Rwanda – Ett Land Med Stora Utmaningar Med Etniska Motsättningar En Fallstudie Om Rwanda Och Subkulturell Pluralism

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Rwanda – Ett Land Med Stora Utmaningar Med Etniska Motsättningar En Fallstudie Om Rwanda Och Subkulturell Pluralism Kandidatuppsats Rwanda – ett land med stora utmaningar med etniska motsättningar En fallstudie om Rwanda och subkulturell pluralism Författare: Lina Hedberg Handledare: Patric Lindgren Examinator: Martin Nilsson Termin: VT20 Ämne: Statsvetenskap Nivå: Kandidat Kurskod: 2SK31E Abstract The purpose of the study is to investigate if the presence of subcultural pluralism has affected Rwanda’s democratisation negatively. The study’s question is therefore: Are subcultural pluralism an explanation of Rwanda’s low degree of democracy? To answer this, I have chosen to do an explanatory case study and the study is theory consuming. The study’s theoretical framework consists of Robert A Dahls part theory about subcultural pluralism from his work Polyarchy. Other materials used in the study is secondary material which is used to describe Rwanda’s political history. Another important source is Freedom House “Freedom in the world”- reports about Rwanda from the period 1995-2019. The analysis shows that Rwanda do not meet Robert A Dahls three criteria’s about subcultural pluralism. If a country meets his criteria’s they have a good chance of democratization even though they have a high degree of subcultural pluralism. If the country does not meet his criteria’s they have a low chance to democratize. The study shows that Rwanda's leading party RPF has adopted several measures that have complicated the oppositions situation to operate in the country and Rwanda's subcultural groups hutu and twa are excluded from political processes. The result shows that Rwanda has low chances of democratisation. It also shows that subcultural pluralism is one explanation to the country’s low degree of democracy. Nyckelord: Rwanda, demokratisering, etnicitet, folkmord, subkulturell pluralism, Polyarchy, Robert Dahl. Innehållsförteckning Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduktion ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Problemformulering ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Syfte och frågeställning ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Disposition............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Teori ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Robert A. Dahl ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Subkulturer, splittringsmönster och statlig effektivitet ................................................................. 6 2.3 Operationella kriterier ........................................................................................................... 10 3 Metod, material och avgränsning .................................................................................................. 10 3.3 Fallstudie som metod ............................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Material ....................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Avgränsning ................................................................................................................................ 12 4. Rwandas historia ........................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Rwanda som koloni 1889–1961 ............................................................................................ 13 4.2 Rwandas självständighet fram till folkmordet 1961–1994 .................................................... 13 4.3 Första perioden 1995–2002 ......................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Andra perioden 2003–2009 ......................................................................................................... 16 4.5 Tredje perioden 2010–2014 ......................................................................................................... 19 4.6 Fjärde perioden 2015–2019 ......................................................................................................... 22 5. Analys ............................................................................................................................................ 24 5.1 Subkulturer, splittringsmönster och statlig effektivitet ......................................................... 24 5.1.1 Varje subkultur har möjlighet att delta i politiska processer .................................................... 24 5.1.2 Subkulturerna har överenskommelser med andra subkulturer samt med landets politiska institutioner med syftet att öka säkerheten för respektive subkultur ................................................. 26 5.1.3 Om medborgarna anser att landets politiska system kan lösa landets problem ........................ 28 5.2 Sammanfattning av det operationella kriterierna......................................................................... 32 6. Slutsats och avslutande diskussion ................................................................................................ 32 Referenslista .......................................................................................................................................... 34 1. Introduktion Historiskt är det komplicerat att tala om Rwandas befolknings olika ursprung. Detta beror på att tutsier ofta har använts som en beteckning för en högre klass som var boskapsskötare medans hutuerna var jordbrukare. Detta gjorde hutuerna ekonomiskt beroende av tutsierna genom att de behövde hyra ut boskap. Detta beroende gav upphov till ett feodalt system där tutsierna stod över hutuerna. Detta blir mer komplicerat eftersom blandäktenskap var vanligt och en tutsier kunde ”nedklassas” till en hutuer om den förlorade sitt boskap samtidigt som en hutuer på samma sätt kunde ”upphöjas” till en tutsier om denne belönats med boskap.1 Rwandas konstitution från 2003, med tillhörande ändringar 2005, framhåller att staten är sekulär och landet har religionsfrihet. Detta efterföljs vilket innebär att det är fritt att utöva alla religioner och det är förbjudet att diskriminera någon på grund av deras religion. Med anledning av folkmordet 1994, är det numera förbjudet att på pass eller liknande ange vilken etnicitet man har eller att ha på sig huvudbonader på foton då man visar vilken religion man tillhör. Detta är på grund av landets tidigare historia när Belgien införde dessa typer av uppgifter vilket senare underlättade för att identifiera vilka som var tutsier under folkmordet.2 Landets president Paul Kagame är ledare för den tidigare tutsidominerade gerillarörelsen Front patriotique rwandais som idag är ett politiskt parti med förkortningen FPR. Presidenten är statschef, överbefälhavare och den högsta representanten för den verkställande makten. Presidenten utses i allmänna val för fem år, tidigare satt presidenten vid makten sju år. Tidigare fick en president bli omvald en gång men 2015 anordnades en folkomröstning om en ändring av grundlagen som gick igenom vilket innebar att Kagame kunde kandidera en tredje mandatperiod i presidentvalet 2017. Kagame är populär hos folket då han har bidragit till landets stabilitet och ekonomiska tillväxt efter den totala samhällskollapsen som folkmordet orsakade.3 1.1 Problemformulering Denna uppsats handlar om demokratisering och hur landets politiska situation påverkas av etniska motsättningar. Jag vill undersöka om förekomsten av subkulturell pluralism har varit en bidragande faktor till varför landet inte har demokratiserats. Subkulturell pluralism är en 1 Landguiden. Befolkning och språk. https://www-ui-se.proxy.lnu.se/landguiden/lander-och- omraden/afrika/rwanda/befolkning-och-sprak/ hämtad 20 april 2020 2 Nationalencyklopedin. Religion. https://www-ne- se.proxy.lnu.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/rwanda hämtad 2 Maj 2020 3 Nationalencyklopedin. Statsskick. https://www-ne- se.proxy.lnu.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/rwanda hämtad 2 Maj 2020 delteori från Robert A Dahls verk ”Polyarchy- participation and opposition” (1971) och innebär kortfattat att en hög grad av subkulturell pluralism innebär att det finns stora splittringar som försvårar den politiska situationen i landet. Jag har valt att studera Rwanda som fall eftersom det är särskilt intressant med landets historia av folkmordet som inträffade 1994 där ca 1 miljon tutsier mördades eftersom det är ett extrem fall på hur våldsamma dessa typer av konflikter kan bli. Uppsatsens forskningsproblem har sin utgångspunkt över demokratiutvecklingen i Rwanda efter folkmordet som ägde rum 1994. Freedom House rankar Rwanda som icke-fritt både vad gäller de politiska som civila rättigheterna.4 Freedom in the World 2015, rapporterar om en global trend där ledarna i Uganda, Burundi, Kenya och Rwanda tar till mer antidemokratiska åtgärder med syftet att bevara politiska kontroll. Dessa taktiker försvaras med hänsyn till att stärka landets säkerhet, bekämpa terroristhot samt att bevara nationell enighet.5 1.2 Syfte och frågeställning Syftet
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