-scale deployment of solar energy in Singapore. SERIS supports and provides technical assistance to multiple government agencies such as Housing and Development Board (HDB),

23 https://www.ema.gov.sg/Singapore_Energy_Statistics.aspx

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 50 of 206

Economic Development Board (EDB), Building and Construction Authority (BCA), and JTC Corporation, in their adoption of solar energy.

In 2017, Singapore’s imports of photosensitive semiconductor devices amounted to over US$ 1 billion. The main exporting countries were Malaysia, China, and Taiwan. France and Germany were the 7th and 8th largest exporters of these products to Singapore.

Challenges and Constraints to Solar Deployment

Despite the fact that solar power can contribute considerably to sustainable electricity supply in Singapore and the comparative advantages the country enjoys in relation to the sector, less than 1% of electricity consumed in Singapore is currently powered by solar energy. The country faces various constraints and challenges to the large-scale deployment of solar, including:

 Singapore’s small physical size (716.1 km2), high population density and land scarcity limit the amount of available space to deploy solar energy. Most solar panels can only be installed on the rooftops of buildings, and may have to compete for space with chillers, water tanks or rooftop gardens.

Figure 10: Solar panel installations on public housing blocks Source: DBS Bank

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 51 of 206

 Another issue is solar power intermittency due to cloud movement, which can impact changes in solar irradiance, and result in fluctuations in power output. Any power system with significant penetration of solar energy for electricity generation must manage intermittency appropriately, so as not to compromise grid stability. As such, the power system operator needs to ensure that there are sufficient back-up reserves of conventional generators available to cater for these changes. EMA is currently undertaking R&D and pilot trials to manage intermittency, such as in solar forecasting and energy storage. It will also facilitate the entry of these generation sources when these become commercially viable.

 The absence of feed-in-tariffs for excess solar energy that is pumped back into the grid constrains solar owners’ ability to realise economies of scale and reap profits from generating clean energy. While feed-in-tariffs could be used to incentivise the deployment of renewable energy projects, EMA has stated that adopting subsidies such as FiT distorts the energy markets and increases costs for consumers. Hence, it is important to price energy correctly and send the right price signals to both consumers and investors.

Landmark & Most Recent Projects

In 2016, Singapore launched the world’s largest floating solar panel test-bed in terms of capacity. Measuring 1 hectare on the country's Tengeh Reservoir, the testbed can produce a maximum one-megawatt of energy, enough to power 250 four-room HDB flats for a year. It features multiple solar solutions from providers to study the performance and cost-effectiveness of floating solar platforms before going into larger deployment. The S$ 11-million (EUR 7 million) test bed is run by SERIS, Public Utilities Board, and the EDB.

As mentioned previously, Singapore’s first large-scale, offshore power grid system, Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator-Singapore (REIDS), combines renewable power from the sun with other energy sources to help to address the challenges of using renewable energy, such as the intermittency of solar energy during cloudy days.

Most recently, In February 2017, Singapore’s Phoenix Solar Pte Ltd was awarded a contract by IKEA South East Asia to design and build a 1 MWp solar system on the roof of IKEA

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 52 of 206

Tampines. The system is expected to generate 1.3 million kWh per year, enough renewable energy to power the equivalent of 283 four-room HDB flats. IKEA expects to trim an estimated S$ 2.4 million (EUR 2.04 million) from the store’s electrical bills over the next following years.

Upcoming Projects

Singapore may soon have "energy islands" made up of solar panels floating in the sea. This comes as the Government looks to expand the world's largest floating photovoltaics (PV) testbed at Tengeh Reservoir.

SERIS will also work on developing more efficient solar cells with Nanyang Technological University and the National Research Foundation's Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise. The aim is for the cells to convert 30% of the sunlight it absorbs into energy - surpassing the current world record efficiency of 26.6%.24 In addition, it is also looking to develop cheaper and more efficient solar panels that can be integrated into buildings to overcome land constraints.

Moreover, installation of solar panels on Housing and Development Board (HDB) rooftops is underway. HDB has a role to play as the largest housing developer here. Channel NewsAsia reports that the rooftop has about 10,000 residential blocks, providing ample roof space.25 However, retrofitting rooftops with a solar energy system can be a challenge, and can take up to 40 days on each block. HDB have taken into consideration the block configuration, how to place the panels, how to maximise solar generation, and looking at the existing roof structure design, how to lay the structural support and the trunking of the wiring.

Local Companies

There are a number of players in Singapore’s solar ecosystem, such as system integrators, architects, engineers, building developers and technology providers. Some of the local companies that have been recently involved in major projects are:

24 http://www.eenewspower.com/news/singapore-lab-aims-30-efficient-industrial-solar-modules 25 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/floating-solar-farm-hdb-singapore-testbed-energy-photovoltaic-10064656

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 53 of 206

Sunseap is a homegrown solar company that provides innovative solutions for building owners to adopt solar energy. It has clinched the majority of public sector solar leasing tenders to date, including the very first government tender for solar installation in Singapore under the SolarNova programme. In November 2015, Apple announced an arrangement with Sunseap’s retail arm to supply all of Apple’s operations in Singapore with solar energy, by drawing on solar systems on rooftops across more than 800 buildings in Sunseap’s portfolio.

More recently, Singapore’s operator of multi-modal public transport, SMRT Corporation Ltd, announced its partnership with Sunseap to enable Singapore’s first and largest rail depot, to run on solar power. According to SMRT, the solar PV installation would cover 10,000 m2, and is expected to meet the operational energy needs of the depot including lighting and air-conditioning for its buildings and workshops.

Green Koncepts is a Singapore-based cloud energy management solutions provider, which has developed a real-time energy management platform that provides advanced energy analytics, visualisations and intelligent controls to enable users to make proactive decisions to reduce energy usage through remote optimisation of equipment such as lighting and pumps. In 2014, the company launched an R&D centre dedicated to new technologies such as Intelligent Sensor Networks, Smart Grid and Smart City applications. As part of their R&D initiatives, they are collaborating with NTU EcoCampus in the area of Demand Response Management and Time of Use pricing, as well as with ST Electronics in smart park lighting for .

Sun Electric is a Singapore-based international solar energy distribution and technology company. It was the first solar company in Singapore to be awarded an electricity retail license and is active in the energy retail and electricity futures markets. The company operates SolarSpace, a clean energy programme that connects property owners to clean energy consumers. It also actively conducts research in energy management systems and has pioneered a protocol that delivers solar power through the power grid to electricity consumers.

WEnergy specialises in hybrids of renewable energy (solar PV, water, wind and biomass) using clean batteries and diesel power generators to produce power in both on-grid and off-grid (micro-

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 54 of 206

grid) applications. A WEnergy-led consortium won a tender awarded by Singapore’s national water agency, the Public Utilities Board (PUB), to conduct a feasibility study that will explore ways to deploy floating solar panels at reservoirs.

3.3.2 EU Entry Opportunities

There is strong growth in Singapore’s solar sector, in terms of large corporate, government and institutional purchases, which is ensuring a sustained, orderly market for solar manufacturers and service providers. Singapore’s vision to include solar energy as a pivotal part of its energy future, and its ambition to become the region’s solar hub, makes it an attractive base for EU solar businesses that are looking for new opportunities. In order for Singapore to realise its ambition, there is a need for systematic expansion across the entire spectrum of solar-related products and services in Singapore. Some of the opportunities in this sector include:

 Partnerships with local companies to enter SolarNova programme;

 Tapping the private sector demand via Solar Capability Scheme (SCS);

 R&D collaborations & test-bedding; SolarNova has been designed  Solar PV innovations for limited space areas; to aggregate demand for solar  Floating solar systems; energy among public agencies to achieve economies of scale  Solar Thermal Deployment;

 Deployment of new business models for solar energy utilisation;

 Provision of Solar PV Systems, Parts & Materials.

Partnerships with Local Companies to Enter SolarNova Programme

To boost the development of the solar industry, the Economic Development Board (EDB) launched the SolarNova Programme in 2014, a landmark government-led programme that aims to aggregate solar demand from the public sector in Singapore. Specifically, the program has been designed to create awareness of solar energy among public agencies, carry out feasibility studies and site selection for solar installations for public agencies, and aggregate demand for

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 55 of 206

solar energy among public agencies to achieve economies of scale. It is believed that through government-led demand, SolarNova will create new opportunities for Singapore-based companies in the solar industry.

SolarNova is bringing about the following benefits:

 It spurs the growth of solar energy in Singapore, which will reduce the country’s carbon emissions and reliance on imported fuel;

 It builds up the solar industry in Singapore across the value chain, including manufacturing, project development and financing, and system integration;

 It encourages private sector adoption of solar as various players in the ecosystem, such as engineering contractors, project developers and financial institutions, become more familiar with solar projects;

 It catalyses new innovation opportunities around smart grid and energy management in Singapore.

The Housing Development Board (HDB), which builds public housing in Singapore, is the largest stakeholder in the installation of solar PV systems in Singapore. Under the SolarNova programme, HDB has committed to progressively roll out 220 MWp of solar panels at some 5,500 HDB blocks.26

In December 2015, Sunseap won the first SolarNova tender, which covers 76 MWp. This is the largest tender to date in both the public and private sectors in Singapore. It will cover 831 HDB blocks, as well as eight Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and Public Utilities Board (PUB) sites. Of the combined solar PV capacity of 76 MWp committed under this tender, HDB will take up 69 MWp, MHA 6.73 MWp, and PUB 1.13 MWp.27

Companies that participated in the open tender were primarily evaluated on the preferential rate (to the retail electricity tariff) that they could provide for the solar leasing period of 20 years. It is expected that there will be a further 6-7 tenders, each having a size of 30-50 MWp, in the remainder of the SolarNova programme. Singapore anticipates that by 2020, the SolarNova

26 http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20170831003/2%20Media%20Factsheet_HDB%20Solar%20Journey%20Milestones.pdf 27 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/tender-for-singapores-largest-solar-panel-installation-awarded-to-sunseap-leasing

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 56 of 206

programme will result in solar energy systems installed on the rooftops of about six thousand governmental buildings such as public housing, schools, army camps, security and immigration complexes, and utilities, making it an opportune time for EU companies to target the Singapore market. As of July 2017, 944 HDB blocks have already been installed with solar PV panels, contributing to almost 45% of Singapore’s total solar installations currently.

Tapping the Private Sector Demand via Solar Capability Scheme (SCS)

As solar becomes pervasive, more local businesses are looking to go green and to take advantage of government funding schemes that help offset the cost of installation of solar technologies in new buildings.

For example, under the Solar Capability Scheme (SCS) administered by the EDB, funding is provided to new private commercial and industrial buildings to install solar technologies. The building must be certified with a minimum Green Mark Gold Plus rating by the Building & Construction Authority (BCA), and the minimum solar energy system installed should be 150 kWp. The funding provided is up to 30% of the total capital cost and capped at S$ 1 million (EUR 636,122) per project. The scheme has been in place since 2007.

Singapore has seen strong foreign investment in the solar sector. For example, Norwegian company REC Solar has built a fully-integrated solar manufacturing facility at a cost of S$ 2.5 billion (EUR 1.6 billion) in Singapore to cater to the regional market. In addition to its global exports, REC Solar is supplying the solar panels for a number of large-scale rooftop solar installations in Singapore:

 An installation for a large local retailer, CMM Marketing Management Pte Ltd, uses 4,700 REC 255 Peak Energy solar panels to create an 11,000 m² array providing at least 1.2 MW.

 The Singapore Sports Hub, a premium sports and entertainment centre, uses an array of 2,721 REC 260 Peak Energy solar panels on its roof across an area of approximately 7,000 m2. The system generates over 919,100 kWh of energy every year.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 57 of 206

Figure 11: The Singapore Sports Hub Source: Straits Times With the government’s announcement in 2017 that a carbon tax would be introduced by 2019, heavy upstream emitters like power generators and heavy industry are likely to be keen on adopting clean energy technology, thus, offering additional opportunities for solar PV providers and installers.

R&D Collaborations & Test-Bedding

There are also ample venues for European companies to participate in joint R&D collaborations with local organisations and test-bed new solar technologies. For example, the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) conducts industry-orientated R&D on materials, components, processes and systems for solar energy. Some of its key focus areas include:

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 58 of 206

Novel PV Concepts Organic Solar Cells CIGS Solar Cells Silicon Materials and Cells Multicrystalline Silicon Wafer Solar Cell Monocrystalline Silicon Wafer Solar Cell Heterojunction Silicon Wafer Solar Cell Novel Cell Concepts and Simulation PV Characterisation PV Modules PV Module Development PV Module Testing Solar Energy Systems PV System Technology Solar Potential and Energy Meteorology PV Grid Integration Asia PV Quality Assurance Centre Solar and Energy Efficient Buildings High Performance Facades Solar Thermal Systems Table 3: SERIS – Main R&D Areas Source: SERIS

SERIS cooperates with industrial partners to work on all of the abovementioned areas. With the extensive industry-orientated expertise within the institution, the global network of leading R&D institutions, and its state-of-the-art technical infrastructure, SERIS is positioning Singapore as an important hub for solar energy research and development in Asia. Most recently (in 2018), Aurora Solar technologies, Inc. has collaborated with SERIS to develop heterojunction technology (HJT) solar cell applications. These joint efforts enabled the company to validate the use of high-speed infrared technology as a game-changing method for measuring and controlling the quality of HJT solar cell structures.

In addition, there are opportunities for EU companies to test-bed solar technologies in the following living labs in Singapore, which are open to both companies and research institutes:

 The Micro-Grid Test-Bed on Pulau Ubin Island, an island northeast of Singapore, is a test and demonstration site for solar PVs and biofuels;

 Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS), located on Pulau Semakau island, is another test-bed which has been developed as a hybrid micro-grid. REIDS is the first and largest hybrid micro-grid in the region and in the tropics. It primarily

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 59 of 206

aims to be a test and demonstration site for the proper integration of multiple renewable energy resources, including solar PV and solar thermal technologies.

Solar PV Innovations for Limited Space Areas

The space limitation for solar PVs in Singapore is a key challenge, which invites innovative approaches and technologies in terms of deployment and installation of solar PVs on available spaces in Singapore.

Space Type Area Used Total Area (km2) Area Utilisation Net Usable Area (km2)

Roof-top1 HDB Blocks 14 0.502 7

Other Buildings 42 0.602 27

Facades1 Top-5 stories 10 0.40 4

Infrastructure MRT Tracks 0.5 1.00 0.5

Islets Ground Mounted 50 0.05 2.5

Inland Waters Floating PV (mainland only) 20 0.20 4

TOTAL 45

Table 4: Space Availability for Solar PV in Singapore Source: SERIS

1) Based on existing building stock in 2011, and conservatively projecting the same building stock for the timeframe under consideration in this roadmap. 2) Based on the lowest value for possible un-shaded installations on HDB blocks from studies at NUS 3) Based on the lowest value for possible un-shaded installations on other buildings from studies at NUS

Floating Solar Systems

To maximise all possible open space in Singapore, PUB is keen to deploy floating solar systems, and in 015 awarded a 9-month PUB is keen to harness solar energy at its feasibility study to WENergy, a local company, to determine the reservoirs and facilities potential of harnessing solar energy at its reservoirs and

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 60 of 206

facilities.28 The study, which included 10 reservoirs, was done to assess the extent to which solar panels can be installed and the solar yield that can be achieved, before a business model and implementation plan are proposed. Besides reservoirs, the study also looks into the solar deployment potential at land-based facilities such as waterworks and water reclamation plants. PUB is welcoming EU companies with expertise in this area.

In May 2018, the PUB has also issued a tender to conduct engineering studies for the deployment of a pair of floating PV systems in Reservoir (1.5 MW system) and Lower Reservoir (1 MW system).29

Solar Thermal Deployment

Targeting the reduction of carbon emissions from the industrial sector is critical, as it is the sector with the highest energy consumption in Singapore. Certain industry clusters such as the pharmaceutical, chemical and semiconductor industries in Singapore require process heat in the temperature range of 60°C to 150°C. Due to the year-round availability of solar energy in Singapore, solar thermal systems can provide an attractive alternative to gas-fuelled systems for these industries.

Currently, solar thermal technology has not as yet seen a Singapore requires highly strong penetration in Singapore, as most solar thermal novel control optimisation systems are designed to collect direct and intense sunlight, platforms to address the challenge presented by which is prevalent in low-, low-cloud intermittency of solar energy unlike Singapore, which experiences frequent cloud cover and high humidity. Even so, the city-state experiences about 50% more solar radiation than temperate countries. With some optimisation for use in tropical countries like Singapore, there is a good potential for solar thermal technology in the long run in Singapore.

28 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/pub-studying-possibility-of-installing-solar-panels-at-reservoirs 29 https://www.pv-tech.org/news/singapore-issues-tender-for-two-floating-pv-projects

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 61 of 206

Managing Intermittency

As solar deployment increases in Singapore, there are concerns that the intermittent nature of solar energy will introduce instability into the grid. Grid-scale energy storage systems can mitigate this issue, but current storage technologies are developed for drier, cooler climates with little constraints in space. Many of these energy storage system solutions have less-than-ideal performance in Singapore. Singapore thus requires highly novel control and optimisation platforms to address the challenge presented by intermittency of solar energy. Some of the possible solutions which would be attractive for Singaporean market may include:

 Forecasting of irradiance and solar electricity generation; Singapore is among the first in the region to pioneer the  Energy storage systems that are suited to tropical solar leasing model weather;

 Solutions for reliable integration of solar PV systems into the grid;

 Demand response and demand-side management tools, that will allow the utilities the ability to adjust the load depending on the current need or surplus of electricity flowing on the grid;

Deployment of New Business Models for Solar Energy Utilisation

Singapore is exploring a range of new business models in the solar sector that can help ramp up solar energy capacity in the country, and which can also be applied to solar deals in the region. Developing such an expertise will help Singapore in its ambitions to become the leading project development and financing hub in Asia for solar energy, and will play to the strengths of Singapore as a financial centre for the region. Singapore is now primed for innovative ideas and disruptive business models that help accelerate solar deployment. EU companies that can contribute in this area would be welcome in Singapore. New business models that have been introduced to the solar market recently include:

 Solar Leasing Model: This pioneering business model allowed Apple to power all its operations in Singapore with solar energy, despite having power requirements that were

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 62 of 206

more than what a solar energy system installed on its own buildings could provide. Apple is the first company in Singapore to run exclusively on renewable energy, marking a significant step in its goal to power 100% of its facilities worldwide with clean energy.

▪ With an Offsite Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), Sunseap will attribute the power consumed by Apple to the electricity it contributes to the national grid from its solar systems across over 800 buildings in Singapore. These rooftop solar panels are placed on both public and private-owned buildings and Apple's own facilities, generating 50 MWp of solar energy. Apple will receive 33 MWp of the total installed capacity, which will cover all of Apple’s electricity needs in Singapore, including their 2,500-person corporate campus and new retail store.30

▪ The Offsite Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) employed in the solar leasing model is the first-of-its-kind business model for South East Asia, and is especially useful in dense urban cities. Singapore is among the first in the region to pioneer the solar leasing model, now becoming increasingly important as electrons – rather than modules – are sold, the advantage being that it takes away the upfront cost burden on adopters who previously had to buy the solar PV installation upfront. It is a long-term solution as a PPA can last for up to 25 years.

▪ Solar leasing allows vacant rooftops to be used to generate clean power. Owners of properties allow a solar PV installation (which is owned by a third party) on their rooftops, and benefit from this, as they pay competitive prices for the electricity that they consume.

▪ The largest solar leasing company in Singapore currently is Sunseap Leasing Pte Ltd. In October 2014, the company won 38 MWp solar leasing tender issued by Singapore’s public housing authority, the Housing Development Board (HDB). Subsequently, in December 2015, Sunseap won the largest tender for solar leasing of 76 MWp under the SolarNova program, also supplying to HDB.

 Blended Energy Solution Model: One of the limitations of solar energy is that it still cannot account for a customer's full electricity consumption. To overcome this challenge, REC,

30 ‘Apple to power Singapore operations with renewable energy’, 2015, Channel News Asia

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 63 of 206

a Norwegian solar equipment manufacturer partnered with local gas-generated utility provider PacificLight Energy to deliver a blended electricity solution to customers in 2015.

▪ Through this programme, REC provides solar energy to customers through a 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA) deal, where customers pay for the power consumed from the solar PV installation on their rooftops, which REC owns. When the rooftop solar PVs are unable to fulfil the customer's energy demand, PacificLight provides gas-generated power.31 This offering provides a one-stop shop for customers hoping for energy stability, while gaining exposure to clean energy.

Provision of Solar PV Systems, Parts & Materials

With the growing solar energy market, European companies may also find opportunities to provide technologically advanced solar PV modules, parts and materials for the growing domestic and regional markets. Some of the potential products in demand include:

 PV materials, cells and modules (very high-efficiency c-Si cells, high efficiency multi- crystalline solar cells);

 PV grid integration (components and software for smart grids);

 PV systems for the tropics (rural and industrial off-grid PV applications, including PV hybrid systems);

 Solar monitoring systems that can tell adopters how they are generating and using power, thus, helping them to get more from solar utility.

31 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/new-business-models-set-to-shake-up-solar-energy-sector

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 64 of 206

EU companies

There is a growing sophistication in Singapore’s solar ecosystem, as more EU solar companies establish a presence in Singapore. Some of the companies include:

Phoenix Solar

Phoenix Solar AG, a leading international integrator of photovoltaic systems headquartered in Germany, has had a presence in Singapore since late 2006. Phoenix was very helpful in offering Singapore some initial guidelines on how to make the most of Singapore’s solar energy via rooftops rather than facades of buildings. Phoenix’s range of successful installations across the city has helped to highlight the potential key role for solar energy in Singapore.

In 2011, Phoenix Solar announced that Singapore would be its first regional headquarters outside of Germany. As explained by the company’s managing director, Phoenix Solar chose Singapore for its excellent connectivity in the region, capable workforce, strong infrastructure and stable political climate, and was also attracted by Singapore’s extensive academic and R&D capabilities, which helped create platforms for innovation and opportunities to test creative new concepts in the market.32 The company has an impressive track record of commercial and industrial photovoltaic projects in Singapore, including the solar panels on REC’s roof, as well as a strong project pipeline in Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and India. Some of its recent projects include:

1. In 2014, Phoenix Solar carried out a study of energy consumption patterns at the warehouse owned by Katoen Natie Singapore, a subsidiary of Belgium headquartered global supplier of logistics and distribution services. It then helped with the design, engineering and installation of a 1.2 MWp PV system for the warehouse, using 4,752 REC crystalline solar modules covering a roof area of 12,000 m2. The green electricity will supply approximately 30% of the warehouse’s demand and will mitigate around 750 metric tonnes of CO2 from gas-fired power plants.

32 http://www.eco-business.com/news/phoenix-solar-sets-up-hq-in-singapore/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 65 of 206

2. In 2015, Phoenix Solar won the design, supply, and installation project of 1.96 MWp of rooftop PV systems at the and Gali Batu train depots in Singapore. The solar PV system will be composed of 7,536 REC solar modules and 4 central inverters from SMA, to generate over 2.2 million kWh of solar electricity annually. The facility, functioning from the end of 2016, is estimated to reduce 1,100 metric tonnes of CO2 per year. The contract includes operations, maintenance and performance monitoring of the PV system for an initial period of one year.

SOLID

SOLID is an Austrian solar engineering company specialising in all aspects of large-scale solar thermal energy plants. Since 1992, SOLID has been planning, building, delivering, assembling and operating large-scale solar plants around the world. In 2010, the company established SOLID Asia Pte Ltd and SOLID Asia Energie Service Pte Ltd in Singapore.

Soon after, SOLID concluded an agreement to build a solar cooling plant for Singapore’s United World College South East Asia (UWCSEA) East Campus, which was then the largest cooling system worldwide. SOLID teamed up with the Österreichische Kontrollbank and the Österreichische Raiffeisenbank, turning the project into an exclusively Austrian effort despite its Singapore location.

The solar thermal collector field with 3,900 m2 at the United World College (UWC) in Singapore powers a 1,500 kW cooling unit, which is based on a single-effect lithium bromide absorption chiller. The solar cooling plant is expected to supply 100% of hot water and about 30% of air-conditioning requirements. UWCSEA has two campuses in Singapore, and the other campus will also have its own solar cooling plant, to be built by SOLID Asia. The company won the Solar Pioneer Award 2010 in Singapore for the UWC plant.

In 2015, SOLID worked on a concept for integrating a solar thermal cooling system and conventional air conditioners into existing systems for the Swedish furniture giant IKEA in Singapore. A 2,600 m² collector field will be established in IKEA’S Singapore location.

SOLID is optimistic about the potential of solar thermal technology in Singapore, as it feels that both solar thermal and PV technologies can compete effectively in a country which does not have

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 66 of 206

a feed-in tariff for solar electricity. The company has signed an agreement with NTU to develop a solar thermal technology appropriate for tropical areas. Both have agreed to set up a centre of excellence for solar thermal technologies and the application for funding has been submitted to EDB.

Heliatek GmbH

Heliatek is a global technology leader for organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology. A spin-off from the Technical University of Dresden (IAPP) and the University of Ulm, the company was set up in 2006 and is based in Germany. The company has innovated a unique organic photovoltaics (OPV) film, which is light and flexible, and also very effective when used in tropical climates.

In February 2015 Heliatek entered into an agreement with a Singapore-based integrated energy solutions company, vTrium Energy Pte Ltd to work together on a project to test the performance of the latter's OPV technology in Singapore. vTrium Energy is one of the six SMEs in the local clean technology sector which have been awarded a grant by JTC Corporation and Spring for the test-bedding of sustainable solutions in JTC Corporation’s development.33 vTrium Energy applied Heliatek’s technology to cover parts of the facades of JTC’s CleanTech One and CleanTech Two buildings in Jalan Bahar, as well as the Seletar Aerospace walkway with OPV film. The total coverage area will be about 226 m2 and will include OPV film in both opaque and transparent versions, and in different colours and orientations. The installation will be capable of producing over 12 kilowatt peak (kWp) once completed.

The pilot project commenced in March 2015 and will take up to 19 months to be completed, with the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) expected to conduct the independent monitoring of its progress. Heliatek is optimistic that the partnership with vTrium Energy will be an important step in bringing their technologies to the growing market of South East Asia.

33 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/opv-film-spells-riches-for-vtrium

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 67 of 206

Gräss Group

Gräss Group was established in 1994 in Germany, and is engaged in the development, engineering, construction, operations and maintenance of solar PV energy solutions globally. Since its involvement in solar PV in 2000, the company has experience in over 7,000 MW of projects worldwide.

In July 2015 it formed a joint venture with the Singapore-listed SBI Offshore to form Gräss Energy Pte Ltd. 51% of stake of Gräss Energy will be owned by SBI Offshore, while the remaining 49% by the Gräss Group. With the JV, the Gräss Group’s headquarters moved to Singapore.

