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Pub TR4 31.Pdf 4)Chia Lin Sien. Association of Southeast Asian NationsIUnited States Coastal Resources Management Project Technical Publications Series 9 SK ar,"J 7 IW & 31 411 Singapore's Urban Coastal Area: Strategies for Management GEC 9 1 1992 Published by the Intcmational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ United States Coastal Resources Management Project. Printed in Manila, Philippines. Chia, L.S. 1992. Singapom's urban coastal area: strategies for management. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 31,99 p. Cover design by Aque. ISSN 0115-5547 ISBN 971-8709-l7-7 ICLARM Contribution No. 780 List of Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface viii Acknowledgments Foreword Chapter 1. Introduction General background Environmental condition Social and economic settings Initiatives in coastal resources uses Chapter 2. Rationale for Coastal Area Management in Singapore Principles of coastal area management Ecological basis for coastal area management Space and location as resources The nature of coastal resources uses Coastal area management plan formulation Coastal area management plan implementation Chapter 3. Coastal Resources Coastal land and seaspace Waterfront land Offshore islands Seaspace Renewable resources Mangroves Coral reefs Seagrasses and algae Marine fisheries Nonrenewable resources Sand and gravel Granite Mudflats Beaches Chapter 4. Coastal Resources Uses Land use planning Foreshore reclamations Population settlements New towns and public housing estates Private housing Traditional villages and island populations contents Transportation and co~m~nications port operatione and shipping Air transport Land transport Communications Manufacturingindustries Petroleum industries Marine industries Other marindependent industries Commercial uses Marina City East Coast West Coast Other areas Tourism and recreation Public facilities Offshore islands Defense and security Agriculture Marine fisheries Aquaculture Other agricultural forms Marine science and education Chapter 5. Coastal Area Management Issues Conflicts among coastal resources uses The conflict matrix Discussion of the conflicts Coastal pollution Marine pollution Solid waste disposal Air pollution Loss of scenic quality Natural and human-induced hazards Issues in coastal atpa management Chapter 6. Coastal Area Management Strategies ~anagementgoals and policies Integration with national and agency development plans Selection of appropriate management strategies Identification af management targets The Sou them Islands Pulau Ubin in the East Johor Strait Jhvelopment of appropriate legislation Further research Institutional arransments Conclusion References LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Singapore: topography. 3.2 Singapore: bathymetry. 3.3 Singapore: reservoirs and drainage. 3.4 Singapore: neighboring territories, approximate sea boundaries and navigational channels. 35 Singapore: mangroves and nature reserves. 3.6 Singapore: marine biota and seabed conditions. 4.1 Singapore: land use. 4.2 Singapore: revised Long-range Comprehensive Concept Plan. 4.3 Singapore: landownership. 4.4 Singapore: foreshore reclamations. 4.5 Singapore: population settlement. 4.6 Singapore: transportation and communications. 4.7 Singapore: ports and harbor. 4.8 Singapore: Jurong Town and waterfront industries. 4.9 Singapore: manufacturing industries and power genera tion plants. 4.10 Singapore: urban areas and commercial land use. 4.11 Singapore: waterfront development in the Central Area and Marina Centre. 4.12 Singapore: East Coast Park and adjacent developments. 4.13 Singapore: recreation and tourism. 4.14 Singapore: Sentosa Island. 4.15 Singapore: agriculture and fishing. 5.1 Singapore: catchment areas and environmental aspects. 6.1 Singapore: zonation scheme for the Southern Islands. 6.2 Singapore: Pulau Ubin. MEAN Asr~ociationof Southeast Asian Nations b~d barrels per day CAM coastal area management CBD Central Business District CIAS Chgngi International Air Services CRM coastal resources management CRMP Caastal Resources Management Project CZM coastal zone management DOS Department of Statistics dwt dadweight ton ft freight .ton FTZ Free Trade Zone GDP gross domestic product grt gross registered ton HDB Housing and Development Board ICLARM Inkrnational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management JTC JumngTown Corporation LNG liquefied natural gas MAS MClrine Aquaculture Section MNS Malayan Nature Society MOE Ministry of the Environment MOND Ministry of Na%ionalDevelopment NIE netvly industrializing economy NPB National Parks Board NSTB National Science and Technology Board NUS National University of Singapore OBS Outward Bound School OSTC Oil and Sludge Treatment Centre P. Prulau PA Pmple's Association