The Cassiterides

PREFACE.

T H E p rep ar atio n of the following sheets h as not arisen from any strong desire to maintain the opinions whi ch they set forth ; but i iii a wish to ascertain and Vindicate what is believed to be the truth respecting the subject of which they treat This study is not n ew to the Author

a o a i Twenty years g , when prep r ng for the publication of his R eligion of Ancient

” i i w as i Br ta n , he led to a careful examinat on

a i i of the ntiqu t es of our country , and brought to a ful l conviction that the traditions respect in g the early intercourse of the Phoenici ans

i i i a an d W th th s sland were founded on f ct , that their trading with Cornwall for t in w a s enti tled to be regarded as an established h is t o rieal truth

i i O i i h e Hold ng th s p n on , has lately been sur

i i et i pr sed and felt reg to ﬁnd em nent authors , for whose learning and talen ts he has S incere

I ' OS OC t in e a P , allude s ver l recent works to this Ph oenician intercourse With Britain as a l i —a i h i ground ess trad tion , not on w ch must pass away before a fair historical investigation o f the subj ect . T h e expression of these

h o w e ve i doubts , , has not been accompanied by su ch historical evidence as proves that the old and prevalent opinion is unworthy of

n o r it conﬁdence , is shown by what other means the ancient t in m arkets of Tyre and Egypt were supplied In these circumstan ces the Author has

r h i s i i enewed acqua ntance W th the subject , a n d has carefully considered all that has been

s S l dO i aid on the other ; and , ﬁnd ng his former

n n o t n co victions only u shaken , but greatly

s i trengthened , by the inqu ry , has been induced

i to put forth the following brief essay , wh ch , if it d o e s nothing toward removing the doubts o f those w h o are sceptical as to the an cient Phoenicians h aVin g Visited Cornwall for the

t in p urchase of , may at least serve as an

w h o apology for those , like him , in opposi

su ch u i s i i o l d ~ tion to a thor ties , t ll enterta n

i s fashioned opin on on this subject .

T R E VU C M B O R N E , A ,

Jan u a r 1 2 th 1 96 3 y] ,

IT is s a o n a a s u a i i s are ex cl u s rve t ted, p ge th t the e q ntt e W r i the o f the G o vernm ent M ines e acco dingly m ade fu i inqnn y as to wliethei the Spanis h G o vein m en t do es at pres ent w o r an tin m i s and w t r an info rm a io ou be k y ne , he he y t n c ld o ai as to i o du e tio n o f tin in S ai in a i im s bt ned the p , p n , nc ent t e The i fo rm a io l CCC l V( (l fi i the G o rn m En in eei s n t n en ve ent g , at the C o o f M i s in Madi id is to the fo llo wm e ﬂ e c t llege ne , g I cannot learn th at S p ain eve r p ro d u ced any qu antity o f t his a T he G o r m do n o t w i an nam s f tm The m et l . ve n ent e k y e o u a i i ro u at r s is vm s m a i ﬂ q ntty be ng p d ced p e ent y ll , ch e y by s r am rs o r ra r a o u r rs w i ou t o f ir ic u lar m o t e e the l b e , h le the g e pl y m s ar som o f the ri rs ar ra it i s in G a i ia ent, e ch e ve ne the g n e h ll l c

i Z a o w I a o t arn at r is an tin m i i in and n m . c nn le th the e y n ng ’ 3 i T is o m m u i a io was i cceived too at to hr the co u nt y . h c nc t n l e l l’l S O] ted in its piOpcr pl ace THE CASSITERIDES .

Fe n many ages it was currently believed that the C assit e r ide s were either a part of Britain or islands contiguou s to its coast ; an d that the tin supplied to th e E ast was brou ght direct from them by Phoenician merch an t s This opinion is still received as an establ ished

a - e r f ct , by great numbers of well informed p

in sons this country and abroad .

n h as But, rece tly , great doubt been raised on these allegations ; and a gi owing scepticism

n avowed by several intelligent writers . Amo g h ) . . J h . is ot ers , Mr W Cooley , in History of

an d I n l n D i c S ir G . Maritime a d s overy , and

C o rn ewall th e al Lewis , in Historic Survey of ” t h e m o f t he A n n t h n Astrono y cie s , ave spoke strongly against the probability of a very arly direct intercourse between the P ho en i eiau s and Britain

T he h a n problem , t erefore , rem i s to be solved 3 and we are desirous of making a brie f

e t m i o o f th e y co plete invest gati n subject . h i in r am p e pre e r. s and carried on in remote befor e the age of au th en ti need ; and by a people who literary n o r monu mental me

. W e u oings m st , therefore , b u ch scattered and u n co n s ecu s it m ay be possible to collect . e facts may be mentioned i ing which no dou bt can exi own on th e eastern coast r r an e an in the most an cieii s fou nd among th e spoil s ites in the days of Moses u sed it before the Trojan ith copper for th e m an u fa

in . d and weapons It is ,

m en tio n e ted fact , that tin is

o u a e n ient a thors , neither as rar e cio u s m et aH ' It is also cert J etal was not a produ ct o f l h or Ju dea . T e great marts of mu st therefore have been by overland or m aritime tr

nb rs x x . 2 e x i 2 . in m er cc an d N avigatio n o f the A n cien

vo l i. . 308 . . , p fair presumption in favou r of t h e latter mode is, that it was found in the greatest ab

n n oe e da ce amo g the Ph nicians , who w re the most extensive and successfu l com mercial n a r igatore of ancient times . Thus far our way is plain On these points no real difference

i of Opinion is enterta ned . Here arises the

ﬁrs t question to be solved . Was tin , in the e a arlier ges , brought to Sidon and Tyre from ? the East, or the West from India, or from Spain and Britain ? t Mr . Cooley has authoritatively decided his l t question may be regarded as set at rest ,

f r n . H e so a as his decisio has weight writes , There c an be no difﬁculty in determining the country from which tin ﬁrs t arrived in

al a e E gypt . That met has been in all g s a principal export of India : it is e n u m e b m f rated as such y Arria , who ound it abun d in a ant the ports of Arabia , at time when the supplies of R ome ﬂ owed chieﬂ y through

s that channel . The tin mine of Banca are ,

h e i t w . t n probably , the richest in orld But was un questionably brought from the “ f est at ” t e . d ict u m a later p riod This , and other th e h ﬂ statements of aut or , have such in uence

i n on an em ne t reviewer , that he observes

t M ari d I a D is r im an o vol 1 1 31 . t e nl nd c ve y , p n 2 “ The cherished tradition that th e Ph oenicians

in s traded direct to Cornwall hips , is one

W l ll which , in our judgment , not endure

n i a o searchi g critic sm Many years g , in his excellen t compendium on Maritime and I n

’ x i land Discovery , Mr . W . D . Cooley e hib ted co n vm cin elaborate and , to us , g arguments to

im i show the extreme probabil ty , not to say ”e i i i i i i ncred b l ty , of th s trad tion If we felt disposed to receive this opi

i M r i i i i w e n on of Cooley W th impl c t fa th , should be bound to con sider the vast distance of tim e which the authority lie cites is made retrospectively to cover . He refers to

’ ll e ri l u s m a i the p of Ar n , which Dean V ncent , r l u attr i afte a carefu and learned scr tiny , has

t h e A . D . buted to tenth year of Nero , or o i According to Hal s , the Israel tes crossed the Jordan about 1 608 So that t in was known and u sed in Palestine about seven teen c e n turies before A r r iaii wrote . We are of opi nio n that in pl acm g such a work before h is

r t i n a t ir s t a readers , as p oof that f c me to l ﬂ gy p t from l n d ia ; t he fact that the w ork on wh i ch he relied as an autho rity w a s written above sixteen hundred years after its in tr o du c

o n an d u . ti use, o ght to have been stated

as Lo o " u ar r R n w N e x x x vn nd n te ly e e , p e ll v i W wi not , howe er, urge th s objection We do not believe that the t railic with the

E ast greatly changed even in this long period .

is in And if, as alleged, tin was the days of A rr ian extensively brought from Indi a to

p m Egy t and Palestine , we freely ad it that there would be a strong probability of its having been an article of comm e rce between al the two countries for a long period, though , even in that case, we should not allow its pri o r it Wi y over the tin trade of the West, thout very car eful inquiry into the cir cu m stances of m the trafﬁc in very ancient ti es . The contents of the Periplus do not jus

tif . y these allegations They are, we regret to say, the most remarkable we remember to a have seen . We will not nticipate the judg ment which the reader shall have an opp e r it t u n y of forming for himself . The details of th e ffi s tra c , furnished in thi ancient work, are

i l il so cur ous , and so ittle known , that we W l transcribe the substance of the account from

D r . . V the pages of incent Before doing this, it ill w be necessary to observe , that the author of the Periplus was not the A r rian of N ico nie dia

n r L Al in Bithy ia, who w ote a ife of exander the G s reat, and other work but a merchant navi

o f Al ho gator exandria in Egypt, w had him self made several commercial voyages fro m

It e d the head of the Sea, to the coasts of

Africa , as far as the tenth degree of south

i i lat tude , and around Arabia and Ind a to the

i i neighbourhood o f Ceylon . The nformat on which he thus acquired respecting th e ge o gr a

i i phy , nav gat on , and commerce of those coun

i i n tr es , he collected and publ shed u der the ” title of The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea .

“ ” h i i n T s work , Dean V ncent says , co tains the best account of the commerce carried on

m R e d s fro the Sea , and coa t of Africa, to the

i i East Ind es , during the t me that Egypt was a p r o vm ce of the l t o m an Emp The Periplus is divided into t w o parts The first treats of the commercial intercourse car ried on betw een Egypt and the eastern coast

i i i i of Afr ca We d rect attent on to th s section ,

i in and , exclud ng all other matter , however

Vit in fin g, con e our account to a record of the severa l ports or mai'te a list of Exp e rts and

lU C ll is i h Imports of W furn s ed .

A d o o l i a S i , or Aduli , is placed bout xteen de grees north latit u de . It is believed to be the

i an d s n s o same W th the bay harbour of Ma ah , w J u i well kno n by the accounts of the es ts , and

“ m an d Na i a i C o m erce v g t o n o f the Ancient s in the ’ 7 I ia O a v o l ii 3 nd n ce n , , p e of Bruce , as the only proper ntrance to

i Abyssinia . At th s port we are told the

E x r o n r' s were ivory, and horns of the rhinoceros .

O S - C t The IMP RT , with the nap on , of i Egyptian manufacture, for the Barbar an

market .

R u f u i e obes, made up , the man act re of Ars no

or S u ez .

Single cloths dyed, in imitation of those of

superior quality . m Linen , supposed to be fro the Latin

l m tcu m .

s i in . Cloth , tr ped or fr ged G lass , or crystal . D Porcelain , made at iospolis, in Egypt, in O l imitation of the rienta .

an d . White copper , for ornaments , for coin

It am u sio supposes it to contain gold . G l i old, by the ounce, is sti l the med um of m com erce , not coined , but exchanged by i i we ght or n the parcel . There seems

some allusion to this in the Periplus ,

’ ‘ t f where the expression is , eiq a v yx o vr tyv a u n

“ vo lo im o q s s o y i , cut into piece as to pass

for money .

fo r i fo r Brass , cul nary vessels , bracelets, and m n s orna e t of the legs , still worn in Abys * sinia .

Iron, for spear heads, to hunt the elephants ,

&c . . , and for weapons of all sorts

Hatchets .

Adzes . law e r s Knives, daggers or y . D an d rinking vessels of brass , large round

D cn ar ii , specie for the use of merchants

resident in the country . The term proves

the currency to be R oman .

e . L di i e . . Wine , ao c an , , Syrian and Italian

Oil . , but in no great quantity G old plate According to the fashion of

th e Silver plate country, and as presents ,

or for the use of the king .

a m . W tch coats, ca p cloaks

Coverlids, plain .

of n o great value .

not man y .

Iron , of Indian temper or manufacture

i h Indian cottons , W de and plain per aps blue

S r s i n in ~ u at cottons, t ll commo Abys

sin ia.

ff &e C . otton , for stu ing couches , mattresses,

Sashes , still an article in great request .

Coverlids .

S ee B R UC E vol . iii . 541 , , p

1 0 E x s rr n n T H e s n m s .

do u sh ab : it is used as a sauce , or relish k and mixed with water as a drin .

B arb arin e Cloths , for the coast, of various

sorts , with the nap on .

Corn .

W ine . " T in u an tit ﬁ , in small q y

‘ M al aii u , about eighty miles f rther south ,

isx r o n 'rs myrrh and frankincense, thus , or

olibanum of Adel .

Cinnamon , cassia lignea .

n i . Cin amon , of nferior sorts The gu m can cam u s

i Tila, sesamum , carr ed to Arabia . But see

in x ii 8 it i Pl y , , , who calls an aromat c

: . from India the bark red, the root large

The bark used in dysenteries .

fe w . Slaves, a

The I m r o n r s are such as are speciﬁed in

r in the p eceding list , and addition

Jackets .

i A r s r Cloaks , or blanket ng , manufactured at e th n e i e . or Suez , W th nap on , and dyed

B i . rass or copper, p repared to mitate gold

l ro n .

D rum I CE vol . ii . . 1 27 . V N NT, , p 1 1 MALAO AND M OS UL L ON .

l Specie, go d and silver, but in no great t quantity .

M o su ll o n M o s s l o n i , written y by Pl ny, is our next station it is found rather more than half way from the Straits to the Aromata pro

G . montory, the present Cape uardafui This was the grand mart of the ancients on this coast .

Its E x r o n rf s were

i Cinnamon , of an inferior qual ty , and in

great quantities ; for which reason , vessels

l i of a arger sort are wanted at th s mart .

n u Fragra t g m s .

G ums or drugs .

- l in Tortoise shel , of small size, and no great

quantity .

n Incense , in less quantities, or i ferior to

that of M o o n du s . h Frankincense, from ports fart er east .

Ivory . M yrrh , in small quantities .

The I ifrr o ar s are th e same as have been

fi i a t he already speci ed, W th others peculi r to place

D E I C E vol ii . 1 29 . AN V N NT, . ., p 1 2 rr iiE C A S S I T E R I D E S

v Sil er plate , or plated

s Iron , but in les quantity Fl in t glass

i a The Per plus names m ny other places , far

w i ther south , on the coast , here commerc al

i i i operations are carried on , W thout g v ng fresh lists of exports and imports ; the differ ence being so slight as not to require mention . O O S At pone , we are told, the IMP RT are the same as at the preceding marts but

E X O S The P RT are given , as i Cinnamon , particularized as nat ve .

u i Fragrant g ms, or odours ; but poss bly a

species of cinnamon .

i . Cinnamon , of nferior quality i Slaves , of a superior sort , and princ pally

i for the Egypt an market .

- n o f Tortoise shell , in great abunda ce , and

superior quality .

i m is a At th s port , ention made of a voy ge whi ch took place annually between the coast

i — l of India and th s part of Africa, undoubted y

i e by t h e monsoon . The cargoes spec ﬁ d are iA r ' 1 3 OPONE AND R i rA . precisely such as would be still imported from

G uzerat and Concan . Corn

R ice .

Butter , that is , ghee .

Oil of sesamu m .

in w eb ﬂ Cotton , the , and in the ock ,

stufﬁng . Sashes " k S UG A R . Honey , from the cane , called

Several other com m ercial harbours are d name , as we proceed southward on the coast

It h a t a m but the next list refers to p , an i port an t n i i port at about ne degrees south lat tude , the furthest point to which the author of the

i i A Per plus sa led , in exploring frican com merce

The E x r o n r s from this pl ace ar e

f i r Ivory , in great quantity , but of in er o quality to that Obtained at A d o ol i from Abys

R hinoceros , the horn

- t o Tortoise shell , of a good sort , but inferior

that of India .

it D E I CE v ol ii 1 52 1 5 3 AN V N NT , pp . , 9 n

1 1 glass of variou s sorts .

closes th e information fu r ‘ c resting record concerning th the com m erce between E gy p ports on the eastern coast Of n e w direct o u r attention to t

i u the Per pl s , which treats of is te d A r between Alexandria , In this statement we follow

c an V b e f incent , who places formation alfo r de d by th e eu ted by mu ch more tha

f u s d rom other so rce . first port mentioned in this a which is j u st within the

M an dob , on the east shore of

P OR T S this place are 1 5 MOOS A .

M yrrh of t he best quality .

e . Stact , or gum White stones Alabaster : with a variety

of other articles .

Purple clo th ﬁne and Oi din ar y .

in i f i Clothes made up the Arab an ash on ,

i i W th sleeves , pla n and common , and i 0 1 ‘ m xed dappled .

i u . Cyperus . Aromat c r sh

i a t i " u lts , a small ssortmen ; some pla n , and others adapted to the fashion of the country

i iff a Sashes , embro dered , or of d erent sh des

i i Spec e , for the market , or in cons derable

it quant y .

i W ne and corn , not much . The country pro

3 u a Of i " d ces some corn , and a good de l W ne

o f i Kane , a port on the coast Arab a , to the

ai - cl - East of the Str ts of Bab Mandeb , is spoken

i of as a place of cons derable trade , subject to

E l easu s i . , k ng of the Incense Country The 1 6 ’ T H E C AS S I PE R I D E S .

E x p e r t s are the natural products of the

i country , frank ncense and aloes . From this mart there was an established

s intercourse with the countrie eastward , that

W l t‘ ll B aru az a S ein di O i is , g , , man, and Pers s , so that there was a considerable im portation

i fo ll e w m from Egypt , cons sting of the g articles

A small quantity of wheat .

Wine .

Clothes for the Arabian market .

common sort .

i pla n . mixed or adulterated in great

quantities .

Brass .

Coral .

i . Storax , a res n

And many other articles, the same as are

i B eS i e s usually mported at Moosa . d these also there are brought ,

Plate , wrought , and

Specie for the king ,

Horses .

i li ”C i u a t . Pla n cloth , of a super or q y

TII E C A S S I TE R I D E S .

X O S mouth of the Indus . The E P RT from this port are

Costus , a spice .

Bdellium , a gum .

Yellow dye .

Sp ikenard .

Emeralds or green stones .

Sapphires .

Furs from China .

Cottons .

i S lk thread .

in k . Indigo, or perhaps Indian

The IMP ORTS .

Clothing , plain and in considerable quan

tity .

l h in . C ot g , mixed

Cloth . Cottons very ﬁne , or larger in the

warp than the woof.

Coral .

Storax .

Frankincense .

G lass vessels .

Plate .

Specie . “ W in e ﬁ B ar u gaz a in the G u lf of Ca m com ercial station , the tra

detailed . This w as not o n l port ; b u t was also the e n tir e];

o f Oz cn e n merce , an inla d city distance eastward o f the p o

o f u capital the co ntry . The this place were

O n nyx sto es .

Porcelain .

F u ine m slins . M u slins o f the colou r o f ma A large qu antity o f ordinary The followin g articles are al

u Oz én e fo r passing thro gh ,

B aru a z a v iz g , k Spi enard .

u Cost s .

u Bdelli m .

Ivory . O nyx stone .

B OX - thorn .

n o f Cotto s all sorts .

lVIal l o w - u colo red cotton . 20 T H E ca s s rr nn in ns .