The JV parties have also agreed that moving forward, all new PV Projects will be undertaken exclusively by Gräss Energy with the growth focused on the Asia-Pacific region. Gräss Energy will engage in designing, engineering, constructing, developing, owning, operating, maintaining and storing of solar PV energy systems and plants, apart from commissioning into independent power producer activities in the region.

The company plans to tap into the opportunities in the Asia-Pacific region as it is the fastest growing market for PV projects due to the escalating demand for energy and greater focus on renewable energy.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 68 of 206

3.4 Aero Thermal

3.4.1 Market Overview

Aero thermal energy involves the harnessing of energy that is present in the air, namely the calories in the air produced by solar radiation, to generate heat.

In Singapore, while the clean and sustainable energy industry has been identified as a key strategic area, there have been no concrete initiatives relating to the development of aero thermal energy in the country. Nevertheless, as a form of renewable energy, this may be an attractive sector in the near future for Singapore since its environmental awareness has been growing steadily over the past decade.

Local Players

Currently, there are no domestic players operating in this sector in Singapore.

3.4.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Singapore prefers to undertake rigorous R&D before adopting new technologies. As such, the initial opportunity would lie in R&D collaboration with local universities and research institutes.

European Companies

As aero thermal energy remains untapped in Singapore, there are currently no European companies operating in this sector as yet.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 69 of 206

3.5 Geothermal

3.5.1 Market Overview

It has been traditionally accepted in Singapore that its geographic location precludes it from adopting geothermal energy. Various government agencies, from Singapore’s National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) to the Economic Development Board (EDB), have declared that geothermal energy is not a viable option for Singapore, as the country does not lie on any tectonic plate boundaries.

Figure 12: Singapore's Heat Flow Source: Geothermal Concept Study for Singapore, NUS

However, a study by the National University of Singapore (NUS) developed in 2013 contradicts this belief. Two of its departments, the Department of Geography and the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, believe that harnessing geothermal energy is possible in Singapore. Having conducted a joint Geothermal Concept Study for Singapore, they concluded that Singapore has a world class heat flow, estimated to be around 110 – 130 mW/m2, which is comparable to the levels found in the US and Australia. The potential energy from geothermal

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 70 of 206

sources, if harnessed, is deemed to be capable of large-scale electricity generation, district cooling or heating.

Hot Springs in Singapore

Heat flow measurements from oil wells in neighbouring in Indonesia and Malaysia corroborate the fact that Singapore is situated on a world-class heat flow anomaly. Evidence for this high heat flow is seen in the hot springs in the Malaysian Peninsular and Singapore. Singapore has three hot springs, which appear to be related to faults in the Granite or its volcanic equivalent on one of Singapore’s islands called . There is speculation that the springs originate from underground geothermal reservoirs, which are at 160oC – hot enough to drive binary power generators. The three hot springs are:

 The 70oC hot spring in , which is Singapore’s closest point to Peninsular Malaysia;

 The hot spring on the north coast of Pulau Tekong, which is also 70oC but is contaminated with seawater;

 The hot spring reported on the southwest side of Pulau Tekong which has been lost under a landfill.

Although geothermal energy looks attractive compared to the uncertainties in natural gas price and availability and the restrictions on wind, wave and solar power alternatives, there has been no effort directed towards the exploration of the geothermal potential of Singapore, other than the study by NUS.

Local Companies

Currently, local companies with expertise in the geothermal energy sector target projects outside the country. Some of the local players include:

Jurong Engineering Limited (JEL) is a leading engineering and construction Singapore- headquartered company with presence in over 20 countries across Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The company offers a full range of services in engineering, procurement, fabrication,

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 71 of 206

construction, maintenance solutions and shutdown repair services, as well as full turnkey contracts for small and medium size simple and combined cycle power plants.

Its global reach enables the company to cooperate with multinational corporations worldwide in executing projects. In 2014, the company announced the completion of its work in the Patuha Geothermal Power Plant Project in West Java, Indonesia. The project was the company’s first foray in the geothermal sector, in which JEL’s Indonesian subsidiary PT Jurong Engineering Lestari was commissioned by Japan’s Marubeni Corporation to provide engineering and procurement of various BOP systems including a raw water intake system, condensate/ reinjection system, fire detection and protection system, treated water plant, chemical dosing plant, cranes and hoists, and communication/ CCTV to the plant.

Figure 13: The Patuha Geothermal Power Plant Project in West Java, Indonesia Source: Jurong Engineering Limited (JEL)

3.5.2 EU Entry Opportunities

The Singaporean government remains open to all generation sources and technologies that can help make the country’s energy sector sustainable and efficient. Some of the opportunities include:

 A feasibility study for the development of geothermal power in Singapore;

 The development of passive geothermal cooling systems;

 Using Singapore as a base to tap onto the growing geothermal market in the region;

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 72 of 206

Feasibility Study for the Development of Geothermal Power in Singapore

The Geothermal Concept Study undertaken by NUS estimates that a feasibility study will cost around US$ 1.22 million (EUR 1.02 million). This will support a proof of concept and will involve the drilling of an exploratory borehole 300 m deep in three potential locations. The exploratory borehole should be able to provide data on the country’s heat flow, geothermal gradient, potential geothermal heat reserves and potential water flow rates. Should the initial exploration yield encouraging results, the study recommends an additional 2 km drill.34

The Development of Passive Geothermal Cooling Systems

As recently as March 2016, National Geographic explorer and geothermal scientist Andres Ruzo voiced his opinion that passive geothermal cooling systems will be an exciting and realistic option for Singapore.35 Passive systems do not require large plants and would be more suitable for land-scarce Singapore. They help to conserve energy by tapping stable underground temperatures to regulate temperatures above ground. Such systems usually consist only of an indoor handling unit and a buried system of pipes, which help to conduct heat away from a building when it is hot, and vice versa when it is cold.

Using Singapore as a Base to Tap onto the Growing Geothermal Market in the Region

Singapore can also serve as a springboard to tap into the growing geothermal market in the region. Several companies, such as KS Orka Renewables and Jurong Engineering Limited, are already utilising Singapore’s close proximity to the South East Asian geothermal hubs to compete for regional geothermal projects.

EU Companies

Currently, there are no EU companies operating in Singapore within the geothermal sector.

34 http://esi.nus.edu.sg/docs/event/oliver-egs-hsa-concept-for-singapore-ppt-sg$-ppt-for-chevron.pdf?Status=Master 35 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/geothermal-energy-never-turns-off

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 73 of 206

3.6 Hydrothermal and Ocean Energy

3.6.1 Market Overview

Despite the fact that Singapore is an island country, it faces a number of limitations in terms of harnessing energy from the ocean as the country has calm and steady seas with a narrow tidal range. In addition, the country’s sea space is very busy due to port-related activities such as shipping and logistics, resulting in the lack of usable area for ocean energy.

Despite these limitations, Singapore has a Unlike other tidal turbines that growing interest in the development of ocean harness power from fast-moving energy in general, and in tidal energy in currents, Singapore wants to generate particular. The Singaporean government has electricity from slow-moving waves strongly supported the thrust in the sector by establishing various marine renewable energy test-beds, encouraging collaborative projects among academic research organisations, industries and government agencies, as well as by providing funding and resources.

In 2013, the country took its first steps toward harnessing tidal energy, with its first tidal turbine system sited off Island, a popular island resort located to the south of Singapore. Unlike other tidal turbines that harness power from fast-moving currents, Singapore wants to generate electricity from slow-moving waves. The 1 kW test-bed in Sentosa was the first such light, low-flow system in the tropics, and was designed and constructed by Nanyang Technological University’s Energy Research Institute (ERI@N).36

In 2014, the tidal energy industry in Singapore got a boost, with the launch of the Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS) project at the offshore Semakau landfill, which includes a test site for tropical tidal turbines. The Semakau Landfill project is expected to demonstrate the ability to manage a new energy mix based on high penetration of renewable sources in an off-the-grid environment. The main objective of this project is to ensure a greener

36 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-first-tidal-energy-generator-launched-off-sentosa

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 74 of 206

and stable supply of energy through the integration of smart energy management and energy storage systems.

Another milestone was achieved in 2015 with NTU’s successful launch of South East Asia's first advanced maritime energy test facility. The facility aims to be a platform for scientists and engineers to develop innovative eco-friendly maritime technologies. With this launch, there is also a stronger commitment towards more innovative and effective means of fully utilising ocean energy sources and technology in Singapore.

Finally, in April 2017, international collaboration between European and Asian clean energy developers resulted in the introduction of a new floating tidal energy solution for South East Asia. Sustainable Marine Energy, and Schottel Hydro, clean energy developers from the UK and Germany respectively, have been working together to develop an integrated surface floating tidal platform solution known as PLAT-I. PLAT-I floats on the surface of the water hosting four Schottel’s SIT 250 turbines, with the total capacity of 268kW.

Local Companies

Local companies in Singapore have displayed competencies and exceptional innovation, with world-class solutions on deployment of underwater turbines that can work on areas even with lowest wave conditions to areas with strong currents and at different capacities and range. Some of the Singaporean players include:

Hann-Ocean, a Singaporean company founded in 2005, provides solutions through innovations in floating platforms and marine renewable energy. It comprises three companies, namely Hann- Ocean Technology, Hann-Ocean Platforms and Hann-Ocean Energy.

Hann-Ocean, with funding support from Spring Singapore’s Technology Innovation Grant, launched a wave-to-energy (WTE) converter, called the ‘Dragon King of The Ocean’ (Drakoo) in 2013. Drakoo can extract energy at significantly lower cost compared to other existing wave technologies, giving it an enormous competitive advantage in the rapidly growing wave energy sector. Drakoo is the first WTE converter in the world that works under low wave conditions

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 75 of 206

(0.2 m ~ 0.6 m).37 In 2014, Hann-Ocean signed a two-year strategic investment agreement with Sutong Science & Technology Park in Nantong, China. The agreement presents an opportunity for Hann-Ocean to scale up its development as well as realise its ambitions in China.

Figure 14: Hann-Ocean's Drakoo Type-B Wave Energy Converter Array Source: Hann-Ocean

3.6.2 EU Entry Opportunities

While the tidal energy sector is still at a nascent stage in Singapore, some opportunities are emerging for European companies, including:

 Research collaboration;

 Test-bedding of marine technologies;

 Adaptation of tidal turbines for tropical conditions;

 Consultancy services for feasibility studies and resource mapping;

 Provision of testing facilities.

37 https://cpb-us-east-1-juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/blogs.ntu.edu.sg/dist/2/870/files/2015/07/SEAcORE-Annual-Report-2014-FINAL-V2.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 76 of 206

Research Collaboration

Singapore is keen to collaborate with companies, which have expertise in low tidal and wave range power generation. A key lead in tidal energy is ERI@N, which was established by NTU in 2010 to be the centre of excellence in advanced research, development and demonstration of innovative energy technology solutions. ERI@N has a Wind & Marine programme, which focuses on ocean renewable energy R&D related to tidal, wave and wind energy resource mapping, turbine device development, offshore support structure studies, advanced materials research against environmental impact and grid integration studies. The unit collaborates with a number of local and foreign organisations in the ocean renewable energy sector, making it a useful entry point for EU companies seeking to enter the Singaporean market.38 ERI@N’s projects and collaborations include:

 A tidal in-stream and wave energy resource assessment project at Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal to find out the potential of marine renewable energy in the area. The project included a feasibility study, device development and prototype installation, and was funded under the Maritime Clean Energy Research Programme between the Maritime Port Authority and NTU.

 Collaboration with DHI Water & Environment (Singapore) Pte Ltd to develop Marine Spatial Planning software for ocean renewable energy, particularly with device dependent energy assessment for various types of ocean renewable energy resources.

 An MOU with the European Marine Energy Centre on R&D, which aims to support further the development of marine renewable energy industry in South East Asia. EMEC will help boost the development of international markets and standards and ERI@N’s expertise in advanced research, development and deployment of sustainable technologies.

 Collaborations with neighbouring countries in South East Asia, which have resulted in the formation of the South East Asian Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy, a regional partnership that aims to understand regional energy needs and issues particularly related to

38 https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/35852-oes2014-web18mai.pdf/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 77 of 206

ocean energy in the tropics. The collaboration helps to promote and facilitate adoption of ocean renewable energy in the region, as well as develops and creates new markets.

Test-Bedding of Marine Technologies

Singapore offers numerous opportunities to test-bed innovative marine technologies. Some companies, such as Schottel Hydro, Sustainable Marine Energy and Hann-Ocean have already taped Singapore’s potential to test and commercialise their innovations. Some of the key opportunities for test-bedding include:

 REIDS: A tidal energy facility which has been developed around Semakau Island and St John’s Island in 2016 – 2017. The initiative, known as Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS), aims to be a test and demonstration site for the proper integration of renewable generation into a micro-grid. Various technologies will be tested, including solar, wind, marine, bio energy, fuel cell, diesel, storage, and power-to-gas technologies. The grid is expected to attract at least S$ 20 million (EUR 12.7 million) in project investments from companies interested in test-bedding integrated micro-grid technologies over the next five years.

 Maritime Energy Test Bed: Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK), a Japanese ship classification society with an interest in renewable marine energy, has partnered with NTU to develop a Maritime Energy Test Bed in the southern waters of Singapore. The facility, which was launched in 2015, provides an opportunity for tidal energy device makers to design, develop and test prototype models that are cost-effective and meant for the tropical regions. It also provides avenues for R&D funding, tropical waters know-how, especially anti-fouling, resource assessment data, micro-grid integration for remote island electrification as well as government and business links for future full-scale or commercial development in the region.39

39 https://shipinsight.com/articles/big-day-classnk

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 78 of 206

Adaptation of Tidal Turbines for Tropical Conditions

There is a need to improve the designs of tidal turbines to address challenges for marine energy technology deployment in tropical waters. Solutions are needed in various areas, such as:

 New forms of blades that will be more efficient at low tidal flows;

 Mechanisms that will allow turbines to function without weed entanglement;

 Paints and chemistries that will prevent bio-fouling and corrosion;

 Solutions to reduce the number of marine organisms that tend to grow on turbines that are deployed in warmer waters.

Consultancy Services for Feasibility Studies & Resource Mapping

There is a demand for consultancy services dedicated to ocean renewable energy planning in South East Asia, from feasibility studies to techno-economic analysis for ocean renewable energy in both Singapore and the wider region. To serve this need, a Singapore start-up company called OceanPixel was spun off from ERI@N. Since its establishment in 2014, OceanPixel has handled multiple projects in Singapore, Indonesia, and other parts of Asia, and has a number of potential projects in its pipeline. It recently expanded its presence by opening an office in the Philippines. Its fast expansion highlights the demand for such services within the region.

Provision of Testing Facilities

With the practical implementation and installation of new marine energy installation technologies on the horizon, there is a growing need for testing facilities and clear procedures for verifying the safety and efficiency of new maritime renewable energy technologies. Singapore wants to be one of the countries leading these efforts in Asia, and welcomes foreign participation in the sector.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 79 of 206

EU Companies

DHI Water & Environment

DHI Water & Environment was founded in 1964 in Horsholm, Denmark. It is an international software development and engineering consultant firm specialising in water environments. The company has software development centres in Singapore and Horsholm, Denmark, and operates in over 140 countries worldwide.

DHI Singapore was initially recognised as the company’s headquarters for its operation in South East Asia in 2004. In 2011 it became the headquarters for Asia Pacific covering Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Pacific Islands and Vietnam.

DHI Water & Environment through its Singapore office provides support for the development and assessment of tidal power in the country particularly on software development such as array optimisation tools and web-based online decision support systems. The company is also working together with ERI@N in developing Marine Spatial Planning software for ocean renewable energy, particularly with device dependent energy assessment for various types of ocean renewable energy resources.40

The company is recognised as a ‘trusted advisor’ to the Singaporean government. It undertakes initial environmental feasibility assessments, EIAs and supplies met-ocean design conditions for major reclamation and dredging projects in Singapore together with key government agencies. During the 2014 Asian Clean Energy Summit, DHI was revealed to be a part of consortium working on a feasibility study to build a new marine renewable energy testing facility in Singapore. Led by ClassNK and ERI@N, the consortium was also joined by the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) and Fugro.41

40 ‘Annual Report, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems’, 2014, Ocean Energy Systems (OES) 41 https://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/10/30/singapore-to-study-feasibility-of-building-marine-renewables-testing-facility/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 80 of 206

Schottel Hydro GmbH

Schottel Hydro was founded in Spay, Germany, in 2014, as a subsidiary of Schottel Group, to unify all hydrokinetic energy activities in a single business unit. The company develops, manufactures and markets turbines and components for generating power from marine currents and tides. In 2016, Schottel Hydro has sold and installed its turbines off Sentosa Island (Singapore) and Papua (Indonesia) as pilot projects. In 2017, it has deployed a floating tidal platform off Singapore, and through the partnership with Sustainable Marine Energy is looking to add another tidal demo project to the waters of South East Asia. The work in Singapore was conducted in collaboration with Nanyang Technological University’s Energy Research Institute, using the local shipyard LitaOcean. The company has identified a number of high impact project opportunities within the South East Asian region and it is utilising Singapore as a hub for testing its products in tropical climate.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 81 of 206

3.7 Hydropower

3.7.1 Market Overview

Currently, Singapore has no hydropower in its energy mix because it does not have a river system with fast flowing water. However, the country has recently come up with a creative multi-purpose solution that can potentially add hydropower to its power source.

In 2015, the national water agency, Public Utilities Board (PUB), announced that it will be studying the technical and economic feasibility of developing an integrated underground drainage and storage system to boost its water and energy sustainability. PUB will take into consideration Singapore's limited land area to capture rainfall, and that most of the excess rain is discharged into the sea. The study will look into the design options for an underground drainage and reservoir system (UDRS), which could integrate three key components - storm water conveyance tunnels, underground reservoir caverns and a pumped storage hydropower system that can harness the power of flowing water to generate electricity. The feasibility study is expected to be concluded in 2019.42

Figure 15: PUB’s Underground Water Storage Solution Source: The Straits Times

42 https://www.multiconsultgroup.com/multiconsult-10-years-singapore/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 82 of 206

This initiative of PUB is highly possible because Singapore already has the technology to build 150m-deep lift wells to reach the caverns underground. In addition, the country had successful underground facilities such as:

 The (SAF) has an Underground Ammunition Facility (UAF) built under the old Quarry. It was successfully completed in 2008 after 10 years of construction. Currently dubbed the world's most modern underground ammunition facility, it enabled Singapore to free up 300 ha of land.

 The Jurong Rock Caverns (JRC), built at the cost of S$ 950 million (EUR 604.3 million), is an underground storage facility for liquid hydrocarbons located at the depth of 150 m. The facility can store 1.47 million m3 of liquid hydrocarbons such as crude oil and condensate, enough to fill 600 Olympic-sized swimming pools. The underground storage facility allowed Singapore to save 60 ha of land.

Figure 16: The Jurong Rock Caverns Source: The Straits Times

Considering trade flows (shown in detail in Section 5.3.), in 2017 Singapore imported wave/tidal converter for a value equal to USD 15 million, mostly from the USA, the United Kingdom, and China. Other important EU players include Germany, the 7th largest exporter of these products to Singapore, and Italy, ranked 9th in 2017. Imports of hydraulic turbines registered lower

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 83 of 206

values for 2017, totalling just USD 4 million. The United Kingdom is the only EU countries that made it to the top ten, ranked as the 8th largest exporter to Singapore.

Local Companies

The majority of the local companies in the hydropower sector are serving clients across the region. Some of the local players include:

Envipure Pte Ltd is an environmental engineering company based in Singapore, specialising in pollution control, water and wastewater treatment and generation of climate-friendly renewable energy through mini-hydro, biogas and solar-PV. Envipure builds, owns, and operates two mini- hydro power plants in Sri Lanka with an annual generation capacity of 13 million kWh that provides power to 15,000 homes. The company is also developing similar projects in Malaysia and Indonesia.43

WEnergy Global Pte. Ltd., which is headquartered in Singapore, is a provider of renewable energy solutions. While it aspires to go global, it has clear focus on Singapore’s neighbouring markets. In 2012, the company collaborated with the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) – International Centre for Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) on a small hydropower project in Hangzhou, China. Experts from both institutions are already collaborating in a number of investment assessments in India, the Philippines, and Myanmar.44

3.7.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Other than the recent expression of interest by PUB for a pumped storage hydropower system, there are limited opportunities in Singapore for the deployment of hydropower. Both local and foreign companies that have established their presence in Singapore are working on expanding their market reach into the region.

43 ‘Min-Hydro Power Plants’, EnviPure 44 ‘Collaboration with UNIDO Center for Small Hydro Power in Hangzhou, China’, 2012, WEnergy Global

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 84 of 206

However, being an established R&D hub, Singapore continues to attract investment in R&D, even in the Black & Veatch established a hydropower sector. In 2014, Black & Veatch, a US- Hydropower Centre of Excellence in Singapore to take advantage of based, global engineering, consulting, construction, the extensive efforts and plans to and operations company specialising in develop hydropower in the region infrastructure development in water and environmental markets, established a Hydropower Centre of Excellence in Singapore to strategically take advantage of the extensive efforts and plans to develop hydropower in the region. The company’s hydropower growth projections for South East Asia show capacity doubling in the next 10 years and are based on the government’s plans to develop hydropower facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines.

In addition to large-scale projects, Black & Veach is also looking to target small and mid-scale run-of-river projects that can be successfully developed with lower capital start-up costs and, by connecting remote areas to the grid, deliver additional socio-economic benefits for rural economies.45

EU Companies

Due to Singapore’s geophysical limitations for the Hydropower sub-sector, currently there are no EU companies operating in this segment.

45 ‘Growth of hydropower results in Black & Veatch opening centre of excellence in Singapore’, 2014, Black and Veatch

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 85 of 206

3.8 Biomass

3.8.1 Market Overview

Biomass power, which uses biological materials such as plant, wood and paper waste to generate electricity, is not considered to be a core renewable energy option for Singapore. Singapore’s small size, high population density and land scarcity limits the country’s potential for sustainably- grown domestic biomass. According to the National Environment Agency (NEA), most of the biomass sourced locally comes from combustible, non-recoverable, non-reusable or non- recyclable waste. This includes biomass from municipal waste, such as wood waste, horticultural waste, food waste and paper waste. If Singapore were to use all its biomass (around half a million tonnes a year) to produce energy, it would meet only 1% of the country’s energy demand.46

Waste Disposed Waste Recycled Waste Generated Recycling Rate Waste Type of (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (%)

Wood 97,300 326,800 424,100 77%

Horticultural Waste 107,600 220,700 328,300 67%

Food 676,800 133,000 809,800 16%

Table 5: Biomass Recycling Rates in 2017 Source: National Environmental Agency

Despite its limitations, Singapore has adopted technology to convert biomass to energy, as the country progresses towards becoming a clean energy hub in Asia Pacific. It imports most of its biomass from its neighbours, Malaysia and Indonesia.

Singapore’s first Waste-To-Energy (WTE) facility launched in 2012 featured a woody biomass steam production plant that can generate roughly 22 tonnes of process steam per hour, bringing biomass-based energy to Jurong Island. In 2013, a milestone project – a unique integrated

46 http://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/energy-waste/climate-change/nccs-2012.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 86 of 206

biomass-solar power generation plant by the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Corporation (CGNPC) – was completed.

Local Companies

Singaporean companies have built a number of biomass facilities both locally and overseas. In addition to the companies featured below, there are other companies in Singapore that offer services/ products related to the recycling of biomass to useful products such as furniture, charcoal, compost and fertilisers.

Sembcorp runs a woodchip-fuelled biomass steam production plant in Singapore with a total capacity of 60 tonnes per hour of process steam, providing a sustainable solution to its customers on Jurong Island. Upon completion in 2016, the facility, the largest energy-from-waste plant in Singapore, is capable of producing 140 tonnes per hour of steam using industrial and commercial waste collected by the company’s solid waste management arm. Sembcorp also runs a 35-megawatt power station that uses sustainable wood for fuel, the Sembcorp Biomass Power Station in Teesside, UK, which is the first large-scale wood-fired renewable energy plant in the country.

Industrial Power Technology (IPT) is a power plant developer and integrator, specialising in the turnkey construction and integration of biomass power plants in South East Asia. Its spectrum of services covers the end-to-end integration activities of power plant development, from engineering and design consultation to power plant erection, maintenance and control. IPT develops customised, environmentally friendly power plant solutions for heat and electricity co- generation using a range of biomass waste, such as wood and industrial waste. Established in 1990, and based in Singapore, it has successfully developed and integrated more than 10 biomass co-generation power plants in Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia for diverse industrial applications.

Founded in 1979, the ecoWise Group is a Singapore based renewable energy and integrated environmental solutions provider. In 2009, the National Parks Board (NPB) commissioned ecoWise to design, build, and run a biomass co-generation plant located at the Gardens by the

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 87 of 206

Bay, a nature park spanning 101 hectares of reclaimed land in central Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir. The project began its commercial operation in 2011 using horticultural and wood waste as feedstock. It generates 0.9 MW of electricity and 5.4 MW heat. Prior to this, ecoWise had undertaken a couple of biomass plant projects in China. It also operates a Biomass Co-Generation Demonstration Plant located at in Singapore.

Figure 17: The Gardens by The Bay Source: National Parks Board

3.8.2 EU Entry Opportunities

The biomass-to-energy sector has been slowly gaining traction in Singapore, largely because Singapore is keen to tap into the potential of the growing market in South East Asia.47 Opportunities mainly exist in areas, such as:

 Research & Development (R&D) collaborations;

 Exporting biomass technology to the region.

47 http://www.eco-business.com/news/southeast-asia-set-biomass-boom/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 88 of 206

Research & Development (R&D) Collaborations

The potential market size of biomass energy in Singapore is estimated to be EUR 42 million. The sub-sector is backed by various academic institutes and research organisations are involved in research and development:

 In the past few years, researchers at the National University of Singapore have successfully set up a laboratory-scaled gasifier where they have tested a variety of solid waste, such as wood chips, and biomass waste such as chicken manure, horse manure and food waste. They have also designed a series of experiments by mixing biomass with sewage sludge. NUS is now looking for collaborations with industrial partners, and is working with Bioplas Energy (Asia Pacific), a company which provides qualified technologies for alternative energy, renewable energy and bioenergy, to develop an industry-scaled gasification system which is capable of producing electricity and bio-char from biomass and solid waste.48

 In 2013, A*STAR's Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences and the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology signed an MoU to promote joint research and collaboration in the field of sustainable chemicals, specifically in biomass-to-chemicals research. The partnership between the two institutions aims to build a complementary expertise in the field of bio-catalysis areas and will enclose undertakings such as, but not limited to, joint academic meetings, symposia, and R&D activities.

 The Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI) is also looking at how to take pollutants, put them into biologic processes, convert them into biomass and recover energy using anaerobic systems. One such opportunity is in removing carbon early to save energy. NEWRI has been working on intercepting incoming carbon early, removing it from the effluent stream and using a bio-local process, which reduces energy usage by 60 - 70%.

