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MEMORANDUM Eurac For a stronger commitment to peace and democracy in the Great Lakes Region Memorandum EU – Legislature 2014-2019 ADF Allied Democratic Forces (Armed Ugandan FDU-Inkingi Unified Democratic group active in the DRC) Forces-Inkingi (Rwanda) AETA Action for Transparent and Peaceful FNL1 National Liberation Front For a stronger commitment 1 Burundian armed group Elections (DRC) that officially abandoned FRODEBU Front for Democracy in Burundi armed struggle in 2009, but ANR National Intelligence Agency (DRC) HRW Human Rights Watch to peace and democracy some elements of which are APRODH Association for the Protection of Human still present in the DRC. Rights and Detained Persons (Burundi) ICC International Criminal Court 2 International Tin Research in the Great Lakes Region Institute. AU African Union ICGLR International Conference on the Great BE Belgium Lakes Region 2 BINUB United Nations Integrated Office in iTSCi ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative Burundi JADF Joint Action Development Forum (Rwanda) BNUB United Nations Office in Burundi LIPRODHOR Rwandan League for the Promotion Memorandum CAR Central African Republic and Defence of Human Rights (Rwanda) CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes LRA Lord’s Resistance Army (Ugandan armed EU – Legislature 2014-2019 Countries group active in the DRC) CENCO National Conference of Bishops M23 March 23rd Movement (Armed group of Congo (DRC) active in the DRC, defeated militarily in CENI Independent National Electoral Commission November 2013) (Burundi and DRC) MDGs Millennium Development Goals CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy (EU) MONUC United Nations Organisation Mission CNDD-FDD National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Front for the Defence of Democracy in the DRC CNTB National Commission on Land and other MONUSCO United Nations Stabilization Mission Assets (Burundi) in the DRC CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy (EU) MS Member States CSR Corporate Social Responsibility MSD Movement for Solidarity CVR Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Democracy (Burundi) (Burundi) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration NL The Netherlands DDRRR Disarmament, Demobilisation, NR Natural Resources Repatriation, Reintegration and Resettlement OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation DGI Directorate General of Taxation (DRC) and Development DGM Directorate General of Mines (DRC) PL Liberal Party (Rwanda) DGPR Democratic Green Party of Rwanda PNC National Congolese Police (DRC) DGRAD Directorate General of Administrative, Judicial, Lands and Participation Revenue PS-Imberakuri Social Party Imberakuri (Rwanda) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) PSD Social Democratic Party (Rwanda) EC European Commission RDF Rwandese Defence Forces EDF European Development Fund RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front EEAS European External Action Service SADC Southern Africa Development Community EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative SNR National Intelligence Service EP European Parliament (Rwanda and Burundi) EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements RSS Reform Security Sector EU European Union UN United Nations EUPOL European Union Congo Police Mission UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission EurAc European Network for Central Africa for Rwanda EUSEC European Union Security Sector Reform UNDP United Nations Development Programme Mission in the DRC UNGoE United Nations Group of Experts FARDC Armed Forces of the Democratic on the DRC Republic of Congo FDLR Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda UNC Union for the Congolese Nation (DRC) (Rwandan armed group active DRC) UPRONA Union for National Progress (Burundi EurAc - European Network for Central Africa Rue des Tanneurs, 165 B - 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel.: +32 (0)2,213 04 00 E-mail: [email protected] www.EurAc-network.org October 2014 MAP of the Great LAKes Region CENTRAL AFRICAN SOUTH SUDAN The essential role of the EU REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO he processes of peace, businesses, peace and democracy are UGANDA ORIENTALE democratisation and development necessary conditions for sustainable in Africa are confronted by development and the establishment of Kisangani numerous obstacles. The political a between Central REPUBLIC EQUATEUR shared prosperity OF CONGO and security tensions, in particular in Africa and Europe. At this point, it should GABON Mbandaka NORD KIVU Tthe Great Lakes region (Burundi, DRC, be remembered that, according to the Goma RWANDA Rwanda), represent a threat for stability, Lisbon Treaty (Art. 208-1), the EU and Kigali Kindu Bukavu security and the development of the whole its Member States have an obligation to Bandundu KASAI ORIENTAL Bujumbura African continent. This is whythe