The IMPORTS at B aru gaz a are

- Win e Italian in preference to all other . d Lao icean , Syrian .

t e dd . A . u er rabian " y , palm or y Brass Tin

Lead .

C oral .

Topazes . — Cloth , plain .

mixed, of all sorts .

V ﬁn e . ariegated or sashes , half a yard Wide

Storax .

Sweet lotus .

i Wh te glass .

Or e Of Cinnabar .

Stibium for tinging the eyes .

O di u in r nary perf mes , or unguents , and no great quantity

a i N elk u n da b elie The next port , Bar k or , is v ed to be the extent of th e personal voyaging of the author of the Periplus in this direction . It lies about midway between G o a and Cape

Comorin .

The E XPORTS are

C l 9 I E v 1 . D E AN V N NT o . 0 N E L KUN D A . 21

Pepper , in great quantity, which grows only

a an d in this one pl ce , which is called the

pepper Of C o tt o n ar a .

n su t o Pearls , in qua tity and quality perior

others .

Ivory .

Fine silks . G ap an ic spik enard it is usuall y read

G angetic .

I3et el

from the countries farth er to the E ast

All sorts of transparent or preciou s ston es . i D am onds .

h R i Jacin t s . ub es .

Tortoise - shell from the G olden Island (either Khr u s b P or Maldives P) an d another sort taken in the islands w hich

' ff s m iu ikb b a o lie o the coa t of L i (the c n.

dives).

The princip al IMPORTS G reat quantities O f specie .

Topazes . m A small assort ent of plain cloth . Fine cloths of different colo u rs

Stibium for colourin g the eyes .

Coral .

i Wh te glass . II E A T C S SI T E R I D E S .

A small quantity of wine

’ f i C e i n . Only for the use O the s h p s com at p an y the merchants do n o t sell it

A t i i i the r sk of be ng ted ous , we have placed

i i t r allic the deta ls of th s before the reader, and

h i S i — ~ it for t s mple reason , that does not supply what is so frequently found in investigations

Of i t i th s sort , namely , conjec ures and op nions ,

i t e but sterl ng matters of act . I l r c w e h ave set

i a i i before us , W th all the p rt cular ty of a iiiVOice i Of f modern , the exact art cles tra ﬁc

n an d Af i i between Egypt , Ceylo , r ca , e ghteen

e a o i hundred y ars g . Were w e d scussing

i m n r anc ent co merce ge e ally , there would be

in i s u c fo r v i many and terest ng bj e ts obser at on ,

i suggested by these l sts . We m ight noti ce the sameness of ch aracter w hich the trade with the East has always main ta ined an d the u niform and continuous demand for specie which t h e E ast has al ways made on the

e Western world . But w are conﬁn ed to one

D E A VJN OE N T vo i 1 9 l i . 1 5 . N , , p n o s a ia o r e p , pt derived her su pplies o f this

e r s East . W we e told that thi 1 1 in all ages a principal ex that it is enu merated as su ch

W e a sk W s , in reply , here doe W hen was tin first exported 0 can ﬁn d no su ch information profou ndly learned translator or has fou nd n othing of t h e ranged over the whole line r o m itim co merce, as given in i e n tic records ; b u t ﬁn d n o g carried from the Eas t or the

u W e x co ntry . have e amined o f o f the ports Abyssinia , li a . And what has been the ve f u d w as o n , indeed, that tin giiis ed as an article of trafﬁc 5 o f its coming from the East been invariably exported from st . in d tin in the gre at mart o f b u t then we ar e distinctly exported from Egypt to that

‘ M aritini e e o l i & . . v . 1 31 , , . , p . 2 1 4 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

Of great centre Arabian commerce , from which th e surrounding countries derived their sup

. A t E ai u az a G p lies g in the ulf of Cambay , a n d N el ku n da s at on the coa t of Malabar, tin has been fo u nd as an element Of trade b u t in every instance as an export from Egypt

W w e here , then , ask , is the proof that t his metal had been supplied by India ? The c ommercial Operations w hich we have reviewed e mbrace the great traffic of the Eas t. We have found arti cles that must have been s upplied from the further parts of India ; we have even recorded the sale Of furs from China ; b u t w e have heard of no su pplies of Indian tin m w We ight sho at length , that if there e a i ver was such trade , it must have ex sted at

i i this t me , and have been carr ed on by this route

Of t in a The supplies at Banc are , we are a i if ssured , even now , inexhaust ble ; so that these mines had been wrou ght in the early a ges , there must have been an abundance for s ale in th e times of A r r ian We fully agree

i i i i W th Dr . V ncent , that in the earl est t mes traffic was chieﬂ y conducted by Overland

b u t u n routes ; it is eq ally true , that ge erally ,

l in i Of i and especia ly Arab a, this mode trans t has always been dangero u s and expensive ;

TII E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

ﬁe et o f down the Indus , along the coast

E el o o chist an i G to the Pers an ulf, and thence u i p to Susa, wr tten by the more eminent Arm an— has expressed his Opinion on this

i m quest on . H av g added to the knowledge of eastern navigation and commerce acquired by these translations and researches an immense

nf i o th er fund of i ormation der ved from sources , he had no doubts in his mind as to the country whence the tin exported to India from Egypt

T in as . w was procured He says , another of the articles enumerated : and if w e ﬁnd this produce of Britain conveyed to Malabar

i i i c an in the earl est per od that h story reach , we ﬁnd the spices of Malabar in Britain in an age when the course of the communication with India was probably as little known as the e xistence of America The Venerable Bede , w h o i in A J ) 35 d ed the year 7 , was possessed id Of i an d i . D pepper , c nnamon , frank ncense

u i h o w a e no one ever ask the q est on , , in that g ,

i ai these luxuries had been conveyed to Br t n , it or were treasured in a cell at W e ir m o u th P But w e have no intention of prejudging the

i it question , or of endeavour ng to settle by the authority of a great name We claim at present

i i in simply to have d sproved the allegat on , that

D E I CE vol ii 460 AN V N NT, , p WH E RE W A S TA R S H I S ii ? 27 the time of A r rian and in the earlier ages tin was carried as an article of commerce from India to Egypt . We , on the contrary , maintain , that aff reasonable proof has been orded , that until this t ime India itself was dependent upon

i Egypt for suppl es of tin, as Egypt undoubtedly was on the West of Europe . The main subject of our investigation is n o w

fi placed before us in this new phase . We nd t in o i in the early ages abundant in Ph en cia , an d m m a current co odity of commerce at Tyre , n GOO K’ . O. . It was known and used in Palestine at least six hundred years earlier . It was n o t the product of those countries or of the neigh b o u rin g ones , but procured at the later date L certainly from T ar shish q We have to search

i i h i i out this local ty, W t th s one l mitation to the range of our inquiry : that although this term may have been s o m etn ne s used With a Wide ff range of meaning , and as applicable to di erent

i c a s e i countries ; in th s , it cannot refer to Ind a 7 on the East . “ 0 have ascertained beyond all

n a doubt , that down to a time lo g fter this the

s Ea t did not export this metal, but had to procure their supplies of it from the West . The oriental countries are th erefore excluded from further inquiry . We must look else

E ne x x v n 2 I k 1 . T bt d c 2 28 T iiE C A S S I T E R I D E S . where for the source which supplied this m etal to the ancient w e i l d

Tyre being the great emporium of the t in 6 i e . 00 trade , at the date above ment oned , B , and T ar sl iish the coun try from whence the

h i i w e merc ants brought th s commod ty , have to ascertain the S ituation of the mines that

i a th e produced th s met l , and route by which

i i it reached the Phoen ic an cap tal .

i i r i i i is As a prel m na y to this nvest gat on , it

m i h necessary to re nd the reader that , althoug the period which has been mentioned is so

it e i n remote , does not represent the b g nni g of

i i it h ad at th s commerce, but the t me when t ain e d it s i an d i i matur ty , when the Phoen c ans were in the zenith Of their greatness G reece had Just then risen to distinction h e r ear lies t history began b u t t w o hundred years before ;

h h e r i i did and Herodotus , the fat er of h stor ans ,

i not appear unt l another cen t u ry had elapsed . R ome had been founded abo u t one hundred and

w as i an an d ﬁfty years , and st ll unwalled Y t in S ign iﬁcan t Ital ian town . e even at th is early period Pho en icia had existed m o re than r n sixteen hundred years , and du i g the far greater portion of that time had been a wealthy commercial nation These circum E 29 P II CE N I C I A N C OL ON I S .

in b i stances , the absence of consecutive istor Of cal records , may warrant the admission circu mstantial evidence of a reasonable and

i conclus ve character . The limited territory which the t n ician s possessed on the coast Of Palestine has been

as i ffi n frequently referred to , nsu cie t to be

B u t the seat o f a great an d pow erful state . those w h o have urged this obj ection have

o k th e e o overlo ed important fact , that this p

an d ple, being devoted to commerce commer

ial n aw at ion a c g , as the grand me ns of their

a national gre tness , sought in extensive colo

i m a nial establ shments a e ns of support , and appliances for the promot ion of their great

e i objects , which no ext nt of cont nental soil co uld supply .

w e a To these colonies sh ll have to refer , as the best available means of tracing the pro

an d o i 00 1 1 1 gress , extent , times of Ph en cian r i l ris is m e c a e nterp e . Cyprus a large an d

l w h i S i - fi i important is and, it n xty ve m les Of

a o n the o i is Laodice , Ph enic an coast , and dis t in etl Vi a y sible from Mount C ssius . The ad vantage of this pos1 tion to a maritime nation

l l - o u is se v le nt . It commands the waters i f th e L a as o f a ili i i ev nt , the co ts Syri and C c a t c a an d ont ins many excellent harbours , what 30 T H E OA S S I TE R I D E S .

is of p r o - eminent importance in the present

ff -n consideration , it a orded abundance of excel lent timber and every other material for the

i i i B u t th e bu ld ng and equipment of sh ps . if

i arch ves of Tyre , or of Sidon , (for it is more likely that Cyprus was colonized in the times

wh Ci in en the parent ty was the ascendant , ) contained any records of the establishment of

o i Ph enician settlements on this sland , they have

S i i long nce per shed . We have only one or

t w o in i attesting facts , proof of an occupat on

i s which cannot be doubted . In historic t me Cyprus was divided into nine kingdoms ; an d

Of n these, ﬁve are show by their names and

i traditions to have had a Phoenician or gin .

Of th e i The mention Cyprus in Il ad proves , that so early as the time Of the Trojan war it

B u t th e was regarded as a powerful state .

i most sign ﬁcant fact is the statement, that

i Of n Cinyras , k ng Cyprus , presented to Aga

i T rO an memnon , when about to sa l to the j

w ar i , a very cur ous breastplate , composed of 316 t in S h OW in th e lead , gold , and ; thus g that

“ 3“ N a ar u h is r s l ext he pl ced o nd b eas t a c e i e t w h ich C inyr as o nce gave h im t o be a pledge o f h o spitality Fo r a r a ru m o m w as ar at C ru s a G r s w re g e t he d yp , th t the eek e a o u t o s ai t o T r o in s i s wh ei efo re h e a h nn is b t l y h p g ve th , ra if i the i T en ai s i o f o rs w ei e g t y ng k ng b , ndeed , ( the c let,) C YPRUS AND RH ODE S . 31

C yprian colonists possesse d the staple commo ditie s and metallurgic skil l of the parent s tate . n R hodes is i ferior in size to Cyprus , but is

l n . Of m ore fertile, and has exce le t harbours

M r . its occupation by the Sidonians , Kenrick,

o b who has fully investigated the subject, s a o ni erves, The tr ces of Ph e cian intercourse ar e numerous those of colonization are less di in su ﬂ ieien t stinct than Cyp rus, but to jus t ify the c onclusion that the Ph oenicians were ” at o nce predominant in the island . If w e may r ely on the c urious production of the alleged

i C ret eii S is follower of Idomeneus , D ctys , this intercourse of Phoenicia With R hodes w as of a very early dat e for he speaks of th e expedition l e d o a w ar by Memn n to the Troj n , and which was composed in great part of Ethiopians (or P h oen ician s a , )t as having l nded and settled

a here i In Crete, lso , there are traces of

o n the Ph enicia s, although the nearer we

o f ai a u s w o f o an d w o f t in an d r d k cy n , t elve g ld , t enty th ee f s erpen ts o cyanu s s tr etched to war ds t he neck o n each S ide — — ’ l ik e u n to rainbo ws Literal T i an sl atio n o f I I OiiiE ii s “ ” ’ I ia lib x 1 244. B ohn s E i io l d , , p d t n ’ ” KE N iii eic s P oe i ia 7 9 h n c , p D e B ella Tr a an o l ib v 4 t t j , i h A m s ei d aii i 1 7 02

I I Eiio n o r ii s vu 9 0. I , 32 T H E o a s s rr n n in n s .

G h as approach to reece, the more completely the later G reek population swept away the remain s of ancient P h oen icr an intercourse . Yet there still rem ain clear h istorical proofs of Phoenician colo nization The name of one of the h arbours bears some e Vi

it dence of this fact It was celebr ated fo r its

s A i u i n e d mine of gold cur o s ncide t , r corde

i v u o w by Herodotus , g es co ntenance to the den t probability that C r ete als o had been

r o ic ia ﬂ u brought unde Ph en n in ence , or had b ee n iii freq u ent comm u nication W ith that e ar h in i ta n o f country . W e told t at the hab ts

o i h av m o e the isle Thera , g consulted the racl

“ at Delphi as to th e rem o val o f a d e s t i u ct ive r u i i a ill ict e d d o ght W th wh ch they were , were co m manded by it to bu ild a C ity in L ibya .

w i u w as Not kno ing where th s co ntry , they s rs ir e r ent messenge to Crete , to inqu e wheth any o n e there k n o w the place . They fo u n d a

h o n ( 11 Li a an d wh o w as man w had bee by , a

” ar t in ic h P h oe n i n dyer of purple , an wh the cian s were l ) 1 ‘ 0

l e i t o n m ain n o ~ Sti l farther n h , the la d , ppo

’ S ain o t h racc t h e l h d in ic ian i in site to , m n g

r i e n s i h H o do u s ope at ons were so ext ve , t at er t

h is h a vn i t h e o a n d s speaks of g seen w rks , ays ,

t‘ M o b i in l 1 o c io , 5 1 at T H E m ssrr nn m ns .

G a a n the reeks spired to be aval power , and

m i w as in n ult plied their colonies , it found c o v en ien t to defend so m an y settlements . The Phoenicians accordingly withdrew their people

and property from the other localities , and concentrated all their wealth and power at the

- as north western angle of the island, where, t Thu c dides i y states , they cont nued to live in m alliance with the Ely i, who occupied a part

of that neighbourhood . The concentration of

the Phoenicians at this place is by Mr . Kenrick s upposed to have occurred about and as he calculates from the known times of the G reek movements which occasioned th e

can his removal , there be little doubt of

accuracy . Malta was an island of too much importance to be overlooked by these mari

D io do ru s time merchants . We are told by that it is about eight hundr ed furlongs w from Syr acuse, is furnished ith very good h i arbours , and that the inhab tants are very

is l ar tiﬁcer s rich ; for it fu l of all sorts of , among whom there are excellent weavers of

ar e ﬁne linen . Their houses very stately l and beautifu , adorned with graceful cor

n iees and ornaments in plaster . The inha

o b itan t s are a colony of Ph enicians, who ,

“ T I I UOYD I D E B vi 2 . t P hoen iC ian s . 1 06 . , , p M S R I I C ORS I C . 35 ALTA , A D N A , AND A trading as merchants as far as the western o n cea , resorted to this island on account of its c ommodious ports and conven ient situation for a sea trade ; and by the advantage of this place the inhabitants soon became fam ous for their ” A we alth an d merchandise . s this island was at ﬁrst a bare rock of limestone , the perse ver in g people who had taken possession of it brought se il from the neighbou rin g coast of

Af r w rica, and ca efully provided it ith the

i means of cultivation, unt l its fertility became L p ro verb ial q

It would be unnecessary , even if it were possible , to notice all the settlements which the Phoenician s formed in the M editerranean ; w C or it might be sho n that Sardinia , orsica , the Balearic, and other islands , had been more or less occupied by them , and rendered sub sidiar y to their great commercial purposes an d

. i r plans Carthage cannot , W th st ict propriety , u be placed in the category of colonies , 1 altho gh

i“ ‘ D I OD S I C . 1 . OVI D F v as t iii . 5 67 . , 1 , I T h ei e w o u ld s eem t o be m u ch pro bability in t he co n ectu re a the i o ri i a in a m r m o riu m o r in j th t c ty g n ted e e e p , ( , m o r n l a u a a fa o r i a in w i o de ng ge, ct y , l ke th t h ch the Angl I ndian e in p ii o had its ﬁrs t beginning) es tabli s hed Jo nitly by m o r C i an d U i a o n a o u o f the o i the the ty t c , cc nt c nven ence o f it s IJOS I bI OIl ; an d th at it i o s c into im po rtance by t he " ’ “ na u r al i o cos s o f im m i ra io D B S I 'r u s D i i ar t p g t n . ( M ct o n y 36 T H E CA S S I T E R I D E S . it has been conjectured that its origin was of this character ; but it w as an important o ff s th e o i n hoot from Ph en cia stock , and was regarded as such throughout their whole history ; so that , as Herodotus informs us , C ambyses , when he had determined to invade C arthage , was obliged to lay aside his design , because the Phoenicians refused to aid him * w ith their navy against their descendants . it f Even then was an admitted act, that all the Persian navy was unequal to ce pe with that of

th e oe . Carthage , unless assisted by Ph nicians

s Utica, a already intimated , was also founded on the African continent many years before

i C arthage , became an mportant port and city , and long survived its more powerfu l neigh bour . t the But, not content wi h commerce of this

o inland sea, Ph enician enterprise passed through the Straits of Hercules, explored the shores of the Atlantic, and formed settlements on the ocean coasts of Africa an d Spain . It is

o f G o ra vo l 1 5 31 I f an r ia is t o e g phy , p y el nce be a o n o f D i o it is m u m or ro a a pl ced the legend d , ch e p b ble th t her i io s ho u s ai t o a sm a an d r is in o o an d exped t n ld l ll g c l ny , a o s s es s m n o f it a a it s o u s an u o u i t ke p , th n th t h ld eek n cc p ed ai o f o as an d fo u n d an e iitn el n e w s m p t the c t, y ettle ent T a ia 1 9 . h l , u l t to ﬁx with any precision progress of this coloniz ation . establishment of an important des or G ade ir a (Cadiz ) is well s more than probable that this attempt to take po s session of

of Spain . The inhabitants of that their island was not the "E A S t r ab o on for a colony . nd cc to the facts which had th u s c y , by the following narra ported that the Tyrians were racle t o send a colony to the u les , and that the expedition pu rpose ﬁxed on a place near he sacriﬁces offered by them u s u , they ret rned home for

. u t ions A second dep ta ion ,

u e p rpose, passed the straits ,

u island dedicated to Herc les ,

flu lva, at the con ence of the

0 ﬁ an d , they again sacri ced , ie appearance of t h e victims A third expedition ﬁxed on u gh this accou nt is colou red titic u s which affected alike the o vem en t s and the historians 38 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

b y whom the information has been transmitted

t o n o c an our times , reasonable doubt be e ntertained that it exhibits a s erie s of long c ontinued endeavours to eff ect a permanent

location on the Spanish soil . Success at last

abundantly crowned these persevering efforts .