48 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/eco-friendly-way-to-dispose-of-waste

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 89 of 206

Some of the other promising areas where European companies can find collaboration opportunities include:

 Modernising bioenergy systems, in particular, improving and modernising heating technologies;

 Gasifier technology for thermal and electricity generation applications using agricultural residue;

Exporting Biomass Technology to the Region

Singapore can offer opportunities for European companies to act as a launchpad for tapping South The region as a whole has a East Asian biomass opportunities – the region which strong interest in biomass but needs a business model that will has abundant biomass resources. Although work, which includes cost-efficient Singapore is not rich in biomass reserves, it offers one solutions to address logistics and of the most business friendly environments in the transportation issues world and a close proximity to lucrative business opportunities in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, among others.

Biomass-fuelled power generation is the second most developed renewable energy-based power system after hydropower in the region. Applications include decentralised and grid-connected biopower plants. In the last decade, cogeneration systems employing advanced biomass direct combustion technologies utilising agricultural wastes to simultaneously produce heat and power have been successfully commercialised in the region

It is notable that many South East Asian countries are among the top producers of agricultural commodities such as rice, sugar cane, palm oil, coconut and rubber. Additionally, Indonesia and Malaysia are major exporters of wood products. There are a number of small biomass energy projects currently under development and implementation in the region in sugar mills, palm oil mills, rice mills and wood-processing factories. There are also small power producers whose primary business is to sell electricity to the national grid and heat and/ or power

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 90 of 206

to other off-takers using renewable energy sources. The region as a whole has a strong interest in biomass but needs a business model that will work, which includes cost-efficient solutions to address logistics and transportation issues.

A foreign company that has successfully used Singapore as a launchpad to South East Asia is China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding (CGNPH), a clean energy corporation under the supervision of the state-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council of China. In 2013, CGNPH constructed a unique integrated biomass-solar power generation plant in Singapore. The 9.9 MW solar-biofuel integrated power plant facility has a 521 kWp PV system on its rooftop and a wood-fired steam broiler which uses approximately 300 MT of wood and horticulture waste per day as feedstock.49 The facility provides a clean and reliable supply of energy to Singapore, and serves as the company’s proof of concept as they expand in South East Asia and Australia through collaboration with local companies and R&D institutions.

Figure 18: CGN Biomass-PV Integrated Power Generation Project in Singapore Source: China Guandong Nuclear Power Holding Co.

49 http://analysis.newenergyupdate.com/csp-today/technology/chinas-nuclear-giant-opts-csp-biomass-hybrid

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 91 of 206

EU Companies

Vyncke

Headquartered in Harelbeke in Belgium, Vyncke NV is a global player in the biomass sector. The company designs and builds the entire energy plant from fuel storage to chimney, including the combustion and boiler technology, flue gas cleaning, power generation, and control and automation of the total plant.

In 1978, Vyncke sold a wood-fired steam boiler to Singapore, to a sawmill - of which there were several at the time - and opened the company's first overseas office there. As the sawmills on the island closed and moved to other South East Asian countries, Vyncke's exports moved with them. By the mid-90s, Vyncke became very active in South East Asia, supplying more than 70% of boilers to the region. It established an office in Kuala Lumpur more than 20 years ago, which currently employs 25 sales people, project managers and field engineers. In Thailand, a company called Getabec makes boilers under Vyncke licence, and Vyncke also runs an office there employing four staff.

Vyncke continues to win projects in Singapore, out of its regional base in Kuala Lumpur. In 2009, Belgian technology and materials provided by Vyncke were used to build the biomass co- generation plant at the Gardens by the Bay. Prior to that, it installed a 530 kW cogeneration plant for ECO Special Waste Management (ECO SWM), a waste management company that serves industrial and commercial customers from a wide range of industries, such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, oil and gas, power generation, electronics, etc. The Vyncke plant, which uses wood waste as fuel, generates 530 kW of electricity and 15 tonnes of steam per hour, and powers the company’s waste management processes while the steam is utilised to clean drums and wash storage tanks. The total investment cost was estimated to be EUR 1.8 million excluding civil works and allows ECO SWM to save EUR 150,000 per year.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 92 of 206

SaraRasa

SaraRasa is one of the leading biomass suppliers in South East Asia, specialising in producing industrial grade pellets to power plants. Founded in 2012 by a team of Finnish and other European bio-energy experts, the company has been established in Singapore with operations mainly focused in Indonesia. SaraRasa is a biomass industry pioneer in Indonesia and the first company with a large-scale pellet operation. The company's vision is to provide sustainable biomass and biomass products to end users and to increase this supply through utilisation of the first-mover advantage and proprietary industry network and knowledge.

SaraRasa uses sustainable waste raw material and its biomass pellets are a substitute for coal in power plants. Power plants that substitute coal with biomass pellets will reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 95% per kWh of energy generated.

The company has attracted the attention of Finnish project management services provider, Dovre Group, which invested EUR 1.4 million in Sararasa Biomass's renewable energy expansion. The money will go towards expansion of Sararasa’s Indonesian plant that makes pellets from wood waste materials.

Turboden s.r.l.

Founded in 1980, Turboden is a leading Italian company focused on the development and production of ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) turbogenerators. Its state of the art equipment generates heat and power from renewable sources and heat recovery in industrial processes. Today, the company is part of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Group.

Turboden has appointed an authorised distributor in Singapore, Sobono Energy, for its ORCs with a range of 600 kWe up to 5 MWd. Sobono addresses supply side solutions, and undertakes application engineering and development, integration of the complete energy solution (including installation and project management) and post-installation maintenance services, on behalf of Turboden in South East Asia.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 93 of 206

3.9 Landfill Gas/ Sewage Treatment Gas / Biogas

3.9.1 Market Overview

Singapore’s growing population, flourishing economy and rapid industrialisation has contributed to about a 7-fold increase in the amount of solid waste output, from 1,260 tonnes a day in 1970, to a peak of 8,559 tonnes a day in 2016.50 The increasing output of waste has spurred the country on to develop a world-class solid waste management system, which has led to an influx of companies specialising in the waste management sector.

Presently, Singapore’s solid waste disposal infrastructure consists of an offshore landfill, 4 waste- to-energy (WTE) incineration plants, with an additional WTE plant in the pipeline. There is also a state-of the-art Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) being built in order to meet its waste management needs.

Waste-To-Energy (WTE) Plants

Singapore’s four incineration plants serve as a land-efficient method of waste management, and provide 3% of the island’s electricity needs.

Plant Incineration Year Expected Ownership Status Capacity Commissioned Lifespan Until

Tuas WTE Plant 1,700 1986 2018 Government owned & operated

Senoko WTE Plant 2,100 1992 201851 Privatised in 2009

Tuas South WTE Plant 3,000 2000 2030 Government owned & operated

Keppel Seghers Tuas 800 2009 2034 PPP DBOO Approach WTE Plant

Table 6: WTEs in Singapore Source: National Environmental Agency

50 http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/waste-management/solid-waste-management-infrastructure 51 The Tuas and the plants will be replaced by the Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF), which will be operational from 2022

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 94 of 206

Incineration of solid waste in Singapore reduces its volume by 90%, which has helped the country reduce the need for future landfills.52 Heat from the combustion process in the WTE plants is used to generate superheated steam in boilers. The steam is in turn used to drive turbo generators to produce electricity.

Landfill Gas (LFG)

Singapore’s only landfill is the world's first offshore landfill. Singapore created the offshore landfill by reclaiming 350 ha area between two small islands, Pulau Sakeng and Pulau Semakau, which it then named the Semakau Landfill. The landfill was created with a 7 km perimeter bund, followed by construction of internal bunds to convert the enclosed sea space into landfill cells. Development works have recently been undertaken to enable it to last until 2040.

The landfill does not generate landfill gas as it is not used to dispose of organic material. Instead, ash from the WTE incineration plants, and non-incinerable waste such as construction and renovation debris, are disposed of at the landfill.

Figure 19: The Semakau Landfill Source: National Environment Agency

52 http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/waste-management/solid-waste-management-infrastructure

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 95 of 206

Sewage Treatment Plant Gas and Biogas

Although there have been significant strides in the waste management and recycling sectors in Singapore, the biogas sector remains relatively untapped. Currently, biogas technology has been deployed mainly in Singapore’s water reclamation plants (WRPs), which generate between 20% and 25% of biogas energy from sludge to run their own operations.53

Singapore’s initial foray into biogas production was in Currently, biogas technology 2008, when a Singapore-based niche environmental has been deployed mainly in waste management company, IUT Global Pte Ltd, set up Singapore’s water the country’s first bio-methanisation plant to convert food reclamation plants waste into biogas for electricity production, and compost for landscaping. The NEA assisted the firm by linking it up with waste collectors to supply the plant with some 4.6 tonnes of food waste generated from hawker centres and markets for recycling. However, two years after it began operation, the plant (which could process up to 800 tonnes of waste a day) was only recycling 130 tonnes of waste daily. Its main challenge was lack of legislation to segregate food waste at source. The plant eventually shut down in 2011.

Use of biogas in Singapore is conducted only on a small-scale basis. For example, in 2014, two of Singapore’s egg farms, Cheng Soon Farm and Chew’s Agriculture, set up biogas plants to turn manure into biogas. Previously, the manure was treated and sold as fertiliser, a process that required money, space, energy as well as manpower. Looking to save resources, as well as the environment, both farms decided to adopt biogas technology provided by Anaergia as an environmentally sustainable solution.

In 2015, the global anaerobic digestion technologies provider Anaergia partnered with Singapore’s national water agency PUB in a project aiming to produce biogas with the help of anaerobic bacteria. The demonstration facility was announced within the Ulu Pandan Water Reclamation Plant, and it is the first of its kind in Singapore. The demonstration plant was set up

53 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-facility-to-turn-food-waste-used-water-sludge-into-electrici-8279474

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 96 of 206

to validate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of co-digestion implementation in Singapore. If the plan is executed successfully, the patented Anaergia process will be supplied in other water treatment plants.54

Local Companies

Local companies have found numerous opportunities in R&D, construction and operation of renewable facilities, and supply of equipment and innovative solutions to the sector. Some of the local players include the following:

Hyflux Ltd is a global environmental solutions company headquartered and listed in Singapore, which focuses in the areas of water and energy. In September 2015, NEA announced that a consortium comprising Hyflux and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries had been awarded a tender to build a new WTE plant in Tuas. The project, valued at S$ 750 million (EUR 477 million), is expected to be completed by 2019. The WTE will be Singapore’s largest and most energy-efficient plant. It will produce 2,880 MWh of electricity per day from incinerating waste, and the energy will be used to run the plant and power Singapore’s electricity needs. Hyflux will undertake engineering, procurement and construction works worth S$ 636 million (EUR 404.5 million) and MHI will provide the technology. Both companies will then jointly manage, operate and maintain the plant.

Sobono Energy is a Singapore-based distributor of biogas technology, which has undertaken a number of projects for farms across the region. For example, in 2012, Sobono Energy was awarded a contract by Biotech Farms, one of the Philippines' largest and most progressive integrated hog and poultry layer farms, which processes animal waste in an onsite anaerobic digester to produce biogas.

Founded in 1998, ECO Special Waste Management (ECO SWM) is one of Singapore's leading waste management companies serving industrial and commercial customers in Singapore. In 2012, ECO SWM completed the first clean development mechanism in Singapore, under the Kyoto Protocol for control and management of greenhouse gases, known as the Sewage Sludge

54 https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2015/06/22/new-biogas-demonstration-plant-to-be-unveiled-in-singapore-this-september/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 97 of 206

Dehydration and Incineration project. The project aims to minimise sludge landfill to avoid methane emission. The incineration process reduces the volume of sludge dramatically, and at the same time, it completely eliminates methane production. With this project, 100,000 tonnes

CO2 emissions are reduced annually, and 2,280,000 MJ thermal energy is generated. About 22% of the thermal energy generated is used for the sludge dehydration process.55

3.9.2 EU Entry Opportunities

The potential of sewage treatment gas, and biogas in Singapore is promising as the country is determined to Singapore is determined to find solutions to achieve the find effective and sustainable long-term solutions to water-waste-energy nexus achieve the water-waste-energy nexus. Some of the opportunities for European companies include:

 Research collaboration, test-bedding and commercialisation of new WTE technologies;

 Participation in the upcoming, high-value WTE projects;

 Exporting of biogas technology and business models to South East Asian Markets

Research Collaboration, Test-Bedding & Commercialisation of New WTE Technologies

There are opportunities for EU companies to collaborate on various R&D projects that are ongoing in Singapore, especially those related to anaerobic digestion, biological wastewater treatment, fermentation, waste to energy processing, gasification, and others. In particular, collaborations are welcomed by both the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Nanyang Technological Institute (NTU).

Some companies are also finding opportunities to test-bed their technologies in Singapore. A good example is the Canadian company Anaergia’s entry into Singapore by collaboration with PUB to set up a 2,000 m2 demonstration biogas facility at the Ulu Pandan WRP. The project is supported by a co-funding grant from the TechPioneer Scheme administered by the EDB on

55 https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/JCI1255679005.07

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 98 of 206

behalf of the Environment and Water Industry Programme Office. The new facility utilises Anaergia’s patented anaerobic digestion technology, which mixes and processes up to 40 tonnes of combined food waste and used water sludge daily into biogas for electricity generation. It is estimated that the demonstration plant will raise energy production to 50% of the plant’s needs with the addition of food waste processing.

Figure 20: The Ulu Pandan WRP to use Biogas to Generate Electricity Source: The Straits Times

If found to be viable, the technology would be implemented in future plants, such as the future Tuas Water Treatment Plant in 2024, with a goal of having up to 70% of that plant's energy supplied by this process.

The technology can also be applied to Singapore’s WRPs and in the upcoming IWMF. By combining used water sludge with food waste, the amount of biogas produced can be doubled due to the higher calorific value in food waste. To ensure the success of the project, the NEA called for a tender in August 2015 for the collection of source-segregated food waste from the

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 99 of 206

Clementi area in Singapore for the Ulu Pandan WRP, underlying the government’s commitment to making such collaborations a success.56

Other technologies and solutions that Singapore is interested in exploring and test-bedding include:

 Thermal treatment, biological treatment and physical treatment of waste. In particular, Singapore is interested in anaerobic digestion technology;

 Technology-led solutions in the production of biomass fuel from horticultural waste and wood waste;

Participation in the Upcoming High-Value WTE Projects

Singapore has launched high-value projects to help meet its long-term requirements for waste disposal and energy. For example, the country is building an integrated waste management facility (IWMF) at the Tuas WRP in Singapore. The IWMF will provide waste treatment solutions that will minimise the environmental impact and land footprint while maximising resources and energy recovery from waste. It will process municipal solid waste, recyclables, food waste and treated sewage sludge, and will be able to supply electricity to the future Tuas WRP, as both facilities will be co-located to achieve efficiencies in the use of energy, water and land. The IWMF will be constructed in two phases with Phase 1 scheduled for completion in 2021 and Phase 2 by 2024. It will potentially cater up to almost 50% of the waste treatment capacity needed in Singapore upon completion.57

Exporting of Biogas Technology & Business Models to SE Asian Markets

There are growing opportunities for EU companies that are looking to tap the biomass-abundant South East Asian markets from a base in Singapore. For example, Thailand, which has the most advanced biogas sector in South East Asia, is aiming for a six-fold increase in biogas production by 2021. Mega cities in the region, such as Jakarta and Manila, are interested to explore the

56 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-facility-to-turn-food-waste-used-water-sludge-into-electrici-8279474 57 http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20140610004/fact_sheet_on_deep_tunnel_sewerage_system_with_iwmf.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 100 of 206

potential of landfill gas and sewage treatment gas. Across the region, WTE digesters are increasingly viewed as a single technology that can address multiple issues at once, from producing renewable energy to providing some form of waste management in rural areas without sanitation infrastructure. Exporting biogas technologies and novel business models to such regional markets from a business-friendly base in Singapore while saving operational time and logistical costs can prove to be a lucrative business opportunity for European companies.

EU Companies

While the EU companies are targeting clearly defined opportunities in the WTE sector, only a few are in the local biogas sector. Some of the existing EU players in Singapore include:

Keppel Seghers (formerly Seghers Better Technology)

Seghers Better Technology was an environmental technology and engineering group based in Belgium. It was serving a number of customers in Europe, US and Asia, which included municipalities and multinational companies across a wide range of industries. Its notable industrial customers included Vivendi / US Filter, OTV, Lurgi, Bechtel, Heineken, Cargill and Shell. In 2002, it was acquired by Singapore-based Keppel Engineering for EUR 19.1 million.

As part of Keppel Engineering’s strategic plan of retaining the Belgian identity for this environmental business, Keppel Engineering nominated three of its Belgium subsidiaries to purchase the assets of Seghers Better Technology. The group, renamed as Keppel Seghers, is today a leading provider of comprehensive environmental solutions ranging from consultancy, design and engineering, technology and construction to operations and maintenance of facilities. Its advanced technology solutions address a wide spectrum of environmental issues. To date, it has implemented more than 100 WTE projects.

One of its projects in Singapore is the Keppel Seghers Tuas Waste-To-Energy Plant (KSTP). The KSTP was developed under a DBOO model and commissioned in 2009. Keppel Seghers designed and built the plant, and has a 25-year contract to operate it from 4Q 2009. Built on a land space of only 1.6 hectares, the KSTP is one of the most compact waste-to-energy facilities

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 101 of 206

in the world. It has the capacity to treat 800 tonnes of solid waste a day to generate 22 MW of green energy, contributing to Singapore’s energy supply with the electricity that is in excess of the plant’s consumption. The plant is also part of Keppel Infrastructure Trust’s portfolio.

Asia Biogas

Asia Biogas, which builds power plants that turn waste into power, is owned by a group of Irish and Singaporean investors. Asia Biogas Group operates from offices in Singapore, Bangkok and Jakarta, delivering award winning biogas projects on Build-Own-Operate-Transfer basis for clients. Having built over 90 projects across the region, Asia Biogas currently owns and operates five projects with a sixth project in Indonesia due to start operations this year.

In January 2016, Krabi Waste-to-Energy Co Ltd, a subsidiary of Asia Biogas, started its commercial operation in Thailand. The project is expected to export 12,000 MWh of electricity per year using biogas as fuel from palm oil mill waste, processed in an anaerobic digester built and designed by Asia Biogas. The project will also help Thailand to meet its renewable energy target.

Aum Business Creations

Aum Business Creations, which is owned by a Swedish national, is the result of intensive studies of the potential of renewable energy solutions for South East Asia. The Aumgas Biogas Generator is the world’s first small-scale, fully automated, fully automated, on-site Biogas Generator for turning Food Waste and Horticultural Waste into Cooking Gas and a 100% organic BioFertiliser. Although headquartered in Singapore, Aum Business Creations has trained its sights on exporting its services to neighbouring countries.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 102 of 206

3.10 Power Generation

3.10.1 Market Overview

With a small size of 715.8 km2 and limited natural and energy resources, Singapore barely has any energy fuel production, and is almost completely reliant on primary energy imports for domestic power consumption.

200,000.00 172,911.70 176,347.40 180,000.00 158,583.80 161,139.80 153,679.10 160,000.00

140,000.00 114,547.30 120,000.00

100,000.00 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016

ktoe

Figure 21: Imports of Energy Products, 2005-2016 Source: Energy Market Authority

According to the Energy Market Authority (EMA), Singapore imported 176.3 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) of energy products in 2016, which represented an increase of 2% over the previous year. To reduce its carbon footprint, Singapore is waning itself off petroleum products.58 In the past decade, the country has adopted cleaner energy sources to fuel electricity demand, moving away from diesel and fuel oil to the more environmentally-friendly natural gas. Natural gas now makes up 95.26% of Singapore's fuel mix, up from 74.4% in 2005. Coal and petroleum products accounted for 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively, while the rest (2.9%) was contributed by other energy products (e.g. municipal waste, biomass and output from solar) – the share which is bigger than coal and petroleum products combined, proving Singapore’s commitment to utilising clean technologies.

58 https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/SES17/Publication_Singapore_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 103 of 206

Figure 22: Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation, 2005-2017 Source: Energy Market Authority

The switching of fuel from oil to gas has helped improve reliability and price competitiveness of electricity, reduced air pollution, and lowered the CO2 concentration. The government has, through EMA, restructured and liberalised Singapore’s energy markets to promote competition, as well as fair and efficient market conduct. EMA aims to protect the consumer with regards to energy reliability, quality of supply and services, and reasonable pricing, but does not offer any subsidies for energy use.

Interestingly, despite Singapore’s lack of natural resources, its drive to find innovative and practical solutions to its energy security and sustainability has proven successful, as can be attested by Singapore leading with a 100% electrification rate in South East Asia.

Singapore is now promoting a more diversified energy system given the rapidly evolving nature of energy markets and technologies in order to mitigate energy supply and price risks. It believes that the private sector is in the best position to decide which energy technologies to invest in but

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 104 of 206

ensures that all policies are open and flexible as the market evolves. The government helps to facilitate the introduction of new technologies by supporting R&D, test-bedding and demonstration of new technologies.

According to the EMA, the total licensed generation capacity in Singapore at the end of March 2017 stood at 13,348.4 MW. In terms of generation technology, Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine/ Cogeneration/ Trigeneration (known as CCGT/ Co-Gen/ Tri-Gen) has the largest share at 77.6% representing 10,335.5 MW capacity. This is followed by Steam Turbine with a 19.1% share or 2,556.1 MW capacity. The remaining 1.3% (180 MW) is attributed to Open Cycle Gas Turbine and 1.9% (256.8 MW) to Waste-to-Energy (WTE).

Figure 23: Electricity Generation Capacity by Technology Type: 2005-2017 Source: Energy Market Authority

The power generation market has been increasingly competitive with the expansion of smaller existing MPPs, and the entry of new ones (i.e. PacificLight Power in 2014, and Tuaspring in

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 105 of 206

2015). This had resulted in a fall in the generation capacity market share of the three major MPPs from 88.8% in 2005, to 84.4% in 2010, and subsequently to 67.3% in the first quarter of 2017.

Figure 24: % Share of Electricity Generation Companies, 2015-2017 Source: Energy Market Authority

According to EMA, 93.2% of the total licensed electric power generation capacity of Singapore is generated by the main power producers (MPPs) with the remaining 6.8% generated by Autoproducers, meaning enterprises that produce electricity but for whom the production is not their principal activity.

Electricity Market Outlook

Based on the submissions received from generation licensees, Singapore’s projected total electricity supply over the next 4 years is expected to decrease slightly. The reduction in capacity is projected primarily due to retirement of steam plants.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 106 of 206

Notes: This is based on the projected total electricity supply (capacity) as at end of the calendar year. The projected total electricity supply (capacity) by end 2017 is 13,500 MW. In Singapore, the minimum reserve margin has been set at 30% to ensure system security is maintained. The reserve margin is a system-wide indicator. Potential investors should also consider any potential localised transmission constraints.

Figure 25: Projected Total Electricity Supply (Capacity), 2018-2021 Source: Energy Market Authority

The annual system demand, on the other hand, is projected to grow at a CAGR of 1.3% between 2012-2028. This takes into account various factors, including changes to population and temperature, and projected Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates.

Notes: * System demand refers to gross electricity generation required to meet electricity consumed by all consumers, including auto producers with their own generation and consumers with solar generation. **The CAGR is calculated using 2006 figures as the base year.

Figure 26: Projected Annual System Demand, 2017-2027 Source: Energy Market Authority

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 107 of 206

Based on these forecasted electricity demand and supply trends, the reserve margin in Singapore is expected to remain above 30% over the next 4 years.

Local Companies

The Singaporean power generation market is divided between 3 main power generating companies (Senoko Energy, YTL PowerSeraya and Tuas Power Generation), four smaller MPPs, and the autoproducers/ waste-to-energy production. Some of these key players are profiled in Section 3.12, which focuses on their activities in relation to the Cogeneration Sector.

3.10.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Through the liberalisation of the electricity retail market in Singapore, users have the flexibility to buy electricity from any retailer, creating a competitive playing field for the consumers. Furthermore, asset divestment among the power generation companies in Singapore has contributed to an increased presence of international players, further enhancing the competitiveness of Singapore’s power market. The players in the market are thus keen to take advantage of cutting-edge technological advances in generation and co-generation technologies to achieve efficiencies. Opportunities in the sector include:

 Capitalising on solar photovoltaic technologies;

 Test-bedding innovative energy generation technologies;

 Co-generation & tri-generation technologies;

 Output & efficiency optimising technologies and solutions.

Capitalising on Photovoltaic Technologies

In particular, Singapore is seeking to improve its energy security and competitiveness by taking advantage of its tropical climate and capitalising on advancements in solar photovoltaic technologies. According to a study by the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore, solar energy could possibly meet as much as a quarter of Singapore’s energy needs by 2025. This is possible only if Singapore deploys solar generation technologies more innovatively and efficiently,

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 108 of 206

and overcomes the challenges of limited land and solar intermittency. The government is already aggregating demand for solar across the public sector to spur demand in the private sector, and has launched in 2016 the world’s largest floating solar photovoltaic test-bed at Tengeh reservoir. European companies can capitalise on this demand for solar energy by providing innovative technology, equipment and materials for deploying solar energy systems.

Test-Bedding Innovative Energy Generation Technologies

While Singapore is not able to generate sufficient baseload electricity from renewable sources reliably for Singapore, it continues with its efforts to explore new options for energy supply, and welcomes partnerships to test-bed innovative solutions in a live operational environment in Singapore. A key initiative is the Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS) at Pulau Semakau, which aims to be a test and demonstration site for the proper integration of renewable generation into a micro grid. The grid is expected to attract at least S$ 20 million (EUR 12.7 million) in project investments from companies interested in test-bedding integrated micro-grid technologies over the next five years. For example, as part of a collaboration between the Demonstrator and French multinational electric utility company ENGIE, in October 2017 Singapore inaugurated the nation’s first long-span wind turbine at Semakau Landfill.

Co-Generation & Tri-Generation Technologies

The adoption of co-generation and tri-generation technologies in Singapore has increased significantly since 2005. The country is particularly promoting a more diversified energy system in order to catch up with the rapidly evolving nature of energy markets and technologies and mitigate energy supply and price risks. The government is also keen to facilitate the introduction of new technologies that introduce systems with capabilities to mitigate intermittencies in energy production. As a result, it actively supports R&D, test-bedding and demonstration of new, hybrid technologies that incorporate solar, wind, biomass and tidal energies. In addition, it is investing heavily in CHP technologies and CHP retrofits for existing power plants. Companies with expertise in co- and tri-generation technologies and know-how in hybrid conventional-renewable

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 109 of 206

energy systems are likely to find opportunities to develop, test-bed and commercialise for the wider region their technologies in Singapore.

Given the fact that starting in 2019 Singapore will be the first South East Asian nation to implement a carbon tax, it is expected that more heavy industry users will seek CHP, co-generation and tri- generation technologies to optimise their operations, supplement their own electricity needs and reduce their carbon footprint.

