DOCSLIB.ORG

Chaetomium-Like Fungi Causing Opportunistic Infections in Humans: a Possible Role for Extremotolerance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chaetomium-Like Fungi Causing Opportunistic Infections in Humans: a Possible Role for Extremotolerance Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225-015-0338-5 Chaetomium-like fungi causing opportunistic infections in humans: a possible role for extremotolerance Sarah A. Ahmed1,2,3 & Ziauddin Khan4 & Xue-wei Wang2,5 & Tarek A. A. Moussa 6,7 & Hassan S. Al-Zahrani6 & Omar A. Almaghrabi6 & Deanna A. Sutton8 & S. Ahmad4 & Johannes Z. Groenewald2 & A. Alastruey-Izquierdo9 & Anne van Diepeningen2 & S. B. J. Menken3 & M. J. Najafzadeh10 & Pedro W. Crous 2 & Oliver Cornely11 & Axel Hamprecht12 & Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild11 & A. J. Kindo13 & G. Sybren de Hoog2,3,6,14,15,16,17 Received: 27 March 2015 /Accepted: 11 June 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Members of the family Chaetomiaceae are ubiqui- described; two belong to the genus Subramaniula and one tous ascosporulating fungi commonly, which reside in soil represents a Chaetomium species. Subramaniula asteroides enriched with manure or cellulosic materials. Their role as was isolated from various sources including eye and skin in- human pathogens is largely ignored. However, the ability of fections as well as from the natural environment, and some species to grow at high temperature enables them to play S. obscura was isolated from a toe infection. Chaetomium an important role as opportunistic pathogens. The family con- anamorphosum was isolated from a kidney transplant patient tains several genera and species that have never been reported suffering from fungal peritonitis. All species described were to cause human infection. Hereby, three new species are previously misidentified as Papulaspora spp. due to the Taxonomic novelties: Chaetomium anamorphosum S.A. Ahmed, Z.U. Khan, X. Wang & de Hoog, Subramaniula asteroides S.A. Ahmed, Z.U. Khan, X. Wang & de Hoog, Subramaniula obscura S.A. Ahmed, Z.U. Khan, X. Wang & de Hoog. * Sarah A. Ahmed 9 Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, [email protected] Carlos III Institute of Health (Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain 10 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Mashhad University of 1 Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Khartoum, Sudan 11 German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) at Cologne/Bonn, First 2 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, AD Utrecht, The Netherlands Cologne, Germany 3 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of 12 Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait 13 Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, University, Kuwait, Kuwait Chennai, India 5 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, 14 Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Medical Mycology, Beijing, China 6 Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz 15 Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Guangzhou, China 7 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo 16 Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, University, Giza, Egypt Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China 8 Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of 17 Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Fungal Diversity formation of cellular clumps or bulbil-like structures, which sepedonioides isamemberoftheorderMelanosporales are characteristic of Papulaspora. The isolates failed to form (Davey et al. 2008), but further papulaspora-like asexual sexual fruit bodies and ascospores remained absent, which is morphs have been assigned to Ceratostoma and an unusual feature for the generally ascosporulating genera Chaetomium in the order Sordariales (Bainier 1907; Hotson Chaetomium and Subramaniula; minute conidia from 1917; Weresub and LeClair 1971;Zangetal.2004). Isolates phialides were sometimes observed. previously misidentified as P. sepedonioides are currently listed as non-sporulating Chaetomium species (Vinod Keywords Chaetomium . Desert fungi . Keratitis . Mootha et al. 2012). Papulaspora . Peritonitis . Sterile fungi . Subramaniula Recently, more attention has been paid to the non- sporulating chaetomium-like isolates that cause human infec- tion (Najafzadeh