' Grades rose to be a most importan t en tr ep é t of

i commerce , a large naval establ shment , and a

ﬂ i very wealthy and our shing town . Strabo l R says , it was second only to ome in his time

u and there was only one city (Pad a) in Italy ,

R i ome excepted , wh ch could produce an equal number o f citizens of the equestrian order .

th e This was the case , although limits of the

i city were small , and a large proport on of the inhabitants were always engage d in navigation

i or fore gn commerce ; for , according to the

i i G author ty already g ven , ades equipped and

th e M sent to sea , both for editerranean and ocean trade , more and larger vessels than any

Of i th other port . course th s refers to e time

r of Strabo , long afte Tyre and

Carthage h ad perished . The Phoenicians also

i i i founded Sev lle , call ng it Hispalis th s , too , became a flourishing city . We have hitherto spoken of these c o l o n ie s without any regard to th e chronological order I I r i N ANT " U TY o s D O . 39

. i t o of their foundation Indeed , W th respect m i many of them, it is i possible to spec fy any date approximating to their ﬁrst occupation . It seems probable that generally a long continued commercial intercourse preceded any colonial establishment ; and that even when

w as s o a settlement was made , its progress

i h i gradual that no date could , W t str ct pro i t i t r e t . i i p y , be assigned to Yet is mportant to trace as nearly as possible the beginn ing of this remarkable course of commercial ar rangements , and the successive foundation of some of the most famous colonies . The rise of the commercial power of Sidon is lost in its extreme antiquity . It was called the great S i don during the administration 1 0 J 1 3 e . 6 0 . of oshua , And not only had it , at

is th early date , opened up markets for pro curing the materials necessary for a vast range

i u of metall c and ﬁbrous man factures , but it had a i it ctually atta ned , what must have occupied a long space of time to acquire after these

e r materials had been procured , consummate p fe ctio n 1 n in all the arts of design , compos tio , an d manipulation . Ou r lim its forb id an

i i enumerat on , or we m ght give a catalogue of the most elegant an d costly articles of th e m ti es , which emanated from this city . 40 II E C A S S R I E T I T E D S .

Yet all this commercial activity had been e xercised , and these arts successfully and

n th e extensively practised , lo g before Trojan 1 200 war , which may be ﬁxed at about

wh o Homer , never names Tyre , celebrates , as

i fi i t he be ng speci cally of S donian manufacture, most rare and valuable presents which his kings and heroes received B u t S idon w as

oe abandoned , and the arts and power of Ph

i i n c a transferred to Tyre , just a year before * a the fall of Troy ; so th t the rise , progress ,

i i ii aVi atio n and glory of S don an g , commerce ,

l ce and manufacture took p a before this date .

t ru e we h It is , ave at Tyre to deal with the same people and th e same pursuits as at

i Yet f S don . the transfer af ords an intelligible

h c i in i epoc , whi h exhib ts , a very str king

th e u manner , long and successf l career which th e parent city had previously accomplished . T u rning from th e foundation and gro wth of Phoe n ician cities to t h e form ation o f th e vast colonial system which th e Phoenicians reared

i o f up , it is easy to conce ve an aspiring

n t e r i it o r people , with a limited conti ental y , takin g possession of contiguo u s islands like Cyprus and Crete ; b u t what progress must h ave been made in s hip - building an d in navi

42 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

that they needed no one to seek them , could

i e s be eas ly got together , and there wer no knot

if to be untied, and cause delay, they were ” suddenly wanted for use . B u t these arrangements must have been

i rendered very perfect , and the r science and practice of navigation much beyond what is

i usually ascr bed to them , before they would m atte pt to explore the ocean , and to form

- settlements on its shores . It is a well known

i G i fact , that the earl est reek wr ters regarded S icily and the coast of Italy as on the extreme v e r e i g of the world , bordering on the reg ons of endless night . Yet these adventurous people dared to leave these shores far behind

i i them , and to pass the stra ts nto the vast ocean beyond . We have seen that the ﬁrst attempts to C o l o n iz O the west coast of Europe

b u t were not successful , they were repeated until the end was attained . There can be little doubt that T art e s su s had been often

Vi i u s ted , and a val able commerce established

m ade there , long before any attempt was to occupy a part of the coast . And yet the dates of the early Phoenician

m th e i ar e settle ents , as far as y are ascerta ned ,

i very remote . Carthage is bel eved to have

’ ” K n m x s P hoem c ra 235 m o . , p . n 4 DATE o r T H E B UILD IN G o r c a e s . 3

81 3 U been founded about tica, accord in r g to Strabo , was built two hund ed and

- C a h eighty seven years before arth ge , w ich places the foundation of that colony 1 1 00.

Vell iu s P at er cu l u s in It is stated by e , his

i at Compendium of R oman History, tl a

a this time , about eighty years fter Troy was

ﬂ i taken, a eet of the Tyr ans , then very G powerful at sea, founded the city of ades , in

i i the remotest coast of Spa n , at the extrem ty of one part of the world , and on an island

i surrounded by the ocean , div ded from the continent onl y by a very narrow strait . By the same people , also , a few years afterwards , ”

U . tica, in Africa, was built According to

- il Pliny , this last mentioned city was bu t

n eleven hu dred years before our era ; for ,

“ 8 : writing in 7 7 or 7 , he observes The temple of Apollo at Utica is equally cele b r at ed ; there we see beams of cedar still in

i i ex stence , and in just the same cond tion in which they were when erected in the first

i bu lding of that city, eleven hundr ed and ” s - m eventy eight years ago . 1 P o p o n iu s M al ela , so , having mentioned the temple

G a of Hercules , at des , adds , that the foun

VE L LE I US P A T E R C UL US i . , , 2

Y N t H a f P I a . t x vi 7 9 L N , u 1 200 capital at abo t , au thorities placi n g it near this concl u sion m akes the o r of G ades su fﬁciently in h

s o . K deci i n of Mr enrick , elaborately investigated tl i “ ﬁ says , The rst event in t Ph oenicians to which a date

is the fou n datio n o f Grade centu ry There was t p receding commercial expie i

u n iv t r a fli E rope , the exte s e the three su ccessive atte mpt of which we h ave spoken ; place before the e st ab l is lim e i

t r 0 1 or soon af e 1 2 0 . that this is j u s t the date

s tances o f the case req u ire . b e en largely im p o rted into as early as 1 500 ; and

all the accou nts tend . If

P O M P ON I US M ari a . 6 . , iii , 1 “ E r at o s tl u m es an d A p ollodor u s

1 1 3 D io n s in s 1 1 8 11 8 ; y ,

’ C L I T ON S Fris ii H e llo /u 1 209 . N 41 5 DATE OF T H E T I N MARKE T A T G ADE S . articles of the most elaborate design and t m anufacture prior to the Troj an war ; hen , as there was no supply of this metal , as far as

e n u w ca learn , from the East, there m st have bee n a known market from whence it was pro

u i c red . All our sources of informat on agree ,

o i t in therefore, in placing the Ph en cian market 1 1 00 at G ades , for several centuries before , when it may b e regarded as in gr eat prosperity . The question which arises out of these

s n n l t n ce i facts , is p y this was th s market supplied ? We are told that tin in ancient

e times was abundant in Spain . W are all i well aware , that silver was found plent fully there . But we have never seen any satis

tin in s i factory evidence, that any con derable quantities was produced in that country )“

' f n m i s m s T he m o s t l Cll l d l lx d blO eat u i c m t i in ng ee t o be d r m i W r r t in a s the en u i ing ch a ac ter o f the nes he eve h been p i o d u eed in an y co n s iderabl e qu ant itie s w ith in th e ra o f au i u s -o h r t is s i a a f u x i u o . nge thent c l t y , t e e t ll b nd ntly nd I n B ane a we am o s u is i au s i an d , t ld , the pply nexh t ble , C e i n wall c an n o w s u pply a s Lu ge a qu antity annu all y as it r o u On is riiiu lc w e a in u n e d as t o eve c ld th p p , h ve q the s u o l tin at r s in S ai an d o u r i fo rm a w h o pply p e ent p n n nt , has been s o m e y cai s in active em pl o ym ent iii the p rin c ip al m i i dis ti n ts o f a o u r s a s I a r m e t n ng th t c nt y , y , h ve neve a t in m i r a m a t in s t i ea n iei in S ai all t in I a ne p n , the h ve s een expo s ed for s al e had been im po r ted fi o m E nglan d T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

Nor do any of the accounts or traditions that have come down to us indicate as much . Tarshish supplied Tyre W ith t in ; but the G a s s ztem des are spoken of as the place where the commodity was mined ; and the Cassi t e ride s have generally been regarded as the

A n o t liei fact b e ai in g o n th is p o m t is im p o rtant S ilver is ra fo u in o a W i a s o m o r n r gene lly nd c nt ct th le d, eld eve W i t in o r s I n a i im s it is w n o w a th e nc ent t e , ell k n , th t S p ain p r o du ced abu ndan ce o f S ilver T he R evzs s a M n er a o f 1 860 s h o w ed the qu antity o f gro u nd let o u t t o m iner s t h i o u gho u t the w h o le o f S p ain t o s earch fo r m iner als o f all kinds T he qu antities then in the p o s s es sm n o f m in er s fo r is u r o s is i in a s fi o m w i th p p e g ven the nnexed ketch , h ch it W i s a w i s u rfa o u i fo r a ll be een , th t h le the ce cc p ed le d m i i is i ar s a ro r ia io fo r s ar n ng dec dedly the l ge t , the pp p t n e ch af r t in is all b u t s m a s w o su i face b e i e d te the lle t , the h le fo r t in m in m g t h i o u gl io u t the w h o le o f S pain being little m e i e th an o n e s qu are m ile S P P L D a n e s W I I 4 BRI TAI N U I E c TH T N . 7

- i south western part of the Br tish islands .

L i S ir G , C e r n c all Even w ew s , who cannot believe that Ph oenician ships sailed to thi s

“ a d is i isl n , constra ned to say , It cannot be doubted that Britain w as th e cou ntry from which th e t in sold by the P h cn n icm n s to the G reeks w as chieﬂ y procured

“ But we are told that it is incredible that the Phoenician vess els should have Visited

L et Cornwall for the purposes of trade . us L t consider this objection . e it have all the

weight to which it is entitled . We only

am l desire the subj ect to be f y considered . It is alleged that the distance is great W e

admit it . The distance from Cadiz to Cornwall in a straigh t course is about one thousand miles

fo ll o w m th e i and , g coast , as probably anc ent na

v i at o r s did i g usually , cons derably more . But

then let it be remembered , that we ascribe this

m en u i voyage to who had b lt a city , as a

i colon al settlement , two thousand ﬁve hun dred miles from their native shores ; to a people so f i i i i am liar zed with mar t me commerce , as to have established d ep ots on most of the islands and on every shore of the Mediterranean " Is G it reasonable to suppose , that ades woul d have been built at the extreme distance to

l l is t Oi ic al S n i &c 45 1 vey , p II E C A T S S I T E R I D E S . w hich their commerce reached 9 L et it be con

o the tin c ded for a moment , that ﬁelds of C orn wall h ad become known to t he Phoenicians ; w here could they have had a colonial station more advantageously situated for prosecuting

i i P this ntercourse , than at Cad z There was a

u mart for val able commodities at hand , and a ﬁne harbour with every convenience for t repairing or reﬁtting heir vessels . And from thence t o Cornwall w as a shorter voyage than M w from Tyre to alta, Carthage , or Sicily , hich

i i they were perform ng cont nually . It is well

th e h known , that s ores of the bay round to Cape S t Vincent w c i c regarded as Phoenician s od an d w as th e , that this Cape spoken of as ” sacred promontory . We confess that we are puzzled to ﬁnd the difﬁculty w hich has stag go red so many eminent writers If we were ascribin g this discovery and commercial navi gatie n to persons who had no means of transit

h e i n o n t water but Brit sh coracles, or India w i boats , se n together with str ps of bark, or

w e x the . hides , should e pect idea to be rejected B u t w hen it is attributed t o a people w h o had a navy , and naval skill to go to and fro with

the impunity over stormy n ean , who could dar e W ithout fear th e tempests of the middle

M editerranean , and even launch on the wide

50 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S

oe tin , was taken from thence by the Ph nicians and carried to di stant markets

i f th e o a It is an adm tted act , that Ph enici n voyagers sa iled to the south of th e Straits of

u n i t h e Herc les , far e ough to d scover Canary Islands These were called by the G r eek s th e

s th e t he L s I lands of Blessed , and by atin the d a an . is Fortun te Isl s Yet , although this a

i i part of undoubted h story , learned men th nk it im probable and incredible that they should h i u i ave sailed a l ttle f rther from Cad z , to trade with a countr y so rich in various important co m modities as t h e south -west parts of Eng

I t b h th e u is further o jected , t at acco nts which are given of the C aS S ite ridc s ar e in dc ﬁn it e and contradictory These objections

iv i M may be g en as d ligently summed up by r .

“ l Oa s s d cm d es Coo ey He says , The name

T in is i i im ~ ( Islands) ev dently but an ep thet , plying the want of par ticular acquaintance

i t he u i W th countries thus vag ely denom nated . B u t as geographers ic cl peculiar pleasu re in h iri th e 1 i i ng pos t on of every wander ng name , the title of T in Islands w as in c o n s ide rat cly

G an d l t i bestowed by reek oman wr ters , at o n e t ime on real is la nds in which there

as t in im i w no , at another on ag nary islands G E OG RAP H Y o r T H E C A S S I T E B I D E S 51

near the coasts abounding in that metal . Almost all these accounts refer the G as

i s ufcm des to the coast of Spa n . Some writers ’ place them many days sail in the western

u ocean ; others , nearly opposite to Cor nna ; but they are never mentioned (with a S ingle e xceptio n ) with respect to their distance from the coast of Britain a circumstance which , to those acquainted with the ancient system o f i nav gation , must be a convincing argument that the Oa s s d e r ides were not the Scilly

. a Islands C esar and Tacitus , though they l mention the gold , silver, and pear s of Britain ,

i it s . i take hardly any not ce of tin mines Pl ny ,

d is cu s s m moreover , after g all the accounts

C ass itcwid es relating to the , concludes , that these islands had but a fabulous existence ; and o h t in in i bserves , t at his t me was brought from

We have copied this long extract , because we wish to c onsider th e subject in all its

i . do m ar e bear ngs In g this , there some questions which we can scarcely refrain from

a o e s putting on this p ssage . Why d the term Oas s d er ides imply the want of acquaintance

i i ? W th the place so denom nated Why , any more than the G old Coast of Africa ? The

M ari im an d I n a D is o r vo l i 1 32 t e l nd c ve y, . , p D 2 5 2 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . terms alike S im ply indicate th e pr incipal pro

: er 3 6 r duct of the country the name , p , neithe in tim ates an acquaintance with the positio n of w the place , nor the absence of this kno ledge . It might in the case of the “ Tin Islands

v n v as ha e bee gi en, as it w by Herodotus m with a very li ited knowledge of the locality . But that says nothing as to the knowledge of those who appl ied the t erm in the ﬁrst instance . If G reek and R oman writers used the term

C as siter id es , without any deﬁnite acquaint

h f r ance wit the geography re er ed to , it is e xcusable ; seeing that this trade must have been opened ﬁve hundred years before G recian

i l e th e history began , and st l longer befor R foundation o f ome was laid . It is also m s objected, that this ter is ometimes applied to islands where there is no tin , and at other times to places which are not islands . If th e form er part of this remark is intended to a t o S : pply cilly , it is incorrect Scilly has

m r produced tin, although in ode n times not in large quantities . The latter part of the observation has been answered by its au thor .

He knew that the Hebrew, Phoenician , and cognate languages had no terms which dis

tin ctl s c ﬁ s nin s as &c . y pe i ed island , pe ul , ; E 53 C ORNW ALL OP P OS IT T O C ORUNNA .

u n s one word being sed to sig ify island , sea

c . the s e oasts , and even remote countries In

c a languages , the whole oast of Cornw ll and

Devonshire might be termed island or islands . T t i hen , again, it is men oned as contradictory,

‘ that these Oass zter ides are by some writers ’ p laced many days sail in the western ocean ; a n d C o ru n n a l by others , nearly opposite to But what is there con tradictory in this state m ent ? Let the reader look on a map of w estern Europe . He will ﬁnd Corunna a s hort distance to the north - east of C ape Finis ~ t s - w i B a erre , on the outh est extrem ty of the y o f B iscay ; and the co as t s oon afterw ards r i i uns i i a d rection nearly ea st and west . If a v w as ai m essel , therefore , to s l fro Corunna e o n dr astward , this coast , about one hun ed a n d twenty or o n e hundred an d thirty miles a n d i a i a i then , start ng ex ctly at r ght ngles W th t h e e o f a h i i it lin co st, s ould sa l d rect north ,

’ t h e t B a would reach Moun s y , in the south

e x t re riiit it a i an d west y of Br n , the centre of t he t in in s ; th e a m i o m t m e dist nce fro th s , p , o n t h e s s B a a outhern hore of the y of Bisc y , w to Cornwall, being some hat more th an four ’ hundred miles , which would be several day s

n sail i the western oc ean . It is not just to c onsti il e the lan guage of an eieii t writers under 541 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

n s t the false impression , that the wester coa of th e E n uropea continent is a straight line , running from north to south , and that an

a 1 an isl nd , to be oppos te y given point , must

o f . lie to the west it To be opposite a coast , is s i to be in uch a posit on, that , leaving that coast at right angles , you will reach the place so described . Cornwall is in this sense nearly

o opposite Corunna ; that is , it is directly p posits a point about one hundred m il es from

Corunna, and lies in that direction , several days ’ sail in the western ocean It may be fully adm itted that the G r eek and L atin writers had no very clear knowledge o f the ’ C as s ol em s a de . It is well known th t the Phoen icians were in advance of every other i nation n these discoveries and pursuits , and that they endeavoured as much as possible to keep the knowledge of them to themselves .

c s a n i t in cla s s w In such cir um t ces , obscur y the accounts is rather a proof of t i u th and

h e i t v . genu neness , than re erse B u t t he grand objection to the Pho en ician inte rcourse with Britain is the allegation that the tin trade was carried on overland throu gh

n G aul to M arseilles . As it is an u doubted fact

o m e h fi e e i io d that s of t is traf c , at a c rtain p , did take this course , it is necessary to look care JE I I I 5 5 T H E B E L G N BR TA N .

i s fully into C rcum tances and dates , that we may ascertain the truth as nearly as posa ble

al l It must, then , be remembered , that our information respecting the commerce of Bri ~ tain With G aul refers to times subsequent t o i t h e locat on of the Belgae on the island . Caesar nf i i ai i orms us, that when he nvaded Br t n , the inland parts of the island were inhab ited by

i in - w a s the abor g es , but that the sea coast ” i i o b peopled W th Belg ans These , he ' s s s dill e r e n t a i erve , pa sing over from p rts , st ll retain th e nam es of the seve r al states whence

