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Turkic C-Type Reduplications

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Turkic C-Type Reduplications Uniwersytet Śląski Wydział Filologiczny Kamil Stachowski Turkic C-type reduplications Promotor dr hab. Kamilla Termińska-Korzon, prof. UŚ Katowice 2013 ii Contents Preface 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Problem . 3 1.2 Technical . 12 2 Data 19 2.1 The oldest attestations . 19 2.2 Azeri . 27 2.3 Bashkir . 34 2.4 Dolgan . 39 2.5 Gagauz . 42 2.6 Karaim . 47 2.7 Karakalpak . 57 2.8 Kazakh . 61 2.9 Khakas . 68 2.10 Kirghiz . 71 2.11 Kumyk . 80 2.12 Oirot . 83 2.13 Ottoman . 89 2.14 Shor . 102 2.15 Tatar . 104 2.16 Turkish . 108 2.17 Turkmen . 122 2.18 Tuvinian . 127 2.19 Uighur . 132 2.20 Uzbek . 139 2.21 Yakut . 145 iii iv CONTENTS 3 Analysis 157 3.1 Recurring peculiarities . 157 3.2 Structure . 182 3.3 Semantics . 216 3.4 History . 227 4 Summary 249 4.1 Summary . 249 4.2 Conclusions . 259 A Müller 2004 263 Indices 273 Semantic groupings . 273 Subject index . 283 Symbols and abbreviations . 288 References . 288 List of Figures 1.1 Number of entries and reduplications in dictionaries . 14 2.1 Reduplications of Az. *garyš i.a. ‘mixed, scattered’ &c. 32 2.2 Reduplications of Kar.E ansyz ‘suddenly, unawares’ &c. 52 2.3 Reduplications of Oir. ak ‘white’ &c. 86 2.4 Reduplications of Oir. kök ‘blue’ &c. 88 2.5 Phonetic shapes of Ott. topdolu ‘full’ &c. 99 2.6 Reduplications of Shor ak ‘white’ &c. 103 3.1 Map of pp as a closer . 170 3.2 Map of entropy of closing consonants . 185 3.3 Entropy of closing consonants . 185 3.4 Number of reduplications against entropy of closing consonants in different languages . 186 3.5 Common reduplicated stems in different genealogical groups . 199 3.6 MDS of common reduplicated stems . 201 3.7 Semantic ranges in different languages . 220 3.8 Number of common semantic units . 222 3.9 MDS of common semantic units . 223 3.10 Number of bases and of semantic units in different languages . 225 3.11 Number of bases against number of semantic units . 225 3.12 Map of reduplications in the Tungusic languages . 234 3.13 Reduplications against Baskakov’s 1960 classification . 239 3.14 Reduplications against Tekin’s 1990 classification . 241 3.15 Hierarchical clustering of reduplications . 243 3.16 Growth of the number of reduplications in Ottoman . 246 A.1 Distances between Turkish phonemes encoded for neural networks . 269 v vi LIST OF FIGURES List of Tables 1.1 Types of reduplications in the Turkic languages . 6 1.2 Transcription . 15 2.1 Reduplications of Yak. soγotoχ ‘lone(ly)’ &c. 151 3.1 Reduplications with alternative closers . 159 3.2 Closing consonant vs. labial C1 . 162 3.3 Closing consonant vs. dental C1 . 163 3.4 Initial consonants of the bases . 165 3.5 Closing consonant vs. different C2 . 166 3.6 Use of different closing consonants in various languages . 183 3.7 Common reduplicated stems . 193 3.8 Common reduplicated stems in the Kipchak languages . 194 3.9 Presence of reduplicated stems in different genealogical groups . 197 3.10 Common reduplicated stems in different genealogical groups . 200 3.11 Common reduplicated stems in the mprs-languages . 203 3.12 Common reduplicated stems in Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, and Uzbek . 205 3.13 Presence patterns of common reduplicated stems in Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, and Uzbek . 206 3.14 Oghuz common reduplicated stems in Gagauz, Eastern Karaim, Ottoman, and Yakut . 209 3.15 Closing consonants other than p in the p-languages . 210 3.16 Number of common semantic units . 221 4.1 Typological diversification of Turkic collections . 250 A.1 Müller’s prediction of closing consonants . 266 A.2 Phonological encoding of Turkish for neural networks . 269 A.3 Mean accuracy of neural networks in Müller’s test . 270 A.4 Standard deviation of neural networks in Müller’s test . 270 vii viii LIST OF TABLES Preface In line with the classical Middle Eastern tradition of somewhat inflated, but rhyming, titles, the present work could be named The Book of Explication of Turkic Reduplication. In line with the more prosaic reality, however, it shall be said that its main goal is to draw a general outline of the past and the present of one type of Turkic reduplica⸗ tions whereby, primarily, adjectives and adverbs are intensified by having their initial mora repeated and prepended to the base with a lexically determined consonant in between, e.g. Tksh. kara ‘black’ → kapkara ‘jet-black’, Trkm. gūry ‘dry’ → gu.s.gūry ‘completely dry’. The novelty of the present work consists in a different attitude. It assembles pos⸗ sibly complete collections of examples from more than twenty Turkic languages, and analyses them as a whole from a diachronic perspective, and combining etymological, historical-comparative, and quantitative