Output & Efficiency Optimising Technologies & Solutions

Singapore is also interested to promote technologies that help it achieve output optimisation and energy efficiencies. As a result, technologies, such as integrations of smart grid solutions, energy storage, demand management systems and combined renewable-conventional energy grid systems are in demand.

EU Companies

Schneider Electric

Schneider Electric is a French company engaged in electricity distribution, automation and energy management with markets in energy and infrastructure, industry, data centres and networks, and buildings.

The company has been present in Singapore since the 1970s (as Telemecanique Far East Co and subsequently renamed to Schneider Electric in the 1990s). The company’s products, systems and solutions can be found in many of the country’s major projects including the Singapore Sports Hub, the Esplanade – Theatres by the Bay, , the Newater Plant, and PowerGrid. Schneider Electric is also participating in the REIDS project.

The company has announced that it would invest around EUR 65 million over the next few years in Singapore, to establish a Software Industry Solutions Centre and a Software Regional Hub, among others. Supported by the Singapore Economic Development Board, the Software Industry Solutions Centre will help chemicals, food and beverage, mining and metals, oil and gas,

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 110 of 206

transportation, water and waste water, and utilities companies. At peak capacity, expected to be reached by 2018, the centre will employ more than 60 research scientists and engineers.

ENGIE

Headquartered in France, ENGIE, formerly known as GDF Suez, is among the world's largest utility companies and is a leader in the electricity, natural gas and energy services sectors.

ENGIE has multiple plants and technologies in Singapore, and undertakes a diverse range of activities. In total, ENGIE employs over 1,600 people in the country across power generation, energy services, energy trading and research portfolios. The company owns 30% of stake in Senoko Power, Singapore’s largest power generation company, following an acquisition practice with a consortium of global companies in 2008.

In 2010, ENGIE established a presence in Singapore through GDF Suez LNG. The company entered into high-value LNG sales agreements with major Asian players. In 2012 it opened a trading floor in the country to trade energy derivatives, leveraging on Singapore’s strategic position for trading physical commodities. The company also acquired Keppel FMO in 2014 to form Cofely, an accredited Energy Services Company with capabilities and expertise in energy and environmental management.

In 2014, ENGIE Lab Singapore was also established to serve as an Asia-Pacific Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Low-Carbon and Distributed Energy Resources. This CoE has partnered with NTU to apply the gamification of energy efficiency through its EcoCampus programme and will also develop integrated energy management solutions by participating in the REIDS project.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 111 of 206

3.11 Energy Efficiency and Carbon Services

3.11.1 Market Overview

As the vast majority of carbon emissions originate from the combustion of fossil fuels for energy, Singapore has opted for the most direct way to reduce emissions by cutting down on its use of fossil fuels. The country’s fuel mix has seen a dramatic shift in the past decade. Natural gas accounted for 95.26% of the country’s total generation capacity in 2016, up from 74.4% in 2005. Petroleum products, on the other hand, have seen a dramatic decline to just 0.7% in 2016. This shift has substantially reduced the country’s emission growth.

Fuel Mix for Generation Petroleum Products Natural Gas Others Total 2005 23.1 74.4 2.5 100 2006 19.8 77.8 2.4 100 2007 18.9 78.7 2.4 100 2008 17.2 80.3 2.5 100 2009 16.9 80.6 2.5 100 2010 20.2 77.2 2.6 100 2011 19.4 78.0 2.6 100 2012 13.0 84.3 2.7 100 2013 4.69 91.79 3.5 100 2014 0.70 95.38 3.92 100 2015 0.66 95.26 4.08 100 2016 0.70 95.20 4.1 100 Table 7: Fuel Mix for Generation Source: National Market Authority

With the signing of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2016, Singapore has pledged to reduce its emissions intensity by 36% by 2030, compared to its 2005 levels. It also aims to stabilise its emissions, with the aim of peaking around 2030. Improving energy efficiency has

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 112 of 206

therefore become a more urgent priority, with Singapore continuing to invest in research and technology to meet its new targets.59

Business-as-usual Scenario

The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) forecasts that Singapore’s business-as-usual (BAU) emissions will reach 77.2 million tonnes in 2020.60 Buildings account for a significant proportion of projected BAU emissions: 13.8% is expected to be produced by buildings and 7.6% by households, while the industry would remain the largest emitter with approximately 60% of the emissions.

Figure 27: Projected Business-as-usual Emissions, 2020 Source: National Climate Change Secretariat

Consumption of Electricity in Buildings

In Singapore, buildings, both residential and non-residential, are responsible for around 50% of the country’s electricity consumption. The highest normalised Energy Efficiency Index related to electricity consumption per floor area per year is found in commercial buildings and building types

59 https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/geneva/press_statements_speeches/2015/201507/press_20150703.html 60 https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profile

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 113 of 206

such as shopping malls, hotels, hospitals, and offices. Typically, the majority of non-residential building electricity consumption is attributed to cooling (60%) and mechanical ventilation (10%). The remaining share goes to lighting (15%), lifts & escalators (10%) and other sources (5%).61 Therefore, it has been deemed necessary to focus on energy reduction in this sector via technologies that can significantly improve the energy efficiency of buildings, while ensuring their liveability and long-term sustainability. The top 10 technology priorities identified by Singapore in 2014 are:

Focus Technology theme Desired Outcome area ID62 Integrative Design Tools for multi- Optimise for whole building approach to maximise efficiency and criteria optimisation minimise negative impacts ID Building modelling and predictive Analyse energy use in real-time and take predictive control actions controls based upon model outputs ACMV63 Decouple ventilation and cooling Separating latent and sensible loads can improve chiller plant and air-distribution efficiencies ACMV Self-adapting distributed air- conditioning Flexibility of air distribution systems that dynamically adjusts with systems for users space and time ACMV Innovative sensible cooling Improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort via reduction in air flow and enhanced control ACMV Displacement ventilation system Optimised ventilation flow to reduce energy required for air movement BMIS64 Embedded intelligence in software Software detects sensor anomalies during operation to enable faster and more effective decision making BMIS Automated Fault Detection, Diagnostics, Alert facility manager and instantly provide sequential instructions to and Interaction (FDDI) resolve operational problems BMIS Adaptive controls based on occupant Take control actions to tailor building provisions based on occupancy comfort data and user preferences BMIS Electricity consumption database Organised data set used for enhanced operational efficiency and benchmarking performance Table 8: List of Top 10 Technologies by Focus Area Source: National Climate Change Secretariat

61 https://www.nrf.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/building-energy-efficiency-r-and-d-roadmap.pdf 62 Integrated Design 63 Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation 64 Building Management and Information Systems

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 114 of 206

Ongoing Initiatives

Various Singapore government agencies have introduced and implemented energy efficiency initiatives. Some of the notable areas include:

 Power Generation: By encouraging more solar test-bedding and research;

 Waste/Water: By incinerating sludge rather than disposing in landfills; Reducing plastics incineration;

 Households: By tightening Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for household air-conditioners and refrigerators; Extending MEPS to lighting and more appliances;

 Buildings: By requiring Green Mark Certification for all new buildings; Requiring Green Mark Certification for existing buildings when retrofitted; Auditing of building cooling systems every 3 years in new and existing buildings that have undergone retrofitting; Submitting energy consumption and energy-related building data;

 Transport: By achieving a 70:30 modal split between public and private transport; Implementing a Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle (CEV) Scheme to encourage the purchase of low-carbon emissions cars;

 Industry: By extending the Grant for Energy Efficient Technologies (GREET) scheme; Developing and supporting efficiency financing pilot schemes; Encouraging new co- generation plants in energy intensive sectors.

In 2013, the National Environment Agency (NEA) introduced the Energy Conversation Act (ECA) to improve Singapore’s energy efficiency measures. ECA is a mandatory energy management requirement designed for large energy users that consume more than 54 TJ of energy annually, in the industry sectors.

Under the ECA, companies are required to appoint one or more energy managers or consultants to manage, monitor, and report energy consumption as well as to submit information on best practices and energy efficiency improvement plans annually.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 115 of 206

Some Success Stories

 Singapore Post Centre, an e-commerce, logistics and communications company, increased the efficiency of its chiller plant system to 0.6 KW/RT from 1.1 KW/RT by replacing them with the latest and more efficient units and using variable speed drives in pumps and cooling towers. Its annual energy savings are approximately 5,000 MWH.65

 Singapore Airline House, the headquarters of Singapore Airlines, installed new condenser pumps with variable speed drives to chill water pumps and cooling tower, and experienced a 20% improvement in chiller plant efficiency translating to annual energy savings of 1,200 MWH.

 Heineken Asia Pacific, the manufacturer of the iconic Tiger Beer, installed a waste heat recovery system on its manufacturing plant in Tuas to capture the heat from its wort boiling process and used the heat to produce hot water which will be used for cleaning. The installation of the S$ 1 million (EUR 636,122) water heat recovery system allowed Heineken to save 12,000,000 MJ of energy or an approximate equivalent cost of S$ 190,000 (EUR 120,863) annually.

Government Agencies and Programmes

The Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO) was established to promote and facilitate adoption of energy efficiency in Singapore. E2PO is a multi-agency committee led by Energy Market Authority (EMA) and the National Environment Agency (NEA), and seeks to break barriers in implementing energy efficiency measures in the country, such as lack of information and capabilities.

In 2013, NEA launched the Energy Efficiency Promotion Centre (EEPC), a resource centre that provide assistance for companies in implementing the Energy Conservation Act, adopting best practices in energy efficiency and making it a strategic management tool. The key energy efficiency programmes and incentives in Singapore currently are:

65 ‘Success Stories’, Energy Efficient Singapore

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 116 of 206

Programme/ Incentive Description Energy Efficiency National NEA, EMA, and EDB jointly launched the EENP to help companies enhance their energy Partnership (EENP) efficiency and reduce carbon footprint by facilitating learning and training activities, provide Programme energy-efficiency related resources, incentives, and recognition. EASe is a funding scheme that reimburses up to 50% of qualifying cost by conducting energy assessment and identifying areas of improvement and best practices in energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency The funding scheme will be given on a reimbursement basis to qualified companies and a Improvement Assistance maximum funding of S$ 200,000 (EUR 127,224) to any single facility or building. As of end Scheme (EASe) March 2014, about S$ 7.88 million (EUR 5 million) has been committed under EASe to 282 projects. DfE’s main purpose is to encourage new facilities in Singapore that is about to be built to Design for Efficiency consider its energy and resource efficiency improvements particularly during the design stage. Scheme (DfE) The maximum amount of funding is 50% of the qualifying costs or S$ 600,000 (EUR 419,841),

whichever is lower and will be paid through reimbursement basis. GREET aims to provide funding assistance of up to 20% of the qualifying costs, capped at Grant for Energy Efficient S$ 4 million (EUR 2.5 million) per project to owners and operators of new and existing industrial Technologies (GREET) facilities that will use energy efficient equipment or technologies. One-Year Accelerated ADAS is a tax incentive scheme wherein a qualified company who will invest on new or replace Depreciation Allowance for old energy-consuming equipment with energy efficient equipment can written off or can be Energy Efficient Equipment depreciated in one year instead of three. and Technology (ADAS) E2F is designed to support companies in the industrial sector to be more energy efficient. It encourages owners and operators of facilities to integrate energy and resource efficiency Energy Efficiency Fund improvements into their development plans early in the design stage; conduct a detailed energy (E2F) assessment for their facilities to identify energy efficiency improvement opportunities; and invest in energy efficient equipment and technologies. The Singapore Economic Development Board is piloting the Energy Efficiency Financing Programme whereby a third-party financier provides companies with upfront capital to Energy Efficiency Financing implement energy efficiency projects, and the energy savings are shared between the various Scheme stakeholders. This programme aims to encourage owners and operators of existing industrial and manufacturing facilities to implement projects in energy efficient equipment or technologies.

The programme supports piloting and test-bedding of new technologies in the USS space to USS Living Lab Initiatives accelerate their commercialisation and adoption. It supports initiatives in the energy sector, for Energy including power systems, green buildings, waste-to-energy, and green data centres, as well as the areas of water and urban mobility.

Table 9: Energy Efficiency Incentives & Programmes Source:

Local Players

Enovatek Energy Solutions is a dynamic company dedicated to providing practical energy- saving solutions to industry and commerce. With offices in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India and Europe, Enovatek provides package solutions that cater to energy efficiency market. To help companies reduce fixed costs, it offers a wide range of energy-saving technologies, which allow them to reduce energy costs by 20% to 80% with limited interruptions to day to day operations.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 117 of 206

Among its portfolio, the company offers lighting solutions, HVAC Solutions/ Chiller Optimisation, Measurement Verification Kits as well as energy auditing services. In Singapore, Enovatek has provided lighting solutions to PUB Park Walkway, Pioneer Junior College, SMRT the and mass rapid train (MRT) stations, and Keppel Shipyard, among others.

Headquartered in Singapore, BBP is a leading regional company focusing on operational excellence and energy conservation. It specialises in optimising existing HVAC and Refrigeration systems in commercial and industrial buildings. BBP’s proprietary technology focuses on optimising operational performance of installed systems to achieve energy savings without replacing any equipment. BBP offers its service as a fully funded solution without any upfront cost to its customers – the company is paid via a portion of the savings achieved for the client. The magnitude of the savings is calculated by an independent third party. Its system is often eligible for government incentives which can further offset parts of costs paid to BBP. The company’s featured product is E2Accura, which is a low-cost plug and play installation with pre-defined termination for temperature, flow and power. The technology can be further upgraded to full Chiller Plant Control Solution. The company currently has presence in Singapore and Malaysia and has served clients, such as HSBC, Philips, HP, Changi Airport, Tolaram Group and others. BBP is a certified ESCO company in Singapore.

G-Energy Global Private Limited (GEG), founded in 2005 with headquarters in Singapore, is an international award-winning Energy Services Company (ESCO) that is accredited by the ESCO Accreditation Committee. The company has been recognised as the ESCO with the largest pool of energy specialists and qualified Green Mark consultants in Asia Pacific region. GEG offers a wide array of integrated energy services such as Air-Conditioning Maintenance & Repair, Building Audit, Energy Consultancy & Project Management, Green Building Certification, BIM & Simulations, Building Management Systems & Remote Monitoring Services. The company has presence in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 118 of 206

3.11.2 EU Entry Opportunities

EU companies can take advantage of the many opportunities in Singapore, such as:

 Research Collaborations

 Test-bedding and demonstration sites for Smart Cities Initiative

 Building cooling systems;

 Energy efficient data centres;

 Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilations (ACMV) solutions.

Research Collaborations

Both industry and academia in Singapore are doing trials of innovative ideas to come up with energy efficient technology and solutions. Some R&D programmes are supported by grants:

 In 2011, NRF launched the Energy National Innovation Challenge (Energy NIC). With an allocated budget of S$ 300 million (EUR 190.8 million), Energy NIC aims to find technological breakthroughs and systems through R&D to increase energy efficiency, lower carbon emissions and widen energy options. Under the Energy NIC, key government agencies will be working on the development of technological roadmaps in the sectors relating to smart grids, carbon capture and storage/ utilisation, green buildings, and renewables. The key agencies are receptive towards collaboration with interested institutions or private entities.

 The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), the Ministry of National Development (MND), and the Building Construction Authority (BCA) developed a Green Building R&D programme which provides grants for R&D programmes on green buildings, focusing on building materials and energy efficiency. The programme will also touch issues on facade technologies, alternative cooling technologies, building energy management systems, wireless sensing technology and advanced lighting technology.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 119 of 206

 A*STAR built an Experimental Power Grid Centre, which is a centre designed for smart grid solution exploration. The smart grid research centre, which has a 1 MW capacity, is working closely with government agencies to attract companies to perform R&D activities about smart grid technologies under the Smart Grid Programme. The programme is also open to companies that are interested to help develop the communications, analytical, and intelligent aspects of the grid.

 During the inauguration of Sembcorp’s Technology & Innovation Centre in 2014, the Sembcorp-EMA Energy Technology Programme was launched, committing up to a total of S$ 10 million (EUR 6.4 million) to a fund to support the translation of innovative solutions from laboratory to market and the commercialisation of new technologies that bring benefits to the energy industry.

 In 2018, the French multinational energy company, ENGIE, has also announced that it will invest S$ 80 million (EUR 50.89 million) over the next five years in Singapore to develop its Centre of Excellence for District Cooling and to drive digital initiatives and technical competences in energy efficiency for the region. The new Centre will open up new avenues for cooperation between public and private sectors in energy efficiency initiatives.66

Test-Bedding and Demonstration Sites for Smart Cities Initiative

The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) adopts an integrated planning approach where planners can holistically evaluate economic, social and environmental factors when drawing up plans for Singapore. By including energy considerations in the planning process, URA integrates processes such as energy, water and waste management with land uses and activities, and create districts that are well-designed, vibrant, environmentally-friendly, where people can also enjoy high levels of energy efficiency and cost savings.

URA is looking for new ways to better understand the relationship between land use planning and energy demand. Its interest is to be able to assess the energy impact of different planning scenarios more holistically. This will allow its planners to be able to identify strategies to

66 https://www.opengovasia.com/articles/new-centre-opened-in-singapore-to-drive-digital-and-energy-efficiency-initiatives

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 120 of 206

reduce energy consumption and , as well as make provision for energy infrastructure earlier in the planning process.

Currently, there are two key test-bedding sites in Singapore for smart cities: Jurong Lake Town District and Eco Town:

 Jurong Lake Town District: In 2013, Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (now Infocomm Media Development Authority issued a call for collaboration with interested parties to submit proposals to test innovative technologies and system solutions in Jurong Lake District, a major commercial node outside the central business district. 1,000 sensors have been deployed in the district to control and monitor everything from traffic to street lights, and crowded buses.

▪ All new buildings in the district will be required to achieve a minimum Green Mark GoldPlus rating to reduce energy consumption by at least 25%, while a more stringent Green Mark Platinum is required for public buildings, reducing energy consumption by at least 35%. Energy efficiency measures being tested include smart park lighting, which adjusts lighting in response to time of the day and motion detection.

Figure 28: The Jurong Lake Town District Source: Urban Redevelopment Authority

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 121 of 206

 Punggol Eco-Town: The Punggol town has been selected by Housing Development Board to be its first eco-town in Singapore which presents opportunities for urban development especially on resource-efficient homes and estates. HDB seeks to test urban solutions in various areas and is working closely to partner with government agencies and industry players to realise its goal to reduce energy consumption for common areas by 20%. Solutions that adopt cleaner energy will be deployed. These include: solar photovoltaic systems; elevator energy regeneration systems; energy-efficient lighting in common areas; and smart grids/meters.

 In July 2016 Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority (BCA) launched the world’s first rotatable high-rise laboratory - the S$ 4.5 million (EUR 2.86 million) BCA SkyLab. This is a state-of-the-art rotatable test facility pivotal to developing innovative and energy efficient building technologies. The facility is modelled after the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s FLEXLAB. Covering a floor area of about 132 m2, the test facility is capable of testing a wide range of energy efficiency technologies, including ACMV (e.g. chilled beam, UFAD, etc.), lighting (e.g. addressable LED, day-lighting, etc.), facade (e.g. Low-E glazing, sun shading, etc.), plug load and control strategies. It adopts a plug-and-play concept, allowing quantitative assessment of technologies in individual or combined configurations.

Building Cooling Systems

As part of its efforts to reduce the electricity consumption for building cooling, Singapore has come up with a unique centralised District Cooling System (DCS), which has been deployed in the Marina Bay financial district.

The DCS consists of underground thermal storage systems – made up of six concrete ice tanks that measure 20 m high, stretch 10 m wide and 12 m deep, which can hold about 15,000 m3 of water. The plants are connected to a 5 km network of pipes that pumps cold water into the air- conditioning systems of buildings in the precinct, while receiving their warm water in return.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 122 of 206

Figure 29: Singapore's District Cooling System Source: Today Online

Buildings in the vicinity do not have to build their own chillers and cooling towers; instead they subscribe to a network designed and managed by Singapore District Cooling Pte Ltd, a subsidiary of Singapore Power. The buildings in the vicinity have enjoyed energy savings of more than 40%, and also have the freedom to use their rooftops for other uses. The successful implementation of the DCS is paving the way for Singapore to implement the solution in other districts in the country. Singapore is looking to deploy a similar system in the upcoming redevelopment of the Jurong Lake District.

Energy Efficient Data Centres

Singapore wants to develop the world's first Tropical Data Centre (TDC), which could cut energy Singapore wants to develop the consumption by up to 40% and reduce carbon world’s first Tropical Data Centre, which could cut energy emissions as well. It is currently undertaking trials to consumption by up to 40% test whether data centres can be operated under the high-temperature, high-humidity conditions of the tropics. If these trials are successful, it would prove that data centres need not be run in tightly-controlled cooled environments as they

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 123 of 206

are now. This will expand the geographical limitation of siting data centres, and would also cut back on the existing energy requirements for the running of such centres.

Developing a TDC comes under the next phase of Singapore's Green Data Centre Programme, which is led by the Infocomm Media Development Authority of Singapore (IMDA), in partnership with industry and experts. IMDA is partnering Dell, ERS Industries, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Huawei, Intel, Keppel Data Centres, The Green Grid and Nanyang Technological University for the trial. The partners are providing hardware, software and expertise for analysis. The proof-of-concept TDC was set up in 2016 within a controlled test environment in a Keppel Data Centres facility and currently awaits the analysis of results.67

Large companies in Singapore have embraced the trend:

 Abbott Laboratories Singapore’s Data Centre was rated Green Mark Gold for its efforts to introduce efficient design strategies such as the use of modular design which optimises performance through addressing phases in usage demand, the selection of energy efficient IT equipment and the deployment of virtualisation technology.

 Credit Suisse’s Data Centre was Awarded the new BCA Green Mark Platinum Rating for its use of info-communication equipment with Energy Star rating and energy metering to provide total facility power and energy usage and total equipment power to determine the PUE energy efficiency number. It also uses bi-level lightings, with a lighting sensor control for each row of server racks.

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilations (ACMV) Solutions

ACMV is the largest contributor to energy consumption in buildings and it is logically the most impactful area for technology development for energy efficiency improvements. Due to the hot tropical climate of Singapore, there is high demand for cooling and dehumidification systems in order to maintain occupant comfort. The technology choices for this important building provision have to be best suited for tropical conditions. There has been a number of technology themes

67 ‘Singapore to develop world’s first tropical data centre’ 2016, The Straits Times

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 124 of 206

suggested for ACMV and the following technology options and strategies present unique opportunities for Singapore considering their overall energy savings impact and alignment to local context, as well as their low cost-complexity and development risks:

 Decoupling ventilation & cooling: The goal of this technology is to completely separate the processes of providing cooling and distributing air. One good example is Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS). Combinations such as DOAS and dual temperature chillers can enable highly energy efficient chiller plant systems and also open up the opportunity to use new approaches that are much lower in overall energy consumption when compared to conventional dehumidification techniques. Such technologies can prove to be attractive options for the Singaporean market.

 Self-adapting distributed air-con systems: In view of the inherent ‘smartness’ expected from users of technologies these days, air conditioning and other systems should be able to adapt to occupant preferences within a room. This however poses a great challenge to conventional air ducting schemes, especially when taking into account movement of occupants. Hence, further research and development is needed to make such provisions effective. These technology options, if developed further, could offer significant energy savings potential and may be sought after in the market.

 Embedded intelligence in BMIS software and automated fault correction: Currently, control systems typically gather information measured by sensors and then send signals to modulate equipment operation if sensor outputs fall outside of an acceptable range. However, control system software does not typically generate warnings when unrealistic or questionable values are read from sensors. If software could detect anomalies in sensor outputs during building operation, facility managers could make decisions faster and more effectively regarding potentially faulty equipment. To extend this further, the detection and diagnosis of problems could be automated and presented to the facility managers via customisable dashboards and notification systems that would ensure timely solutions to faults and optimisation opportunities. This would address the challenge of inefficient

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 125 of 206

operation and maintenance and would provide valuable data about actual performance of the building in real-time. Such solutions would find traction among Singaporean customers.

 Integrated test-bedding of BEFS and other systems: The lack of test-bedding facilities is one of the key challenges identified for technology development in Singapore. The industry is also risk-averse in the uptake and adoption of new technologies. With Building Envelope and Façade System (BEFS) technologies being a high cost building element, there is little scope for experimentation of these technologies in real-life operating buildings. However, BEFS technologies need to be adapted to the tropics as they could influence energy consumption of air-conditioning and lighting provisions significantly. It is also important for test-bedding facilities to closely mirror real-life contexts and focus on integrated testing of various technologies.

EU Companies

OMNETRIC Group

The OMNETRIC Group is a joint venture between Siemens AG and Accenture. The company, which is headquartered in Munich, was formed in 2014. It focuses on providing solutions and services for greater reliability and efficiency in the grid.

In October 2015, OMNETRIC announced its plans to expand into Singapore, which it would use as a base to serve both the local market and the wider South East Asian region. OMNETRIC intends to make Singapore its regional business and R&D hub to develop, test and commercialise smart grid solutions. Its decision to establish a presence in Singapore was influenced by the fact that the R&D project it had proposed to Singapore Power (SP) Group (a leading energy utility group) was selected via a competitive and merit-based process.

As background, the SP Group and the EDB are co-leads of the S$ 30 million (EUR 19.1 million) Singapore Power Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Energy Development. In conjunction with the launch of the CoE, SP announced the Singapore Power Energy Advanced Research and Development (SPEAR) Programme as the CoE’s first initiative, and called for industry participation in SPEAR. Technologies to be explored under SPEAR are in the areas of

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 126 of 206

instrumentation and control, grid communications and smart energy management, which match well with OMNETRIC’s solutions. The company has since signed an MoU with SP Group and EDB to deliver a co-innovation project in the field of smart grid analytics.

The company was attracted by Singapore’s focus on transforming to a lower carbon energy mix and its vibrant cleantech eco-system. It plans to begin operating in 2016 to build-up know-how and resources, and intends to develop a team of 30 expert practitioners over five years.

Électricité de France (EDF)

EDF is a French utility company and the largest electricity generator company in the world. Currently it employs about 158,200 people worldwide, serving over 38 million clients. Most of its energy generation is contributed by nuclear amounting to 78%, followed by hydropower (7%), combined cycle and cogeneration (7%), fossil fuel excluding gas (6%), and other renewables (2%).

EDF created its Asian Sustainable Cities Centre of Excellence in Singapore in 2014. Devoted to energy research in urban planning, the purpose of this R&D Centre is to develop collaborations with the city–state, as well as with other cities in Asia.

EDF Lab Singapore Pte Ltd covers sustainable cities modelling and simulation topics, particularly those related to planning and decision-making. The R&D centre also collaborates with local universities such as NUS, NTU and SUTD on different domains, ranging from quality of life, transport, energy systems modelling or greenery, to city planning and buildings. It also cooperates with the Singaporean branches of French business schools ESSEC and INSEAD.