et al. 2014; Vinod Mootha et al. 2012), such Introduction as keratitis or subcutaneous infection after trauma. Despite application of molecular phylogenetic methods, researchers Melanized fungi are important causes of human infection. were unable to identify these isolates down to species level About 70 genera representing hundreds of species have been in the genus Chaetomium because of the present state of mor- implicated in human disease (de Hoog et al. 2013a;Guppy phological confusion and high phylogenetic divergence in the et al. 1998; Revankar and Sutton 2010; Revankar et al. 2002). genus. Chaetomium contains more than 300 described spe- Several main ecological groups can be distinguished. cies, but modern descriptions of most taxa are lacking, and Members of Chaetothyriales exhibit pronounced virulence very few have been circumscribed with DNA data. In the and cause deep and systemic infections in immunocompetent present concept of the genus, species that produce elaborate humans, e.g. chromoblastomycosis or brain infection (Badali sporocarps are accepted, and most species lack asexual et al. 2009; Revankar and Sutton 2010). Members of morphs (von Arx et al. 1986). Species are generally cosmo- Pleosporales are preponderantly found as degraders of plants politan and reside in soil on cellulose-rich materials or on debris or as mild opportunistic pathogens; human infections dung (Bell 2005; Carter and Khan 1982;Doveri2008;von mostly comprise traumatic inoculation of contaminated mate- Arx et al. 1986). A certain prevalence of chaetomium-like rials (Revankar and Sutton 2010). Recently, the significance species was noted in desert soil subjected to conditions of of Sordariales was underlined (Badali et al. 2011; de Hoog dryness and extremely variable temperatures (Rodríguez et al. 2013b), particularly the Chaetomiaceae whose preva- et al. 2004). Members of the madurella-clade phylogenetically lence has been underestimated because of diagnostic located inside the genus Chaetomium are typically confined to problems. areas with arid climates. Madurella species are consistent Phenotypically, the identification of clinical chaetomium- agents of human subcutaneous mycoses, and the arid areas like fungi has been difficult as a large proportion of them fail of northeastern Africa are endemic for human mycetoma to produce typical diagnostic structures in culture (Najafzadeh (Ahmed et al. 2002). Most human infections by et al. 2014; Vinod Mootha et al. 2012). Until recently, fungi chaetomium-like species concern traumatic inoculations into lacking propagation in the form of conidia were treated in the otherwise healthy humans, and rarely occur as deep infections clinical laboratory as unidentifiable ‘mycelia sterilia’ in severely immunocompromised hosts (Al-Aidaroos et al. (Pounder et al. 2007;Santosetal.2013; Vinod Mootha et al. 2007; Guppy et al. 1998; Hubka et al. 2011). 2012). Isolates forming clumps or bulbils were referred to as In the present paper we describe three novel species from Papulaspora, whereas filamentous strains from subcutaneous clinical sources that were earlier provisionally identified as infection were known as Madurella (de Hoog et al. 2013b). Papulaspora or Chaetomium species. One of the species was With the application of molecular phylogenetic multi-gene represented by seven clinical isolates particularly from the DNA sequence analyses, such isolates were found to be of Middle East, while an environmental strain was derived from high diversity being distributed to many genera and families hydrocarbon-polluted desert soil. This raises the question wheth- of ascomycetes. In addition, species proved to comprise sev- er in these fungi there is a connection between growth under arid eral sibling species that were previously thought to represent a conditions and ability to cause opportunistic infections. single taxon. For example, Madurella is now known to har- bour four species (de Hoog et al. 2012). Despite recent progress in the taxonomy of sterile fungi, the Materials and methods phylogenetic position of Papulaspora remains uncertain. The occurrence of bulbils or papulospores is non-specific and Isolates and morphology polyphyletic, as similar compact masses of cells can be pro- duced by a wide range of fungi from different genera and Strains studied were isolated from human patients, or from orders (Hotson 1917). The generic type species Papulaspora hydrocarbon-rich desert soil using enrichment under toluene Fungal Diversity atmosphere according to Zhao et al. (2010). Reference strains The run was conducted for 30,000,000 generations with sam- were obtained from the CBS reference collection (Table 1). pling every 100 generations and the ‘burn in’ was set at 25 % Morphology and colony characteristics were examined on of resulting trees. Convergence was evaluated from the two Malt Extract Agar (MEA, Oxoid, U.K.) and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mycoparasites and New <I>Fusarium</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2010. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON doi: 10.5248/114.179 Volume 114, pp. 179–191 October–December 2010 Sphaerodes mycoparasites and new Fusarium hosts for S. mycoparasitica Vladimir Vujanovic* &Yit Kheng Goh *[email protected] & [email protected] Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8 Canada Abstract — A comprehensive key, based on asexual stages, contact mycoparasitic structures, parasite/host relations, and host ranges, is proposed to distinguish those species of Sphaerodes that are biotrophic mycoparasites of Fusarium: S. mycoparasitica, S. quadrangularis, and S. retispora. This is also the first report of S. mycoparasitica as a biotrophic mycoparasite on Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti in addition to its other reported hosts (F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, and F. oxysporum). In slide culture assays, S. mycoparasitica acted as a contact mycoparasite of F. culmorum, and F. equiseti producing hook-like attachment structures. Fluorescent and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that S. mycoparasitica is an intracellular mycoparasite of F. equiseti but not of F. culmorum. All three mycoparasitic Sphaerodes species were observed to produce asexual (anamorphic) stages when challenged with Fusarium. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree, based on (large subunit) LSU rDNA sequences, depicted closer relatedness to one another of these Fusarium-specific Sphaerodes taxa than to the non- mycoparasitic S. compressa, S. fimicola, and S. singaporensis. Key words — ascomycete, coevolution Introduction Mycoparasitism refers to the parasitic interactions between one fungus (parasite) and another fungus (host). These relationships can be categorized as either necrotrophic or biotrophic (Boosalis 1964; Butler 1957).
    [Show full text]
  • Morinagadepsin, a Depsipeptide from the Fungus Morinagamyces Vermicularis Gen. Et Comb. Nov
    microorganisms Article Morinagadepsin, a Depsipeptide from the Fungus Morinagamyces vermicularis gen. et comb. nov. Karen Harms 1,2 , Frank Surup 1,2,* , Marc Stadler 1,2 , Alberto Miguel Stchigel 3 and Yasmina Marin-Felix 1,* 1 Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (Y.M.-F.) Abstract: The new genus Morinagamyces is introduced herein to accommodate the fungus Apiosordaria vermicularis as inferred from a phylogenetic study based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the nuclear rDNA large subunit (LSU), and partial fragments of ribosomal polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and β-tubulin (tub2) genes. Morinagamyces vermicularis was analyzed for the production of secondary metabolites, resulting in the isolation of a new depsipeptide named morinagadepsin (1), and the already known chaetone B (3). While the planar structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the absolute configuration of the building blocks Ala, Val, and Leu was determined as -L by Marfey’s method. The configuration of the 3-hydroxy-2-methyldecanyl unit was assigned as 22R,23R by Citation: Harms, K.; Surup, F.; Stadler, M.; Stchigel, A.M.; J-based configuration analysis and Mosher’s method after partial hydrolysis of the morinagadepsin Marin-Felix, Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Pathogenic and Endophytic Fungi and Their Influence on Quality of Medicinal Plants Applied in Management of Neurological Diseases and Mental Disorders