” t a i they are descended . They had es bl shed a n active ce in m e i-C ial intercourse With their On G allic k insmen on t h e Continent . e reaso n

h i e s ar a s m n e d t h e o r pretext w ch C i g for inva

S i i u r w as in h is a on of th s co nt y , , that all w rs

i G W th the auls, the enemies of the common wealth had ever received ass istance fro m Bri t ain t T he commerce car ried o n by those

i o n S i n k ndred people, each de of the Chan el , w as v th e w h o o n so extensi e , that merchants c d u ct ed i t an d w were many , well kno n So

i e n h a a in e d ita t e d much so , nde d , that en C es r h is in vas m ii m i , he called a eet ng of these

“ in e th e chants , hop g to learn from th m n u i i an d i im l at re of the nhab tants , acqua nt h se f

” 1 1 m] i v 28 1 , 56 T H E o a s s rr n n in n s .

s i - with the coast , harbour , and land ng places , G to all which the auls were perfect strangers , as , he says , scarcely any but merchants

” resort to that island But th e merch ants seemed to think it not likely to promote their i i i a d id nterests to be commun cat ve . C esar not procure the desir ed information But the

i l Br tons , nevertheless , earned from them the

i s ae s a s en t a r t o des gn of C r , and amb ssado s

G h im i ff aul to meet W th o ers of submission . Of h a the trade carried on by these merc nts ,

ae m C sar says , They use brass oney , and iron rings of a certain weight The p r o vm c e s

u t in remote from the sea prod ce , and those

in upon the coast , iron , but the latter no

n i s im great qua t ty . Their brass i all ported 1 Fro m th is account w e do not think it Will be ’ i f i a s generally n erred , that , pr or to C esar s war , the t in trade of Corn wall w as carried acro s s

G M i s the Channel , and over aul to arse lle

B u t i n th e , however th s may have bee , trade of whi ch w e speak began at lea st as early as

C 1 200 r h o u s B , and lasted for mo e t an a th and years N o w M a rseilles w as built by the P h o cc aii G reeks s hortly before th e expuls ion o f

ha r i v cit l l ar a t t people f om the r nati e y , by p

u s B C (500 . e n g , the Persian general , about Wh

I liad V l () T , ,

58 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . from Tarshish as one of the principal commo ” ditie i s sold in their fairs . Whence was th s

i an d obta ned , by what route did it reach Tyre ? All o u r researches have conducted us

i o f to the conclus on , that the principal part

i in th s tin was found Britain , and brought

o i i s w a from thence , in Ph en c an ve sels , by the y

th u r of G ades to Tyre . We have to e b est of o

i d i i abil ty honestly ealt W th every object on , and have only been led to adhere more

b i strongly to the opinions on this su ject , wh ch

i we publ shed long since , and which we have always entertained . It now becomes our duty to place before th e reader the positive information which ancient

i i ffi authors have recorded respect ng th s tra c . By this means he Will be enabled to judge of c o n cl u sm n s o f the soundness of our , from data

. a s i acknowledged authority These extr ct W ll. i o s s ml e in be g ven , as nearly as p , the order in th e i i o c c aS io n al which y were wr tten , W th an observation when necessary

r o h e s m d Ezekiel , who p p about or soon

1 3 e . 600 in a after , his brilliant cat logue of

“ ffi w as the tra c of Tyre , says , Tarshish thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all

i n : i v k ds of riches W th sil er , iron , tin , and ” 9“ h a in i . lead , t ey tr ded thy fa rs E z ek iel x x vn 1 2 II E R OD OT US ON T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . 5 9

th e - n wn G r e Herodotus , well k o father of c ian e 440 history, who wrote B , says, with reference to thi s subject Of that part of

I am Europe nearest to the west , not able to

I n o s peak With decision . by means believe that t he barbarians give the name of E ridanus to a river which empties itself into the North e r n is s i Sea ; whence , it a d , our amber comes

I u ai h Neither am . better acq nted wit the C as s it er ide s islands called the , from which we ar e said to have our t in . The name E ridanus is certainly not barbarous it is of G reek deri " I vation , and, as should conceive , introduced b I y one of our poets . have endeavoured , but

i t i w h o W thout success , to mee W th some one , v i from ocular obser ation , m ght describe to me “ t h e sea which lies in that part of E u r o p e ﬁ It is nevertheless certain that both our t in and o u r amber are brought from those extreme

i r eg ons . t

J C a 40 i ulius esar, about , made th s

H r e o do tu s cou ld n ot h ave allu ded t o the I tal ian E ri d an iis o r P o T i can n o o u 0 1 a a f , he c be d bt the ccu r cy o ’ “ L arc he i s o m m o n th e a T he E ri a u s r c ent pl ce d n , he e a u t o o u n o t o s s i an o r a R h ll ded , c ld p bly be y the th n the o au w i m ti s i s f i o is u a ar D an t z xc d ne, h ch e p e t el nt the V t l , ne d o n t he an banks o f w h ich amber is n o w fo u nd in large

1 ‘ T a ia h l , cxv 60 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . statement : The inland parts of Britain are i b b e nhabited y those , whom fame reports to the natives of the soil The sea- coast is peopled w th e e ith Belgians , drawn thither by the lov of war and plunder . These last , passing over t from different parts , and se tling in the coun

a s o f s try , still ret in the name the several state

ar e is whence they descended . The island

e e well peopl d , full of hous s , built after the

G a o e manner of the uls , and ab unds in cattl .

u s e as s ~ They br money , and iron rings of a cer

he tain weight . T provinces remote from the

t in sea produce ; and those up on the coast ,

i iron ; but the latter in no great quant ty ,

s i i Their bras s all imported . All k nds of wood

G ﬁr grow here the same as in aul , except the

e - t o and b ech tree . They think it unlawful feed upon hares , pullets , or geese ; yet they breed them u p fo r their d iversion and plea sure . The climate is more temperate than in

G e . is aul , and the cold less intens The island

o f S i triangular, one its des facing G aul . The

th e extremity towards Kent , whence is nearest

a G i r pass ge to aul , l es eastwa d ; the other stretches south - w est This side extends about

i ﬁve hundred m les . Another s ide looks to O h . i ward Spain , westward ver against t s lies

I r i a as eland , an sland esteemed not above h lf s s A n ON I I N . 61 JUL IUS c i BR TA

i it large as Brita n , and separated from by an interval equal to that between Britain and

i I G aul In this interval l es the sle of Mona ,

i w i besides several other lesser slands , of h ch

in i some write , that the time of the W nter solstice they have n ight for thirty days toge ther We could make out nothing of th is upon inq u iry onl y di scovered by means of o u r

i r hour glasses , that the n ghts we e shorter than in G aul The length o f this S i de is computed at seven hundred miles The last side faces

- is ar o f the north east , and fronted by no p t

i it s the Cont nent , only towards one of ex t re m itie s it seems to eye ch ieﬂ y the G ei man coast It is thought to extend in length about eight hundred miles The i nhab itants of

i - Kent , which l es wholly on the sea coast , are

civ1 h ze d i iff the most of all the Br tons , and d er

i in i o e b u t l ttle the r manner from the Cr ul . The greater part of those W ith in the country i ﬂ an d never sow their lands , but l ve on esh

a in i . in milk , and go cl d sk ns All the Britons

i s W i i general pa nt them elves th woad , wh ch

i i t i a g ves a blu sh cas to the sk n , and m kes

” u them look dreadf l in battle . D io d o r u s the S i cilian wrote just before our

8 . a era , He has given the following ccount 62 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S

of the P h ce n ician trade and the trafﬁc With Britain for t in The P h oe n w ian s in ancient

i t mes undertook frequent voyages by sea, in

w a f the y of tra ﬁc as merchants , so that they plan ted m an y colonies both in Africa and in

these western parts of E u rope . These m e r

i in i i chants , succeed ng the r undertak ng , and

t r r o w m i he eupon g g very r ch , passed at length

i in beyond the P llars of Hercules , to the sea

O fi i t i called the cean , and rst they bu l a c ty

G i called ades , near to the P llars of Hercules ,

- S i i in in at the sea de , in an sthmus Europe ,

i which , among other th ngs proper for the

th e t place , y built a s ately temple to Hercules , and instituted splend id sacrifices to be offered to h im after the rites and customs of the Phoen icians This temple is in great venera

i in tion at th s day , as well as former ages ; s o R that many of the omans , famous and renown ed both for their births and glorious

i i i act ons , have made the r vows to th s god ,

in i ffai i and , after success the r a rs , have fa th

u t . o e s f lly performed hem The Ph nician , there f u h avm ore , upon the acco nt before related, g ’ th e l ill ar s an d found out coasts beyond the ,

i i i sa l ng along by the shore of Afr ca, were on

’ a sudden drive n by a furious storm afar o il into the m ain ocean ; and after they had lain I I 6 D I OD OR US ON T H E P II CEN I C I A N S I N BR TA N . 3

under this violent tempest for many days , they at length arrived at this island and so coming

i i to the nature and pleasantness of th s sle ,

they were th e ﬁrst that discovered it to others .

Over against the French shore , opposite

M i to the Hercynian ounta ns , which are the

an t h e greatest of y in Europe , there lie in ocean many islands ; the greatest of which is

i that which they call Brita n , which anciently

m al l remained untouched , free fro foreign force ; for it was never known that either

Bacchus , Hercules , or any of the ancient

a u heroes or princes, ever made any ttempt po n it by fo r ce of arms ; but Juliu s C ae sar in our time (who by his great achievem ents gained the title of D ivine ’ ) was the ﬁrst that con

i quered the island , and compelled the Br tons to pay tribute . B u t these things shall b e more particularly treated of in the proper time . We shall now only say something con

th e is cerning island , and the tin that found

h In form it is triangular , like Sicily ; but t e

s a . side are unequ l It lies in an oblique line , over against the continent of E urope ; so that le al C an tiu m the promontory c led , next to the

continent, is , they say , ab out a hundred fur (it ’ ‘ T H E C A S S I I E R I D E S .

longs from the land Here the sea ebbs and ﬂ * . B al e riu m ows But the other point , , is four ’ days sail from the continent . L I I o r cas Orcas The last , called , or n runs out

far into the sea . The least of the S ides facing the whole continent is seven thousand an d

u ﬁve hundred f rlongs in length ; the second , stretching out itself all along from the sea t o

e the high st point , is ﬁfteen thousand furlongs ; an d the las t is twenty thousand — s e that the

whole compass of the island is forty - two

a thous nd ﬁve hundred furlongs . The inhabit

ants are the original people thereof, and live to this present tim e after their own ancient

manner and custom . In ﬁghts they use

i i G char ots , as it is sa d the old recian heroes

W a n did in the Troj an r . They dwell in mea

t e co tages , cov red for the most part with reeds

i . I n o ff or st cks reaping their corn , they cut t h e c ar s from the stalk , and so house them up in repositories under ground ; from thence th ey take them and pluck out the grains of as many of the oldest as may serve them for i the day ; and, after they have bru sed the corn , make it into bread They are of much sin

rit an d i i ce y ntegr ty , far from the craft and

v i t kna ery of men among us , contented W h

’ d T he ex ti c m o o r o f S o a . The L and s E n . T n th c tl nd

6 6 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

tw n islands , which lie be ee Britain and Europe ; for at fu ll sea th ey appear to be

l o w islands , but at water for a long way they look like so many peninsu las . Hence the merchants transport the t in they buy of the

’ i n hab itants to France ; and for thirty days

’ j ourn ey they carry it in packs on horses backs through France to the mouth of the

R i river hone . Thus much concern ng tin

“ Above Lus itania there is much of this tin

a t he met l , that is , in islands lying in the ocean

i over aga nst Iberia, which are therefore called C as s ite r id es and m u ch of it likewise is trans

i i n i G u i ported out of Br ta nto a l , the oppos te

i i t he n cont nent , wh ch mercha ts carry on t horseback through the heart of Cel ica, to ”

r i th e l . Ma se lles , and city ca led Narbo A l ) 1 8 Strabo , about , wrote on this sub c Oas s 1 t e rides r j et The are ten in numbe , and lie near each other in the ocean toward

n r h e A r ab r On e the o th from the haven of t t i.

m i of the is desert , but the others are inhab ted

m e n in ks in i s h by black cloa , clad tun c reac in i an d g to the feet, g rt about the breast,

s i walking with stave , thus resembl ng the

i a ic fu ries w e see in t g representations . They

i the subsist by the r cattle , leading for most l W l l l b k n and lead , which , with s in with the merchants for e ar th e F m t h e d brasen vessels . or erly , alone carried on this t r aﬂ i concealing the passage fr om eve en the R omans follow ed a c c r t ai that they also might ﬁn d the p - master of jealo u sy pu rposely i s pon a shoal , leading on tho him into the same de s t r u cti ie himself escaped by means of t l the ship , and received from f u e o f the cargo he had lost .

3 u e ffo , nevertheless , by freq ent the passage ; and as soon as l

c r ceiv passing over to them , p tals were du g o u t at a little dep b r in gs t o r e coll ectio n th e accou n t o f T w er e s een r u shi n g t h r o u g h t h e r an ks in ir a ar e u n er e a h e r air o e in t h e p p l f l , t i h l os ds ﬂ am n o r he s an d t e r wh l e a i g t c , h i o ]

T he D r g th e fr an tic r age of fu r ics .

r er w a n u e n v o k n th e o d , it h h ds p lift d , i i g

rr m n he n o velt or t h h o ible i p re c atio s . T T l ck th e R o m an s wit h aw e an d t e r ro r .

am aze m e n as e r m b w e re b t, if t h i li s 6 8 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

a i th t the men were peaceably d sposed, he declared it to those who already Wi shed to ffi in i t tra c th s sea for proﬁt , al hough the t i passage was lon ger than that to Br tain . Thus far concerning Iberia and the adj acent

” " islands . i

w h o A . D 7 9 Pliny , wrote about , has scat

“ ” t e re d throughout h is Natural H istory several i G t in i not ces of ades , , and the countr es whence

I t is i procured . He says , speak ng of England , Oppos1 te to this coast is the is land called

i i in th e G Br tann a , so celebrated records of reece

o w n t r h aViii and of our coun y then , g men t io n e d i i Of th e i i H bern a, he says , rema n ng i a is ai a sl nds , none s d to h ve a great

- ference than one hund i e d a n d twenty five miles .

m a r e th e O in A ong these there reades , forty

S i i i i number , and tuate W th n a short d stance of h i a A cm o d a' e each ot er , the seven sl nds called ,

H acb i id e s i in n the , th rty number , and , betwee

ib e n i i t ia i a H r a and Br ann , the sl nds of Mona,

V i im n u s n M o n a ia R i i L . p , c na, ect s , , and A dros B elo w it are t h e i slands called S am n is and

A x an t o s a n d o o s 1 tc in G e r ; pp , scattered the

4“ Viz th at t he C as s ite i idcs ru e fai ther i e m o ve d fi o m the

‘ T S l RA B O 1 1 1 1 1 . , , v , ea as t h e G l a , are those known hich the G reek s have more r

f th e c ir eu the Electrides , rom r u e le ctm m r prod cing , or ambe m ote of all that we ﬁn d menti

v u in which , as we ha e previo sly no night at the s u mmer solstice is passing throu gh the sign o f C

a on the other h nd , at the wint h ere is no day . Some writers that this state of things lasts

. aeu th months together Tim s , l lvI i says , that an island ca led ’ six days sail of Britannia, in ead is fou nd and that the Brito o it in b e at s o f osier covers

. ar e hides There writers , als en tio n o f —S some other islands , D u th mna, Bergos , and , greater from which persons embark for ’ day s sail from Thu le is the which by some is called the 0 ing of the Islands in the O n e u O a thor says , pposite to

u e th e re a n mb r of islands , by 0 7 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

abounding in tin and , facing the promontory o f A r r o t reb ae the , are the six islands of the gods , which some persons have called the

Fortunate Islands . At the very commence

ae - ﬁve ment of B tica, and twenty miles from

u G t h e the mo ths of the Straits of ades , is

G i e island of adis , twelve m les long and thr e broad , as Polybius states in his writings . At

a n its ne rest part , it is less than seven hu dred

i n feet distant from the mainland , While the remainin g portion it is distant more than

. ﬁf seven miles Its circuit is teen miles , and it has o n it a city which enj oys the rights of

R o m an i i ar e c t zens , and whose people called t h e Augustani of the City of Julia G aditana .

On th e side which looks towards Spain , at ’ about one hundred paces distance , is another

i long island , three m les wide , on which the original city of G ades stood . By Ephorus and

hil istide s E r thia a P it is called y , by Tim eus

i i i and Silenus Aphrod s as , and by the nat ves

T im aiu s Ju n e . the Isle of says , that the

C o t in u sa larger island used to be called , from it s olives ; the R omans call it T art es s o s ; the

h i G i — in Cart ag nians , ad r , that word the Punic

’ ‘ al language signifying a hedge . It was c led

E r thia a y because the Tyrians , the origin l t o a ncestors of the Carthaginians , were said nam e . ier w r i on in his treatise , when nes and of white and black lead The natu re of lea d comes next

There are two kinds of red . n th d the black . The white is c : it was called by the G reek an d there is a fabu lou s story ing in qu e s t o f it to the islan ds

u and of its being bro ght in c ,

osiers , and covered with hides . own that it is the produ ction 0

ec s a u d G all cia . It is a nd fo nd

k 0 0 1 0 of the earth , and of a blac d i i h to be etected by t s we g t .

1 w ar ticu l ith small pebbles , p

o f m ed beds rivers . The iner i d , and calcine the deposit in t It is also fou nd in the gold min

a bu t/id ) th e o f own as , stream s p assed throu gh them detachi

’ “ N at u r a H L I N Y S o r b k iv h a . o . l ist y , o , c p ‘ 7 2 T H E c a s sm nn in n s .

tain black pebbles , mottled with small white

a . n spots , and of the s me weight as gold He ce it is that they remain with the gold in the

in it is baskets which collected ; and , being

in separated the furnace, are then melted , and become converted into white lead .

“ u in G all a‘ e cia Black lead is not proc red , although it is so greatly abundant in the neighbouring province o f Can tabria ; nor is silver procured from white lead, although it is b e from black . Pieces of black lead cannot soldered without the in t e i ven tio n of white lead , nor can this be done without employing th e oil ; nor can white lead , on other hand , be united Without the aid of black lead . White lead w as held in estimatio n in the days even of

T r O an —a is a the J War, fact that ttested by i ’ a c as s tero s . Homer , who c lls it There are two different sources of black lead : it being w procured either from its own native ore, here it is produced without the intermixture of any f other substance, or else rom an ore which contains it in common with silver, the two metals being fused together . The metal which ﬁrst becomes liquid in the furnace is called s tam m m ; the next that melts is silver ; and the m i — etal that rema ns behind is galena, the t a third constituen p rt of the mineral . On

7 41 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . an d included every place of importance in the

n e the known world, must hav required cen t u ries a r to re r up , and fully conﬁ ms the very early date which is given to the rise of the Phoenician pe ople as a great commer cial p ow er The trade in tin is attributed to Tar ” s h isli th e m fo r i , as erchant the commod ty , W ithout any mention of the place whence it was procured . Herodotus speaks w ith great caution on this subject . Still , taking the text of his state ment as it stands, the real fact it embodies is , that the t in country of Western Europe was kn own to h im although not so minutely

is and fully as he desired . This what might b e

r w expected , conside ing the age in which he rote, and the jealous care with which the Phoenicians kept secret the s e at s of their most distant and proﬁtable commercial operations . It w as not likely that he could obtain very fu ll inf o r

th as si ri s mation respecting e C te de . But this comparative ignorance of the father of history is s trong evidence that the tin trade had n o t yet been diverted from the maritime cours e to — the overland route through G aul to Marseilles .