The Research Cooperation Agreement between EDF and HDB, the Housing Development Board of Singapore, gave rise to the creation of this centre. Within this partnership, EDF simulates different urban scenarios for Singapore by using its 3D modelling tool. After fruitful exchanges with HDB, in 2014 EDF opened an R&D centre in Singapore in order to speed up innovation and strengthen ties with the city-state.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 127 of 206

3.12 Biofuels

3.12.1 Market Overview

Biofuel is considered to be a viable form of renewable energy in Singapore as the country has strong competencies in the chemical and process engineering industries. Although the government has carried out several initiatives on the R&D of biofuel to develop a national biofuel industry, little intention was shown in promoting the utilisation of biofuels. A challenge to its large- scale commercialisation is the limited supply of locally available biological matter that can be converted into biofuel in Singapore. This has encouraged the country to become more innovative in overcoming the shortfall, with some local establishments turning to onsite micro-refineries to convert waste-cooking oil into biofuel, which also eliminates the need for transporting the waste oil to a large-scale refinery.

The Westin Singapore, for instance, produces some 7,800 kg of waste oil a year, which it now processes into biodiesel to help power its limousines over about 150,000 km each year. Similarly, waste cooking oil is collected each day from the restaurants and food outlets in the Raffles City Shopping Mall, and sent to a micro-refinery in the building. In less than a day, the cooking oil is converted into biodiesel for the mall's generators.

Figure 30: The Westin Hotel’s Jaguar fleet is run with used cooking oil Source: Alpha Biofuels

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 128 of 206

Using biofuel in cars may be a compelling option for transportation on the back of Singapore’s growing concerns over the long-term sustainability of crude oil. However, there is no specific mandate for waste-cooking-oil collection, and a lack of commercial infrastructure to distribute biodiesel in Singapore.

Despite the fact that Singapore has no domestic feedstock for biofuel production, the country is targeting to become one of the main exporters of biodiesel and the biofuel trade centre in Asia. The government is also trying to promote infrastructure development to become the hub of biodiesel refinery in the region. Some of the most recent developments in the market include:

 In December 2017, Finnish Neste has chosen Singapore over the US as the site for its planned new biofuel plant. The company said it had started a technical design for the new production line and aimed to make a final investment decision by the end of 2018. If the project proceeds, production would begin by 2022 and would extend capacity in the Singapore refinery by 1 million tonnes. The additional capacity would be used for production of diesel, aviation fuel and raw materials for biochemical uses, all of them biofuels that can be made from feedstocks such as waste and animal fats.68 Neste already has a renewable diesel production capacity of 1 Million Metric Ton (MMt) in Singapore.

 In September 2017, Australia-based commodity giant BHP Billiton and clean fuel-focused GoodFuels have partnered up to run the first pilot bunkering operation with biofuel in Singapore. The pilot project involves refuelling or bunkering a BHP Billiton vessel in Singapore. More ship owners may also get involved in this project at a later date. The Nanyang Technological University’s Centre of Excellence focusing on maritime environment and energy, with support from MPA and the Singapore Maritime Institute, is also seeking collaborative partnerships with ship owners to deepen Singapore’s capabilities on the maritime environment and bio-energy front.69

 In May 2017, flag carrier Singapore Airlines (SIA) has launched its first flight powered by sustainable biofuels. It was the first of 12 “green package” flights the airline is operating over a

68 https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N1OC3WI 69 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/bhp-billiton-goodfuels-team-up-for-singapores-first-biofuel-bunkering-trial

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 129 of 206

three-month period on its nonstop San Francisco-Singapore route. The flights are the first in the world to combine the use of biofuels, optimised flights operations and fuel-efficient aircraft. The flights will be powered by a combination of hydro-processed esters and fatty acids, a sustainable biofuel produced from used cooking oils, and conventional jet fuel. The biofuel is being produced by AltAir Fuels. The International Air Transport Association has said that sustainable biofuel is a promising technological solution that will reduce the airline industry’s carbon emissions. The initiative supports efforts under the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015 to encourage businesses to reduce their resource and environmental impact. The flights will also raise awareness of sustainable biofuels for aviation and provide the industry with insight on the economics, logistical requirements and performance of biofuels.70

Local Companies

Biofuel Research Pte Ltd was established in 2003, becoming the first company in Singapore to pioneer a technology to convert waste cooking oil to biodiesel. In 2008, the company developed a waterless process to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil by-products such as fatty acids and acid oils and non-food oils like sewage grease. The waterless process exceeds US and European biodiesel fuel standards (ASTM D6751 in the USA and the EN14214 in Europe). In the following year, Biofuel Research was able to develop a waterless process using ethanol instead of methanol.

Alpha Biofuels, which was established in Singapore in 2004, converts waste cooking oil to biofuel. Alpha Biofuels triggered industry curiosity when it launched a micro-refinery that could be deployed onsite, and allowed its clients to recycle waste oil themselves. The micro-refinery, which is called MX, turns carcinogenic waste oil into clean fuel in the form of biodiesel. The converted oil can be used to power standard diesel generators, heavy plants and construction machinery. The firm has 300 recycling partners across Singapore and collects about four to five tonnes of waste cooking oil per day, which it recycles into biodiesel in its plant in Tuas. Alpha has invested S$ 2 million (EUR 1.3 million) developing this technology since 2007. The company counts furniture giant IKEA, and US hotel chain The Westin, as clients, and has also undertaken projects in China.

70 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-airlines-launches-biofuel-powered-flights-8813364

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 130 of 206

Koh Brothers Eco Engineering (formerly Oiltek) added US$ 23.9 million (EUR 20.4 million) to the company’s sales in 2015 with bio-refinery and bio-energy projects in Asia, Central America and Africa. Projects in the company’s outstanding order book that total US$ 31.4 million (EUR 26.8 million) include multiple feedstock biodiesel and palm oil mill effluent biogas plants in addition to a range of edible oil refinery and fractionation.

3.12.2 EU Entry Opportunities

While biofuels remain an interesting option as an alternative fuel in Singapore, the industry is still at a nascent stage, with opportunities found mostly in R&D and testbedding.

R&D and Test-bedding

The Agency for Science, Technology and Research’s Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (A*STAR ICES) signed a 12-year collaboration agreement with Airbus in 2011 to assess the possibility of microalgae to be turned into a renewable source of fuel and the conversion algae oil to kerosene to be used as aircraft and jet fuel.71 It is also looking to push forward other collaborations on biofuels.

Singapore is also exploring the potential of bio-based feedstock that can produce polymers and chemicals. In 2012, ICES unveiled its new laboratory, the Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory (MERL) that is capable of cost-effectively producing high value chemicals from agricultural waste. Extracting chemicals from biomass will require expertise in genomics, mechanical processing, metabolic engineering, catalysis and process engineering. A*STAR welcomes collaborations with various research institutes. 72

Biofuels are also being tested at the Pulau Ubin Micro-Grid Test Bed, which was launched by EMA in 2013. The micro-grid is open to local companies and research institutions, for the development and testing of energy-related technologies and solutions.

71 http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1109&cache_id=5730 72 High Value Chemicals from Biomass’, 2012, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 131 of 206

In 2018, the NUS engineers have also pioneered a greener and cheaper technique for biofuel production by directly converting cellulose to biobutanol using the novel TG57 strain. Moving forward, the team at NUS will continue to optimise the performance of the TG57 strain in biofuel conversion, and may seek collaboration opportunities to commercialise the technology.73

EU Companies

Neste Corporation

Neste Oil Corporation is a refining and marketing company concentrating on low-emission, high- quality traffic fuels, which is headquartered in Finland. The company produces a comprehensive range of major petroleum products and is the world’s leading supplier of renewable diesel. Neste Oil had revenues of EUR 11.6 billion in 2016 and employs around 5,000 people, and is listed on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki.

Neste Corporation officially opened its renewable diesel refinery in Singapore in 2011. The plant, which costs EUR 550 million, is the largest biodiesel refinery in the world and has the capacity to produce 800,000 metric tonnes of biodiesel annually. Leeden National Oxygen Ltd, Nestes' Singapore-based partner, operates the plant.

The plant uses biomass as its raw material. Palm oil makes up for about 45% of the biomass while for the rest, the plant uses by-products from the plant oil production process and waste animal fat from Australia and New Zealand.

Neste Renewable Diesel is said to be compatible with all existing diesel engines without requiring any modifications. The fuel offers excellent performance in cold climates and, if need be, can be blended in with traditional diesel. According to Neste, use of Neste Renewable Diesel enables a 40 to 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to be achieved compared to fossil diesel, and burning the fuel creates lower tailpipe emissions, thus enhancing overall air quality.

73 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/nuos-nep040518.php

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 132 of 206

3.13 Cogeneration Technology

3.13.1 Market Overview

Cogeneration - the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy - has become a standard feature in power generation facilities in Singapore. Power generation companies have on their own accord shifted from using oil-fired plants to gas-fired combined-cycle turbines.

Figure 31: A Cogeneration Plant in Singapore Source: Green Utility Holdings

Remarkably, the development and implementation of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology have The Singapore government is strongly endorsing occurred with minimal intervention from the Singaporean cogeneration and distributed government, which encourages competition through a generation technologies. liberalised electricity market framework.

Government Endorsement

Two notable strategic blueprints were launched in 2012, namely the Singapore Green Plan 2012 and the National Climate Change Strategy. The former aims to improve the environment particularly the air quality, by promoting cleaner power plants, refineries, factories and vehicles, while the latter emphasises the importance of different mechanisms to use energy prudently and reduce greenhouse emission, and specifically endorses the use of CHP.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 133 of 206

An essential component of the blueprints is the endorsement of cogeneration and distributed generation technologies. The immediate impact of the blueprints was the accelerated uptake of CHP technology. According to the Energy Market Authority (EMA), the share of combined-cycle segment in the generation technologies market went up to 93.8% in 2013 from 86.84% the previous year, while the steam plant suffered a steep declined from 10.45% in 2012 to 3.55% the following year. At present, CHP plants cover 97.34% of the market.74

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 CCGT/Co-Gen/Tri-Gen 80.0 82.0 86.8 93.8 97.4 97.3 97.3 Steam Turbines 17.0 16.0 10.5 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 Others 3.0 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

Table 10: Plant Technology Share (%) of Electricity Generation, 2010-2016 Source: Energy Market Authority

Key Industry Clusters

The presence of strong industry clusters in Singapore, such as the chemical, pharmaceutical, and electronics sectors have made possible the implementation of centralised cogeneration plants to serve the clusters. Major petrochemical players have also taken the lead to have their own cogeneration plants.

Recognising that cogeneration facilities have to be sited in close proximity to industries in need of the utilities (heat and electricity), a multi-agency committee known as the Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO) ensures the integration and deployment of cogeneration facilities into ongoing and future industrial planning. Within this environment, cogeneration technology thrives in Singapore.

According to EMA, Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine/ Co-generation/ Tri-generation (CCGS/ Co-gen/ Tri-gen) technology has been consistently growing, from a 47% share in 2005 to 76% of the total share in energy generation technology of Singapore in 2017. The vast majority of energy

74 https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/SES17/Publication_Singapore_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 134 of 206

generated from this sector comes from the six power generation companies in Singapore, while just a fraction is generated by Autoproducers.

2005 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Registered Generation 9,766.80 9,928.30 12,883.80 13,348.80 13,348.40 13,348.40 Capacity

CCGT / Co-Gen / Tri-Gen 4,534.00 6,153.50 9,892.00 10,355.50 10,355.50 10,355.50 Steam Turbine 4,640.00 3,148.00 2,555.00 2,556.50 2,556.10 2,556.10 Open Cycle Gas Turbine 287 370 180 180 180 180

Waste-To-Energy 305.8 256.8 256.8 256.8 256.8 256.8

Of Which: Main Power Producers 9,766.80 9,906.80 12,535.00 12,930.70 12,930.70 12,930.70 CCGT / Co-Gen / Tri-Gen 4,534.00 6,132.00 9,557.20 9,952.90 9,952.90 9,952.90

Steam Turbine 4,640.00 3,148.00 2,541.00 2,541.00 2,541.00 2,541.00 Open Cycle Gas Turbine 287 370 180 180 180 180 Waste-To-Energy 305.8 256.8 256.8 256.8 256.8 256.8 Of Which: Autoproducers - 21.5 348.8 418.1 417.7 417.7

CCGT / Co-Gen / Tri-Gen - 21.5 334.8 402.6 402.6 402.6

Steam Turbine - - 14 15.5 15.1 15.1 Open Cycle Gas Turbine ------Table 11: Generation Capacity by Technology Type Source: Energy Market Authority Data for 2017 is as of end-March 2017

Some of the recent interesting developments in the co-generation market include:

 In February 2018, Singapore Refining Company (SRC), the smallest of Singapore’s three refineries, has completed its new petrol clean fuels facility and cogeneration plant on Jurong Island, costing US$ 500 million (EUR 426.6 million). The two-train cogeneration plant has a capacity of 72 MW, which exceeds the refinery’s power requirements. By generating its own

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 135 of 206

steam and electricity more efficiently, it indirectly reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 190,000 tonnes a year.75

 In October 2017, ExxonMobil completed a new 84 MW cogeneration plant at its Singapore Refinery’s Jurong site, which is its third cogeneration power plant in the country. The new plant is expected to have a net reduction of 265-kilotonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year. With the completion of the new plant, ExxonMobil now has more than 440 MW of cogeneration capacity in Singapore and is able to meet the majority of its integrated refining and petrochemical complex’s power and steam needs.76

Local Companies

Senoko Energy is currently the largest generation company in Singapore. In 2013, Senoko Energy converted its three 250 MW oil-fired steam plants into environmentally-friendly gas-fired combined cycle plants to complete the stage 2 of its Repowering Project. The S$ 1 billion

(EUR 636 million) investment project reduced the CO2 emission by 1 million tons annually. Senoko Energy has the largest cogeneration capacity in Singapore with 2,807 MW, contributing 29% of the country’s total CCGT/ Co-Gen/ Tri-Gen capacity.77

Founded in 1999, Tuas Power Generation (Tuas power) is one of the largest power generation companies in Singapore and key provider of energy solutions, multi-utilities and environmental services. In 2012 and 2013, it replaced its oil-fired steam plants with more efficient combined- cycle plants. It also commissioned the Tembusu Multi Utilities Complex on Jurong Island to supply steam for customers within the area. This allowed Tuas Power to overtake PowerSeraya and become the second largest generation company in CCGT/ Co-Gen/ Tri-Gen sector, with a total cogeneration capacity of 1,979.4 MW.78

75 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/src-completes-us500m-upgrade-on-jurong-island 76 http://www.exxonmobil.com.sg/en-sg/company/news-and-updates/news-releases/20171012-exxonmobil-completes-new-cogeneration-plant- in-singapore 77 https://www.senokoenergy.com/uploads/news/media-releases-20130206151101- 2012_02_06%20Senoko%20Energy%20Inaugurates%20Its%20Stage%202%20Repowering%20Project.pdf 78 https://www.tuaspower.com.sg/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/Tuas%20Power%20Ltd%20%20Summary%20Sustainability%20Report%20FY2013.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 136 of 206

YTL PowerSeraya has gradually diversified from supplying retail electricity to also supplying steam and cooling water. In 2010, it launched an 800 MW cogeneration combined cycle power plant on Jurong Island, designed to deliver cleaner and environment-friendly energy and steam with high reliability and availability.79 It utilises water from its own Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant to produce up to 600 tonnes per hour of high-pressure steam in the plant. To date the company has a total CCGT/ Co-Gen/ Tri-Gen capacity of 1,472.0 MW, and currently ranks third, with a 15% share of the total capacity in Singapore.80

Keppel Merlimau Cogen (Keppel Corporation) is a Singapore-based company founded in 1968, specialising in offshore and marine engineering, property, infrastructure development, telecommunications and transportation. The first Keppel Merlimau Cogeneration Plant was commissioned in 2007 with 500 MW cogeneration capacity. In 2013, it completed the addition of two 400 MW power trains and increased its total capacity to 1,310 MW. It is now the fourth largest cogeneration player. Keppel Merlimau’s cogeneration plant currently serves the industries located in the Tembusu sector of Jurong Island with electricity, steam, and demineralised water.81

Sembcorp Industries (SembCorp Cogen) is an energy, marine, and urban development company in Singapore, which currently ranks fifth in terms of cogeneration capacity. In 2014, it unveiled its second state-of-the-art cogeneration plant on Jurong Island in 2014. The S$ 635 million (EUR 403.9 million) cogeneration plant increased the total generation capacity of SembCorp by around 34%, improved its energy efficiency and reliability, and strengthened its position as a premier provider of electricity and steam to industrial companies on the island.82

PacificLight Power is a Singapore-based power generator and electricity retailer company, and the latest entrant to the market. The company is a joint venture between FPM Power Holdings (Singapore) Ltd (HK)83 and PETRONAS International Corporation (Mauritius) Ltd. In 2014, it

79 https://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2010/fossil_power_generation/efp201010005.htm 80 https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/SES17/Publication_Singapore_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf 81 http://www.kepinfratrust.com/keppel_merlimau_cogen_plant.html 82 http://www.sembcorp.com/en/media/media-releases/utilities/2014/october/sembcorp-opens-a-second-cogeneration-plant-on-jurong-island- and-a-new-technology-innovation-centre/ 83 FPM Power (Singapore) Ltd (HK) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FPM Power Holdings, a joint venture between First Pacific Company, a -based investment management and holding company, and MERALCO PowerGen Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary and power generation arm of Manila Electric Company.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 137 of 206

unveiled its US$ 1.2 billion (EUR 1.02 billion) 800 MW state-of-the-art CCGT plant. The plant is fuelled by LNG and is registered as a Clean Development Mechanism project under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The company contributes 8% to Singapore’s cogeneration capacity.84

3.13.2 EU Entry Opportunities

With energy generation in Singapore currently exceeding consumption, there is no real need for Singapore to build new capacity in the near term. However, according to EMA, Singapore’s energy demand has been increasing steadily, averaging a 3.45% increase in the last six years and posting a growth of 2.3% in 2016, according to the latest available data.85

Figure 32: Monthly Electricity Generation and Consumption (GWh), 2009 - 2015 Source: Energy Market Authority

As Singapore prefers to maintain a reserve capacity to ensure the reliability of its electricity grid, all of Singapore’s power producers have added new capacity since 2009, particularly after being incentivised to purchase gas from the new LNG terminal that came on-stream in 2013. Currently, some of the potential opportunities for EU companies include:

 Meeting industry requirements for electricity and steam;

84 http://sglinks.news/article/5838e7/pacificlight-billion-power-plant-the-largest-clean-development-mechanism-project-in-singapore 85 https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/ses/2017/energy-consumption/index.html

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 138 of 206

 Integration of CHP systems into Built-to-grid (B2G) concept & micro-CHP solutions;

 Micro-CHP Installations;

 Targeting opportunities within South East Asia.

Meeting Industry Requirements for Electricity and Steam

The need for electricity, steam and cooling from industries such as petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals drives the requirements for combined-heat power plants in Singapore. Several players have already tapped this market segment with co-generation and tri-generation solutions. For example, Tuas Power introduced cogeneration and tri-generation technologies to large manufacturing facilities such as pharmaceutical and petrochemical plants in Singapore. TPGS Green Energy (a joint venture between Tuas Power and Gas Supply Pte Ltd) helps its clients implement cogeneration or tri-generation technology without the burden of high start-up costs. By funding, building and managing the facility on a long-term basis, it allows its clients to focus on their core business. ExxonMobil has also built its first cogeneration unit on Jurong Island as far back as July 2001, to supply power to its chemical plants on Jurong Island. In 2017, it has finished building its new 84 MW cogeneration facility at its refinery, also on Jurong Island.

In September 2007, Novartis AG, a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical company, has further installed a natural gas cogeneration facility at its US$ 180 million (EUR 153.6 million) production facility in the Tuas Biomedical Park. The system supplies electricity and heat for the factory, generating 996 kW of electricity and a thermal output of 1155 kW. The facility has an electrical efficiency of 39.4% but an overall efficiency of 85.2%, making it one of the most efficient in Singapore.

Integration of CHP System into Building-to-Grid (B2G) Concept & Micro-CHP Solutions

54% of the total energy consumption in typical Singaporean buildings is dedicated to air- conditioning, mechanical ventilation systems, water pumps, lights and other services such as lifts and escalators.86 The government of Singapore is interested to promote decentralised power generation models in the country. Micro-CHPs are seen as potential solutions for residential,

86 http://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/energy-waste/climate-change/nccs-2012.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 139 of 206

public and commercial spaces to lower heating and cooling costs. Although the CHP technology has been successfully used in larger applications for many years, micro-CHPs are only recently finding their way into small-scale use in homes, apartments and small office buildings. However, they offer potential venues for further CHP applications in Singapore.

To explore potential energy savings benefits, A*STAR’s Experimental Power Grid Centre (EPGC), together with Hitachi Ltd and Building and Construction Authority (BCA), have commissioned a CHP pilot plant to harness waste heat, and convert it to energy to power air-conditioning.87

Singapore is keen to find B2G solutions that will enhance the grid’s resilience to function independently and decrease reliance on the main power grid, which is useful during emergencies or disasters. With B2G, the grid can respond faster to load changes, allowing more intermittent renewable energy to be integrated into the grid.

The CHP pilot plant will function as a platform for Singapore to explore new research ideas for potential energy savings benefits, and study the feasibility of robust energy management and control systems under various weather conditions, for greener buildings in Singapore. The CHP pilot plant also functions as a platform for experimental support to explore new research ideas in CHP applications.

Targeting Opportunities within South East Asia

There are also opportunities within South East Asia, as conventional thermal power plants in manufacturing industries and low-efficient biomass systems in agro-based industries are being replaced by CHP plants that have better fuel conversion efficiency. The market is expected to expand once governments actively promote this technology. The Thai government, for example, already has plans in place to add about 5,100 MW of cogeneration from 2012 to 2019, with an additional 1,368 MW to be added from 2020 to 2030.88

87 https://www.a-star.edu.sg/ices/Events/Press-Releases/ID/4649/ASTAR-BCA-and-Hitachi-Pilot-Plant-Facilitates-Research-for-Greener-Buildings 88 http://www.wadethai.org/docs/SMART_THAI_Handbook.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 140 of 206

Other countries are also actively targeting the region, for example, Japan’s Tokyo Gas formed a JV with Gas Malaysia Berhad in 2014 to develop the energy service business in Malaysia. The JV will bring in cogeneration know-how from Japan to serve industrial customers in Malaysia. In 2018, Nefix Energy has also signed an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract for the 110 MW cogeneration project in Thailand, while Global Power Synergy Public Company Limited has awarded Pöyry with the owner’s engineer services assignment for Central Utility Plant 4, Phase 1, a 48 MW gas-fired cogeneration power plant, in Rayong, Thailand.89

EU Companies

Alstom

Alstom is a French multinational in the power and transportation sectors. In November 2015, it closed the sale of its energy activities to General Electric. Alstom Power has been a key player in Singapore since its establishment in 1964 with over 25% market share of combined cycle power plant installed base. It was the first to introduce combined cycle gas turbine technology to Singapore.

Figure 33: Alstom's Presence in Singapore Source: GE Grid Solutions

89 http://www.poyry.com/news/poyry-awarded-owner-s-engineer-services-assignment-for-a-gas-fired-cogeneration-power-plant-project-in-thailand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 141 of 206

It has built a number of CHP plants in Singapore. Some of these include:

1. Pulau Sakra 800 MW cogen plant for Tractebel/ SembCorp (2001)

2. Senoko Repowering 3x360 MW for Senoko Power (Phase 1, 2001; Phase 2, 2004)

3. Keppel I 470 MW Combined Cycle for Keppel Energy Pte Ltd (2007)

4. Tuas 400 MW CCP5 Combined Cycle Power Plant for Tuas Power Generation Pte Ltd (2010)

5. Keppel II A and IIB 400 MW Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant for Keppel Energy Pte Ltd (2010)

6. Banyan CCP3 400 MW Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant for Sembcorp (2011)

In 2012, Alstrom signed a Long-Term Service Agreement with Sembcorp Cogen Pte Ltd for its Sembcorp Cogen Power Plant in the Sakra district of Jurong Island in Singapore. Under the 12-year contract, Alstom will perform both major and minor overhauls for the steam turbine and the three generators, including auxiliaries. Constructed by Alstom, the 815 MW Sembcorp Cogen Power Plant was commissioned in 2001. The Sembcorp Cogen Power Plant was Sembcorp’s first power plant in Singapore and the first privately developed independent power plant in the country, and remains the country’s largest cogeneration facility. Separately, Alstom constructed an additional 400 MW Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plant for Sembcorp at the Banyan district of Jurong Island, which was handed over to Sembcorp in 2014.90

The company also maintains several Long-Term Service Agreements with other power generation companies in Singapore, namely with Senoko Repowering, Tuas CCP5 Power Plant, Banyan CCP3 and Keppel I, IIA and IIB.

90 http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/2012/09/alstom-wins-sembcorp-cogen-power-plant-deal-in-singapore.html

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 142 of 206

3.14 Carbon Capture and Storage

3.14.1 Market Overview

Although Singapore has been actively promoting and supporting green initiatives, the country still relies largely on fossil fuels as a source of energy. Currently, Singapore contributes around 0.11% rd of global emissions, and is ranked 123 out of 142 countries in terms of CO2 emissions per dollar GDP, based on International Energy Agency data.91

Figure 34: Carbon Intensity (Emissions per $GDP) Source: National Climate Change Secretariat

Given Singapore’s low concentration of carbon dioxide in its industrial emissions, it is not considering Carbon Capture and Storage/ Utilisation (CCS/U) technologies as a key priority. While Singapore’s 2014 technology roadmap makes references to the adoption of CCS/U, experts in the country agree that more research is needed to make it economically viable.

The roadmap identified a broad range of applications for captured waste CO2, including manufacturing industrial chemicals such as formic acid and urea and making construction materials such as polycarbonates and silica .92

91 https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profile 92 https://www.nccs.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/carbon-capture-and-storage-utilisation-singapore-perspectives.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 143 of 206

Challenges, such as achieving cost-effectiveness and low energy penalties for CCS/U and finding demand for carbon utilisation products, need to be overcome before CCS/U becomes a viable option in Singapore.

Local Players

There are currently no commercial operations in the CCS/U sector. Apart from research efforts outlined in the EU Entry Opportunities section, no local players have entered this green energy technologies market segment.

3.14.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Given that Singapore has limited access to alternative energy, CCS/U is potentially a key technology that Singapore could utilise in the future. This would allow the country to continue to use fossil fuel resources in a cost-effective manner while meeting its long-term greenhouse gas mitigation obligations. Opportunities in the sector include:

 Research collaboration

 Supply of CCS/U technology to the industry

 Developing viable applications for captured waste CO2

Research collaboration

The Agency for Science, Technology and Research’s Institute of Chemical and Engineering Science (A*STAR ICES) is currently undertaking 7 research projects on various aspects of CCS/U:

 Four carbon capture projects involve adsorption-based post-combustion capture; membrane-based pre-combustion capture; oxy-fuel combustion via chemical looping; and sorption-enhanced water gas shift reaction.