    From Botanical to Medical Research Vol. 63 No. 4 2017 Received: 2017-08-06 DOI: 10.1515/hepo-2017-0025 Accepted: 2017-12-16 Review article Occurrence of pathogenic and endophytic fungi and their influence on quality of medicinal plants applied in management of neurological diseases and mental disorders KATARZYNA WIELGUSZ1, LIDIA IRZYKOWSKA2* 1Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants Department of Breeding and Agriculture of Fibrous and Energetic Plants Wojska Polskiego 71b 60-630 Poznań, Poland 2Poznan University of Life Sciences Department of Phytopathology, Seed Science and Technology Dąbrowskiego 159 60-594 Poznań, Poland *corresponding author: phone: 48 61 848 79 27, fax: 48 61 848 79 99, e-mail: [email protected] Summary Due to increasing demand of medicinal plants (MPs), quality and safety more attention to the plant health should be paid. Among herb pathogens, especially fungi cause serious diseases in these plants decreasing yield and quality of herbal raw material. Some species, i.e. Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. are known as mycotoxin producers. Paradoxically, self-treatment with herbal raw material can expose the pa- tient to mycotoxin activity. In tissues of some MPs species, asymptomatically endophytic fungi residue. It is known that they are able to influence a biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in their host plant or produce biologically active compounds. Until recently these microorganisms have been neglected as a component of MPs, the reason why there have unexplored bioactivity and biodiversity. The paper presents an overview of herbal plants that are used in the treatment of nervous system diseases. Pathogenic fungi that infect these plants are described.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Fungi Harbored in Camptotheca Acuminata
    Endophytic fungi harbored in Camptotheca acuminata, Hypericum perforatum and Juniperus communis plants as promising sources of camptothecin, hypericin and deoxypodophyllotoxin D I S S E R T A T I O N Submitted for the degree of Dr. rer. nat. (rerum naturalium) to the Faculty of Chemistry Technische Universität Dortmund by Souvik Kusari 2010 Endophytic fungi harbored in Camptotheca acuminata, Hypericum perforatum and Juniperus communis plants as promising sources of camptothecin, hypericin and deoxypodophyllotoxin APPROVED DISSERTATION Doctoral Committee Chairman: Prof. Dr. Carsten Strohmann Reviewers: 1. Prof. Dr. Dr.h.c. Michael Spiteller 2. Prof. Dr. Oliver Kayser Date of defense examination: October 04, 2010 Chairman of the examination: Prof. Dr. Christof M. Niemeyer “The grand aim of all science is to cover the greatest number of empirical facts by logical deduction from the smallest number of hypotheses or axioms” Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS … i Declaration Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is a presentation of my original research work, and is provided independently without any undue assistance. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature(s), and acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions. This work was done under the guidance and supervision of Professor Dr. Dr.h.c. Michael Spiteller, at the Institute of Environmental Research (INFU) of the Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Germany. Dated: August 10, 2010 SOUVIK KUSARI Place: Dortmund, Germany In my capacity as supervisor of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Bioactive Potential of Endophytic Fungi Isolated From
    Qadri et al. SpringerPlus 2013, 2:8 http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/8 a SpringerOpen Journal RESEARCH Open Access Identification and bioactive potential of endophytic fungi isolated from selected plants of the Western Himalayas Masroor Qadri1, Sarojini Johri1, Bhahwal A Shah2, Anamika Khajuria3, Tabasum Sidiq3, Surrinder K Lattoo4, Malik Z Abdin5 and Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan1* Abstract This study was conducted to characterize and explore the endophytic fungi of selected plants from the Western Himalayas for their bioactive potential. A total of 72 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and characterized morphologically as well as on the basis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal gene sequence acquisition and analyses. The fungi represented 27 genera of which two belonged to Basidiomycota, each representing a single isolate, while the rest of the isolates comprised of Ascomycetous fungi. Among the isolated strains, ten isolates could not be assigned to a genus as they displayed a maximum sequence similarity of 95% or less with taxonomically characterized organisms. Among the host plants, the