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ASSESSING the FISHERY and ECOLOGY of SHARKS in the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Rima W

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ASSESSING the FISHERY and ECOLOGY of SHARKS in the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Rima W United Arab Emirates University Scholarworks@UAEU Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Winter 1-2014 ASSESSING THE FISHERY AND ECOLOGY OF SHARKS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Rima W. Jabado Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Jabado, Rima W., "ASSESSING THE FISHERY AND ECOLOGY OF SHARKS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES" (2014). Dissertations. 32. https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations/32 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Scholarworks@UAEU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarworks@UAEU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. United Arab Emirates University College of Science ASSESSING THE FISHERY AND ECOLOGY OF SHARKS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Rima W. Jabado This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecology and Environmental Biology degree Under the direction of Dr. Saif M. Al Ghais January, 2014 i Declaration of Original Work I, Rima W. Jabado, the undersigned, a graduate student at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) and the author of the dissertation titled ―The Fishery, Ecology and Trade in Sharks in the United Arab Emirates‖, hereby solemnly declare that this dissertation is an original work done and prepared by me under the guidance of Dr. Saif M. Al Ghais, in the College of Science at UAEU. This work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or similar title at this or any other university. The materials borrowed from other sources and included in my dissertation have been properly acknowledged. Student‘s Signature Date ii Copyright © 2014 by Rima W. Jabado All Rights Reserved iii Approved by Advisory Committee: 1) Advisor Dr. Aaron C. Henderson Title Resident Lecturer Department The School for Field Studies Institution Center for Marine Resource Studies Signature Date 25.02.14 2) Member Dr. Abdelrahman Fowler Title Associate Professor Department Geology Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date 3) Member Dr. Youssef Abu-Zaid Title Associate Professor Department Biology Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date 4) Member Dr. Rabah Iratni Title Associate Professor Department Biology Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date iv PhD Examining Committee: 1) Advisor Dr. Saif Al Ghais Title Associate Professor Department Biology, College of Science Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date 2) Member Dr. Sabir Bin Muzaffar Title Assistant Professor Department Biology, College of Science Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date 3) Member Dr. Ibrahim Belal Title Associate Professor Department Aridland Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture Institution United Arab Emirates University Signature Date 4) External Examiner Dr. Richard Nash Title Senior Research Assistant Department………………………………………………………………….