 Three projects on storage/ utilisation involve mineralisation for landfill applications while producing building materials (e.g. sand, cement) as by-products; direct reforming of CO2

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 144 of 206

using methane to produce syngas and hydrogen; and fixation of CO2 in microalgae to produce biodiesel.93

Two research themes have been identified by the Singapore-Peking University Research Centre for a Sustainable Low-Carbon Future (SPURc), which is a collaboration between the National University of Singapore (NUS), the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and

China’s Peking University. SPURc is undertaking various projects related to CO2 separation and capture and the conversion of CO2 to useful chemicals and fuels.

There is a need to support and capitalise on these ongoing efforts by investing now in fundamental and test-bedding R&D on materials, processes, and systems to develop CCU technologies that cater to both local and global markets in the long-term.

Supply of CCS/U Technology to the Industry

Approximately 84% of Singapore’s CO2 emissions are from stationary sources. Much of Singapore’s emission is discharged from power, petrochemicals, and refinery sectors, located on Jurong Island. There remains, within these sectors, a potential for the application of CCS/U technology.

Developing Viable Applications for Captured Waste CO2

CO2 utilisation will become an attractive option for Singapore if significant advances in technology, or global markets for CO2 derived products becomes a reality. In particular, there is potential to explore synergies within its refining and petrochemical industry to exploit opportunities for carbon 94 utilisation from concentrated CO2 streams that already exist on Jurong Island.

EU Companies

EU companies have not as yet ventured into the CCS/U market in Singapore.

93 https://www.nccs.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/carbon-capture-and-storage-utilisation-technology-primer-a- summary.pdf 94 ‘Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilisation Technology Primer: A Summary’, 2011, National Climate Change Secretariat

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 145 of 206

3.15 Mobility Solutions

3.15.1 Market Overview

As a small and densely populated country, Singapore depends highly on efficient and effective transportation solutions to overcome land and manpower constraints as well as mitigate pollution from its increasing fleet of vehicles. With roads occupying 12% of Singapore’s relatively small land area, focus on intelligent transport solutions is accelerating.

Through the efforts of the Ministry of Transport (MOT), the Land Transport Authority (LTA), academic institutes and the private sector involvement, Singapore is moving towards a vision of sustainable future mobility, underpinned by intelligent public transport systems, green and self- driving vehicles, smart-devices, car-sharing services and other intelligent and green solutions. Some of the country’s efforts to transform Singapore’s vehicle ecosystem has already seen results with the number of registered vehicles stabilising in the past few years.

Vehicle Population, 2007-2017 1,000,000 980,000 960,000 940,000 920,000

Axis Title 900,000 880,000 860,000 840,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Vehicle No. 851,336 894,682 925,518 945,829 956,829 969,910 974,170 972,037 957,246 956,430 961,842

Figure 35: Vehicle Population, 2007-2017 Source: Land Transport Authority

In 2017, there were a total of 961,842 motor vehicles on Singapore’s roads. Among the 612,256 passenger cars, 20,751 were petrol-electric, 206 petrol-electric (plug-in), 1,006 petrol-CNG, 314 electric, and 22 diesel-electric vehicles. In the same year, among the 23,140 taxis, there were 4,159 petrol-electric and only 1 petrol-CNG registered vehicle. In addition, Singapore had only

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 146 of 206

1 petrol-electric, 3 petrol-CNG, 31 electric and 7 diesel-electric vehicles among the 142,857 Goods & Other Vehicles category. Finally, out of 18,814 buses on Singapore’s roads, the country had only 1 petrol-CNG, 12 CNG, 2 electric and 3 diesel electric buses, while the country’s 141,304-wide motorcycle population recorded only 2 electric vehicles.

Intelligent Transport Systems & Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) Solutions

Figure 36: Mobility-as-a-Service Visualisation Source: NTU Singapore

Singapore is particularly keen on transforming its public transport system and introducing new, innovative solutions that help reduce the country’s vehicle fleet and encourage citizens to utilise greener means of transport. There are several factors driving the adoption of intelligent mobility solutions in Singapore:

 The demand-supply gap is creating a market need for innovations: Transport demand is increasing in Singapore, fuelled by rapid urbanisation and a greater diversity of travel journeys by time of day, destination of travel and commuter spending capacity. On the supply side, conventional public transport infrastructure is, by nature, relatively fixed, thus encouraging Singapore to seek new modes of transport integration.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 147 of 206

 Advancements in technology: Rapid advancements in mobile technology, internet connectivity and the recent opening up of Singapore’s transport data by the government have made it feasible for entrepreneurs to experiment with new mobility solutions.

 Venture capital: Although not a fundamental driver per se, venture capital has also accelerated the growth and public adoption of intelligent mobility solutions.

The convergence of these factors, coupled with ever-increasing commuter expectations for greater convenience and services-on-demand, has placed enormous pressure on city mobility systems to evolve.95 With a growing number of mobility and its auxiliary services along both the horizontal and vertical value chain, the transport landscape in Singapore has become increasingly fragmented, and traditional approaches to transport solutions are not effective in meeting the individual travellers’ needs. As a result, Singapore is progressing with the adoption of intelligent mobility solutions, such as Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and Service-on-Demand (SoD). Some of the recent developments in the market include:

 The country has been deploying large numbers of sensors and cameras across the island in order to facilitate wide-scale analysis and measurement of transport and mobility data. Data collected through this network of sensors and cameras allows the government to analyse, assess and make recommendations regarding public spaces.96

 Singapore has become the first city in the world to manage congestion through an electronic road pricing system and it is now deploying a satellite-based road pricing system, which is expected to come on-line by 2020.

 In August 2015, Singapore has introduced a pilot project called Beeline SG, which is an intelligent on-demand bus service. As part of the project, the government has shared anonymised data from public transportation smart cards with private sector bus operators to create new demand-driven routes. By using the Beeline SG app, users can now book their seat on buses, track their location as well as suggest new routes, since new routes are activated by crowd-sourced community demand. To date, 10 new routes have been created

95 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/mobility-as-a-service-is-next-disruptive-wave-in-smart-mobility 96 https://disruptionhub.com/mobility_service/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 148 of 206

by community crowd-sourcing tool. The service is run by the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) and Land Transport Authority (LTA) in partnership with transportation operators, academia and the private sector.

 In August 2016, LTA has also established a partnership with nuTonomy – an MIT spin-off technology startup company that makes software to build self-driving cars and autonomous mobile robots – to test their shared, on-demand door-to-door transportation concepts at One-North, a Singaporean subzone and business park.

 A local consortium comprising SMRT Corporation, Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU), has teamed up to develop innovative solutions that integrate multiple modes of transportation for better accessibility and connectivity.97 Their collaboration started with the MaaS test-beds at NTU’s Smart Campus and the JTC CleanTech Park through: (i) introducing new mobility services such as automated vehicles, shared personal mobility device (PMD) services, on-demand ride sharing, and others; and (ii) developing parameters for data analytics, transport optimisation and MaaS Business Model.98 Most recently, the consortium has been piloting within the NTU campus the first open-platform Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) solution in Asia, the MaaS Jalan App, which aims to improve commuters’ travel expenses by seamlessly integrating train and bus networks with next-generation transport modes, including autonomous vehicles, bike sharing systems, and (shared) personal mobility devices, such as e-scooters, among others, into one platform. The solution currently aims to enable seamless movement of students across the whole campus with future plans aimed to expand it across the whole city.99

 In September 2017, the Finnish company MaaS Global has launched in Singapore the transportation app, called Whim, which has become the first Asian country to try it. The service shows users the best way to get from one point to another using public transportation. The app aims to turn transport into a service-on-demand: different modes of transport, including buses, taxis and even bicycles can be aggregated on the app. Users can

97 http://ecocampus.ntu.edu.sg/Current-Projects/Pages/Mobility-as-a-Service%20-MaaS-Testbed-and-Research.aspx 98 https://www.gov.sg/news/content/today-online---commuters-may-get-detailed-information-on-all-travel-options-to-plan-trips-better 99 https://www.drivesweden.net/en/maas-lab-start-singapore

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 149 of 206

pay a monthly subscription fee that covers payments for all rides on any mode of transport, or they can pay as they go.

 In February 2018, the NTU and Free2Move have launched a pilot project for Singapore’s first electric bike-sharing service, known as Free2Move Bikesharing. Initially, 20 Peugeot electric bikes – along with two docking stations – are available for use around the NTU’s campus before the service expands. The e-bikes come with 400 watt-hour batteries, which offer a range of up to 75 km. The bikes can be dropped at any location on the campus or at the docking stations, which are fitted with solar panels to save energy while charging. Thanks to the smartphone app, co-developed by NTU and Groupe PSA’s Business Lab Singapore entity, users are able to geo-locate the closest e-bike on its battery charge level.100

Figure 37: Singapore’s First Bike-Sharing Service Source: Groupe PSA

Autonomous Vehicles

One of the innovative thrusts for mobility solutions in Singapore comes from the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Economic needs under severe physical constraints, especially manpower shortages, have prompted Singapore to be active in adoption of the AV development.

100 http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/free2move-and-nanyang-technological-university-set-singapore%E2%80%99s-1st-electric-bikesharing-service

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 150 of 206

Singapore is known for being one of the first movers in embracing self-driving cars. Private investments in AV development have grown since the mid-2000s, and continue to accelerate today. A number of developments have led to a thriving ecosystem of AV research and development (R&D):

 In August 2014, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) to jointly set up the Singapore Autonomous Vehicle Initiative (SAVI), which would serve as a platform to oversee and manage research and development, as well as test-bedding of AV technologies, applications and solutions for industry partners and stakeholders.

 In 2014, Singapore has also set up a Committee on Autonomous Road (CARTS) in order to study AV applications, regulations and implementation. CARTS has been focusing on four application areas: (i) fixed and scheduled services for efficient mass transport; (ii) point-to-point and/or mobility-on-demand services; (iii) freight; and (iv) utility operations.

 In January 2015, the LTA announced that one-north district would become the first test site for AV technologies and mobility concepts. The test route was doubled from the original 6 km to a 12 km network in September 2016. As of October 2016, there were four distinct entities conducting AV proof-of-concept tests at the site.

 In June 2015, the LTA has further issued Request for Information (RFI) to seek proposals on how autonomous vehicle technology could be harnessed as part of other land transport mobility concepts, such as mobility-on-demand and autonomous buses.

 In October 2015, a MoU was signed between the Ministry of Transport (MOT) and the Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) to jointly develop autonomous truck platooning technology for transporting cargo between port terminals. The MOT also signed another MoU with Sentosa Development Corporation and Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd to trial self-driving shuttle services across Sentosa.

 In August 2016, the LTA established a partnership with Delphi Automotive Systems, which is one of the major Tier 1 suppliers of vehicle technologies. Both parties agreed to develop and

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 151 of 206

test a fleet of fully autonomous vehicles and their technologies, including a cloud-based mobility-on-demand software suite.

 In the same month, the LTA and JTC have also partnered with NTU to launch the Centre of Excellence for Testing and Research of AVs (CETRAN) at NTU and test circuit at JTC’s CleanTech Park. CETRAN is expected to spearhead the development and testing of requirements for self-driving vehicles while the test circuit has been launched to provide a simulated road environment for testing of the vehicles prior to their deployment on public roads.

 In September 2016, nuTonomy launched the first self-driving taxi trial in the world as part of the government’s larger efforts to deploy AVs in Singapore.

 In October 2016, the LTA has also announced a partnership with the Energy Research Institute at NTU (ERI@N), to develop autonomous bus technologies. The partnership includes testing and trials of self-driving bus for fixed and scheduled services for intra- and inter-town travel.

 In 2018, the NTU, SMRT Services and 2getthere have joined forces to deploy fully automated Group Rapid Transit (GRT) AVs on the NTU’s Smart Campus by 2019. The GRT vehicles would use magnetic pellets on the road for autonomous navigation and could travel bi-directionally with a top speed of 40 km/h.101 The GRT is expected to be tested in several phases, which will start in the last quarter of 2018. The collaboration will also involve conducting research to improve AV technologies, such as increasing the use of artificial intelligence, developing advanced sensors and sensor fusion algorithms, and improving fleet management technologies. The trials would be gradually expanded campus-wide, running alongside other AVs that have been already undergoing tests since 2012. The three parties are also exploring the possibility of extending this pilot project to JTCs CleanTech Park. This latest testbedding of AVs is part of the NTU’s Smart Campus initiative to develop rapidly advancing transport technologies.

101 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/ntu-nst041618.php

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 152 of 206

Electric & Hybrid Vehicles

Other than improving its public transport network, Singapore has been open to exploration of modes of transport that do not rely on polluting fossil fuels. To that end, it has embraced the push for electric vehicles (EVs), Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs), and other green mobility vehicle types. These types of vehicles are increasingly seen as a sustainable and more efficient mode of transport, which can also help reduce carbon emissions. According to Arcadis Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 2017, Singapore scored 100% for encouraging residents to switch to EVs.102 The government is keen to deploy EVs in Singapore, as the country is well-suited to such technology, given its compact land area, strong electricity grid and reliable IT infrastructure.

Although the electric car usage is still very nascent in Singapore, the government aims to raise the share of EV market by as much as 30-50% of the country’s total motor population by 2050. To lay groundwork for the wider adoption of EVs, the country launched several test-bedding initiatives over the past 7 years.

In 2011, the country launched an inter-agency Electric Vehicle Task Force, co-chaired by the Energy Management Authority (EMA) and LTA, to test and gauge the viability of different urbanised environment, road conditions and consumer market for EVs. The study identified several key areas that would improve EV adoption rates in Singapore:

 Lowering upfront EV and battery costs;

 Advancing battery technology to improve range, battery life, costs and charging times;

 Implementing clearer parking rules, harmonised and safe charging infrastructure, and overall charging infrastructure management;

 Introducing innovative business models, such as car-sharing or battery leasing, would help customers test EVs and get acquainted with new technology.

102 https://www.arcadis.com/en/asia/our-perspectives/sustainable-cities-mobility-index-asia/how-digitization-helped-singapore-outperform-the- world-by-tim-risbridger/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 153 of 206

Singapore’s first phase of test-bedding EVs involved deploying 89 electric cars to the Singaporean roads. Four EV models were chosen, namely, Mitsubishi iMiEV, Daimler Smart Electric Drive, Nissan Leaf, and Renault Fluence Z.E.

In December 2014, LTA and the Economic Development Board (EDB) launched the second phase of test-bedding to explore unique solutions and operating models to support EV proliferation in Singapore. The initiative involved a trial of an EV car-sharing programme, which would be eventually deploying 1,000 EVs and the charging infrastructure of over 2,000 stations to support their use. The key objectives of the test-bedding project were:

Figure 38: Key Objectives of the 2nd Phase of EV Test-Bedding Source: Electro-Mobility Singapore Programme Office

BlueSG, a subsidiary of the French Bollore Group, has been chosen to run a fleet of EV cars under the test-bedding programme. Once completed in 2020, the project will culminate in over 1,000 EV cars on Singaporean roads powered by 2,000 charging points at selected parking spaces in 500 locations, of which 80% will be dispersed across various residential towns and neighbourhoods, starting with , and Punggol townships, as well as industrial estates and commercial spaces. Eventually, the EV infrastructure may be expanded to

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 154 of 206

support public transport, such as taxis and buses. The EV car-sharing programme is expected to serve as a living lab platform to attract new players to develop, test and commercialise innovative urban solutions in Singapore before scaling up for the region. The first fleet of 80 electric cars in the public-sharing scheme took to the roads in December 2017. The launch started with 32 charging stations (18 located in public housing estates and 10 in the city).103 The BlueSG project is slated to become the world’s second largest electric vehicle car-sharing programme after Paris.

As of the end of 2017, there were 520 electrified cars (plug-in electric vehicles and cars that run only on battery power) on the country’s roads, a sharp increase of 380% from only 137 vehicles at the end of 2016. Of the 383 electrified cars that joined the car population in Singapore during 2017, the majority (298 units) were registered by car-sharing services, such as BlueSG. The rest were made up of PHEVs and EVs from various car brands, such as Mitsubishi and BMW.

Some of the other interesting developments in this market segment include:

 In October 2017, LTA awarded the tender to produce 50 diesel hybrid buses worth S$ 30 million (EUR 19.1 million) to Volvo East Asia (Pte) Ltd., as part of the LTA’s efforts to build a more environmentally-friendly public bus fleet. After initial trials, 50 diesel-hybrid buses will be rolled out gradually for service by the second half of 2018.104

 A Request for Information for electric buses was also launched in October 2017. The tender to produce 60 electric buses is expected to be issued soon. Commuters can expect to see electric buses deployed for service by 2019.105

 At budget 2017, the LTA announced the introduction of the Vehicular Emissions Scheme (VES), which will run from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019. LTA also announced that the emission factor to be used for computing carbon dioxide emissions of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles under the VES would take into consideration the fact that EVs

and PHEVs consume electricity which produces CO2 at the point of power generation, even though they have no tailpipe emissions. The VES provides rebates or surcharges on

103 http://www.ethozgroup.com/blog/electric-cars-singapore-speeding-ahead-roadblocks/ 104 https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=aa43373d-fef2-4b9a-a71c-1932eb3a83e3 105 https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=aa43373d-fef2-4b9a-a71c-1932eb3a83e3

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 155 of 206

vehicles based on the emission of carbon dioxide as well as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. New generation electric cars are expected to qualify for S$ 20,000 (EUR 12,722.4) rebate under the scheme.106

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicles

The push for compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles in Singapore started in 2001 and the CNG cars were considered to be an environmentally-friendly alternative to other types of cars. However, less than two decades later, such vehicles are a rare sight in the country. A lack of infrastructural support as well as the cost ineffectiveness of CNG vehicles following the removal of government rebates are considered to be the key factors for the low adoption rates. As of December 2017, the CNG private car population has gone down by close to two-thirds to about 1,000 vehicles, compared to the peak of 2,706 in 2010, based on figures from the Land Transport Authority. Over the same period, the number of CNG buses has also dropped by more than half from 44 to 12. When it comes to CNG taxis, the decline was even more drastic: from 2,836 in 2011 to zero this year. Following the removal of rebates in 2012, the prices of CNG cars are between S$ 3,000-7,000 (EUR 1,908-4,453) more than petrol cars. In addition, CNG vehicle owners are also facing higher maintenance costs as such vehicles often experience wear and tear quicker as they run at a very high temperature. Singapore currently has only three CNG stations – in Mandai, North and Road – making it challenging for existing CNG vehicle owners to refuel their cars and causing further decline in CNG popularity.107

Local Players

DuranPower Technology Group is a group of companies fully owned by the New Resources Technology Pte Ltd (NRT), a Singapore-based company with an international presence, which focuses on research, design and manufacturing of advanced battery technologies for automotive and energy storage industries. The Group was established in 2009 with manufacturing plants in China and a global network of customers in the electric automotive and energy storage sectors,

106 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/charged-up-over-electric-vehicles 107 https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/once-touted-next-big-green-thing-cng-vehicles-have-had-bumpy-ride-spore

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 156 of 206

including regions such as China, Europe, Japan and South East Asia. Since its establishment, the company has received a remarkable 100% safety track record with more than 100 million km of operational mileage. DuranPower is also a Tier 1 supplier to vehicle manufacturers and has its battery systems integrated in thousands of hybrid-electric, plug-in hybrid electric and full electric vehicles in over 20 cities in China. It has also successfully launched turnkey electric bus projects in South East Asian countries with full battery systems, electric buses and charging infrastructures since 2015, and has been successful in winning contracts from around the world including the supply of ultrafast EV chargers to Singapore, battery systems for autonomous vehicles in Europe, electric cars in Japan and electric buses in Europe.

SMRT Services Pte Ltd actively manages and markets in-house rail-related Operations & Maintenance capabilities, including Automated Fare Collection systems and the SMRT Active Route Map Information System (STARiS). SMRT Services also aims to add value as an integrated transport solutions provider, offering a holistic approach to planning, implementation, operations and maintenance of a customised suite of transport solutions. These can include a range of options, covering bike-sharing, shuttle buses, GRT systems and private hire vehicles, centrally managed to meet various and complex transit needs of commuters today. In 2016, SMRT Services and 2getthere Holding B.V. established a Joint Venture called 2getthere Asia Pte Ltd to market, install, operate and maintain the AV systems for customers in Singapore and the Asia-Pacific.

Smove is a technology development company that builds solutions to offer Mobility-as-a-Service and Mobility-on-Demand. It has developed a stable and scalable platform with hardware and software modules, and is using the technology in its Singapore commercial operation. The Smove solutions allow people to hire a car when they need it at a short notice, through their mobile phone with three to five clicks. Users can pick up the car from a parking location and drop it off whenever is convenient.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 157 of 206

Figure 39: Smove Mobile Application Source: Smove

Currently, Smove has over 1,100 regular users and 17 cars that are run 100% during peak periods (Friday-Monday) and 50-60% off-peak. The business now seeks to scale up the size of its fleet and create new technology to address manpower needs. Smove plans to license its technology to car fleet operators in urban locations outside of Singapore by franchising mobility-as-a-service. Smove was developed by Clean Mobility Singapore Pte Ltd and incubated by WaveMaker Labs, an incubator under the National Research Foundation’s Technology Incubation Scheme.

3.15.2 EU Entry Opportunities

Singapore has numerous opportunities for European companies to tap into mobility solutions, including intelligent mobility systems, electric and hybrid vehicles, novel green mobility business models and others. Some of the interesting opportunities include:

 EV technology R&D;

 New eco-mobility concepts;

 Electrification of taxi and bus vehicle fleets;

 Electrification of rail infrastructure;

 Charging infrastructure technology;

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 158 of 206

 Intelligent public transport systems;

 R&D and test-bedding of self-driving cars;

 Provision of EVs and PHEVs;

 Intelligent traffic management systems;

EV Technology R&D

BlueSG will be setting up a Global Innovation Centre in Singapore, which will help to position the country as the regional leader in electric mobility and energy management technologies. It will position its EV fleet and charging infrastructure as the world’s first Open Innovation Platform that involves a large-scale vehicular fleet, and partner local and foreign companies and research organisations to develop, test and commercialise cutting-edge mobility and energy management solutions such as next-generation charging technologies, intelligent transport systems and self- driving vehicles.

R&D is already ongoing in Singapore to develop battery technologies that can potentially be applied to EVs. In 2014, scientists at Nanyang Technology University (NTU) announced that they had developed ultra-fast charging batteries that can be recharged up to 70% in only two minutes. The new generation batteries, which use a new gel material made from titanium dioxide in place of graphite, also have a long lifespan of over 20 years, more than 10 times compared to existing lithium-ion batteries. The technology, which is currently being tested, has the potential to be a key solution in overcoming longstanding power issues in the EV industry, where consumers are put off by the long recharge times and its limited battery life.

New Eco-Mobility Concepts

Eco-mobility relies on smooth multi-modal transportation, enabling citizens to play an active role in reducing their carbon footprint. Eco-mobility relies on sharing transport services, which optimise the use of vehicles for frequent and short distance urban trips and enable the government to control the number of electric vehicles and charging stations. Some potential entry points for European companies would include smart mobility platforms that optimise travel time based on

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 159 of 206

real-time information on public transport traffic and timing; applications that stimulate and reward citizens, transportation companies, communities and businesses for using sustainable mobility such as walking, cycling, public transport or carpooling.

Electrification of taxi and bus vehicle fleets

Taxi and bus fleets, while accounting for only 3% and 2% of the total vehicle population respectively, have the biggest potential in the electrification drive, as their charging needs can be easily managed by building charging stations at various bus and taxi depots and servicing stations across the island.

Electrification of Rail Infrastructure

There are also opportunities for electric catenary-free tram projects. Some of the projects are already underway in Singapore, and the demand for such transport modes is likely to increase with the country’s focus on autonomous and electric vehicles.

Charging Infrastructure Technology

BlueSG will see 2,000 charging points built across the island by 2020. The Government has also adopted a nationwide public charging standard in August 2016, which requires all new charging stations in publicly accessible areas to use the European Type 2 AC charging standard, which can charge a vehicle in one to two hours. All 2,000 charging points will need to comply with this standard.

This represents a dramatic increase from the existing charging points that are currently available. Currently, Bosch maintains 60 normal charging stations and 3 quick charging stations in Singapore, while Greenlots, a Singapore-based company, has established a charging station network with 50 charging stations at more than 30 locations across Singapore.

In tandem with the upcoming proliferation of charging stations across Singapore, there will be a growing demand for fast charging technology and energy storage solutions for EVs.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 160 of 206

Intelligent Public Transport Systems

The Land Transport Authority has launched a grant call to provide solutions for public transport system optimisation. The proposed solutions should be research-driven and technology-driven, rather than infrastructure-driven. The key areas for consideration include:

 Solutions to reduce public transport journey duration;

 Solutions to optimise transport services to meet public demand;

 Solutions to reduce land used for road carriageways.

R&D and Test-Bedding of Self-Driving Cars

Singapore possesses natural advantages for the development of self-driving cars. Its high urban density, limited workforce of commercial drivers, knowledge-based economy, modern infrastructure, efficient government, and a highly-educated population makes it an attractive location to develop and test-bed innovations in autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies. The Singaporean government is also a strong advocate for such technology and innovation, and continues to attract high-tech talent and investments.

There are several ongoing initiatives, which may offer interesting collaboration opportunities for European companies:

 The NTU’s Smart Campus is considered a living test-bed for innovative technologies, including AVs. It was the first agency to test driverless vehicles on Singaporean roads and it is currently considered to be the leading research institution in AV technology. Most recently the Mobility-as-a-Service project GRT has been introduced, which seeks to integrate multiple modes of transport, including autonomous vehicles, into a single mobility platform called Jalan-Jalan. European companies with know-how in AV technologies are welcomed to partner and test-bed new innovations at NTU’s Smart Campus.

In addition, as the country experiments with self-driving car concepts, there is a strong demand for intelligent and robust sensor technologies, which can help test and embed AV projects.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 161 of 206

Navigation and localisation technologies are also in demand as are real-time data analysis tools and solutions.

Provision of EVs and PHEVs

While the take-up rate for EVs in Singapore is currently low, the government is keen to pave the way for adoption of EVs. Projections that up to 50% of the vehicles in Singapore could be EVs by 2050 suggest that the sector has enormous growth potential. And companies from around the world are already taking notice of Singapore’s potential.