PCS Patrochemica1 Corporation of Singapore Pte. Ltd. PPD Primary Production Department PRD Parks and Recreation Department PSA Port of Singapore Authority RSYC Republic of Singapore Yacht Club SAF Singapore Armed Forces SATS Singapore Air Transport Services SBM single buoy mooring SDC Smtosa Development Corporation SEAFDEC Suutheast Asian Fisheries Development Centre SIB Singapore Institute of Biology SOBS Singapore Outward Bound School SSLC Singapore Seasports Liaison Committee STPB Singapore Tourist Promotion Board List of Acronyms and Abbrevlatlons SUF Singapore Underwater Fderation TEU twenty-foot equivalent unit T.P. Terumbu Pempang ULCC ultra large crude carrier UNEP United Nations Environment Programme URA Urban Redevelopment Authority USAID United States Agency for International Development WTC World Trade Centre PREFACE The Association of Southeast Asian NationsNnited States Coastal Resources Management Project (ASEAN/US CRMP Singapore component) began in late 1986 under the auspices of the then Science Council of Singapore and now the National Science and Technology Board (NSlB). The participating agencies were the Primry Production Department (PPD) of the Ministry of National DeveIopmenb (MOND) and the National University of Singapore (NUS). Officially titled as ASEAN/US Cooperative Program on Marine Sci- ence: Coastal Resource Management Project, it involved all six member- countries of ASEAN, was funded by the United States Agency for Interna- tional Development (USAID) and coordinated by the Coastal Area Manage- ment (CAM) Program of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM). The pilot site used for this project was the coastal area of the Southern Islands including the waters, offshore islands and coastal land of the main island of Singapore. The area chosen is highly complex in terms of its physi- cal configuration, characteristics, uses and activities. The highly urbanized and intensely developed coastal land on the main island bounding the north- ern portion of the area added to the complexity. Other coastal areas along Johor Strait and the southeast coast, known simply as thc East Coast, also presented interesting and challenging management problems. Singapore's coastal area is characterized by two main features. First, while physical changes were already taking place since the founding of Singapore in 1819, its development has been rapid and intensive over the last three decades with new uses and activities supplanting the old ones. Extensive foreshore reclamations on both the main island as well as on many of the off- shore islands have drastically changed its ecological conditions and patterns of use. Second, the coastal area's resources, land and seaspace have been put under highly intensive uses principally for shipping and the operation of seaports, the different industries and recreationcum-tourism over the last two decades. These a* followed by such activities as fishing and aquacul- ture, transportation other than shipping, commercial developments partly for recreation and tourism, defense and population settlement. In addition, the coastal area is taken up by airport services, telecommunications networks and religious/cul tural practices. Thus far, the changes from the use of the coastal resources in Singapore have tended to favor meeting developmental needs economically, socially and otherwise rather than satisfying environmental requirements to conscrve these resources. For a newly emerging nation, this is quite appropriate and necessary, but not for Singapore which has already attained the status of a developed nation and, from the 1980s, a heightened sense of environmental consciousness. Thus, from the rapid changes and the high intensity of usage of these coastal resources and space, there have emerged incompatible and conflicting situations that need to be redressed. Among the major areas of viii Preface conflict are those generated by pollution due to the discharge of solid and liquid wastes into the coastal environment. The project set out to examine the issues and problems relating to the pattern and nature of coastal area uses. It also sought to develop a management strategy (rather than a plan) which promotes multisectoral.and integrated coastal resources uses at their peak efficiency to maximize the benefits to be derived; identifies and prioritizes management issues; and recommends appropriate remedial actions. When formulated, this management strategy was presented at the Second National Workshop on Urban Coastal Area Management held 9-10 November 1989 to seek the endorsement of repre- sentatives of Singapore's government agencies and private organizations as well as researchers who attended the workshop. It is hoped that the com- ments and suggestions made then would help
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