………… Institution Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Signature Date v Accepted by Dean of the College……………………………………………..……………….…… Signature……………………………………………….…Date……………..………… Dean of the College of Graduate Studies Prof. Nagi Tanios Wakim Signature …………………………………………….…Date……..…………… vi ABSTRACT Large scale shark population declines have been documented worldwide due to overexploitation and the lack of adequate management frameworks to conserve shark stocks. This study aimed at gaining an understanding of the national shark fishery and the trade in shark products from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Data were collected from June 2010 to October 2012 through interviews with local fishermen, market and landing site surveys, fishery independent surveys, and stomach content analysis. Interviews with local fishermen (n=126) provided information on the fishery characteristics and established that sharks were increasingly targeted due to their high value in the global fin trade industry. Fishermen confirmed that changes in species composition, abundance, and size of sharks have been ongoing for over two decades raising concerns about the sustainability of this fishery. Catch data and genetic analyses established that 30 species of sharks were found in UAE Gulf waters. Landings were dominated by six species, Carcharhinus sorrah, Rhizoprionodon acutus, Carcharhinus limbatus, Loxodon macrorhinus, Carcharhinus dussumieri, and Mustelus mosis, representing over 90% of the total catches. Most of these species were small bodied sharks while large bodied species were mostly below the size of maturation possibly suggesting recruitment overfishing. A fishery independent survey of sharks in nearshore areas also indicated a low level of abundance of sharks in waters off Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Data on the relative abundance, distribution, and various aspects of the biology of all species encountered were collected. Furthermore, a dietary study of stomach contents of R. acutus and L. macrorhinus provided information on their feeding habits suggesting that they have vii different preferences for their prey. Trade data were limited to products from the UAE and Oman, including meat and fins, and indicated that the majority of species traded were at global risk of extinction based on IUCN Red List classification. Results from the various studies undertaken suggest that these species are likely to be overexploited and that management measures will need to take into account the precautionary principle. There is an urgent need to formulate effective conservation and management plans to prevent further declines in a number of species. The data gathered can now serve as a reference to managers, fisheries scientists, and other stakeholders to prioritize future research, as well as lay foundations for the development and implementation of national management plans for the protection and conservation of sharks. viii ABSTRACT (ARABIC) ٍيخـــــض اىذراســــــــــــــــــــت ٌمذ ذُ ذٛث١ك ذشاخغ أػذاد أعّان اٌمشٍٝػ ػ ٔطاق ٚاعغ فٟ خ١ّغ أٔساء اؼٌاٌُ تغثة اﻻعرغﻻي اٌدائش ػٚذَ ٚخٛد اعظ ئداس٠ح واف١ح ٌٍسفاظ ٍٝػ ِخضْٚ أعّان اٌمشػ. ٘زٖ اٌذساعح ذٙذف ئٌٝ فُٙ ِصا٠ذ أعّان اٌمشػ اٌٛط١ٕح ٚاٌرداسج فٟ ِٕرداذٙا ِٓ دٌٚح اﻹِاساخ اؼٌشت١ح اٌّرسذج. ٚلذ ذُ ذد١ّغ اٌث١أاخ فٟ اٌفرشج ِٓ ٛ١ٔٛ٠ 2010 ئٌٝ أورٛتش ػ 2012ٓ طش٠ك اٌّماتﻻخ ِغ اٌص١اد١٠ٓ اٌّٛاط١ٕٓ، ٚأعٛاق اﻹٔضاي اٌغّىٚ ،ٟاٌّغر ا١ٌّذأٟ ٌٍّصا٠ذ، ٚذس١ًٍ اٌّسرٞٛ اٞٛؼٌّ. اعفشخ اٌّماتﻻخ ِغ اٌص١اد٠ٓ اٌٛط١١ٕٓ )ػذد 121 ِماتٍح( ػٓ ذٛفش ٍٛؼِِاخ ػٓ اٌخصائص اٌغّى١ح، ٚأثثرد أْ أعّان اٌمشػ ِغرٙذفح تغثة ل١ّرٙا اؼٌا١ٌح فٟ ِداي اٌرداسج اؼٌا١ٌّح ٌضػأف أعّان اٌمشٚ .