BMW was among the first major car makers to go big on electrification in Singapore. In 2014, it was the first car maker to offer electrified vehicles for sale in the country with its i3 electric city car and the i8 plug-in hybrid sports coupe. In September 2017, it was also the first one to offer a full range of PHEVs in Singapore, marketing plug-in hybrid versions of five models under the iPerformance Automobiles sub-brand. Competition with other companies is also heating up. The first BEV from Hyundai was launched in January 2018, while Renault’s Zoe, a compact hatchback is currently undergoing approval for local sale. Nissan has also showcased its second- generation Leaf BEV hatchback in January 2018. Other brands, which are to roll-out plug-in versions in Singapore, include Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. BMW has stated that by 2020 it will expand its range to offer 25 electrified cars, while Mercedes-Benz intends to produce an electrified version of every model it sells by 2022. Ford announced plans to make 40 such vehicles available within the same timeframe.108

Further incentives for EV and PHEV provision are provided by the Enhanced Transport Technology Innovation and Development Scheme (TIDES+), which is jointly administered by the EDB and LTA. The purpose of the scheme is to support EDB’s efforts in attracting automobile companies to undertake knowledge-based manufacturing, R&D and testing of vehicles in Singapore. Under the scheme, programmes with new technology vehicles undergoing R&D and

108 https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/hub/bt-motoring/electric-car-population-surges-380-in-2017

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 162 of 206

test-bedding in Singapore are granted Certificate of Entitlement, Additional Registration Fee and Road Tax exemptions upon approval.

As the country is keen to promote EVs, this also opens up opportunities for EU companies to tap into various stages of product development. For example, 3D and product lifecycle management solutions that enable real-time collaboration among all stakeholders involved in the development of an electric or hybrid vehicle, reducing costs while encouraging innovation on energy efficiency are attractive options.

Intelligent Traffic Management Systems

Singapore currently uses 12% of its land for transport infrastructure. The city plans to better interconnect existing road lanes, without building new ones, so that commuters get the feeling that 40% of the land is covered. This involves optimising railway systems and railway traffic control systems (signalling and information systems); fleet management solutions, comprising on-board vehicle tracking devices and web interfaces for managing vehicles, tracking the fleet in real time, and optimising transport resources. Companies offering such systems can tap the growing traffic management optimisation market.

In addition, wireless, autonomous, multi-point and low-cost data acquisition systems that can be configured for vehicle dynamic detection (traffic applications, traffic lights management) or vehicle static detection (parking applications for cars and trucks) are attractive market options. Also, solutions that gather traffic data into a real-time dynamic visualisation approach, enabling city and highways to optimise traffic and proactively respond to incidents and events are likely to find traction in Singapore.

Deployment and operation of transport-sharing systems is also a viable option in Singapore. The service would complement public transportation in densely populated areas that are not well- connected (first and last miles) in order to foster intermodal transport (MRT, bus, LRT). EV-sharing as well as bike-sharing systems are some of the possible entry points with some companies, such as Smove and BlueSG already exploring these market segments.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 163 of 206

EU Companies

Bolloré Group

French conglomerate Bolloré Group is the world’s largest EV car-sharing operator, with operations in Paris, Bordeaux and Lyon in France, Indianapolis in the US and Turin in Italy. In Paris, it operates Autolib, the world’s largest car-sharing programme, which has helped to remove 31,000 conventional cars from the roads. It currently has a fleet of 4,000 electric cars and 130,000 regular users in Paris.

The group participated in a Request for Information exercise by the Singaporean government in December 2014, and was selected on the basis of the quality of its proposal and strong track record, after more than a year of careful evaluation by various government agencies. On 30 June 2016, LTA and EDB signed an agreement with BlueSG Pte Ltd, a newly set-up subsidiary of Bolloré Group, to run a fleet of 1,000 cars by 2020 under the programme. The company will play an instrumental role in helping Singapore realise its goals as outlined in the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint.

Under the agreement, BlueSG will operate the programme for ten years and install an island-wide EV charging infrastructure of 2,000 charging points, of which up to 20% will be available for public use. The EV car-sharing programme will be rolled out progressively across Singapore, with the first batch of 80 Bluecars and 32 charging points introduced in December 2017.109

BlueSG will be the first large-scale, one-way EV Car-sharing Programme in Singapore. Unlike the more typical two-way model, users can enjoy the flexibility and convenience of picking up cars at the starting point of their journey and returning them at their destinations instead of the conventional model where the user has to return to the original location to return the car.

In partnership with EDB, BlueSG Pte Ltd will undertake new high-value economic activities and create about 250 jobs in Singapore in the first five years of the programme. In addition, BlueSG will set up a Global Innovation Centre to undertake R&D work in the areas of mobility and energy

109 https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/large-scale-electric-car-sharing-scheme-kicks-off

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 164 of 206

management solutions, and establish its Asia Pacific headquarters in Singapore to oversee its e- mobility, energy management and system integration business for the region.

BlueSG is leveraging Singapore as a key reference market in Asia to deploy its EV programme, and will thereafter serve Asia through its Asia Pacific headquarters and Global Innovation Centre based in Singapore.

Bosch

Bosch was established in 1886 in Germany, and is widely known as a global supplier of technology and services. It specifically provides Mobility Solutions, Industrial Technology, Consumer Goods, and Energy and Building Technology. In 2010, Bosch was officially appointed as the first charging service provider for Singapore’s first EV test-bedding initiative. The company was tasked with designing, developing, deploying, operating and maintaining up to 60 normal charging stations and 3 quick charging stations by the end of 2011. Its capabilities in mobility solutions, namely its electrical powertrains for EVs will be an important selling point as the EV market in Singapore develops.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 165 of 206

Renault

Renault, which is Europe’s third largest automaker, and Nissan Motor, formed an alliance in 1999, and collaborate to advance the deployment of EVs worldwide. The Alliance sells about one in two pure electric vehicles worldwide. As of December 2015, the Alliance has sold a cumulative 302,000 EVs worldwide.

In 2009, The Renault-Nissan Alliance formed a partnership with Singapore’s EMA, LTA and the Economic Development Board (EDB) to explore the development of a Zero Emission Vehicles Programme, and to set up a working team of representatives to promote the introduction and expansion of EVs in Singapore. In 2011, the Alliance provided the EV Taskforce with EVs for a 3-year test-bedding exercise, giving it a head start in terms of market entry into Singapore, where its EVs have already been tested.

Quividi

Quividi, a French software company, is the world leader in automated out-of-home audience measurement. Relying on fast, proprietary image processing technologies, Quividi’s software accurately measures and qualifies the audience of any communication support in public places, while real-time analysis allows the medium to adapt its content to the instantaneous audience profile and position. The company provided the taxi firm ComfortDelGro with a proof-of-concept on Taxi Queue Counting, based on a system of cameras detecting people waiting for taxis and triggering alerts to taxi drivers.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 166 of 206

4. Regulations

This chapter covers a range of regulations, procedures, and schemes that fall into four categories: (1) Import Procedures, (2) Government procurement and the tender process, (3) Regulations that relate to the energy sector, and (4) The latest Carbon Emissions-Based Vehicle Scheme (CEVS).

In Singapore, there are two key Acts that mandate energy efficiency requirements and energy management practices to promote energy conservation. These are The Energy Conservation Act and The Building Control Act.

Various regulations are in place under these acts that mandate:

 Energy labelling for consumer products such as air-conditioners, refrigerators, clothes dryers and lighting/lamps;

 Implementation of energy management practices for energy intensive companies, such as mandatory reporting of energy use, appointment of an energy manager, submission of energy efficiency improvement plans;

 Environment sustainability standards for new buildings and existing ones that undergo major retrofitting;

 Energy efficiency audits for building cooling systems;

 Energy labelling for vehicles;

 Energy reporting by transport facility operators.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 167 of 206

4.1 General Import Procedures

As an open market, products and services can enter and exit Singapore relatively freely. All goods imported into Singapore are regulated under the Customs Act, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act and the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act. Imported goods are subject to GST and/or duty payment. A Customs permit is required to account for the import and tax payment of the goods. The current GST rate is 7%. GST is calculated based on customs value of the goods, plus all duties. Before the actual importation, the importer is required to obtain a Customs permit, to account for the import and the tax payment of the goods.

Importing Trade Samples

The Singapore Customs defines trade samples as the goods imported solely:

 For the purpose of being shown or demonstrated in Singapore to enable manufacturers in Singapore to produce these goods to fulfil orders from abroad or to solicit orders for goods to be supplied from abroad, or

 By a manufacturer for the purposes of copying, testing or experimenting before producing these goods in Singapore

Trade samples should not be sold, consumed, put to normal use, or used for hire or reward in Singapore. Importers of trade samples that are supplied without cost or free of charge must pay GST and/or duty. The relevant import permit (if required) and supporting documents (for example, commercial invoice, packing list, Bill of Lading/Airway Bill) for the trade samples must be produced to the checkpoint officers for verification at the time of cargo clearance. Importers must also check if their trade samples fall under controlled or non-controlled item before importation.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 168 of 206

4.2 Government Tenders

Singaporean government tenders are open to international companies. A foreign company is required to register on GeBIZ (www.gebiz.gov.sg), which is the procurement portal for the government, as a GeBIZ trading partner before they can participate in any electronic tenders and quotations. Information on contracts and tenders available in Singapore can be found on the GeBIZ portal as well as at industry briefings.

With many international companies already present in the country, European companies that are new to the market may want to look for potential partners readily established in Singapore that can contribute to the local knowledge to license their technology or form an alliance/consortium to jointly bid for projects.

GeBIZ Trading Partners

All local and foreign suppliers are required to register on GeBIZ as a GeBIZ trading partner prior to responding to electronic tenders and quotations. A supplier that is registered with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) will be approved immediately. Registration is free for the first account, while each additional account costs S$ 280 (EUR 176) per year (inclusive of GST). Apart from enabling partners to bid and tender for projects on GeBIZ, the account will also give access to archives of tender and quotation awards.

Government Procurement

Each ministry, statutory board or department is in charge of procuring its own goods and services. Some agencies also purchase common goods and services used by the entire public sector such as IT security services, courier services and paper. These agencies are the Expenditure and Procurement Policies Unit (EPPU), Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA), and Infocomm Media Development Authority of Singapore (IMDA). The government procures goods and services through three procedures:

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 169 of 206

Small Value Purchases (Up to S$ 3,000 or EUR 1,886)

The government will buy directly from suitable suppliers with prices reflecting fair market value. The agency requiring the product or service would normally ask around for quotations and undertake direct purchase. These small value purchases are not publicised on GeBIZ. Sourcing methods include verbal or written quotes, off-the-shelf purchase, and the GeBIZ Mall Catalogue.

Invitation to Quote (S$ 3,001 to S$ 70,000 or EUR 1,887 to EUR 44,004)

The government will publish an online quote on GeBIZ to invite suppliers to quote. All suppliers registered with GeBIZ can submit a quote on GeBIZ. Sourcing methods include Invitation to Quote, Request for Quotation, Period Contracts and Framework Agreements.

Invitation to Tender (Above S$ 70,000 or EUR 44,004)

Only GeBIZ trading partners can tender for projects. There are three tender categories:

 Open – all interested parties can bid, with tenders posted on GeBIZ.

 Selective – Applicants are shortlisted through a pre-qualification exercise, with tenders posted on GeBIZ.

 Limited – tenders are by invitation only as they concern national security or are impractical for open tenders.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 170 of 206

4.3 The Energy Conservation Act

The Energy Conservation Act requires large energy consuming companies to register with the NEA and implement mandatory energy management practices. Companies are required to appoint an energy manager, monitor and report energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, and submit annual energy efficiency improvement plans.

Registrable Corporations

A corporation is deemed to be a registrable corporation if it has operational control over a business activity which consumes 54 TJ or more of energy per calendar year in at least two of the three preceding calendar years; and the business activity is carried out at a single site and is attributable to one of the following sectors:

 Manufacturing and manufacturing-related services;

 Supply of electricity, gas, steam, compressed air and chilled water for air-conditioning; and

 Water supply and sewage and waste management.

Such business activity is termed as ‘relevant business activity’ under the subsidiary legislation of the Energy Conservation Act. Corporations that meet these criteria have to register with NEA within 6 months of qualifying as a registrable corporation using a customised electronic service provided at http://www.nea.gov.sg.

Appointment of Energy Manager

A registered corporation has to appoint from among its employees at least one energy manager, and notify NEA of the appointment of its first energy manager not later than 30 days after registration. With effect from 1 April 2014, all energy managers are required to hold —

 A Singapore Certified Energy Manager (Professional Level) certificate issued by the Institution of Engineers, Singapore; or

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 171 of 206

 Such other qualification and experience, which NEA deems to be substantially equivalent to the above Singapore Certified Energy Manager (Professional Level) certification.

If an energy manager vacates his appointment —

 The registered corporation must notify NEA via the electronic service provided at http://www.nea.gov.sg within 30 days after the vacation of the appointment; and

 If this energy manager is the only energy manager of the corporation, the corporation has to notify NEA of the appointment of a substitute energy manager within 90 days after the vacation of the appointment.

Periodic Reporting of Energy Use and Information on Processes Resulting in Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Starting from 2014, a registered corporation is required to submit an energy use report annually by 30th June of each year. The report shall cover each business activity under the operational control of the registered corporation and be made using the relevant form provided in the electronic service at http://www.nea.gov.sg.

The energy use report shall contain, in respect of each relevant business activity, the following main information relating to the corporation’s operation during the preceding calendar year, or part thereof for the first report:

 Details of each type of fuel or energy commodity in the inventory of the corporation as at 1 January and 31 December of the calendar year;

 Details of each type of fuel or energy commodity purchased, used or sold;

 Details of each type of fuel or energy commodity produced;

 Details of each energy-consuming system that is selected for reporting. The corporation should select the energy-consuming systems for reporting such that the aggregate energy consumption of these selected energy-consuming systems is equal or more than 80% of the total energy consumption of the business activity;

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 172 of 206

 Specific energy consumption, for example energy consumption per quantity of product produced;

 Reasons for increase or decrease in specific energy consumption compared to that reported in the previous year;

 Information in respect of the processes or activities resulting in greenhouse gas emissions; and

 Basic process diagram(s) showing the energy-consuming systems and the general process and energy flow.

For the other business activities that are not relevant business activities, corporations are to state the following in relation to the operation of all such business activities during the preceding calendar year, or part thereof for the first report:

 The estimated aggregate energy consumption as a percentage of the corporation’s total energy consumption;

 The estimated aggregate energy production as a percentage of the corporation’s total energy production; and

 The estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emissions as a percentage of the corporation’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

Energy Efficiency Improvement Plans

Starting from 2014, a registered corporation is required to submit an energy efficiency improvement plan by 30th June of each year, covering each business activity under the operational control of the registered corporation. The plan shall cover a period of not less than 1 year and not more than 5 years, and be made using the relevant form provided in the electronic service at http://www.nea.gov.sg.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 173 of 206

The following information in respect of each relevant business activity is required:

 Details of each energy efficiency measure to be implemented or completed such as projected reduction in energy consumption and estimated cost of implementation;

 Update on the progress of energy efficiency measures described in the previous plan submitted; and

 Results of each energy efficiency measure implemented before the end of the preceding year such as energy savings achieved, and a description of how such savings are measured and verified.

The plan shall include a general description of the energy efficiency measures to be implemented or completed in respect of the other business activities that are not relevant business activities.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 174 of 206

4.4 The Building Control Act

The Building Control Act has put in place Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations, that require minimum efficiency standards equivalent to the Green Mark Certified Level for new buildings and existing ones that undergo major retrofitting. Part IIIB - Environmental Sustainability Measures for Existing Buildings was introduced to the Building Control Act (Act) in December 2012. This requires building owners to:

 Comply with the minimum environmental sustainability standard (Green Mark Standard) for existing buildings;

 Submit periodic energy efficiency audits of building cooling systems; and

 Submit information in respect of energy consumption and other related information as required by the Commissioner of Building Control (effective from 1 July 2013).

These measures will help building owners to benchmark their current building operations, achieve the minimum efficiency standards required and reap the benefits of the energy efficient systems.

Projects developed on selected strategic areas are subject to higher Green Mark Standards:

Selected Strategic Areas Requirements

Marina Bay Green Mark Platinum Rating

Downtown Core – including areas within the CBD located next to Marina Bay Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Jurong Lake District Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Kallang Riverside Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Paya Lebar Central Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Woodlands Regional Centre Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Punggol Eco-Town Green Mark GoldPlus Rating

Table 12: Green Mark Standards for Selected Strategic Areas Source: Building Control Act

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 175 of 206

4.5 Vehicular Emissions Scheme (VES)

Singapore’s Carbon Emissions-Based Vehicle Scheme (CEVS) has been replaced in 2018 by Vehicular Emissions Scheme, which will be applicable for all new cars, taxis, and newly imported cars.

VEs is the new, more comprehensive system that takes into consideration a vehicle’s emissions of four other pollutants, namely hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate matter (PM), in addition to the vehicle’s carbon dioxide emission, to encourage consumers to shift to less pollutive models. Cars registered from 1 January 2018 to 30 June 2018 (both dates inclusive) will be assessed based on their emissions of four pollutants of HC, CO,

1 NOX and CO2 (i.e. PM emissions is exempted during this interim period). Cars registered from 1 July 2018 to 31 December 2019 (both dates inclusive) will be assessed based on their emissions of all five pollutants. The VES rebate or surcharge will be determined by the worst performing pollutant. Similar to the CEVS, there are different levels of rebates and surcharges based on different bands of emissions.

Cars that fall under bands A1 and A2 will qualify for rebates which are offset against the car’s ARF payable. Cars that fall under bands C1 and C2 will incur a corresponding registration surcharge. The cars are also subject to a minimum ARF payable of S$ 5,000 (EUR 3,180.6). The minimum ARF payable will ensure that cars will continue to enjoy a certain amount of Preferential Additional Registration Fee benefit when they are deregistered early. This is in line with the existing policy objective of encouraging timely deregistration and keeping Singapore’s car fleet young.

As electric cars and plug-in hybrid cars consume electricity which produces CO2 emission at the point of power generation, an emissions factor of 0.4g CO2/Wh will be applied to their electricity energy consumption to compute their equivalent CO2 emission for electric cars and plug-in hybrid cars registered from 1 July 2017.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 176 of 206

Cars registered from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019 will have the following applicable criteria:

Band CO2 HC CO NOx PM* Rebate** Surcharge

(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (mg/km)

A1 A1<90 A1<0.020 A1<0.150 A1<0.007 A1=0.0 S$ 20,000

A2 90

B 125

C1 160

C2 C2>185 C2>0.075 C2>0.350 C2>0.030 C2>2.0 S$ 20,000 Table 13: Rebates and Surcharges under VES Scheme Source: Land Transport Authority

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 177 of 206

5. Annex

5.1 List of Useful Contacts

Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Fusionopolis Way #20-10 Connexis North Tower Singapore 138632 Tel: +65-6826 6111 Fax: +65-6777 1711 Email: [email protected] Website: www.a-star.edu.sg

Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) 10 Anson Road, #05-01/15 International Plaza Singapore 079903 Tel: +65-6248 6028 Fax: +65-6225 1676 Email: www.acra.gov.sg/askacra Website: www.acra.gov.sg

Building and Construction Authority 52 Jurong Gateway Road #11-01 Singapore 608550 Tel: +65-6534 0219 Fax: +65-6334 4287 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bca.gov.sg

Energy Efficiency Programme Office (E2PO) National Environment Agency 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building #13-00 Singapore 038988 Toll-Free: 1800-2255 632 Tel: +65-6225 5632 Fax: +65-6235-2611 E-mail: www.nea.gov.sg/corporate-functions/feedback Website: www.e2singapore.gov.sg

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 178 of 206

Economic Development Board 250 North Bridge Road #28-00 Raffles City Tower Singapore 179101 Tel: +65 6832 6832 Fax: +65 6832 6565 Email: [email protected] Website: www.edb.gov.sg

Energy Market Authority 991G Alexandra Road, #01-29 Singapore 119975 Tel: +65 6835 8000 Fax: +65 6835 8020 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ema.gov.sg

Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) 1 CleanTech Loop, #06-04 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141 Tel: +65 6592 1674/1786 Fax: +65 6694 6217 Email: [email protected] Website: http://erian.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/Home.aspx

Environment and Water Industry Development Council (EWI) 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building Singapore 038988 Tel: +65 6732 7733 Fax: +65 6731 9456 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mewr.gov.sg/ewi

Environmental Management Association of Singapore (EMAS) c/o 1003 Central #02-10 Technopreneur Centre Singapore 159836 Tel: +65 6278 2538 Fax: +65 6278 7518 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.emas.org.sg

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 179 of 206

Housing and Development Board HDB Hub, 480 Lorong 6 Singapore 310480 Tel: +65 6490 1111 Fax: +65 6490 1033 Email: [email protected] Website: www.hdb.gov.sg

International Enterprise Singapore 230 Victoria Street Level 10, Bugis Junction Office Tower Singapore 188024 Tel: +65 6337 6628 Fax: +65 6337 6898 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iesingapore.gov.sg

Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Fusionpolis Way #20-10 Connexis North Tower Singapore 138632 Tel: +65 6826 6111 Fax: +65 6777 1711 Email: www.a-star.edu.sg/ices/contact-us.aspx Website: www.a-star.edu.sg/ices/

Land Transport Authority 1 Hampshire Road Block 2A Level 1 Singapore 219428 Tel: +65 6225 5582 Fax: +65 6396 1002 Email: www.lta.gov.sg/feedback/ Website: www.lta.gov.sg

Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) 460 Alexandra Road PSA Building #19-00 Singapore 119963 Tel: (65) 6375 1600 Fax: (65) 6276 8927 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mpa.gov.sg

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 180 of 206

Ministry of National Development 5 Maxwell Road #21-00 & #22-00 Tower Block, MND Complex Singapore 069110 Tel: +65 6222 1211 Fax: +65 6325 7254 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mnd.gov.sg

Ministry of Trade and Industry 100 High Street #09-01 The Treasury Singapore 179434 Tel: +65 6225 9911 Fax: +65 6332 7260 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mti.gov.sg

Ministry of Transport 460 Alexandra Road PSA Building #33-00 Singapore 119963 Tel: +65 6270 7988 Fax: +65 6375 7734 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mot.gov.sg

Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI) 1 Cleantech Loop #06-08 CleanTech One Singapore 673141 Tel: +65 6790 6813 Fax: +65 6791 0756 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.newri.ntu.edu.sg

National Climate Change Secretariat 55 Newton Road #13-04/05 Revenue House Singapore 307987 Tel: +65 6430 0600 Fax: +65 6430 0601 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nccs.gov.sg/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 181 of 206

National Environment Agency 40 Scotts Road Environment Building #13-00 Singapore 038988 Tel: +65 6225 5632 Fax: +65 6731 9866 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nea.gov.sg

National Research Foundation 1 CREATE Way #12-02 CREATE Tower Singapore 138602 Tel: +65 6684 2900 Fax: +65 6684 0384 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nrf.gov.sg

Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 Tel: +65 6791 1744 Email: [email protected] (Research Support Office) Website: www.ntu.edu.sg

National University of Singapore 21 Lower Road Singapore 119077 Tel: +65 6516 6666 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nus.edu.sg

Public Transport Council (PTC) 510 Thomson Road #12-03 SLF Building Singapore 298135 Tel: +65 6354 9020 Fax: +65 6258 5463 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ptc.gov.sg/

Public Utilities Board 40 Scotts Road, #22-01 Singapore 228231 Tel: +65 6235 8888

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 182 of 206

Fax: +65 6731 3020 Email: [email protected] Website: www.pub.gov.sg

Singapore Environment Council 1 Kay Siang Road, #04-02 Singapore 248922 Tel: +65 6337 6062 Fax: +65 6337 6035 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sec.org.sg/

Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING) 1 Fusionopolis Walk #01-02 South Tower, Solaris Singapore 138628 Tel: +65 6278 6666 Fax: +65 6278 6667 Email: [email protected] Website: www.spring.gov.sg

Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS) 1 Cleantech Loop #02-16 Cleantech One Singapore 637141 Tel: +65 6338 8578 / 6694 2178 Email: [email protected] Website: www.seas.org.sg

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 183 of 206

5.2 Starting a Business in Singapore

Why Singapore?

Singapore’s high ranking as the world’s second easiest place to do business makes it an attractive investment destination. Its high standard of living, high quality education, advanced infrastructure and technology and low crime rates make it a popular global city in which to work and live.

Singapore welcomes individuals and corporations that are interested in doing business locally. Many global corporations chose to locate their headquarters in Singapore because of its political stability, attractive corporate tax rates, as well as the strength of its legal and financial system. Due to its strategic geographical location, there is an unwavering preference for Singapore as a location for business expansion efforts.

Registering your business

It is easy to register a business, including foreign branch offices, online at Bizfile110 by the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority111.

Generally, European companies have the following options for business formation:

 Singapore Subsidiary - a locally incorporated company with the foreign parent company as a shareholder. Singapore allows 100% foreign shareholding. The company is entitled to incentives and privileges of tax treaties, which satisfies the qualifying conditions. It will be subjected to local corporate tax rates, has a separate legal identity and its liabilities do not impact the foreign parent company.

 Branch Office – a locally registered entity that acts as an extension of the foreign parent. Therefore, its liabilities are extended to the parent company. The revenue generated locally will be subjected to tax. It will be taxed at the prevailing local tax rate although it is a non- resident for tax purposes.

110 https://www.bizfile.gov.sg/ngbbizfileinternet/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pages/BizfileHomepage.jspx 111 https://www.acra.gov.sg/Home/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 184 of 206

 Representative Office – This type of entity is for the purpose of market research, administrative or liaison purposes only. It cannot engage in revenue generating activities. This entity is a transitory arrangement only because the registration is valid for one year, renewable for up to 3 years maximum; thereafter it must graduate to a subsidiary or branch office to continue its operations in Singapore.

Business Registration Procedure

All businesses must be registered with the Accounting & Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA). This includes any individual, firm or corporation that carries out business for a foreign company. The first step is to seek the ACRA’s approval of the name of the corporation, which can be done online.

Once the name is approved, the registration papers and information can be e-filed with ACRA for the registration of the foreign company. The following documents have to be submitted as well for registration:

 A certified copy of the corporation’s certificate of incorporation in its place of incorporation or origin, or a document of similar effect

 A certified copy of the corporation’s certificate of change of name or a document of similar effect (if applicable)

 A certified copy of its charter, statues, or memorandum and articles of association or other instrument constituting or defining its structure

 A list of its directors stating their names, residential addresses, nationalities, passport numbers, occupations and dates of appointment as directors

 A memorandum of appointment of agents together with an affidavit. There must be at least two agents who must be Singapore citizens, permanent residents or holders of valid Employment Passes.

 Notice of the location of the corporation’s registered office in Singapore to which all communications and notices may be addressed.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 185 of 206

A Singapore address for the business will be needed during the business registration. Businesses that do not require a physical premise can provide virtual addresses, which are offered by many professional service providers. As for businesses that require a physical premise, the individual or company can choose to operate from a home office, retail outlets or flatted factories depending on the nature of the business. Premises must be operated in accordance to the approved business use by the relevant authorities. The body monitoring the requirements of the Companies Act (CA) is ACRA.