EU must ensure coherence between their economic MANIEMA SUD KIVU Kinshasa BURUNDI strengthen its commitment in the region policies and the objectives of their financially and, above all, politically and development policy. BAS-CONGO BANDUNDU KASAI OCCIDENTAL democratically. TANZANIA Matadi Kananga Mbuji-Mayi The EU’s support for security, stability Whether in Burundi, the DRC or Rwanda, and democracy in the Great Lakes region KATANGA there is a trend towards changes to therefore represents an interest not only for Constitutions and a hardening of political the local population, but also for the EU repression intended to keep the current itself. In addition, this support constitutes regimes in power. The authoritarian change the true added value of European ZAMBIA Lubumbashi of direction represents a major challenge for cooperation, compared to the approach of 300 km ANGOLA the EU’s commitment towards supporting other international partners engaged in the International Peace Information Service (IPIS) Information Peace International democracy and defending human rights. region (China, India, South Africa etc.). Source: Given its substantial investment in the 3 3 development of the region , the EU cannot This memorandum presents an analysis of The 11th EDF (2014-2020), push aside this commitment. This is crucial the regional challenges (Part I) and specific provides for €432million for Burundi, €620 million for the Table of Contents for the effectiveness of aid brought by the EU challenges for each of the three countries DRC and €460 million for to Central Africa. ( ), which the EU must take into Rwanda. Part II 4 The essential role of the EU 3 Part II: national contexts 12 consideration in order to effectively and The European Parliament (EP), European Commission In the Pdf version, Part I: regional challenges 4 Burundi 13 The same is true with regard to the EU sustainably support peace and democracy in texts in this colour (EC), European External Peace and Security 5 Democratic space in danger 13 interest in the region’s multiple natural Central Africa. This analysis is supplemented Action Service (EEAS), are interactive. Member States (MS) and Need for a regional approach 5 Deterioration in the pre-electoral context 14 resources (mines, hydrocarbons, forests by recommendations addressed to the United Nations (UN). Demobilisation of armed groups 5 Transitional justice 15 etc.). While there are numerous commercial various competent European political 4 Reform of the Security Sector 6 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 16 and investment opportunities for European decision-makers . Rule of law and democratisation 8 Crisis of legitimacy among political institutions 16 Sustainable management of natural Challenges for the 2014-2016 electoral cycle 16 resources 9 Reduced democratic space 17 A few figures concerning the countries Resources for development? 9 Decentralisation stationary 17 Burundi DRC Rwanda «Conflict minerals» 10 Rwanda 18 Population (BM, 2013) 10,16 million 67,5 million 11,78 million Towards a new hardening of the regime? 18 density 315 inhab/km² 27 inhab/km² 430 inhab/km² Political freedoms and freedoms of expression 19 rate of growth +4,5% +3% +2,9% Has civil society been annihilated? 19 True reconciliation? 20 GDP (BM, 2013) $2.72 billion (USD) $30.63 billion (USD) $7.45 billion (USD) Growth of GDP (BM, 2013) +4,0% +8,5% +4,6% HDI (PNUD, 2014) 0,389 (180th/187) 0,338 (186th/187) 0,506 (151th/187) Poverty rate (BM) 66,9% (2006) 71,3% (2005) 44,9% (2011) 2 FOR A STRONGER COMMITMENT TO PEACE AND DEMOCRACY IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION FOR A STRONGER COMMITMENT TO PEACE AND DEMOCRACY IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION 3 Peace and Security mandate (June 2013), military defeat of the M23 (November 2013), intention announced Part I: Regional challenges Peace and security are the premises for in April 2014 by the Democratic Forces for any sustainable human development. the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) to abandon 10 ince the end of the Cold War, and CEPGL. Nevertheless, the level of Armed conflicts in the DRC, Burundi and armed conflict after 30 May 2014 under 11 Central Africa has experienced suspicion and political tensions both Rwanda have had harmful consequences certain conditions . recurrent internal and regional internally and among countries remain alive, nationally and in neighbouring countries conflicts: the genocide in Rwanda in constituting obstacles for the restoration of during the last few decades. Multiple Thesigning of the Framework Agreement 1994, the civil war in Burundi (1993-2000), both stability and peace. factors contribute to the dynamics of is a new opportunity to resolve conflicts Sthe wars of 1996-1997 and 1998-2002 in conflicts: the fragility of States, weak in the region. It creates an environment the Democratic Republic of Congo. These The insufficient recognition
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