’ If in his day the l lio cean G reeks of that city

’ “ 4“ WI I M S M I T I i s D i ion ar of G o ra D . B LL A ct y e g phy , e t in merc y have escaped his notice ; and

u m e he wo ld have had the this , g all he wished respecting the e the commodity was procu red . n o f u is y Herodot s , however , cle

0 . Althou gh he avows that his was li m ited as to the situ ation

o f u rides , and the co ntry in the e amber was r eported to have it k , he was not , li e more ready to denou nce as ﬁction 0 port or tradition re specting w hj not obtain clear and su fﬁcient Hero dotu s did what he cou l (1 into the circu mstances o f this thou gh he cou ld not b e fu lly s a ing the geography o f the C as sit the river whence amber was pro con vinced himself that no other 0 m ed these co m odities . He acco r

th e positive assertion , It is s

t o u r certain , tha both tin an are brou ght from these e

e ra h a kn w e e th e G re ek fo g og p ic l o l dg of s , — er H er u an d w ke his m u odot s , h ic h , li , st on b a n e r m P o en an s u r es —m a o t i d f o h ici o c , y E 2 7 6 H E E T C A S S I T R I D E S .

The account given by Caes ar appears to b e

i th e a d decisive aga nst the notion , that overl n route for t in to Mar se illes had been Op ened t . i x e e before his day If had e ist d, he must hav

it . H avm o G known of g c nquered aul , and convened the m erchants trading with B ritain for th e special purpose of procuring informa

th e fact c tion concerning island , this ould not

e e have be n concealed , had the trad existed at

e that time . It must also be remember d that

a his R C esar did not collect information at ome,

D e an but at Boulogne , Calais , and over , wh re y overland tr afﬁc with Britain must have been a s ubject of notoriety The only r emark made th e R i i c T h e by oman ch ef on th s subje t is , ” r s ea provinces remote f om the produce tin , — words which prove his kno wledge that th e metal was found in the island ; and his ign o m the fol lo wm g pas s age fi o m Aris to tle B ey o nd the ’ l illai s o f H r u s o a ﬂ o ws rou ar in is e c le , the ce n nd the e th th o a o w r ar e t wo is a s an d o s r ar a d ce n , h eve , l nd , th e ve y l ge, c lle Bu t an n ia io an d I ci n e w i w e ar r a o s e , Alb n , h ch l ge th n th b fo r m io an d o Kel t i an d o t r t w o e e ent ned , he bey nd the ; he n o t ss a s T a i o b an c o the I ia s l in le th n the e, p , bey nd nd n , y g o i u in r s o f m am a an d a a P " bl q ely e pect the l nd, th t c lled hebe , " s i u a o r a ai s t he A i ab ic G u l : m o r o r n o t a fe w t te ve g n t l e ve , s m a is a s ai o u n d t h e B rit ann ie I s l s an d I ria e nu r cle ll l nd , e be , as W i a ia m is cai th w i we a ah ead s ai to th d de th , h ch h ve y d ” D e M n da . 3 be an is a . a l nd ( , c ) o ze s an AND D I OD OR US . 7 7

n r a ce of the locality w hence it was brought,

n d . a of all the circumstances of the trade For , a lthough the par t o f Britain where tin was f d w as - oun , remote from the only sea coast of h a ai t e island with which he was cqu nted , it

- e . was , neverth less, also on the sea coast And a s he specially mentions other branches of

i an d d merchand se , oes not say a word respect in a d g the tin tr e, the fair presumption is that he knew n oth ing of it . But he must have known it had it been carried on overland to M arseilles .

m a D io do ru s Fro the ccount of , it seems e d i th e vident , that , ur ng half century which e lapsed from the t ime of Ca esar to tha t of t he S ian h t in icil author , Britis had been trans ferred across G aul to the mouth of the R hone

T h a d l a i yre fa len , and Carth ge had per shed , G ades had been independent for a while, but a t this tim e all Spain h ad been for a long period a R oman p r o vm ee The conditions of the tin trade had entire ly changed . The mild s way of Augustus h ad give n peace to th e whole R oman empire ; and there w as now no re ason why the G allic citizens of R ome might not extend their trade to the extreme south

o f th e r tin west B itish island , take , w ith

i i other commod t es , to Boulogne or any 7 8 r u n C A S I ’ ‘ S I E R I D E S .

s other French port, and end it overland to

Marseilles . There never was a greater error in com m e r cial geography than that committed by the learned Whitaker , and those who have followed h im i , in supposing that the Isle of W ght is

o i D io do r u s . i the I t s of It assumes that , n ne

r a o w as teen hundred yea s g , this island near

an d it the mainland , separated from by a channel so shallow as to be dry at low

i water , when carts could easily pass over W th m e r cl ian dise — an , assumption in itself most

i e improbable , and unsupported by a t ttl of physical evidence And this very strange sup

1 n is o n it s n i pos tio based the fact , that a c ent

Ve cte s i o name , , ident ﬁes it with the I tis of

D io do ru s the i ff , notwithstanding essent al di er

th e im r ence between the two names , and p o h ability that one would merge into the other . And for what purpose ar e these daring suppo s 1 t io n s assumed as facts ? For the purpose of ch al lenging belief in a statement more m o re dible than w as ever be fore propoun ded by

m e n sober , namely, that tin was taken by land i two hundred miles , to be sh pped at the Isle

i of W ght , when there were harbours equally good close to the localities where the metal was raised " A n d this is assumed as the ’ ' ' ‘ I C E S M OU N T II E I C I I S . 79 s r . M HA L T means of harmonizing th e facts with the state

r i i ment of an autho who d st nctly says , that the men who dig and prepare the tin carry it ” “ i n w a t ha n d to a Br tish isle e , but which ,

i w as a ccording to th s notion , two hundred

i ff T h e G i R m les o . all c or oman vessels

i wh ch came from France to the Isle of Wight, c ould with equal cas e have extended their

n l m voy age to the excelle t harbour of Fa outh , ’ w th e R well kno n to omans , or to Mount s

h I ct is D io do m s Bay . T e of is undoubtedly

’

S t . M Michael s ount, in the bay above

an d a mentioned , to which it gives its n me . We have anticipated our comment on the s o f S t i ab o w tatement , by sho ing, on a pre c a eding p ge, that the coast of Cornwall is o a s pposite to , or , this author correctly says ,

“ ” A r t ab r i north from , the haven of the , or

h i in i t e modern Corunna . Th s itself s sufh c ient to identify Cornwall With the C as s iter ide s f o this geographer . We have then to call a i h is a “ ttent on to positive ssertion , that for merly th e P h oen iCian s alone carried on this ff ” tra ic from G ades . This testimony is most w important, and will have due eight with every n d c o si erate mind . Nor is there anyth ing in the story of th e Phoenician captain lin in g the

R m th a o an vessel to destruction , rather an llow 80 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

it w a T in to track the y to the Islands , which

i in m ght not such an age have occurred But , if it it happened , must have been subsequent

i to the fall of Tyre , and probably dur ng the rivalry of Carthage and R ome The discovery

T in i of the Islands by Publ us Crassus must , if the conjecture of S ir G C o r n ew all L ewis

n i h im is concer ng correct , have taken place after the time of Ju l iu s Cae sar The ﬁrst sentence w e have quoted from Pliny gives no countenance to the notion that Bri tain w as a country unknown to the G reeks and R omans He speaks of it as celebrated in the records of G reece and of our o w n (the R oman) country It is very difficult to r e co n cﬂ e the geography of thi s author t o th e names and local ities known to

a s us . The Orc de have been supposed to be

Oi k n e s A cm o dae i o f the y , the the slands Shet

s o m c land , of the other names have been referred to parts of th e coast o f Norway but in i i i respect of all these , var ous op n ons have

I n explanat io n o f th e c o ncl u d ing s enten c e o f the pas s age

u o fro m S t i ab o a as s a t o the Oxl l liC l l t b was q ted , th t the p ge fai r 1 1 0 1 1 1 o as o f E u ) o e a a t o B r i ai it m a the thec t p th n th t t n , y o b s ei vc d a S ra o i f i o o m m o e i i o r be , th t t b ev dently ell nt the c n o f h is da a n d i d t in dis t iic ts o f C ei n w all t o y , bel eve the be

82 T H E C A SS I T E R I D E S .

i h e i his wh ch was acquainted Pliny , W th i i i it defect ve nformation , m ght well esteem a

t in M ict is fable , that all the was brought from

it is h is but nevertheless , as learned annotator

“

r . observes , not very remote from the t uth The o r e s of t in are know n to m ust in G all icia but the mines in that country are scanty com ” 1 r is i pared to those of Co nwall It , ndeed ,

l - h C as s 1 t e ride s a wel attested fact , t at the sup

i th o i i t in p l ed anc ent world W th , as the same neighbo u rhood still contin u es to fu r n ish the greater pai t of such supplies There is con S id c r ab l e probability that the account which Pliny g ives of the ﬁnding of stones of t in

in t he fa e ores beds of brooks , and on the sur c

h i T h i t e r u s . e t n of g o nd , correct veins reach ing t h e su rface were exposed to all the changes

th e i i r ivu of atmosphere , the act on of ra n and

i t in i avel lets from the h lls ; stones of and g ,

i n i i t in W th sand co ta n ng , were thus washed i th e u r i down nto valleys , and fo nd as desc bed . T h e test imony of this R oman writer to the an t i m t i h is q y of th s trade, and statements that t in w as in use and highly esteemed before t h e i T r O an is in t me of the j war, harmony with al l t he other accounts which have been

’ ’ ’ “ ’ B o s r o c u s o l L iN Y s Na u ra I I is t Oi B o hn s n te , t l y , e i io v o l Vi 2 1 2 d t n , p ’ E T H E I II CEN I C I A N T RRI TORY . 83

quoted . His positive assertion that in his day

a in i tin w s not produced Ind a , although so highly esteemed there that precious stones an d pearls were given in exchange fo r this

u al metal , sho ld not be forgotten, especi ly by those who have been inclined to look to the East for supplies of the article in ancient times . We are now prepared to furnish a sketch of the rise and progress of thi s branch of m ancient com erce , as far as the fragments of information w hich have come down to us will permit .

T h e oe th e Ph nician territory in Palestine ,

w as home and seat of the nation , very limited

in . n extent It was a part of the Syria coast ,

i A r adu s extend ng from Tyre to , about a hundred and twenty miles in length , and

i averag ng about twenty in w idth . It was favoured with many excellent bays and har h bours , and numerous islands studded t e c i oast, while the land was div ded by lofty

a mount ins . Sidon , the parent city of the

i state , was founded in t mes so remote , that no record or legend affords an y information r e specting it ; nor is it possible to ﬁx with c i erta nty the date of Tyre . Herodotus says , that the Ty rians boasted to him that their II E E T C A S S I T R I D E S . temple and city had been built years before h is time and great weight is due to h is

i . s author ty But Dr Hales , regarding thi i statement as an exaggerat on , ﬁxed the foun dation of th e city at 226 7 b el ievm g that

“ the numeral letter denoting a thousand w as dropped from the text of Josephus This is

it not a very satisfactory reason , although derives some p r obab il ity from the fact that Josephus had the best means of information

1 267 c is on the subject , and his date , B

i i . J notor ously ncorrect For oshua, about

1 600 i th e , repeatedly calls the parent c ty great Z idon 1 and speaks of th e more recent capital as the strong city of Tyre I The extreme antiquity of S idon is there

n m fore u doubted , and her co merce and manu

e i i factur s gave her early and un versal celebr ty ,

J in i C 1 900 acob , who was Palest ne about B , alludes to th e practice of navigation by this people Z ebulon shall dwell at the haven: o f

i the sea, and he shall be for an haven of sh ps ;

” h is o Z i and b rder shall be unto don . II cr o do t u s conﬁrm s th e early devotion of this

i i i in people to mar t me pursu ts , by assert g that

i c u i th e from their earl est o c pat on of country ,

“ C hm n o l o v o l i 41 1 1 41 T Jo s u a x i 8 x ix 28 gy , , p h ,

o u a 1 29 G s is i . 1; J s h x x . ene xl x 1 3 E ANTI " U I TY o r PHO N I C I AN C OMME RC E . 85 they soon distin guished themse lves by their ” s long and en t er p r is m g voyage . Justin a b sserts , that Tyre was founded a year efore

n the fall of Troy . Having mentio ed the a building of Sidon , he says , Many ye rs after, their city being stormed by the king of th e

A s cal o n ian s a , s iling away to the place where

r Tyre stands , they built that city the yea

r . before the fall of T oy t But it is certain ,

is e st from what stated above , that this city xi ed

h Ju some centuries before this time , so t at stin c t h e i ould not mean ﬁrst erect on of Tyre .

o h is o w n This is apparent fr m account . The word he u s es to set forth this building o f th e c s ity , is precisely the same as he employ to

i it describe the restorat on of by Alexander .

is o r It pr bable , the efore , that Tyre , havin g e i o xisted for a long t me as inferior to Sid n ,

w as and a mart for its commerce , , on th e siege of the parent city , on account of its

i previous position and mil tary strength , r e garded as a suitable seat for the centre and metropolis of the people , and a refuge for the

i populat on of Sidon . So that when they found themselves unable to resist the king of As e al o n i d , they ret re on board their ships with

i an d i , their famil es and property , sa led to Tyre

Cho . , 1 1 c x vu i 3 86 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

which city henceforth becam e the Phoenician

i i h cap tal , and rap dly increased in wealt and

population .

Afterward, in the days of their highest

prosperity, the people of Tyre claimed for their c ity the honour of being the metropolis in th e

u n f llest sense , and even we t so far as to place on a com of the age of Antiochus I V Mother ” t o f i i B u t the S don ans . no claims of this kin d can rebut the uniform testim on y of all

i i i ancient history and trad t on , that S don was ,

th e i i o for many ages , pr nc pal city of the Ph e

n ic ian t people . The early prosperi y of Sidon , and th e ﬂ ourishing state of its commerce

an d m th e anufactures, are attested by all remains of antiquity which refer to the in habitants of the coasts of the inner M e diter

rancah in ancient times . The vase of silver which Achilles proposes as a prize in th e fu neral games in hono u r of Patrocl u s was a work of

’ ‘ i T h ff the sk lfu l Sidonians . e garment o ered by II c cu b a as a propitiation to Min erva w as

r w s the wo k of the Sidonian women , hom Pari

had brought with him to Troy , when he visited Phoe nicia . The bowl of sil ver with edges of gold which M e iiel au s gives to Tele m ac hu s l l e h aest o n is called a work of p , and

’ “ KEN RI OK B P hoinicra 58 . , p C E LE BRI TY o r r m E N iC iAN MANU FAC TURE S . 87

i was given to him by a king of the Sidon ans . The narrative of E umaeus exhibits Phoenician s i at once as merchants and pirates . S don is spoken of in the same passage as abounding

r U in works of b as s . lysses also represents himself as h av m g been left on the island of Ith aka by the Phoenicians while t h ey sailed

‘ away to the well - peopled S i donia To this enumeration w e might add the breast plate of elaborate workman ship presented by

i al the k ng of Cyprus to Agamemnon , as

m i ready entioned , and many other cur ous and costly works noticed incidentally by ancient au th o r s ﬁ' but these are sufficient to s how that

o in the earliest ages , bef re Tyre had arisen

oe into prominence and honour , the Ph nicians were famous for their navigation , manu

i factures , and commerce . It W ll be univer sally admitted that these must have attained a high degree of per fection to have earned such great celebrity . Withou t extensive navi

at io n ia g and commerce , mater ls for these manufactures could not possibly have been

i o bta ned in that age . This people were th e

th e ﬁrst in ﬁeld ; they had to create a navy , t o

’ “ KEN RI O K B P o i ia 3 1 1 h en c , p . ’ r ” 1 S ee H OM ER S I ia vi 290 iii 7 43 7 4A O s l d, xx , , dy ' ' ' ' ' ‘ I O VZJJI I U U S Ll UUUb S ZJil y 1 ) 1 U u r e d and then to acqu ire al ed in the manu factu re of a v of u nrivalled excellence an les ‘ der that the thorou gh comme f i this people may be app re c . ry to observe that their de ipp e ar s to have exclu ded all

1 ze and aggrandi ment , almo u nity . An eminent a u thor

1 g accou nt of this . cou ntry iich broke with great fu ry i

‘ il o l ‘ O l , had probab y separated r o m o n t o r ie s from the m ain l ' forming little islands at a s

‘ s v rom the shore , are not les ian f n the mainland itsel , bei covered with extensive colic i u u i n . A r ad s g cities Th s , ,

'n f o f oe rontier city Ph nicia, of these islands ; and opposit

u whie inland was Antarad s ,

i e from it . Abou t eighteen ii th i d st of th s stoo , and still

B bl u s at a like distance , y , and

A i fu r tl of don s ; and again ,

K i o n th . e a s eep ng al g co st,

90 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

o n Ph enician army . The country ever became

h i . E one state ac of the pr ncipal cities , Sidon ,

A r adu s B b l u s h ad ow n Tyre, , and y , its king ,

who ruled over it and an adjoining territory .