Government Agencies

The Singapore government provides support and assistance in all kinds of aspects to help businesses grow in Singapore. EU companies looking to set up, operate and establish a business in Singapore will find it easier with assistance from the following government agencies:

 Economic Development Board (EDB) – Provides comprehensive investor support and ensures a first-rate pro business environment in Singapore. Initiated the Global Investor Programme to help international corporations set up and operate businesses in Singapore. Contact Singapore, an alliance of the EDB assists in this programme by linking up entrepreneurs and investors with local business networks as well as facilitating a range of immigration processes for their entry and stay in Singapore. Further information regarding the business opportunities of the programme as well as the application process and requirements is on the EDB’s page or Contact Singapore’s webpage.

 Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (SPRING) – An agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry which is the enterprise development agency for growing innovative companies. SPRING aids enterprises in financing, capabilities and management development, technology and innovation and access to markets for small and medium enterprises to become more established and competitive. SPRING is also the national standards and accreditation body.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 186 of 206

 Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) – ACRA oversees the registration and regulation of business entities and public accountants, and also provides information on new business structures, compliance requirements and corporate governance practices.

 SMEPortal.sg (by SPRING) – An EnterpriseOne portal that makes an ideal one-stop site for enterprises looking to start, sustain and grow their businesses. It features links to government information and services as well as industry help and how-to guides.

 Ministry of Manpower – Ministry of the government of Singapore which provides the formulation and implementation of labour policies related to the workforce in Singapore. The ministry oversees matters related to immigration, issue of Employment Passes (EP) or working visas to foreign talent and work permit transactions. Its website also contains information pertaining to labour, wages and employment in Singapore.

Business Locations

Businesses have a variety of options to find a commercial premise that best meets one’s needs. This includes the heart of Singapore’s latest financial and business district in the Marina Bay Financial Centre to suburban offices in Jurong Lake District, Tampines and .

In the industrial space market, there are developers like Ascendas, Mapletree and Soilbuild that offer many contemporary space options, from stack-up factories with dedicated loading and unloading bays to spaces for wet laboratories and research activities. Government bodies like HDB and JTC Corporation also provide industrial land and space options for industrialists engaging in high value added industrial activities in Singapore. An example of an innovative and environmentally-friendly industrial space concept is JTC’s multi-tenanted Surface Engineering Hub which aims to minimise water and carbon footprint for companies engaging in electroplating and other similar processes.

JTC also develops specialised industrial parks in Singapore like the , Tuas Biomedical Park and Jurong Island to support the growth and development of key manufacturing sectors. Such specialised industrial parks provide industrialists with the necessary supporting infrastructure and allow industrialists to leverage the potential synergies by being

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 187 of 206

clustered together. These specialised industrial parks in Singapore have proven to be attractive to companies and remain a cornerstone of Singapore’s industrial development.

Finding a Distributor in Singapore

One good way to establish a local presence is by working with agents and distributors in Singapore. Qualified agents and distributors can be found for nearly all kinds of products. A number of Singapore-based agents cover the ASEAN region as well as Singapore.

Singapore-based trade associations, chambers of commerce, and foreign commercial offices within EU Member State embassies are all good places to start the search for a distributor in Singapore. International business consultants with experience in helping foreign companies can also provide invaluable by facilitating introductions to qualified distributors. It is always best to meet a prospective distributor in person, and to check references.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 188 of 206

5.3 Useful Statistics

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 838,377 967,621 1,391,390 1,250,024 1,066,970 Malaysia 277,979 300,018 326,672 248,248 242,157 China 129,244 134,677 286,352 207,123 224,951 Taipei, Chinese 95,929 181,717 305,322 309,264 175,920 United States of 175,614 187,270 216,495 163,811 147,500 America Japan 82,278 75,065 81,644 75,314 71,499 Thailand 15,224 13,348 17,837 54,022 53,151 France 2,036 3,196 3,252 8,824 46,914 Germany 8,058 5,507 6,117 19,595 35,315 Philippines 6,354 8,508 38,922 32,230 22,180 Korea, Republic of 12,618 18,481 73,209 92,372 10,970 Table 14: Imports of Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 1,501,935 1,793,617 2,360,762 2,606,776 2,334,869 Malaysia 98,746 271,161 579,417 589,252 468,922 Hong Kong, China 160,102 195,987 330,154 613,548 430,597 United States of 118,115 154,457 517,559 422,611 274,969 America China 57,159 70,242 147,417 239,273 222,442 Japan 252,504 290,221 180,797 115,197 164,340 Netherlands 211,611 253,100 133,718 142,918 156,714 Germany 162,169 153,479 111,738 61,123 121,462 Korea, Republic of 62,971 70,884 85,892 111,820 111,261 India 46,051 34,359 29,853 52,917 73,170 Taipei, Chinese 38,261 49,507 29,508 59,972 59,277

Table 15: Exports of Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 189 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 247,625 166,346 169,764 145,199 101,433 United States of 52,044 40,967 56,024 46,609 24,785 America Germany 90,863 21,988 13,196 10,613 9,252 China 11,090 22,519 16,797 12,694 8,092 Japan 12,459 9,622 8,079 6,071 7,676 United Kingdom 10,745 7,272 5,551 4,799 5,379 Italy 4,138 4,666 6,737 5,308 3,626 Canada 4,254 5,787 3,684 3,211 3,365 Sweden 3,055 1,777 1,777 2,012 3,221 Taipei, Chinese 4,068 7,273 3,816 3,313 2,799 Netherlands 8,751 7,179 4,505 5,468 2,708 Table 16: Imports of Parts of non-electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.(Wind Turbine Blades) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 435,685 373,273 207,779 190,605 152,172 Indonesia 84,949 63,960 37,786 42,492 29,351 Japan 21,296 30,466 21,632 20,343 24,818 United States of 33,633 45,561 35,001 24,124 14,482 America Hong Kong, China 83,443 27,786 16,039 15,148 9,668 Philippines 7,556 15,659 14,603 14,420 9,024 China 24,289 22,697 10,033 11,287 8,938 Thailand 28,804 35,235 10,549 10,080 8,131 France 823 1,659 3,092 1,211 6,730 Malaysia 21,421 32,766 12,689 8,607 6,194 United Arab Emirates 8,377 4,022 4,032 2,664 4,269

Table 17: Exports of Parts of non-electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.(Wind Turbine Blades) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 190 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 1,150 42 188 68 276 United Kingdom 2 17 0 0 109 United States of 28 4 21 29 97 America China 9 7 2 33 39 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 27 Italy 0 0 1 5 4 Taipei, Chinese 9 0 1 1 1 Korea, Republic of 10 0 6 0 0 United States Minor 0 0 0 0 0 Outlying Islands

Austria 2 0 0 0 0 Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 Table 18: Imports of Generating sets, wind-powered Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 1,383 603 354 660 1,583 Malaysia 110 1 293 306 1,368 Pakistan 0 0 0 67 156 Indonesia 32 31 61 170 55 China 0 0 0 0 2 Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 1 Korea, Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 United States Minor 0 0 0 3 0 Outlying Islands

Austria 0 28 0 0 0 Belgium 0 539 0 0 0 Brazil 0 0 0 88 0 Table 19: Exports of Generating sets, wind-powered Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 191 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 51,030 97,524 58,930 213,286 15,807 United States of 23,107 59,312 40,275 98,867 6,974 America United Kingdom 7,846 2,225 733 1,094 2,995 China 3,665 3,890 3,915 8,511 1,741 Hong Kong, China 58 287 204 2,962 872 Japan 2,089 23,512 1,238 599 588 Korea, Republic of 438 16 9 30 528 Germany 781 4,436 5,498 9,911 426 Malaysia 1,903 521 501 136 382 Italy 702 217 66 25 333 Canada 1,665 882 352 366 278 Table 20: Imports of Generating sets (excluding wind-powered and powered by spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine) - Wave/Tidal power converter Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 114,559 123,606 40,642 200,809 48,203 Malaysia 9,929 10,090 3,148 6,488 29,477 China 6,564 10,523 10,978 3,223 3,358 United States of 102 60 35 283 2,692 America Philippines 5,310 6,467 5,595 1,809 2,345 Indonesia 20,556 66,691 4,419 178,731 1,516 Thailand 765 976 1,046 711 1,405 India 1,396 680 6,202 462 1,383 Maldives 145 11 0 282 1,306 Cambodia 56 101 59 126 724 Korea, Republic of 86 4 12 1,015 713 Table 21: Exports of Generating sets (excluding wind-powered and powered by spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine) - Wave/Tidal power converter Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 192 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 157,357 180,842 167,217 196,449 145,502 United States of America 50,466 51,596 57,105 86,593 49,403

China 16,915 21,815 19,774 29,693 26,181 Malaysia 18,368 16,958 13,923 12,770 12,390 Japan 6,664 7,331 5,768 6,562 10,863 Italy 1,926 4,389 4,029 2,354 10,493 France 4,213 11,000 4,454 5,529 8,898 Germany 8,185 14,705 4,902 4,332 6,679 United Kingdom 6,521 5,124 8,125 19,818 4,126 Thailand 1,464 1,134 2,977 1,573 2,399 Hong Kong, China 260 127 887 1,411 2,084 Table 22: Imports of Heat-exchange units (excluding instantaneous heaters, storage water heaters, boilers and equipment) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 63,015 69,751 79,934 79,677 83,755 Malaysia 8,521 9,799 12,845 8,995 17,044 Japan 496 1,212 1,373 4,439 12,108 United States of 1,146 807 2,031 3,933 8,762 America China 6,325 12,875 13,275 10,331 6,840 Indonesia 17,323 21,585 19,971 19,985 6,795 Korea, Republic of 908 1,585 2,877 1,925 4,192 Germany 2,083 216 1,778 5,559 3,936 India 5,823 267 474 2,930 3,266 Thailand 6,919 6,171 2,549 1,144 2,911 Philippines 781 1,175 1,850 3,126 2,690 Table 23: Exports of Heat-exchange units (excluding instantaneous heaters, storage water heaters, boilers and equipment) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 193 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 7,619 9,898 6,159 13,033 4,371 United States of 919 2,215 733 7,804 1,483 America Japan 469 344 2,464 63 999 Switzerland 38 1 9 152 971 China 313 583 525 409 310 Malaysia 1,519 3,268 987 3,225 141 India 14 43 41 23 50 Israel 0 0 0 5 47 United Kingdom 594 1,931 174 7 42 Taipei, Chinese 269 258 79 43 39 Norway 236 180 142 602 37 Table 24: Imports of Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor (excluding hydraulic power engines) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported Exported Exported Exported Exported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 16,721 12,722 16,751 5,698 3,338 Indonesia 4,358 1,838 11,890 392 1,408 Malaysia 1,704 2,578 739 1,488 583 United Arab 82 111 138 47 260 Emirates Philippines 81 106 261 143 246 Viet Nam 670 990 623 1,132 244 Hong Kong, China 1,918 91 701 528 180 United States of 508 700 69 702 176 America Germany 112 58 14 0 40 Myanmar 26 2 1 6 35 Taipei, Chinese 29 358 26 30 31 Table 25: Exports of Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor (excluding hydraulic power engines) Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 194 of 206

Exporters Imported Imported Imported Imported Imported value in 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 9,750 14,738 6,920 11,375 6,357 Germany 589 2,841 650 335 1,832 Japan 321 304 349 1,304 1,592 Italy 1,693 6,562 599 24 1,265 United States of 1,903 1,251 2,409 6,822 579 America United Kingdom 361 876 268 577 266 Netherlands 133 29 300 173 247 China 1,146 783 613 542 165 France 456 189 0 1 102 Canada 15 45 4 13 91 United Arab Emirates 232 73 0 5 61

Table 26: Imports of Furnace burners for pulverised solid fuel or gas, incl. combination burners Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Importers Exported value in Exported Exported Exported Exported 2013 value in 2014 value in 2015 value in 2016 value in 2017 World 5,847 2,467 3,582 2,661 3,787 Philippines 20 45 54 59 2,504 Malaysia 803 264 589 1,270 887 Indonesia 2,250 1,249 2,083 245 297 Bangladesh 2 55 0 0 43 Japan 0 0 0 0 11 Myanmar 10 4 0 6 8 Thailand 21 259 156 10 8 Hong Kong, 0 0 0 4 6 China Maldives 0 5 1 0 6 United States of 13 0 35 0 6 America Table 27: Exports of Furnace burners for pulverised solid fuel or gas, incl. combination burners Source: Trade Map Unit: US Dollar thousand

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 195 of 206

5.4 Bibliography

A*STAR (2014). Joint media release: A*STAR, BCA and HITACHI pilot plant facilitates research for greener buildings’ https://www.a-star.edu.sg/ices/Events/Press-Releases/ID/4649/ASTAR-BCA-and- Hitachi-Pilot-Plant-Facilitates-Research-for-Greener-Buildings

Arcadis (2017). How technology has Helped Singapore Become One of the World’s Leading Transport Hubs. https://www.arcadis.com/en/asia/our-perspectives/sustainable-cities-mobility-index-asia/how- digitization-helped-singapore-outperform-the-world-by-tim-risbridger/

Building and Construction Authority (Accessed in May 2018). Building Energy Efficiency R&D Roadmap. https://www.nrf.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/building-energy-efficiency-r-and-d- roadmap.pdf

Business Times (2018). Electric Car Population Surges 380% in 2017. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/hub/bt-motoring/electric-car-population-surges-380-in-2017

Business Times (2018). SRC Completes USD 500 Million Upgrade on Jurong Island. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/src-completes-us500m-upgrade-on-jurong- island

Business Times (2017). BHP Billiton, Goodfuels Team U for Singapore’s First Biofuel Bunkering Trial. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/bhp-billiton-goodfuels-team-up-for-singapores- first-biofuel-bunkering-trial

Business Times (2017). Mobility-as-a-Service is Next Disruptive Wave in Smart Mobility. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/mobility-as-a-service-is-next-disruptive-wave-in-smart- mobility

Business Times (2015). Tender for Singapore’s Largest Solar Panel Installation Awarded to Sunseap Leasing. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/tender-for-singapores-largest-solar- panel-installation-awarded-to-sunseap-leasing

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 196 of 206

Business Times (2015). Tiger “Brewed by the Sun”, as APB Takes Solar Plunge in Singapore. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/energy-commodities/tiger-brewed-by-the-sun-as-apb-takes-solar- plunge-in-singapore

Business Times (2015). OVM Film Spells Riches for vTrium. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/opv-film-spells-riches-for-vtrium

Business Times (2015). New Business Models Set to Shake Up Solar Energy Sector. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/new-business-models-set-to-shake-up-solar-energy- sector

Channel News Asia (2018). From Floating Solar Farms, to HDB Rooftops: Where Singapore's Sun- Powered Future Lies https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/cnainsider/floating-solar-farm-hdb- singapore-testbed-energy-photovoltaic-10064656

Channel News Asia (2017). Finnish Transportation App Whim to be Launched in Singapore by 2018. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/finnish-transportation-app-whim-to-be-launched-in- singapore-by-9227470

Channel News Asia (2017). Singapore Airlines Launches Biofuel-Powered Flights. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-airlines-launches-biofuel-powered-flights- 8813364

Channel News Asia (2015). From Bacteria To Wind Power: NTU Leads Charge in Developing Renewable Energy Sources https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/from-bacteria-to-wind-power-ntu-leads-charge-in- developing-renew-8234154

Channel News Asia (2015). New facility to turn food waste, used water sludge into electricity. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-facility-to-turn-food-waste-used-water-sludge- into-electrici-8279474

CPS Today (2012). China’s nuclear giant opts for CSP-biomass hybrid. http://analysis.newenergyupdate.com/csp-today/technology/chinas-nuclear-giant-opts-csp-biomass- hybrid

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 197 of 206

Disruption Hub (2017). Mobility as a Service is Here. https://disruptionhub.com/mobility_service/

Drive Sweden (2017). MaaS Lab to Start in Singapore. https://www.drivesweden.net/en/maas-lab-start- singapore

E. Huiling & B. Goh (2017). AI, Robotics and Mobility-as-a-Service: The Case of Singapore. Field Actions Science Reports – The Journal of Field Actions. http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/4411

EcoBusiness (2013). South East Asia Set for Biomass Boom. ‘ set for biomass boom’, 2013, Eco-Business. http://www.eco-business.com/news/southeast-asia-set-biomass-boom/

EcoBusiness (2013). Phoenix Solar Sets Up HQ in Singapore http://www.eco- business.com/news/phoenix-solar-sets-up-hq-in-singapore/

Economic Development Board (2011). Gamesa Opens a Technology Lab in Singapore for Advanced Materials Research. https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/dam/edb/en/news%20and%20events/News/2011/Downloads/Press- Release-GAMESA-OPENS-A-TECHNOLOGY-LAB-IN-SINGAPORE-FOR-ADVANCED-MATERIALS- RESEARCH.pdf

Eenews Europe Power Management (2018). Singapore Lab Aims For 30% Efficient Industrial Solar Modules http://www.eenewspower.com/news/singapore-lab-aims-30-efficient-industrial-solar-modules

Energy Market Authority (2018). Solar Photovoltaic Systems. https://www.ema.gov.sg/Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems.aspx

Energy Market Authority (2017). Singapore Energy Statistics 2017. https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/SES17/Publication_Singapo re_Energy_Statistics_2017.pdf

Energy Market Authority (2017). Energy Consumption. https://www.ema.gov.sg/cmsmedia/Publications_and_Statistics/Publications/ses/2017/energy- consumption/index.html

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 198 of 206

ERI@N (2014). SEAcORE Annual Report 2014. https://cpb-us-east-1- juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/blogs.ntu.edu.sg/dist/2/870/files/2015/07/SEAcORE-Annual- Report-2014-FINAL-V2.pdf

Ethoz Group (2018). Electric Cars in Singapore: Speeding Ahead or Roadblocks? http://www.ethozgroup.com/blog/electric-cars-singapore-speeding-ahead-roadblocks/

EurekAlert (2018). NTU Singapore to Test Autonomous Vehicles on the NTU Smart Campus. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/ntu-nst041618.php

EurekAlert (2018). NUS Engineers Pioneer Greener and Cheaper Technique for Biofuel Production. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/nuos-nep040518.php

ExxonMobil (2017). ExxonMobil Completes New Cogeneration Plant in Singapore. http://www.exxonmobil.com.sg/en-sg/company/news-and-updates/news-releases/20171012-exxonmobil- completes-new-cogeneration-plant-in-singapore

Global Newswire (2008). Vestas celebrates opening of Asia R&D Centre in Singapore with key research partnerships underway. https://globenewswire.ca/Index?page=141000

Green Air Online (2012). Aerospace giant EADS enters into algae jet fuel research collaboration with Singapore's ICES. http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1109&cache_id=5730

Groupe PSA (2018). Free2Move and Nanyang Technological University Set Up Singapore’s 1st Electric Bikesharing Service. http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/free2move-and-nanyang-technological-university- set-singapore%E2%80%99s-1st-electric-bikesharing-service

Housing Development Board (2017). Milestones in HDB’s Solar Energy Journey. http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20170831003/2%20Media%20Factsheet_HDB%20So lar%20Journey%20Milestones.pdf

Investor Intel (2018). Aurora Solar Technologies Announces Heterojunction Solar Cell Quality Measurement System in Advance of Major Exhibition in China. https://investorintel.com/sectors/cleantech/cleantech-news/aurora-solar-technologies-announces- heterojunction-solar-cell-quality-measurement-system-advance-major-exhibition-china/

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 199 of 206

IPI-Singapore (2016). Cross Axis Wind Turbine. https://www.ipi-singapore.org/technology-offers/cross- axis-wind-turbine

Keppel Infrastructure Trust (Accessed in May 2018). Keppel Merlimau Cogen Plant. http://www.kepinfratrust.com/keppel_merlimau_cogen_plant.html

Land Transport Authority (2017). LTA Awards Contract for 50 Diesel Hybrid Buses to Volvo East Asia (Pte) Ltd. https://www.lta.gov.sg/apps/news/page.aspx?c=2&id=aa43373d-fef2-4b9a-a71c- 1932eb3a83e3

Nanyang Technological University of Singapore (2018). Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) Testbed and Research. http://ecocampus.ntu.edu.sg/Current-Projects/Pages/Mobility-as-a-Service%20-MaaS- Testbed-and-Research.aspx

National Climate Change Secretariat (2018). Singapore’s Emissions Profile. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions- profile

National Climate Change Secretariat (2015). Singapore’s Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/geneva/press_statements_speeches/2015/201507 /press_20150703.html

National Climate Change Secretariat (2014). Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilisation Roadmap: Singapore Perspectives. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/carbon- capture-and-storage-utilisation-singapore-perspectives.pdf

National Climate Change Secretariat (2012). National Climate Change Strategy. http://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/energy-waste/climate-change/nccs-2012.pdf

National Climate Change Secretariat (2011). Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilisation Technology Primer: A Summary. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/carbon-capture-and- storage-utilisation-technology-primer-a-summary.pdf

National Environmental Agency (Accessed in May 2018). Solid Waste Management Infrastructure. http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/waste-management/solid-waste-management-infrastructure

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 200 of 206

National Research Foundation (2018). Smove. https://www.nrf.gov.sg/innovation-enterprise/innovative- projects/services-and-digital-economy/smove

National Research Foundation (2016). Research, Innovation and Enterprise Plan 2020. https://www.nrf.gov.sg/rie2020

National University of Singapore (2011). Geothermal Power Concept for Singapore. http://esi.nus.edu.sg/docs/event/oliver-egs-hsa-concept-for-singapore-ppt-sg$-ppt-for- chevron.pdf?Status=Master

Ocean Energy Systems (2015). Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems: Annual Report 2014. https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/35852-oes2014-web18mai.pdf/

OffshoreWind (2014). Singapore to Study Feasibility of Building Marine Renewables Testing Facility. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/10/30/singapore-to-study-feasibility-of-building-marine-renewables- testing-facility/

Online Citizen (2015). New Biogas Demonstration Plant to be Unveiled in Singapore This September. https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2015/06/22/new-biogas-demonstration-plant-to-be-unveiled-in- singapore-this-september/

OpenGov Asia (2018). New Centre Opened in Singapore to Drive Digital and Energy Effiicency Initiatives. https://www.opengovasia.com/articles/new-centre-opened-in-singapore-to-drive-digital-and- energy-efficiency-initiatives

Pöyry (2018). Pöyry awarded owner's engineer services assignment for a gas-fired cogeneration power plant project in Thailand. http://www.poyry.com/news/poyry-awarded-owner-s-engineer-services- assignment-for-a-gas-fired-cogeneration-power-plant-project-in-thailand

Power Engineering International (2012). Alstom wins Sembcorp Cogen Power Plant Deal in Singapore. http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/2012/09/alstom-wins-sembcorp-cogen-power-plant-deal-in- singapore.html

PUB & National Environmental Agency (Accessed in May 2018). Fact sheet on Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 & Integrated Waste Management Facility.

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 201 of 206

http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/20140610004/fact_sheet_on_deep_tunnel_sewerage _system_with_iwmf.pdf

REC (2016). REC Furthers ‘Sunny Commitment’ with S$ 250 Million Investments in Singapore https://www.recgroup.com/en/rec-furthers-%E2%80%98sunny-commitment%E2%80%99-s250-million- investments-singapore

Reuters (2017). Finland’s Neste Picks Singapore for New Biofuel Plant. https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFL8N1OC3WI

SembCorp (2014). Sembcorp Opens a Second Cogeneration Plant on Jurong Island and a New Technology & Innovation Centre. http://www.sembcorp.com/en/media/media- releases/utilities/2014/october/sembcorp-opens-a-second-cogeneration-plant-on-jurong-island-and-a- new-technology-innovation-centre/

Senoko Energy (2013). Senoko Energy Inaugurates Its Stage 2 Repowering Project. https://www.senokoenergy.com/uploads/news/media-releases-20130206151101- 2012_02_06%20Senoko%20Energy%20Inaugurates%20Its%20Stage%202%20Repowering%20Project. pdf

SG Links (2014). PacificLight Power’s US$ 1.2 billion Power Plant the Largest CDM Project in Singapore. http://sglinks.news/article/5838e7/pacificlight-billion-power-plant-the-largest-clean- development-mechanism-project-in-singapore

Ship Insight (2015). Big Day for ClassNK. https://shipinsight.com/articles/big-day-classnk

Siemens (2010). Siemens hands over PowerSeraya’s Combined Cycle Power CoGeneration Plant in Singapore. https://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2010/fossil_power_generation /efp201010005.htm

Straits Times (2018). Charged Up Over Electric Vehicles. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/charged-up-over-electric-vehicles

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 202 of 206

Straits Times (2017). Clean Energy Investments Worth S$ 500 million over 5 Year Set to Create 400 Jobs. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/clean-energy-investments-worth-500m-over-5-years-set- to-create-400-jobs

Straits Times (2016). Diversifying Business to Venture onto New Shores. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/diversifying-business-to-venture-onto-new- shores-energy-solutions

Straits Times (2016). Geothermal Energy 'Never Turns Off'. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/geothermal-energy-never-turns-off

Straits Times (2106). Eco-Friendly Way to Dispose of Waste. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/eco-friendly-way-to-dispose-of-waste

Straits Times (2106). Harnessing Energy from the Sun, Wind and Tides On Offshore Semakau Landfill. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/harnessing-energy-from-the-sun-wind-and-tides-on-offshore- semakau-landfill

Straits Times (2015). PUB Studying Possibility of Installing Solar Panels at Reservoirs. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/pub-studying-possibility-of-installing-solar-panels- at-reservoirs

Straits Times (2013). Singapore’s First Tidal Energy generator launched off Sentosa. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-first-tidal-energy-generator-launched-off-sentosa

Today Online (2016). Commuters may get Detailed Information on All Travel Options to Plan Trips Better. https://www.gov.sg/news/content/today-online---commuters-may-get-detailed-information-on-all- travel-options-to-plan-trips-better

Today Online (2018). Once Touted as the Next Big Green Thing, CNG Vehicles Have Had a Bumpy Ride. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/once-touted-next-big-green-thing-cng-vehicles-have-had- bumpy-ride-spore

Today Online (2011). Hoping to Harness Wind Energy and Generate Power. http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/corpcomms2/Documents/2011/oct/TODAYonline%20_111007_NTU%20in%20oc ean%20energy%20research%20linkup.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 203 of 206

Tuas Power (2013). Tuas Power Summary Sustainability Report FY2013. https://www.tuaspower.com.sg/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/Tuas%20Power%20Ltd%20%20Summary%20Sustainability%20Report%20FY 2013.pdf

UNFCCC (2014). Dehydration and Incineration of Sewage Sludge in Singapore. https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/JCI1255679005.07

World Alliance for Thai Decentralised Energy Association (2013). Smart/Intelligent Grid Systems Development and Deployment. http://www.wadethai.org/docs/SMART_THAI_Handbook.pdf

Green Energy Technologies - Singapore Market Study - Page 204 of 206