ػأوذ اٌص١اد٠ٓ أْ أٛٔاع أعّان اٌمشٚٚ ،ػفشذٙا، ٚأزداِٙا ِغرّشج فٟ اٌرغ١ش ِٕز أوثش ِٓ ػمذ٠ٓ ِٓ اٌضِاْ، ِّا ٠ث١ش اٌّخاٚف ٚاٌرغاؤﻻخ زٛي اعرذاِح ٘زا اٌّٛسد اٌغّىٟ. أثثرد اٌث١أاخ ٚاٌرس١ٍﻻخ اٌد١ٕ١ح أْ ٕ٘اٌه ػٛٔ 30ا ِٓ أعّان اٌمشػ فٟ ١ِاٖ اٌخ١ٍح اٌراتؼح ٌذٌٚح اﻹِاساخ. ٚذرغ١ذ أعٛاق اﻹٔضاي اٌغّىٟ عرح أٛٔاع ِٕٙا Carcharhinus sorrah, Rhizoprionodon acutus, ٟ٘ٚ Carcharhinus limbatus, Loxodon macrorhinus, Carcharhinus dussumieri, and Mustelus mosis ز١ث ذّثً أوثش ِٓ 00% ِٓ ِدّٛع اﻻعّان اٌّصادج. ٚغاٌث١ح ٘زٖ اﻷٛٔاع ِٓ أعّان اٌمشػ ِٓ إٌٛع اٌصغ١ش زدّاً ت١ّٕا اﻷٛٔاع اٌىث١شج فٟ اٌسدُ غاٌثا ِا ذىْٛ تسدُ ألً ِٓ زدُ إٌضٛج اٌدٕغٟ ِّا ٛ٠زٟ تٛخٛد ١ٍّػاخ ص١ذ خائشج ٌٙزٖ اﻷعّان. ٚأشاسخ ِغٛزاخ ِصائذ اﻷعّان فٟ اٌغٛازً اٌمش٠ثح ئٌٝ أخفاض فٚ ٟفشج أعّان اٌمشط فٟ ١ِاٖ وً ِٓ دتٚ ٟأتٛظثٚ .ٟلذ ذُ ذد١ّغ اٌث١أاخ ػٓ اٌٛفشج إٌغث١ح، ٚاٌرٛص٠غ، ِٚخرٍف اٌدٛأة اﻷز١ائ١ح ٌىً اٌىائٕاخ اٌس١ح اٌرٟ ذُ سصذ٘ا ٚخؼّٙا. ئضافح ئٌٝ رٌه ، فمذ ذُ ئخشاء دساعح غزائ١ح ٌٍّسرٜٛ اٞٛؼٌّ ٌىً ِٓ L. macrorhinusٚ R. acutus ٌٍسصٛي ٍٛؼِ ٍٝػِاخ ػٓ اؼٌاداخ اٌغزائ١ح أوذخ اٌذساعح تأْ ٌىً ِٕٙا ذفض١ﻻخ غزائ١ح ِخرٍفح. أسصشخ ix اٌث١أاخ اٌرداس٠ح فٟ إٌّرداخ ِٓ دٌٚح ﻻئِاساخ اؼٌشت١ح اٌّرسذج ٚعٍطٕح ػّاْ، ٚاٌرٟ ذشرًّ ٍٝػ اٌٍسَٛ ٚاٌضػأف، ٚأشاسخ ئٌٝ أْ غاٌث١ح اﻷٛٔاع اٌّراخش تٙا ؼِشضح ٌخطش اﻷٔمشاض اؼٌاٍٝػ ٌّٟ زغة ذص١ٕف اٌمائّح اٌسّشاء ٌﻻذساد اٌذٌٟٚ ٌصْٛ اٌطؼ١ح IUCN. ٚذش١ش إٌرائح ِٓ ِخرٍف اٌذساعاخ اٌرٟ أخش٠د أْ ٘زٖ اﻷٛٔاع ِٓ اٌّشخر أْ ذىٚ ْٛالؼح ذسد ٚطأج اﻻعرغﻻي اٌدائش ٚأْ اٌرذات١ش اﻹداس٠ح ذسراج ئٌٝ أْ ذأخز ت١ؼٓ اﻻػرثاس ِثذأ اٌس١طح ٚاٌسزس. وّا ئْ ٕ٘اٌه زاخح ٍِسح ٌص١اغح خطظ اٌّسافظح ٚاﻹداسج ٌّٕغ اٌّض٠ذ ِٓ اٌرٕالص فٟ أػذاد أٛٔاع أعّان اٌمشٚ .ػأْ اٌث١أاخ اٌرٟ ذُ ذدٙؼ١ّا ٚذسٍٙ١ٍا ٠ّىٕٙا ا٢ْ أْ ذىْٛ ِشخؼاً ٌٍّذساء، ػٍّٚاء ِصائذ اﻷعّان، ٚغ١شُ٘ ِٓ اٌششواء ٌرسذ٠ذ أ٠ٌٛٚاخ اٌثسث اٍّٟؼٌ فٟ اٌّغرمثً، تاﻹضافح ئٚ ٌٝضغ اﻷعظ اٌﻻصِح ٌرط٠ٛش ٚذٕف١ز خطظ ئداس٠ح ٚط١ٕح ٌسّا٠ح ٚزفع أعّان اٌمشػ. x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I don‘t remember when my fascination with sharks actually started, but it seems like they have always held me captivated by their mystery and grace. Undertaking my own project on sharks was a dream come true and an experience I will never forget. It has inspired me to believe that anything can be done however impossible it may seem at times. The journey has been exhilarating and has allowed me to forge new friendships, take risks, and spend some incredible moments discovering sharks in the region, the true nature of the relationship between Emiratis, their heritage, the sea, and the animals that abound in it. None of this would have been possible without the help and support of the following organizations and people. So I would like to thank: - The United Arab Emirates University for providing me with my scholarship and funding for research, as well as my supervisors, Dr. Saif Al Ghais, Prof. Waleed Hamza and Dr. Aaron Henderson, for their training, support, thoughts, and insights in solving issues that arose throughout the project. - The Ministry
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