It w as the same with the Phoenician colonies . Cyprus had its own king before the Trojan

war . There were undoubtedly times when all these would feel that their interests required a union of all their powers to maintain the common safety but this would be an alliance

i of sovereign states , and not the act on of one

t h e people . In the time of greatest power of

c an Tyre , there be no doubt that she exercised a dominant inﬂ uence over the smaller cities ; ~ it s u b e ct io n i but was their J , not thei alleg ance ,

P cr s1 a that was secured . If the power of prevailed , the accustomed tribute would be

r r e transfe red from Tyre to it, as a necessary

i sult . The same pecul arity is seen in respect of their m ilitary pow er . Although in their early history it is well know n that the Phoe n ician s were pirates as well as merchants ,

in i and made provision the r voyages , not only

o wn fo r r for their defence , but also agg essive measures , when these would serve their pur p o s e ; yet they do n o t appear to h a ve formed

1 : r e ve i i fo r ce any g nati mil ta y , but rather to have relied on c o n tin geiit s supplied by their 1 I NTE NS E DE VOTI O N C OMME RC E . 9

colonies , and on other hired troops , even for

H e the defence of their royal cities . Hence the

s L a brew prophet ays , They of Persia, of ydi ,

L i . and of yc a, were thy warriors they hanged their shields and helmets in thee . They of

Arvad were in thine army , about thy walls , and kept watch before thy gates : they hanged

u their shields upon thy towers , and have th s ” f made thee illustrio u s . h But , as the father of istory has said , the long and enterprising voya ges which w ere prosecuted by this people , soon after their

a settlement in Palestine , l id the foundation of

- r e i i this wide sp ead greatness . Their s l ne ther in quantity nor quality w as calculated to p i e du cc great wealth ; while their genius a n d inclination led them to maritime pursuits . As we have already shown , the neighbouring

i i i islands were ﬁrst colon zed , and the r m neral an d vegetable produ ctions carefu lly collected and applied to the purposes of manufacture

. h and commerce It is highly probable , t at most of the isles of the G recian Ar chipela go w e re u o occupied and explored for these p rp ses , an d s evei al we r e afterward abandoned as not being suffi ciently valuable ; and others t o avoid war, when the Carians , and subsequently

E 7 eki l e x x vu 1 0 1 1 . , 92 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

G i i th e se the reeks , extended the r colon es to i i B u t slands , and even to Asia M nor . dis e o u r agem en t s of this kind d id not check the ardour of this indomitable people What they

in - w a s a lost the north east , amply compens ted

i by a great extens on in the west . We have already noticed the great extent of their colo n iz atio n in i i i i Crete , S c ly , Malta , Sard n a,

i i the cont nent of Afr ca, and even to the Atlantic co asts of Spain But although indisputable e Vide iic e can be given in p i o o f of th is vast range of e ai ly

o i ia i i n w e ar e Ph en c n nav gat o , well aware , i o i that men st ll l ok doubt ngly on the subject , and say that this Wide extent of maritime and c o m m e i c ial en t e i i is e u p , at s ch an early date , must have i e qu ii e d the greatest courage and genius of the most skilful navigator that

m o r e ever ploughed the ocean , and than can reasonably be expected to have been called into operation at this eai ly period o f the

’ world s history And the reasonable o bJe c t io n — I f ff has been urged , such an e ort had been successfu lly m ade if the Wild Atlanti c had i u f been explored , and the m neral treas res o Spain a n d Britain had been dis c o ve i ed and

i w e m i ai c real zed , surely ght f rly expe t to hear somethin g at least of the dai iiig iiidi

94. T H E CA S S I T E R I D E S .

: living , or the illustrious dead these , placed

n i i amo g the statues of their de t es , were by the peopl e at no distant day regarded as D ivine . G i if uided by these general princ ples , we w e look into the Pantheon of Tyre, ﬁnd their

u n principal deity called Her cules . But ab dant evidence proves that the accounts given of this deity w ere altogether different from those current of the G recian Hercules ; although there c an be no question but that many of the exploits of the celebrated Tyrian have been incorporated into the labours of the deiﬁed G reek . The Tyrian hero is frequently * e w as spoken of as a nativ of Egypt, and ’ w o r shipp e d r long before the son of Alcmene

a w as born . Herodotus w s so much interested an d puzzled by what he heard in Egypt on

satisfac this subject , that , unable to obtain a tory solution of his doubts in that country , he made a voyage to Tyre , expressly for the pur pose o f getting the desired inf o r m atio n ﬁl He

th e there learned from the priests , that Tyrian Hercules was adored in Phoenicia b e

in G i fore h e was known reece . W th this truth before us , we direct attention to the fact, that

’ “ ” T A OI T U S S a s l l 1 60. Ann l , 1 ‘ H ano n o r' v s E u r I bid 45 , te pe, 1 w hich were necessary to l ay OI fé world , are so similar to the of the tenth labou r of the

b r o i s , that we are irresistibly

u s u el sion , that the daring and of the great Tyrian led to tl

of the elaborate legends which ,

C of his toils , adorn the hara

of Ju piter . It will be rec scene of the G reek hero co

ex t ei Mediterranean sea , and whence he j ou r neyed westward W known by his name , here he erected a pillar o n each prom i prosecu ted his expedition to h e war u pon the son of Chrysa ” gold , where his exploits were s e e s sfu l that he secu red the sp e

u s w hich he so ght . application of the G reek legend

of ou rs . The similarity is so has forced itself on the notice incu t au thors who have trea

c . l u n j et Heeren , a l di g to thi observes , The attempt to cl slain ever oar tic u l ar o f thi 96 T H E e a s s m n n in n s . remote antiquity Some of the principal fea tures of this all e go i y I shall n evertheless

n in cu i r in i ve ture to expose , fearless of g th s

1 .

Hercules i s said to have undertaken h is

io W i iiu m e i o u s ﬂ i expedit n th a eet , wh ch as

C r e t e i a n m i i sembled at ; an sl d for ng , as W ll r iii C i al i presently be seen , one of the p p l nks of the Pho enician chain of colonies Its

w as i u i in obj ect Spa n , the co ntry abound ng

W he i e gold , and Chrysaor , the father of

G i eryon , re gned Hercules passed through

i i i Afr ca , Where he ntroduced agr culture , and i o t built the great c ty I I e c at m pyl o s . He hus

i i came to the stra t , wh ch he crossed over to

G i i h im an d ades Spa n subm tted to , he carr ied away the oxen of G eryon as booty ;

i h is w a G tak ng y back through aul , Italy , and the i sles of S icily and Sardinia

“ The principal features of this allegory seem s c ai ce ly t o r equire an explanation It is only among a maritime people that this f mythos could have been formed , as a leet is

fo r r i i ﬁtted out the unde tak ng . That th s took

C r e t e i i place at , the most conven ent sland , shows that the party did not extend their Views beyond the wes tern Mediterranean until they h ad w ell established their dominion o ver

‘ ‘ 9 8 T 1 1 1 3 ea s sm nn in n s . most elaborate and convincing exposition of

h i P oen cian history and commerce , conduct in g h is readers to conclusions similar to

—J ‘ T h e those just quoted . He says gods whom w e have hitherto mentioned belonged

i M E L R I a s to Ph oenic a generally . KA T I w the

i espec al and tutelary god of Tyre , by the diffusion of whose colonies h i s worship w as c ai ried far and Wide over the ancient H is i world . name, which denotes K ng ’ i i i i of the C ty , nd cates this pecul ar cha

i ract er . Under the sl ghtly altered form of

M in G e elicertes , he appears the reek myth

i att i ib u t e s o f i i i i logy , W th the a mar t me d v ‘ n it o f ae y , and the synonym Pal mon , or the

’ i Wrestler , an ep thet of Hercules . The later

s i Pagan cons dered Hercules as the sun , and the number of h is t welve labours appears to have been fixed With an astronom i cal refer fe w ence but , if any , of them have an astro

i i i n o m c al or gin . Those wh ch relate to Egypt and A frica h ave evidently originated in the even ts o f Pho enician colonization or commer C iu i o i G l ntercourse, c ns dered from the reek

in Vi w n i G as po t of e , accordi g to wh ch reece w

h is the source and centre of all undertakings ,

— s h is i the cene of b rth and his ap otheosis . Wherever the Pho enicians had established his M E L OA R T II TII E H E RC ULE S o r TY RE 99

G worship , there the reeks supposed the Theban

i i hero to have made an exped t on , and per him formed some exploit , by which h e proved self s u perior to th e native gods and heroes of

i the country . In Egypt he k lls Busiris ; from the gardens of the Hesperides he carries o ff the golden apples under the name of M ace r is lie i i conquers Sard n a, at the head of a host of

L h e i ae di ibyans ; vanqu shes Ant us , the guar an of the L ibyan deserts assumes the functions

iii t h e of Atlas supporting heavens , estab lishes h is Pillars at the Straits and drives o ff the herds of G e r yones from E ry th c ia In all these countries the P h oen iC iaii s had established thems elves l ong before G reek mythology had been developed into form ; and therefore we cannot hesitate in attributing these legends to the characteristic desire of the G reeks to ap

r o r iat e i p p everyth ng to themselves . Nor is it unlikely that some of the labours of Hercul es in G i reece , in clear ng the country , and exter m in atin g wild beasts , may represent the in ﬂ u ence of Pho enician civilization ; or that his descen t into Hades was suggested by the establishment of h is worship in the extreme

West , and on the verge of the unseen world ” T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

i i i Thus , e ther by de fy ng the hero who made

i i these great d scover es , and opened up the shores of the Atlantic to the commerce of

oe i i i Ph n c a, or by identify ng his actions with the attributes and character of the t u telary

e i d ty of Tyre , these exploits were celebrated

i i by that people , and ult mately appropr ated to adorn the mythological legends of G reece .

is i It our obj ect , as far as poss ble , to regard these various and curious legends as the permanent remains of measures taken at th e i period , in accordance W th the usages o f i i the t mes , to celebrate the great act ons of this noble P h oe n icm n discoverer It Will tend to show more fully the extent of these usages , in assignin g the most iin p Oi t an t discoveries to

h i i i t s divin ty, to state that the invent on of 46 w as i h im w as letters also ascr bed to , as the discovery of the Tyrian purple dye t In the

i u is i latte case , Herc les represented as a ph lo ’ w h o s aw d sopher , a shepher s dog with his

u i i i co m /re mo th sta ned from b t ng the , and was thence led to the application of this dye to the

i i colour ng of cloths, wh ch henceforth became

i as an important art cle of commerce, and w

C i e E n o D c N am H/ Z D eoo‘ m n l ib iii c a 1 6 , p

’ l “ l A L AOI’ l I A T ] I l /r a oncfn tif wn D c s cn l w /w P if m w w t y , p ,

F et u s S w ab s s ave Oiw o am o A lex andi m 0 e x ,

1 02 H E A E R I D E T C S S I T S . scarcely possible that a people so en t erp rism g and inquisiti ve could have remained long ignorant of such an important fact . Does not this C ircumstance explain the account which

i i Strabo has given in a rel g ous form , and which

i ? appears on a preced ng page We are told, th e expedition that was sent to form this

n ff i i th e colo y , on o er ng the usual sacr ﬁce , found

i i u n omens inausp c ous , and ret r ed for further instructions ; that a second locality was tried C with the same result, and that at length ades

i was selected . Was this because , dur ng their

i i i i stay and nqu r es at Malaga, they obta ned information that a pl ace nearer the great

e i u mineral ﬁ ld of the country m ght be sec red , and one at t h e same time more remote from the intrusion of rival merchants ? D id the

h C arte ia ? G ~ same t ing occur at At ades , how

u ever, they sec red their object, and found themsel ves in the centre of th e grand mineral

an d ﬁeld of Spain , far away from the chance

i of competit on . The dread of the great ocean was for ages t h e most potent bulwark th at could p o s s 1 bly defend the n ew colony from

i intrus on o r rivalry . But altho u gh no particulars have i e ach e d u s

i from th s remote era, it is plain, from the

n legends and fables arisi g out of the subject, e Phoenician s cou ld not obtain p e a

o f u ion all they req ired, and tha had to enforce the object o f his

u G itar y power . It wo ld seem that ii o f k n o f T ar t e s su s s the i g , oppo s s u a in that co ntry ; and that,

T ar t e s sian rin c contest, the p d an d u in and slain, the conq eror re reat spoil and u ndispu ted possess r ri r t o y . This G eryon is som ed as having had three heads ,

f u u three bodies . This ab lo s repro 3 been explained as meaning that ir e c h s s o f t h e k 0 brot er , ons ing , a e o f a s nc three n tive prince , who e f fo r t h e ex concert, was ormed p

s t r an er s b u t a g ; that they were -d by t he su perior power o f M e 3 fo rce s c t" Having p u t down all an d obtai n ed peace fu l possession on which G ade s was afterward mu ch o f the cou ntry abou t T a r

u d th e h oe r req ire , P nician he o

s o f ard , and took po session the

r is i , whe e he said to have

4« r m x v . li , ( C 1 04 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

Corunna . A glance at the map of Europe will be su ﬂ i cicn t to show t h e importance of a settlement at this place to any commercial

i i i i people occupy ng Cad z , and W sh ng to extend their trade to the more northern parts of Europe The testimony of the ancient author

i i i i is conﬁrmed by a trad t on st ll rema ning, that at this place a tower w as erected by the

i ia it Phoen c ns , and used as a pharos , and that

i was ded cated to Hercules . This tower at a later period w as repaired by t h e R omans and de

T h e i e i s voted to Mars tower st ll r ma n , and a L at in inscr iption on a meta l plate alfix e d to it conﬁrms th e tradi ti on but a learned Spanish writer consider s the present erection as a work

H av m g placed his conquests in Spain under

r n w e i t h e prope governme t , are nformed that Phoenician hero proceeded north ward through

i a G i Celt c , ( aul , ) putt ng an end to the usual imp ieties an d murdering of strangers ; and

n fo n i i a h is the u ded a c ty , wh ch , on ccount of

1 06 T H E c a s srr n a in ns .

- ence to Alesia also , time honoured reports confirm the statements cf B ie de rns . We are a i i 1 8 1 ssured , that , accord ng to tradit on , A e a h was founded by Hercules , w ich would imply that the place had been originally a Phoenician ” 9k stronghold for purposes of inland traffic . Nor is t his the only evidence which identifies this town and district with Phoenician arts an d infl uence The people here were supposed to have invented the art of tinning articles of

i S i h metal , and of plat ng with lver t ey were at least distinguished for the ve i y early prae

“ i in tice of these arts . Pl ny says It was the G allic provinces that the method w as dis covered of coating articles of copper With i white lead (tin), so as to be scarcely d stin gu ish abl e from S ilver articles th u s plated are known as m co c l zl m t At a later p e i io d the people of the town o f Alesia began to use a si ” i i i s il m ilar process for plat ng art cles W th ver . l

The account goes on to state , that after rear

u i ing this city , Hercules fo ght with the g ants

i B er io n n Alb on and g , and the passed through

editio n

’ Nat u i al is t OJ oo x x x a ( P I Y S H w . 1 1 8 1 7 1 L N y , b k ch p ( ) 1 0 T H E P lI fE N I C I A N E XPE DI TI ON . 7

G aul into Italy , where he waited for the return

h is ﬂ of eet . But we do not rely on these state ments any further than they are conﬁrmed by the planting of settlements , and sanctioned by o e x e prevalent traditions . If the Ph enician p dition prosecuted its voyage so extensively as

i these accounts evidently ind cate , so as to be

if i brought within sight of the cl fs of Brita n , few Will pronounce it improbable that they l e shou d hav coasted its southern shores , so as to have discovered the part of the island where tin was abundantly produced . Further proofs o f a an this m y be given hereafter . But o in i bservation may be made here , explanat on of th e difﬁculty which has been supposed to arise from th e statement that th e C as s1 te r ides were several islands ten is the number some times given . I t is not to be supposed that vessels sufﬁciently large to trade from Tyre to

Gr th e n i ades , and then to navigate Atla t c ,

s n i i e would , in coa ti g the Br t sh shores , ent r every bay and ascertain whether what appeared to be rivers were actually such , or branches of the sea dividing the country into islands . Such an expedition would more probably sail from cape to cape, as far, at least, as they could be seen , touchin g only at su ch places as

u affo r d i f they hoped wo ld them n ormation . In 1 08 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S th is way the western part of the country would

i appear as a number of slands , and be de scribed as such The author has now in h is

o s se s sm n i i p a large old fol o atlas , wh ch has

i i i i Cal forn a la d down as an sland , from the cause Just stated T h e extent of the gulf had

i o m in it not been explored, and the pen nsula J g to the continent was accordingly unknown .

i i w e i If our l m ts would allow , m ght add further ge n eral support to the account already given of the reality an d extent of Pho enic ian colonization but o u r fu rther c itations must be

i h avm u very br ef Strabo , g all ded to several

i i th e ﬁct ons of the poets , protests aga nst state ment of th e Phoenician colonization in the

“ ” in i West be g ranked W th them I repeat , “ o i i e th e dis he says , that the Ph en c ans w re coverers of those co u n t i ics fo r they possessed the better part of Iberia a n d L ibya before the i m i u t me of Ho er , and cont n ed masters of those places until their em pir e w as o verth i o w n by the l t o m an s Speaking of th e same

i e i countr es , he says , They f ll so ent rely

i n i under the domin on of the Pho e cians , that 1 o th e at the present day (A D . 9) alm st whole of the cities of T u rdc t an ia and the neighbour

” iiig places are inh abited by them 1 ‘ Justin

4“ S R A B O lib iii ca 2 t I bu l T , , p

T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

u ex istei ero , who s pposed the persons with the name of of the Tyrian hero of that n ai

Ju A i . a piter and steria, ( , th a , ) and says that he had “ r e f name was , as already observed ek s ff M elln in di erent ways , as i t ice r is M idacr tis . , and In

u is fo nd in Pliny , who , when as of wort hies famou s for u

5 and inventions , places this list : M idacr it u s was the 1 t tin from the island ca ” ris . t mains for u s t o afford som tion r especting this traffic . here was a most extensive e x p

u wine , and oil of s perior

it ch oney , and p were also p l for the foreign market ; a inestimable val u e to a manu

th e o i like Ph enicians , the ker

Zin cl o r ms u k , ) sed for ma ing 1 1 P ROD UCT ION S o r TA R T E SS US . 1

parts of this country , and at ﬁrst large quan tities of woollen cloths were exported but it was at length found more proﬁtable to sell the

l w as woo , which of very superior quality, in an unmanufactured state The cattle were

u i abundant and of a s per or kind, and rams for breeding stock were s old at high pri ces . The ﬁsh produced alon g the coast are cele ~ b rat ed by Pliny as being exceedingly large

A n and numerous . d as the country had some

i mineral salt and several sal ne springs , the curing and export of ﬁs h became a very exten

B u t sive and proﬁtable branch of commerce .

in m ing had a large share of attention , and the export o f metals w as a p i in c ip al part of the

o u t o m G . g g trade of ades Not only Strabo , an d but Aristotle , Herodotus , Pliny , speak of the immen se metallic riches of the d istrict of

T t su s ar es . G at this period old , silver , copper,

a lead , and iron were found in great bundance , h and some small quantity of tin . T ese form ed

o i the staple of the Ph en cian trade , and pre pared them for prosecutin g their commercial

i relations W th the East , as they never could have done unless well s u pplied with the precious metals . The neighbourhood of G ades w as plentifu lly provided with timber well adapted for ship or repaire r W I This was an immense adva 1 0 so devoted to commerce and N o r were these valu able p r o du to the neighbou rhood of G a ” u s . Of metals , says Strab

u u u co ntry is f ll , altho gh it fertile and ﬂ ou rishing thro fly in those parts where the Among the Artah

th e a, we are told that earth w h silver , tin , and gold , with ed from the earth by being W e i ade like bask ets . ay now more particu larly n o t with Britain , bearing in mi th n of Strabo , that formerly alone carried o n this t r affi ’ ‘ d 1 Accor ing to him , the na

wl ii had tin, lead , and hides , w ith the Ph oenician mercha

s ware , salt and bra en vessels

“ l bic ii l c a . 8 . l i. B O ib . . . , iii , p 1 , , T he t r u t h of t his s ta te m en t of

the au th r o f the e x e e n t ar t e I" y o c ll icl , ’ “ W S m t s D t n ar o f G e r D r . i . i h ic io y pp e s it io n t h at co p p er was r ais ed an d re

1 1 45 ’ ‘ T H E C A S S I I E R I D E S .