conifers, Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburgii and Abies pindrow harbored the most diverse fungi, belonging to 13 different genera, which represented almost half of the total genera isolated. Several extracts prepared from the fermented broth of these fungi demonstrated strong bioactivity against E. coli and S. aureus with the lowest IC50 of 18 μg/ml obtained with the extract of Trichophaea abundans inhabiting Pinus sp. In comparison, extracts from only three endophytes were significantly inhibitory to Candida albicans, an important fungal pathogen. Further, 24 endophytes inhibited three or more phytopathogens by at least 50% in co-culture, among a panel of seven test organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph on Dematiaceous Fungi
    Monograph On Dematiaceous fungi A guide for description of dematiaceous fungi fungi of medical importance, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment By Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2014 1 Preface The first time I saw cultures of dematiaceous fungi was in the laboratory of Prof. Seeliger in Bonn, 1962, when I attended a practical course on moulds for one week. Then I handled myself several cultures of black fungi, as contaminants in Mycology Laboratory of Prof. Rieth, 1963-1964, in Hamburg. When I visited Prof. DE Varies in Baarn, 1963. I was fascinated by the tremendous number of moulds in the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Netherlands. On the other hand, I was proud, that El-Sheikh Mahgoub, a Colleague from Sundan, wrote an internationally well-known book on mycetoma. I have never seen cases of dematiaceous fungal infections in Egypt, therefore, I was very happy, when I saw the collection of mycetoma cases reported in Egypt by the eminent Egyptian Mycologist, Prof. Dr Mohamed Taha, Zagazig University. To all these prominent mycologists I dedicate this monograph. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Refai, 1.5.2014 Heinz Seeliger Heinz Rieth Gerard de Vries, El-Sheikh Mahgoub Mohamed Taha 2 Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. 30. The genus Rhinocladiella 83 2. Description of dematiaceous 6 2. 31. The genus Scedosporium 86 fungi 2. 1. The genus Alternaria 6 2. 32. The genus Scytalidium 89 2.2. The genus Aurobasidium 11 2.33. The genus Stachybotrys 91 2.3. The genus Bipolaris 16 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence That the Gemmae of Papulaspora Sepedonioides Are Neotenous Perithecia in the Melanosporales
    Mycologia, 100(4), 2008, pp. 626–635. DOI: 10.3852/08-001R # 2008 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Evidence that the gemmae of Papulaspora sepedonioides are neotenous perithecia in the Melanosporales Marie L. Davey1 modates ascomycetes producing asexual thallodic Akihiko Tsuneda propagules that at some point in their development Randolph S. Currah are heterogenous and differentiated into a core of Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, enlarged, often darkly pigmented central cells that is Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 surrounded by smaller, mostly hyaline sheathing cells (Weresub and LeClair 1971, Kirk et al 2001). The diagnostic propagules of Papulaspora have been Abstract: Papulaspora sepedonioides produces large referred to as bulbils, small sclerotia, conidia and multicellular gemmae with several, thick-walled cen- papulospores (Weresub and LeClair 1971) but herein tral cells enclosed within a sheath of smaller thin- are classified under the generalized term ‘‘gemmae’’, walled cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the large subunit in reference to their function as multicellular asexual rDNA indicates P. sepedonioides has affinities to the reproductive structures. Melanosporales (Hypocreomycetidae). The develop- The phylogenetic affinities of members of Papulas- ment of gemmae in P. sepedonioides was characterized pora are largely unresolved, although Papulaspora by light and scanning and transmission electron anamorphs have been reported for species of microscopy and was similar to previous ontogenetic Melanospora and Ceratostoma (Ceratostomataceae, studies of ascoma development in the Melanospor- Melanosporales sensu Hibbett et al 2007) (Bainier ales. However instead of giving rise to ascogenous 1907, Hotson 1917, Weresub and LeClair 1971) and a tissues the central cells of the incipient gemma species of Chaetomium (Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales) became darkly pigmented, thick walled and filled (Zang et al 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity 20130415 112934.Pdf
    Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity Chemical Immunology Vol. 81 Series Editors Luciano Adorini, Milan Ken-ichi Arai, Tokyo Claudia Berek, Berlin Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst, Marseille Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · New Delhi · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity Volume Editors Michael Breitenbach, Salzburg Reto Crameri, Davos Samuel B. Lehrer, New Orleans, La. 48 figures, 11 in color and 22 tables, 2002 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · New Delhi · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Chemical Immunology Formerly published as ‘Progress in Allergy’ (Founded 1939) Edited by Paul Kallos 1939–1988, Byron H. Waksman 1962–2002 Michael Breitenbach Professor, Department of Genetics and General Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg Reto Crameri Professor, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos Samuel B. Lehrer Professor, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopy- ing, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Endophytes ÂŒ Secret Producers of Bioactive Plant
    REVIEWS Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany Fungal endophytes – secret producers of bioactive plant metabolites A. H. Aly, A. Debbab, P. Proksch Received November 27, 2012, accepted December 18, 2012 Prof. Dr. Peter Proksch, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany [email protected] Dedicated to Professor Theo Dingermann, Frankfurt, on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Pharmazie 68: 499–505 (2013) doi: 10.1691/ph.2013.6517 The potential of endophytic fungi as promising sources of bioactive natural products continues to attract broad attention. Endophytic fungi are defined as fungi that live asymptomatically within the tissues of higher plants. This overview will highlight the uniqueness of endophytic fungi as alternative sources of pharmaceutically valuable compounds originally isolated from higher plants, e.g. paclitaxel, camptothecin and podophyllotoxin. In addition, it will shed light on the fungal biosynthesis of plant associated metabolites as well as new approaches developed to improve the production of commercially important plant derived compounds with the involvement of endophytic fungi. 1. Introduction as potential new sources for therapeutic agents (Aly et al. 2010, 2011; Debbab et al. 2011, 2012) and set the stage for a more Fungal endophytes were first defined by Anton de Bary in 1886 comprehensive examination of the ability of other plants to as microorganisms that colonize internal tissues of stems and yield endophytes producing pharmacologically important nat- leaves (Wilson 1995). More recent definitions denoted that they ural products hitherto only known from plants. are ubiquitous microorganisms present in virtually all plants In this review pharmaceutically valuable plant secondary on earth from the arctic to the tropics (Strobel and Daisy 2003; metabolites which were found to be produced by fungal endo- Huang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Higher-Level Phylogenetic Classification of the Fungi
    mycological research 111 (2007) 509–547 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi David S. HIBBETTa,*, Manfred BINDERa, Joseph F. BISCHOFFb, Meredith BLACKWELLc, Paul F. CANNONd, Ove E. ERIKSSONe, Sabine HUHNDORFf, Timothy JAMESg, Paul M. KIRKd, Robert LU¨ CKINGf, H. THORSTEN LUMBSCHf, Franc¸ois LUTZONIg, P. Brandon MATHENYa, David J. MCLAUGHLINh, Martha J. POWELLi, Scott REDHEAD j, Conrad L. SCHOCHk, Joseph W. SPATAFORAk, Joost A. STALPERSl, Rytas VILGALYSg, M. Catherine AIMEm, Andre´ APTROOTn, Robert BAUERo, Dominik BEGEROWp, Gerald L. BENNYq, Lisa A. CASTLEBURYm, Pedro W. CROUSl, Yu-Cheng DAIr, Walter GAMSl, David M. GEISERs, Gareth W. GRIFFITHt,Ce´cile GUEIDANg, David L. HAWKSWORTHu, Geir HESTMARKv, Kentaro HOSAKAw, Richard A. HUMBERx, Kevin D. HYDEy, Joseph E. IRONSIDEt, Urmas KO˜ LJALGz, Cletus P. KURTZMANaa, Karl-Henrik LARSSONab, Robert LICHTWARDTac, Joyce LONGCOREad, Jolanta MIA˛ DLIKOWSKAg, Andrew MILLERae, Jean-Marc MONCALVOaf, Sharon MOZLEY-STANDRIDGEag, Franz OBERWINKLERo, Erast PARMASTOah, Vale´rie REEBg, Jack D. ROGERSai, Claude ROUXaj, Leif RYVARDENak, Jose´ Paulo SAMPAIOal, Arthur SCHU¨ ßLERam, Junta SUGIYAMAan, R. Greg THORNao, Leif TIBELLap, Wendy A. UNTEREINERaq, Christopher WALKERar, Zheng WANGa, Alex WEIRas, Michael WEISSo, Merlin M. WHITEat, Katarina WINKAe, Yi-Jian YAOau, Ning ZHANGav aBiology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA bNational Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information,