methodology. Previous works, on the other hand, typically only focused either on the synchronic state in modern Turkish, or on the general theoretical picture, and were based on highly selective data. The book begins with an introduction to the problem and setting of general guide⸗ lines of composition (chapter 1), then proceeds to present and comment on the material (chapter 2), and then to analyse it and make general observations (chapter 3). Con⸗ clusions scattered across the book are then collected and summarized in chapter 4. Finally, accessory material and considerations are presented in appendix A. The current shape of this work is the result of a collective effort of many people. Several of them have influenced it directly. In particular, my thanks are due to Pro⸗ fessors Kamilla Termińska-Korzon (Katowice, Poland) and Marek Stachowski (Cracow, Poland), and to my friends (alphabetically) José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente (Vito⸗ ria-Gasteiz, Spain), Tomasz Majtczak, and Michał Németh (both Cracow, Poland). I would also like to express my gratitude to my wife, without whose loving support this work would have forever remained a wishful plan. Needless to say, all the remaining errors, inaccuracies and weaknesses are my own. 1 2 Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter introduces reduplications, gives an overview of the state of the art, sets the objectives for the present work (1.1), and explains the guidelines observed during its composition (1.2). 1.1 Problem This section introduces the problem discussed in this book. First, it explains what the main subject is (1.1.1), then it gives an overview of previous research into the phenomenon (1.1.2), and finally it uses this information as background against which to set the primary objective of the work (1.1.3). 1.1.1 Subject The term reduplication is used in the literature to refer to a wide array of repetitions. The present work only discusses one type in the Turkic languages. Primarily, it is a method of intensification of adjectives and adverbs, which yields a form composed of the initial mora of the original word with a lexically determined consonant appended to it, and prepended as a whole to the original word itself, for example: Tksh. bejaz ‘white’ → be.m.bejaz ‘snow-white’, Trkm. dōly ‘full’ → dosdōly ‘absolutely full’. Since the element inserted between the doubled anlaut and the original word is (typically) a single consonant, this type will be called the C-type here. Other elements are also possible in the Turkic languages (see tab. 1.1), but they are far less numerous and, it might be suspected, secondary to the C-type. Some terms are occasionally used as mental abbreviations in the present work. For clarity, their slightly more formal but still readable definitions are provided below. (They are given in the alphabetical order, but the reader might want to begin with the term reduplication.) Note that they are limited to the usage in the present work, and do not aspire to capture all the senses in which these terms can be found employed in 3 4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION the literature (see below). Also, the term homolocal has been introduced for use in the present work. anlaut The first segment in a word, or less commonly, in a syllable.1 auslaut The last segment in a word, or, less commonly, in a syllable.1 base The word that undergoes →reduplication1. The repeated part of the anlaut of the base will be called the →head, and the not-repeated part of the auslaut the →tail. A secondary phonetic modification may be applied to the base regardless of the reduplicated anlaut (see 3.1.19). base meaning (as a mental abbreviation) The meaning of the →base. C1 (as a mental abbreviation) The initial (not: first) consonant of the →base. In bases with a vocalic →anlaut, C1 is null (∅). C2 (as a mental abbreviation) The first postvocalic consonant of the →base. closer The segment inserted between the →reduplicated anlaut and the →base dur⸗ ing →reduplication1. The closer can be null (∅), although, it seems, only in Mongolic. closing consonant (as a mental abbreviation) 1. A single consonant acting as a →closer. 2. A double consonant, especially pp , acting as a →closer. head (of the base) The part of the anlaut of the →base that is repeated during →re⸗ duplication1. The head cannot be null (∅). homolocal Pronounced at the same place of articulation. This term has been introduced to avoid the inaccurate term homorganic which might be also misleading, especially for speakers of German (compare the defin⸗ itions in e.g. Crystal 2008 and Trask 1996 versus those in e.g. Bußmann 1990 and Glück 1993). mprs-language (mental abbreviation) Any Turkic language in which at least three of m, p, r, and s are attested as a →closer.
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