D io do ru s C does not describe the ape itself, but the western part of the peninsula of C orn

o f wall , which the imperfect geography the R omans of that day believed to be a number of islands . Mr . Kenrick is perfectly correct

n th e a in stati g, that isl nd , which at low water is joined to the mainland , can be no ’ other than St . Michael s which was excellently adapted for the p u r pose of being a depot fo r the trade between the for sign mer cha nt and the miners o n th e mainland . It w as also in th e midst of t h e most p r o d u ctive tin mines of C o r n wal l T hese are fo u nd n ear ’ S t J w I t l e iiz an ce o n e ust, and bet een and , on

- ( lw e n n a l t e d rn th e r n o side and p , , and Camb , on the o ther : so that t we lve miles t o th e west

’ M a n e n i S t . d of Michael s ount, ightee m les to the h n t he cast of it, compre e d almost whole of the ancie nt t in mi n ing district . We h ave alrea dy sho w n the improbability of th e transfer of an y Briti sh merchan dise across the contin e nt b e for e th e bu ilding of Marseilles

e and the lo cat io n of the B lgw in Br itain . It

t r fo a becomes , he e re , desir ble to ascertain as n early as poss ible the date of t he last- named

can l d o n e . event . This on y be approximately We kno w th at thei r comin g to Britain w as

“ P o i ia 230 h en c , p . . 1 1 ORIG IN AND r no e n n s s o n T H E BE LG /E . 5 subsequent to the settlement of th e tribe in G s aul , and we have the means of ﬁxing thi date With tolerable accuracy It Will be shown that the Belgie could not have been located iii

B r l tain much e arl ie r than about 500. They

G i l w h o cro s s e d R i were a erman t be the h ne , and secured the possession of a large province

G O in aul , directly pposite to Britain . The precise time of this ir i iiptio n is not know n ; but we ar e told that it was of much later ” date than the passage of a large band 0 1 G auls into G erman y under the command o f

S i o c su T he r v s . i g histo y of th s event states ,

A m b i at rix in o i t he G u l in that g , a k g a s , ﬁnd g the population of h is c o u n t i y incre ase too fast for its resources , encour aged his two nephews to collect each of them a large body of people, and lead them forth to occupy other

i lands , as the gods m ght direct . Havin g made

n r an S i o vcsu s i the ecessary a r gements , g , gu ded th e e R by oracl , crossed the hine , and settled in I I cr c n i n B “ a . ell o ve su s the y Forest , at the head o f an immense body o f hors e and ” o a an d u i f ot , p ssed over the Alps , occ p ed a

-“ portion of Italy l T wo h is torical facts enable us to ascertain , at least , very nearly the date

4“ i Uin ve rs al H is o r l v o . x vn 29 Anc ent t y , p ‘ r L 1 VY bOOl( v . a . 3 1 , , ch p 1 1 6 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

B ell o e su s of these emigrations . While v was

P lio eean on his way to Italy , he found the G reeks , then recently arrived from Asia, struggling to establish themselves at Mar s eill cs , and rendered them great assistance in fortifying the ground they had taken posses sion of on their landing ; and when this

G T ar u in iu s allic chief arrived in Italy , q

P ris cu s was reigning at R ome . As it is well known that this Tarquin reigned from 61 8

5 8 w a s o u n to 7 , and that Marseilles f ded about

600 i , it is clear that these rruptions into G ermany and Italy must have taken place

w c (300 5 7 8 . n bet een B and The , as we are told that the Belgae came into G aul at a

” much later date , that event could scarcely have occurred earlier than 5 50 . It is also certain that they must have been a long time

s in G aul before they would cros the channel, and obtain possession of the British coasts . This is rendered an undoubted fact by the

ae statement of C sar , that the several tribes of the Belgae on their settling in Britain called themselves by the names of the districts th ey h ad occupied in G aul Of course this would only be done by a people who had resided a considerable tim e in those localities . Taking

B el . G al . 1 2 . , v

1 1 8 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . the sources of wealth e pen to the Phoenicians

o f G . T u r dit an ian s T u r du h ades The and , who occupied the south - western portion of Spain between the Arras river (G uadiana) an d the

i th e Med terranean , seem to have been most c ivilized and im p r o veabl e section of the Iberian

i i l i tr bes , well suited for commerc al re at ons W ith the settlers w h o occup ied the Isle of

L wh o i eon , and establ shed the temple , after w i i ards so r ch and frequented , of the Tyr an

I I r akles i G . And the extreme product veness of th e i in southern region of Spa n corn , ﬁsh , c i in i v an d attle and W ne , as well as s l er iron , is a topi c upon which w e fi nd but one lang u age among ancient For three or four ccn ta ries t h e Pho enicians had possessed the entire i T art e S ian W i h o u t monopoly of th s trade , t any rivalry on the part of the G reeks : p i o b ab ly t h e metals there pr ocured were in those days their most precious acquisition ; and t h e tribes who occupied the mining regions of the interior found a n ew market an d val u able demand for produce then obtained with a facility e x agge

i . w as G s rated nto fable It from ade , as a

en ter rism s n centre , that these p g trader , pushi g

i h is their coast ng voyages yet fart er , establ hed

t in n o f relations with the mi es Cornwall, perhaps also With the amber - gatherers from M M E N S E P R OFI T OF T H E T R A D E .

r u . st s of t h e B altic . It eq ire carry back o u r imaginations

all l e n hen , along this vast from Tyre an d Sidon to the c ll , there was no merchant ship p o e n s oods , except these Ph nicia

' r ib c s ﬁn d advantage in su ch v cannot dou bt that the men love of gain braved so many ] icu l tie s u w , m st have been re ard

n the largest scale of monopoly . icia is thu s presented to o u r y period of her commercial ca all the Mediterranean maritim o rt an t trafﬁc with the East t

th e w and Syria , and hole e commerce ; and these were h e o rw ar d for several centu ries . ared to estimate the immense from these sou r ces In an i will be particu larly speciﬁed h e I vessel destined for another p o not s elected with any view G e h of ad s , by accident reac 1 20 T H E c a s s rr n n in n s .

>L s t e rlin g. If such was the gain on one t chance shipment , what mus have been the aggregate proceeds of this vast and long continued traffic P

i We need not be surpr sed , therefore , at the manner in which this commerce is spoken of

i i i by the sacred wr ters Isa ah says of S don ,

i ive r is The harvest of the her revenue , and

is i she the mart of nat ons , and speaks of

t h e w i i Tyre as cro n ng c ty , whose merchants ar e ffi princes, whose tra ckers are the honour

” ar t h e i able o f the e . t And Ez k el gives this

wi o i i glo ng account of the commerce of Ph en c a, and of the wealth and glory W ith which it invested the metropolitan city Thy borders ar e in i s t h e i the m d t of seas , thy bu lders have perfected thy beauty They have made all thy ship boards of fir - trees of Senir they have taken cedars fr o m L ebanon to make

Of B a s l ia masts for thee . the oaks of n have they made thine c ar s ; the company of the

i i Ashur tes have made thy benches of vory,

i i i brought out of the sles of Ch tt m . Fine linen With broidered work from Egypt w as that which thou spreadest fo rth to be thy sail blu e and purple fr o m the isles of El is h al i w a s that

’ G R OT E S H is o r o f G r v o l 1 1 1 376 t y eece , p

1 22 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

of th e multitude of the wares of thy making

they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds ,

ider e d i purple, and bro work , and ﬁne l nen , and

. J coral , and agate udah , and the land of

: Israel , they were thy merchants they traded

in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag,

D m w a s and honey , and oil , and balm a ascus t hy merchant in the multitude of the wares

Of thy making , for the multitude of all riches ;

in the wine of Helbon , and white wool . Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in

ai : thy f rs bright iron , cassia, and calamus , D were in thy mark et . edan was thy mer i n . i chant precious cloths for chariots Arab a,

an d Ke dar th c i i all the princes of , y occup ed W th : thee in lambs , and rams , and goats in these

were they thy merchants . The merchants of

l t aam ah th e Sheba and , y were thy merchants they occupied in thy fairs with chief of all

S pices , and with all precious stones , and gold .

i o i I aran , and Cann l , and Eden , the merchants

an d i of Sheba , Asshur , Ch lmad , were thy mer

r in chants . These we e thy merchants all

sorts of things , in blue clothes , and broidered

n i work, and i chests of r ch apparel, bound with cords , and made of cedar, among thy merchandise . The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market and thou wast r epl en Y 1 23 P IKE N I C I A N PROS PE R I T AND RAP I NE .

ishod , and made very glorious in the midst of

” the seas . We have every reason for bel ieving that

m ar itin e o this ascendency of Ph enicia , and

ﬂ a e the ourishing st te of her commerce , wer

i i i i i cont nued W th l ttle or no nterrupt on ,

i 0 . 0 . 5 0 unt l at least B But , prior to that period , the uninterrupted success of

h ad this people produced its usual results ,

— rapine, injustice, and the outrage of the

Of laws humanity by unbridled violence . To what extent this w as practised towards

a others we h ve no means of knowing ; but , placed as they were in immediate contact With w e i s i the Hebrews , ﬁnd in the r acred wr tings vivid descriptions of Ph oen ician cupi dity and aggression on persons and property . J 800 oel , who prophesied , bitterly complains on behal f of the Hebrews of Tyre and Sidon , and all the coasts of Palestina, Because ye hav e taken away my silver

c and my gold, and have arried into your temples my goodly pleasant things : the children also of Judah and the chil dren of

” J - erusalem have ye sold unto the G recians . i

i i a Amos , who m n stered shortly afterw rds , also n denou ced judgments on this people , because,

it — E z i x x vn {it 2 5 Jo iii 4— ek el T el . 6 ‘ 1 241 T H E e A s sm E R rD E s . in deﬁan ce of treaties subsisting between the

i two nations , they handed over whole bod es

i w h o of captive Israelites to the Edom tes ,

“ were then great slave —dealers 4‘ The bur den

” deh ve r e d of Tyre , by Isaiah , completes these

r e h et ic is p p maledictions , and remarkable for the frequent allusion which it contains to

s i as i i a Tar h sh , be ng nvolved in the s me i i i niqu ty , and consequently threatened W th a participation in the punishment impending over the mother country 1

I n i i ti i th s pred c on of Isa ah , the Chaldeans

i are mentioned as successors of the Assyr ans , and from this people shortly afterwards Phoe

i nicia was sorely assailed . The Hebrew tr bes were at this time greatly weakene d and humbled . The kingdom of Israel had

ff i a C 7 47 su ered an rrepar ble loss in B , when T igl ath - p il e s e r marched into G alilee

th e o f i and other northern parts the k ngdom ,

th e se i utterly subdued d stricts , and carried

i the inhabitants into capt vity .

in i Fear g Assyr a on the one hand , and Egypt

t h e l i on other, the ru ers of Syr a and Pales i i d t ne were greatly terr ﬁe , and laboured to form alliances and combinations for their ff mutual protection . These e orts were para

1 26 T H E c a s s rr n n in n s .

tacked and completely defeated the opposing f leet , and captured ﬁve hundred prisoners

P c r ceiv m h is i w a s g that des gn frustrated ,

i ir l e avm the Assyr an monarch ret ed , g a force

fi S i suf cient to blockade Tyre on the land de ,

o and to cut ff its supplies of fresh water .

s e a Having perfect command of the , this measure still left the inhabitants q u ite at liberty The l a ck of water they s u pplied by ﬁ" means of eist er n s Wh ile these un favour able C ircumstances

w t i aii s ir in in s i dis ere p g the Ea t , an acc dent

t u r b e d u i h m h t e . P sa n ie tic u s the q et of West , king of Egypt h avm g abol is hed the r e s t i ic tive policy of h is p i e de ee s s m s by admittin g the vessels o f fo i c ign nations to the en trance

i G en te i in of the N le , the reeks , who were just g o n o f i i a career mar time commerce , ava led

h m o f o r t e selves the opp rtunity , and f eighted

v i n ew On e v essels to th s mart of these essels ,

Ue ze n fi commanded by l s , and tted out at Samos

6 30 o i n n u C . e f o r abo t B , having a carg te d d E tian r w as its the g p ma ket, , on voy age

w r r i Vi n to a ds Egypt , d ven by a ole t east

i t he w e st wai d u i l it W nd far to , nt found

i i refuge for a wh le n the island of Platea .

B el ie vm f s h e b e g a ter ome delay , that should

4“ “ JOS E P ii US A i u i i s ix 1 4: , nt q t e , OP E NI NG OF T H E TRAD E VVI 'l ‘ Il G AD E S 1 27

is able to prosecute h voyage to Egypt , the commander left th e island ; but the Winds con tinned to drive the vessel westward with great

Vi i it w as i t h e olence, unt l carried qu te through

if Straits , and , as guided by more than human

n it r T art e s su s . i terpos ion , a rived at Here the

s a c argo w a sold to great adv ntage , so that , in

i i i grat tude for the r del verance , and for the

h h a d i s large proﬁt t ey real zed , the Samian

i a th e S I X prov ded a brasen v se , of value of

i r talents , wh ch was p esented to the temple of Juno There can be no doubt but that the su ccess

i l v of th s voyage , and the sp endour of the otive

f i h i s e f s aw a d of er ng, w ich Herodotus h m l and

i t i an d m red , attrac ed great attent on , served as a stimulus to the rising maritim e interest of

B u t i i G . reece W th th s impulse , there also a rose corresponding discoura ging circum

B i i ia stances . y this t me the Carthag n ns had

an d become a numerous powerful people , tread

in th e fa ing steps of their therland , and main tain in g a friendly relation With the parent i s tate . This people most certa nly particip ated largely in the trade With Grades a n d the other

1“ iv 1 5 2 T is is o a a u t o , h the v y ge ll ded o n a 1 1 9 w i ro u the e \t ra0 1 dm ai r o ﬁ s m en p ge , h ch p d ced y p t ' l 3 t io n ed r G u o r E vo . 1 1 1 37 ( the e , p 1 28 T H E ca s srr n n m ns .

ports in the Atlantic . But we have no means

th e of marking decadence of the parent , and t he l n th e f rising inf ue ce of o fspring , as all our authorities use the same terms w hen speaking

tw o . C a i i of either of the The arth g n ans ,

th e therefore , sharing in gains of this com

i h i merce , and n er ting the jealousy and exclu sive views of the Tyrians , would undoubtedly

fo r ce be ready to use guile or , to prevent any other na tion entering upon what they regarded

i i as the r leg timate commercial domain . The G reeks of P l io cea were the most adven t u r o u s mariners whom that countr y had pro

du ce d . D v i evoting themsel es to nav gation , they adapted their shipbuilding to the duties f they had to perform , and the di ﬁculties they

u had to enco nter . Their vessels were not built as merchant vessels had previously been ,

u a n d i ro nd capac ous , adapted to carry the

c n o r th e s largest argo , like mall war galleys of

i n i b u t w - r the Carthag ans ; ere stout, well a med

s vessels of ﬁfty oar , each being capable of de fendin g itse lf against any single oppo n ent it (300 h was likely to meet . About , t ey fo u nded the c ity of M assilia (Marse illes) at the

the R mouth of hone , and made that port a n e w centre for their wester n commerce . It appear s that this city was built with the

1 30 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . mained ﬁve years ; but the settlement and o p e rations of such ene r getic maritime merchants in

i t he e al o u s the western Med terranean roused j y ,

i i and provoked the determined host l ty , of those who had so long held the undisputed mono

i poly of these markets . The Carthag nians

i o i i i a ded , no doubt , by their Ph en c an all es ,

f i ﬁtted out a leet , and proceeded W th sixty vessels to attack the intru ders The P h o e can s l m got together an equa nu ber of ships , and a

w as u in i P h o ec an s t ri battle fo ght , wh ch the

l e srn in ﬂ i umphed , though g the con ct nearly all their w ar vessels These circumstances must have had an u n favourable in ﬂ u en e c on the trade of the West b u t nothing contributed to this depressing effect s o much as the n ew troubles which

i assailed Tyre . N neveh having fallen before the combined forces of the Babylonians and

Medes , and the Assyrian empire being thus terminated , Nebuchadnezzar assumed all the h ad r an d power it exercised in Western As a , ,

i i oe i i having subdued the other c t es of Ph n c a, 5 85 n 0 . bega , B , one of the most memorable i i sieges in history by nvest ng Tyre . For thirteen years did the Babylonian monarch i cont nue the struggle, and with equal per

H n no no r u s i 1 66 ' 1 1 A R u s in e s Y E . 3 N E B UC II A D N E J Z B s T R s everance did the determined Tyrians resi st t his power . Yet , al hough here , as in the

as e a , former c , a fr gment of Menander pre

aff u s m i e served by Josephus , ords i portant nf r

is i mation , the result of the siege st ll doubtful That the Tyre which stood on the mainland

i i it was destroyed , is un versally adm tted , but seems more than probable that in the mean time the i sland Tyre was greatly enlarged and extended , supported by the naval power which w thi s people possessed , and thus the ealth and famil ies of the Tyrians were saved from ”s falling into the power of the proud Chaldean .