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of the Teleomorph of the Hyphomycete, Sterigmatobotrys Macrocarpa, and Epitypification of the Genus to Holomorphic Status
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 68: 193–202. 2011. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.08 Discovery of the teleomorph of the hyphomycete, Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpa, and epitypification of the genus to holomorphic status M. Réblová1* and K.A. Seifert2 1Department of Taxonomy, Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences, CZ – 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; 2Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada *Correspondence: Martina Réblová, [email protected] Abstract: Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpa is a conspicuous, lignicolous, dematiaceous hyphomycete with macronematous, penicillate conidiophores with branches or metulae arising from the apex of the stipe, terminating with cylindrical, elongated conidiogenous cells producing conidia in a holoblastic manner. The discovery of its teleomorph is documented here based on perithecial ascomata associated with fertile conidiophores of S. macrocarpa on a specimen collected in the Czech Republic; an identical anamorph developed from ascospores isolated in axenic culture. The teleomorph is morphologically similar to species of the genera Carpoligna and Chaetosphaeria, especially in its nonstromatic perithecia, hyaline, cylindrical to fusiform ascospores, unitunicate asci with a distinct apical annulus, and tapering paraphyses. Identical perithecia were later observed on a herbarium specimen of S. macrocarpa originating in New Zealand. Sterigmatobotrys includes two species, S. macrocarpa, a taxonomic synonym of the type species, S. elata, and S. uniseptata. Because no teleomorph was described in the protologue of Sterigmatobotrys, we apply Article 59.7 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. We epitypify (teleotypify) both Sterigmatobotrys elata and S. macrocarpa to give the genus holomorphic status, and the name S.
    [Show full text]
  • Glimpses of Antimicrobial Activity of Fungi from World
    Journal on New Biological Reports 2(2): 142-162 (2013) ISSN 2319 – 1104 (Online) Glimpses of antimicrobial activity of fungi from World Kiran R. Ranadive 1* Mugdha H. Belsare 2, Subhash S. Deokule 2, Neeta V. Jagtap 1, Harshada K. Jadhav 1 and Jitendra G. Vaidya 2 1Waghire College, Saswad, Pune – 411 055, Maharashtra, India 2Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune (Received on: 17 April, 2013; accepted on: 12 June, 2013) ABSTRACT As we all know that certain mushrooms and several other fungi show some novel properties including antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi and protozoan’s. These properties play very important role in the defense against several severe diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and other organisms also. In the available recent literature survey, many interesting observations have been made regarding antimicrobial activity of fungi. In particular this study shows total 316 species of 150 genera from 64 Fungal families (45 Basidiomycetous and 21 Ascomycetous families {6 Lichenized, 15 Non-Lichenized and 3 Incertae sedis)} are reported so far from world showing antibacterial activity against 32 species of 18 genera of bacteria and 22 species of 13 genera of fungi. This data materialistically adds the hidden potential of these reported fungi and it also clears the further line of action for the study of unknown medicinal fungi useful in human life. Key Words: Fungi, antimicrobial activity, microbes INTRODUCTION Fungi and animals are more closely related to one In recent in vitro study, extracts of more than 75 another than either is to plants, diverging from plants percent of polypore mushroom species surveyed more than 460 million years ago (Redecker 2000).
    [Show full text]