S i i Be this as it may , a ege l ke this , aecom

i p an ie d by such losses of l fe and property , as fo r Ty re undoubtedly sustained , must , a long

i it time , have cr ppled its power , and rendered I t h as been u s u ally s u ppo s ed th at the in s u lzu T y r e w a s ﬁrs t bu ilt o n th is o cc as io n B u t fr o m t h e info r m atio n fu r n is h ed a r au o rs it is o u fu l w r is w as by nc ent th , d bt hethe th n o t the m o s t ancient city I t w as p ro bably neglected after the r io o f i o n o i an d n e w o n it s i u in e ect n the c ty the c nt nent , r air ar an d r s o r t o as the a io a m ro o is ep ed, enl ged , e ted n t n l et p l E ven S an eho m ath o n s peaks o f A s tar te as co ns ecr atin g w s h ip in the h o ly is land o f T yr e an d it s h o ul d al s o be rem em bered th at it w as the tem ple o n in s u lar T yr e t o w h ich t he pries ts attribu ted su ch r em ai kabl e antiqu ity in their o rs a io W i H ro do u s Ja s o havrn o s i r c nve t n th e t ck n , g c n de ed all i i s i o n is an at as as o ld the ev dence , th nk the c ty the l d le t ” as S i o C r o o o i a i u i i s vo l iii . d n h n l g c l Ant q t e , p 1 32 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S . unable to maintain its position against the rivals who were now becoming acquainted with

i the commerce of the Atlant c markets , and e ager to grasp their share of its gains . w With the rise of the Persian po er , and the progress of the ai ms of that empire

oe in Western Asia, Ph nicia appears to have passed without resistance into the number

n of tributary states . But , otwithstanding all

o i had these reverses , as Ph en cia still a widely

n extended commerce , means of wealth remai ed, which might have repaired the losses which had been suffered in the war with Babylon .

i i Yet the trade W th the East and W th Egypt , although it yielded a most profitable r e f venue, not only hindered the Phoenicians rom prosecuting new schemes of commercial dis c o ver y , but, in connexion with her altered political position , prevented her from retaining efficient control over her distant s ettlements . Notwithstanding that Carthage had always professed a filial relation to Tyre , it had been independent from the beginning ; and

if i G s m i now, not earl er , ades as u ed a sim lar position . D uring this period of Phoenician depression in the East, an impulse was given to the pro gress of geographical knowledge and com

’ ‘ 1 344 T H E C A S S I I E RI D E S .

by quotations from the account of it by Festu s

A vie n u s in a i , poem , or metrical mater als for

/ m t e n1 1 m . a poem . (0 ﬁf e ) Heeren has given us extracts which clearly indicate that the

i h navigator reached the Br tis islands . We copy one or two of the passages cited by — “ f I . Icoren Where the ocean lood presses in , M and spreads wide the editerranean waters , t i n C i l es the Ala tic bay g here stands ad ra , of

T ar te s su s h er e i old the P llars of Hercules , L C al e ﬂ Abyla, left of ibya , and p r Here rises th e head of the promontory in olden

(Estr m n o n times named y ; 1 and below, the

- like named bay and isles ; wide they stretch ,

in . and are rich metals , tin , and lead There a w numerous race of men d ell , endowed with

i spirit, and no sl ght industry , busied all in the cares of trade alone . They navigate the

a u t sea on their b rks , b il not of pines or oak ,

' i but, wondrous made of sk ns and leather . T wo days long is the voyage thence to the

s Holy I land, once so called , which lies ex

an de d p on the sea, the dwelling of the

Hibernian race ; at hand lies the isle of Albion . Of yore the trading voyages from T ar t es su s

T he b ay between C ape St Vincent and C ape T rafalgar 1 H ere ther e is an o m issro n is rr I P ro bably C ape Fin te e . “ T H E OR A M ARIT IM A o r A V LIGN US . reached to the (E s tr y m nid e s : but the G artha gin ian s and their colonies near the Pillars of

in H am il co Hercules , navigated this sea, which , r by his o w n account , was upon du ing four months The “ b ay and isles rich in metals ’ ’ and tin are St . Michael s Mount , Mount s Bay

r o m o n in Cornwall, and its neighbouring p

r i to ies , which m ght be taken for islands by l a stranger . What settlements w ere p anted by the C ar th agm ian s on the shores thus ex

e d o n w w e a pl red , we not k o but ﬁnd it sserted

“ i S c l ax th e in the Per plus of y , that from

a Pillars of Hercules on the European co st , there lay m any settlemen ts of t h e G artha ” i m r gm an s . We are not infor ed whethe they made any establishments 1 1 1 Britain ; but Heeren regards it as pl ace d beyond a ” ' doubt , 1 that they visited the British Islands for commercial purposes . About the s ame time as these voyages of

H am il co Hanno and were being made , another adventurous mariner appeared on the co ast of e i Europ , prosecut ng a series of observations ’ th s and discovery . I y eas w a a native of Mar seilles , a man of great courage and high

Or a M am l wna u o H E E R E N fr i a Na io s , q ted by , A c n t n vo l 1 p 603 ’ 1 ' H E E B E N B fri an Na io s vo l 1 1 01 A c t n , p 1 36 T H E c a s s rr n n in n s

i i scientiﬁc acqu rements , eminently qual ﬁed to promote the enlargement of commerce and the extension of geographical knowledge . The exact date of h is voyage cannot be ascertained but as h is writings were well known in G reece in i G h is the t me of Alexander the reat , ex

i p e d t io n can scarcely be placed later than D C . 400 The statements o f this writer have led to great differences of o pin ion Amo n g the

i E r at o s tl ie n e s i anc ents , and H pparchus refer ’ o f i i l o l b iu s to them as worthy cred t , wh le y and Strabo denounce them as fabulous and false A similar diversity of Opini on exists among the eminent authors of the present day .

“ ” i n h is i G i G rote , H story of reece , ment ons

h im a S ir G . O L eW 1 s as a valu ble author , and

h im i speaks of as altogether unworthy of bel ef. As this latter author has made P y tlic as of so much importance in regard to the ancient

i i i i is nav gat on to Br ta n , it necessary for us to

is allude more particularly to h case .

G t h im i ro e say s of , The loss of all deta ls respecting the history of M as s ﬂ ia is greatly

m s to be la ented ; and hardly le s , that of the

i M aS S il io tic writings of Pytheas , an intell gent

i w h o i nav gator , , at th s early age , with an adventurous boldness even more than Pho

o i i k ean , sa led through the P llars of Hercules ,

1 38 H R T E C A S S I T E I D E S .

Polybius h as laid down a rule for dealing with

s u . s ch authors , to which we heartily sub cribe Alluding to thos e w h o have invented strange and incredible ﬁctions of prodigies and m e n

st ers n n e , reporting many thi gs which they had ” n ver see , and many also that had no existence ,

“ he says , Since, therefore, all these circum

ffi u l stances concurred to render it not only di c t,

an a but utterly impossible , to obtain y ccurate

n w e and certai knowledge of those countries , ought by no means to pass too severe a censure upon th e old his torians for their mistakes an d

in omissions these matters ; but , on the con

trar y , should rather be persuaded , that they

n e deser ve our ack owl dgments and thanks , on account even of the little information they

an d have left behind them ; that , amid these

fﬁ th e w e nu m erous di culties , y were able as it er to lay th e foundation of more genuine dis If the excellent writer who laid

down this rule, and some of his followers, had

always observed it, they themselves would appear to greater advantage ; and so would

Pytheas . We have here nothing to do with that perfect

u l er m p zzle of all ancient geographers , that in o n im e c g , Thule ; nor hav we at present any

1 ' P o nr m u s o o iii a . 5 . , b k ch p ’ 1 39 DOUBT FUL AUTHORI TY o r I YT H E A S . concern with the place whence amber was

. brought , whether from the Baltic, or elsewhere

r But , looking simply at the expo tation of tin from the south - west of the British island , we ask what the veracity or mendacity of Pytheas it has to do with the question , seeing that is supported by ample ev idence from other

0 . S ir G . sources . Lewis does not deny the existence of Pytheas he even admits that he sailed through the Straits of H er cu

an d les , along part of the external coast of ﬁ‘ E u r o e i th e p Th s being case, he may have been imposed on by those of w hom he made in

u irie s m a q , and y have committed serious errors in transmitting the hearsay information which t w as he obtained ; but it is cer ain , that he in circu m stances in which no intelligent person cou l d fail to procure some kno wledge of Britain

u and of the tin trade . F rther , we may remark ,

a that the inquiry natur lly arises , If Strabo is a reliable authority when he censures Pytheas , why is he not an equal authority when he

th e h a asserts , that formerly P oenicians lone ” carried on this (tin) traffic from G ades to the C as siterides ? l f Poly b iu s can be relied on when he corrects and cens u res th e daring M as s il iot r , why is he not equally worthy of c edit

A s ro o m o f i ts t n y the Anc en , p 1 450 T H E ca s s rr nn m n s . when he speaks of the British islands and ” “ their manner of making t in P 3

With regard to the observation , that ancient authors generally speak of Britain as unknown u i C a w e in nt l the time of esar , feel placed cir cu st an e s m c of great disadvantage . Alluding b to the observation of Stra o , just quoted, that

i G the Phoenicians made th s voyage from ades ,

“ ” concealing the passage from every one ; a “ h reviewer says , T is looks exactly like an h ypothesis invented by the geographer , to a a ccount for a f ct , the true cause of which was to him unknown So when Scipio Afri canns inquired of the people of Massilia, Narbo , C o rb il o et n o and on the Loire, and could g information respecting Britain , it is inferred that the persons of whom he inquired could have known nothing of th e country or its trade . It is scarcely possible to argue on a question

l i of commercial po icy with wr ters who , how ever learned , appear to have no conception that merchants have frequently some secrets

u connected with their b siness , and that , when

w . they have , they kno how to keep them The case of Caesar is placed in the same

is a category . And it supposed , bec use he could get no information from the m erchants

4“ P O YB I US o o 1 ii a . 5 . L , b k ch p

T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

w ff ancients , hose circumstances di ered from ours in alm ost every respect In these days o f newspapers and electric telegraphs , when information is disseminated With a rap idity and power that deﬁes restraint , trade is open

i m i i to un versal co pet tion . In the t mes of

i w e i it G wh ch wr te , was not so reat success i n com m erce th en m ainly depended on th e pos s e s sm n of some knowledge of goods , merchan

m did dise , or arkets , which others not possess ; an d h w en a merchant , or the merchants of any

i o r i i c ty country , obta ned such valuable nfer

i it w as a i mat on , gu rded by them W th the utmost n i i care , and re dered subserv ent to mportant

an d i i operations , the acquisit on of g eat wealth .

The voyage of Pytheas , whatever its extent , was unquest ionably undertaken for the pur pose o f affording h is countrymen such know ~ ledge as would enable them to prosecu te their

i i commerc al plans W th greater advantage . H o w far this w as effected w e have no means of

i n it is i ascerta ni g but an establ shed truth , that Marseilles fl ourished as a rich and powerful

i i i in ﬁr st - commerc al c ty , ma ntain g a rate rank

a i im w in as a m r t e po er , and send g out numerous c o l o n ie s for extending her commercial in terests

’ it ' “ S T l t A H O iv G u o l is s H is o r o f G r ce v o l x ii , t y ee , , ’ I A N 1 43 D E C L I N E o r I H CE N I C POW E R . After G ades had become independent of

o Ph enicia, it is uncertain Wh ether the other c o l o n ie s followed her example in this respect . But in course of time all the colonies in the north of Africa, including Malta, were brought

s into subjection to the Punic power . Thi action clearly displays the striking contrast between the colonial policy of the parent state

o an d that of Carthage . Ph enicia established her

n colo ies with a view to commerce , and accord ingly left them to govern themselves , satisﬁed with a monopoly of their trade as far as it

b e u . could sec red Carthage aimed at empire , and to this aim her important commercial policy became subordinate .

e tw o In th se circumstances centuries elapsed , durin g which we know very little con cerning the operations at G ades . As there was a con tin u al demand for the produce which the A t

i i lantic empor a alone suppl ed, this commerce a was continued b u t th e waning of the power

i i G n of Persia, the br ll ant era of recia arms

in ris m and letters the East , and the g power R of ome and of Carthage in the West, ﬁll up the history of these times . T h e evident decline of Persia induced Egypt

‘ o n a 351 Oﬁ and Ph e icia, in the ye r , to throw

ir the yoke of her supremacy , and to assert the T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S .

- dence . B u t they had over e st

WI l power , or mistaken that o

sovereign . They were soon b n dcr u s bjection , Sidon being tal

u d in the str ggle . This was 0 l to a more terrible fate . In e A y ears afterward , lexander ,

Asia , laid siege to Tyre , and

B u t m d it . it is not i probable

e - e ave arisen again , pho nix lik

u u is r in , if the conq eror had not x an dria in Egypt to take its p t emporiu m for the interchange n dis e of the East and the W est . consu mmated and p er p etu at

e Pho nicia . s probably s e e n after this eve u m s t an ce s occu rred which are r in . Speaking of the removal hings of Hercu les from Tyre t o vo u l d be likely to take pl ace ju s entire destru ction of the old ci e neighbou ring people of the c

u s th alo of this city , attacked

$ 3

u ain to her dominions , bro ght

' nto fatal c onﬂ ict with R 0 she had already su ffered mu ch . f alternate bloody w ar and from the fou ndation of the P

a su ﬂ i c e d east co st of Spain , to of Carthage fo r ever from th

dent nations , and to place the nu mber o f R oman pr o v in c

' n g this period Massilia lu xu

e h st commercial prosperity . city n either devoted her own e at e xtent to the profe ssio n ke o ther great c entre s o f t ra home protection on m e r cen ar

(1 R very near to ome, who in ide had proscribed commerce il at Massilia mainly depende ion with the impe rial city fo A emergency . nd the positio

u s u fo comm nity was ch , that its friendship amply repaid o te ctio n which the rising co

u th e ceive d . u Th s , nder s

0 reat military power, their e d an d expanded on all side M C OMME RC I AL PROS PE RI TY o r MAS S I LI A . 7 versal conqueror ; the maritime power of the Etrur ians had already dwindled away before n Th e they fell under his banefu l dom inatio .

e G hi m i mercantil genius of reece, w ch had R grated from Athens to hodes and Corinth ,

m r e was i paired by internal weakness , and pressed by the harassing activity o f the p 1

in i rates the Eastern M ed terranean . Accord in gly M as s alia r eign ed f o r a co ns ider a ble p er w d withou t a r eve i h r l n t e car ee of com m er ce . But her trade was mainly supplied by the prod an d th e wants of the vast continent which lay ” h it th e behind e r . If the mineral produce of

n in G western parts of Britai was ever landed aul ,

a i n i it and c rr ed across that cou try to Massil a, must have been during t he period in which that city c u je yed this comm ercial ascendancy . l It is , however , very unlikely that this cou d

d o n e have been , until the imperial power had fully reduced G aul into t h e co n dition of a R oman provin ce N ot Witlist an din g all th e support which Massilia received from her R . v oman ally , Mr Meri ale freely admits , that

“ it with difficulty maintained its o wn exist

J e nce agains t the tribe s of the interior r Is

’ “ M E IiiVA inr s l l is tm y o f th e R o m ans u nder the E m ” ir vo l 1 229 p e, p . 1 ’ 1 1 nd p 228 1 41 8 T H E C A S S I T E R I D E S it probable that in those circumstances a regu lar succession of valuable merchandise could be carried across the Continent from the A t lantic to the mouth of the R hone ? That this w s u a s bsequently d o n e there is little doubt .

O As the author already quoted has bserved , M as sd ia Opened regular communications

i i G W th the nterior of aul , and from thence With the ocean an d the British isles ; thus substituting a direct and safer route for the perilous cir cu m n av1 ga tio n of the Phoenician

i m Th s ight of course be expected , as soon as the land route w as more direct and more safe B s ea . u t than the transit by before that time ,

i M as silio t s to a people l ke the , who had no mi lit ar y posts in the interior, who had frequently to maintain w ar With the tribes occupying the i i fo r ne ghbouring d stricts even their existence , and who were also possessed of the best mercantile marine then in the world, the land route co u ld not be more safe than the sea

But when the campaigns of C aesar had com pl e tely reduced G aul to subjection under the

i M as s d ia imper al power, and was brought R under the oman government , then the land

H is o r o f the R o m a s u cl i E m ir vo l i 229 t y n n e the p e, p

After a candid and carefu l

u o u r u whole s bject , concl sion 1 500 and 1 200 the P

th e c disco ver e into Atlanti , ﬁelds o f Spain and o f Britai a m onopoly o f this comme c u r ent ries , t ading directly with

a ar as th e e w That fterw ds , p

a an d t r n tions rose waned, this b G k s y the ree , Carthaginians ,

e an d an d th liot , others ; when

e cte d o f R th j to the sway ome, o f the tin trade was that indi r u s f I ctis t h , namely, rom to an d thenc e overland to Mareei In compiling o u r su mmary respecting this ancient comme e xpectation o f secu ring u nivers

u . W e concl sions have, howe o f o u r i t ability, with the l mi ed

o u r 0 at command, redeemed given a brief b u t complete inv su bject . W e have done this tion that it is not onl y worth se a b u t e s an d rch , d mand it, o vas s e d u ntil the tru th attain it has been elicited an d exhibit r 1 1 T iiE RE S ULT o T ii is I N" U I RY . 5 w as an m r ce as an article of cient com e , at least ea 1 200 th e th e rly as , on eastern shores of

i . M editerranean . This is an establ shed truth Notwithstanding all the speculations which Beckmann has s o laboriously conceived and col * l e cted e tin , it is c rtain that was used and sold at Sidon and Tyre at this early date . No historical evidence c an be adduced t o p rove that it was brought from the East . Whence then did it come P The universal

o f all testimony history and tradition answers ,

m r From Britain . This testi ony has been e ceived an d the i , British orig n of the tin sup plied as an article of com m erce in the e ar liest times has been believed , by great num bers of learned men in different ages and countries . Having carefu ll y studied the sub jcet, they have been fully convinced that the an cient Phoenicians traded with Britain for an d ar this metal , regul ly took it from the coast of this island in Phoenician ships t o Tyre an d

B ro z w i h is o n e o f th e O s a o s o f o we n e, h c lde t ll y c pper ar e a u ai wi o ai s a o u t en o r w e er cq nted th , c nt n b t t elv p cen t . f t in I t has f o been o u nd by a nalys is th at th is is j u s t t he o m os1 io of ro z i s c p t n the b n e n tr u m ents fo u nd in the s ep u l ra arro ws o f E u ro o f ai s w i fas th ch l b pe, the n l h ch tened e a s t o ro of o f r asu r o f A t i e u s at M a an d pl te the the t e y , ycen e, o f in s ru m s fo u in o m s o f a i E the t ent nd the t b nc ent gypt . ’ KEN ILI B P haan icia OK . 2 1 3 ( , p ) o w ever w h o e are men, ,

m en t tl g , some of whom deny arly ages came from Britain . that Phoenician ships fetched

b u t if o b tai maintain that , t land , it was carried across h f R o t e mou ths o the hone . (1 reasons fo r the opinions and we think this shou ld be k ﬂ h e ta e con icting vie ws . in e d that tin was not brou

u a sk W e we respectf lly , hen t P If Phoenician ships did u r shores for the pu rchase o f e people did ? W as the meta d years before o u r era from coast o f France in British f wl osiers and skins , or by P H o w was this commodity t r o u th s of the R hone hu ndred M arseilles and N arbo were b u i propo u nd these qu estions w

1 541 T H E C A SS I T E RI D E S .

are errors to be exploded , or new truths

ﬁx . ed in the public mind When this is done, we shall be ready with frank ness and candour to corr ect o u r judgment on this subject ; but

s o r till then, no mere expression of doubt disbelief, however high the source whence they i f emanate, w ll shake our aith in conclusions which we believe to be founded on legitimate

an d. d. historical evidence, worthy to be regarde

s li a estab shed truths . ( art s I tl r s am e e t er “ t n; g A h .

SACRED AN N ALS

THE PATRIARCHAL AGE

SAC RE D AN N AL S VOL I I

THE H EBREW PEOPLE

SAC RE D AN N AL S VOL I II

THE GENTILE N ATION S

RELI G ION OF ANCIENT BRITAIN H ISTORICALLY CON SIDERED : Latel u b/m in d m Tiiree I mndso m r’ Vo lu m es bo u m l m Cam brzc c o wn y p , , , r

m a tl n ’ w , a d oom h /e l a iwai S w am i Eddiw it re am ed n ce 1 6d p , , , p 3 3 ,

S OR OF WE S E A ME D HI T Y L Y N THO ISM. VOL I - WE S E Y A N D 1 1 1 8 I M E S L T . HISTORY OF WE S LEYAN METHOD I S M VOL I I - T H E M I D D E A E L G . H ISTORY OF WE SLEYAN METI—IODISM VOL I I I' — M OD E R N M E TH OD I S M

Address UM Co r'im cr 1 80 of af , 2

La te l at h s/red y p , In Ow V(Ju m p w o w/z 8 00 n ce s 6d m Cam br w , p 7 , Tl l E HARMON Y OF TH E DIVINE D IS P EN SATIONS

TH E DOCTRINE OF TH E C IIE RUB IM

’ " 01 7 o lum e cm wn 8 00 bo und m Ca m bn c Fo w l /i E/M wn rice "is n 0 V , , , p TH E WES LEYAN LOCAL PREACHERS ’ MANUAL :