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Parasitology Group: Gastro- Intestinal Parasites and Cestodes Annual Review of the Literature and Horizon Scanning Report 2019

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Parasitology Group: Gastro- Intestinal Parasites and Cestodes Annual Review of the Literature and Horizon Scanning Report 2019 Parasitology group: Gastro- intestinal parasites and Cestodes Annual review of the literature and horizon scanning report 2019 September 2020 © Crown copyright 2020 This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] Year of publication: 2020 www.gov.uk/defra Contents Expert review ....................................................................................................................... 1 Gastro-intestinal (GI) Nematodes ..................................................................................... 1 Cestodes .......................................................................................................................... 2 Ectoparasites ................................................................................................................... 3 Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke) and paramphistomes (rumen fluke) ................................. 3 ABSTRACTS ....................................................................................................................... 5 Gastro-intestinal nematodes in ruminants ........................................................................ 5 Anthelmintic resistance .................................................................................................... 9 Effect of condensed tannins ........................................................................................... 23 Other alternative treatments ........................................................................................... 26 Host Resistance to infection ........................................................................................... 38 Diagnosis ....................................................................................................................... 45 Anthelmintics .................................................................................................................. 49 Vaccination ..................................................................................................................... 56 Haemonchus spp ........................................................................................................... 57 GI nematodes in South American camelids ................................................................... 93 Cestodes ........................................................................................................................ 96 Ectoparasites ............................................................................................................... 108 Mites of poultry ............................................................................................................. 110 Trichostrongylus spp of grouse .................................................................................... 115 Zoonotic nematode parasites ....................................................................................... 116 Diagnostic techniques for other parasites .................................................................... 119 Fasciola spp and paramphistomes ............................................................................... 121 Dicrocoelium dendriticum ............................................................................................. 155 Expert review This document containing abstracts collected by using the following serach terms (cestodes) OR “haemonchus contortus” OR “ostertagia ostertagi" OR "teladorsagia circumcincta” OR trichostrongylus OR cooperia OR "dictyocaulus viviparus" OR ectoparasites OR "psoroptes sp" OR "fasciola hepatica" OR "rumen fluke" OR (paramphistome) OR calicophoron OR dicrocoelium AND (control) OR "alternative Forage*" OR resistance OR diagnosis OR "anthelmintic resistance" OR vaccine* OR (anthelmintic*) and published in 2019. These were then viewed and collated as those of particular interest to APHA and scanning surveillance. Gastro-intestinal (GI) Nematodes • Sheep-Monepantel resistance identified in UK, more work to detect molecular basis of resistance is being undertaken, focusing on mutations in Tci-mptl-1 gene. • Cattle parasites- ivermectin treatment failure on four cattle farms in Ireland, one farm O. ostertagi survived treatment. • First detection of ivermectin resistance in Oesophagostomum dentatum in pigs in the UK. • Ongoing research into the way ivermectin acts on parasites and molecular markers of resistance, as well as ways to overcome ivermectin resistance in nematodes. • Levamisole resistance in H. contortus associated with a 63bp deletion in the Hco- acr-8b gene that encodes a subunit for a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. • Potential diagnostic test developments, amplicon sequencing for the analysis of benzimidazole resistance allele frequencies in field populations of gastrointestinal nematodes published. Could be extended if more molecular markers of resistance become known. Also novel droplet digital PCR approach, both quite expensive for routine use currently. Other methods being looked at e.g. ELISAs , AMLDiTOF • Recovery of fenbendazole efficacy on resistant H. contortus by management of parasite refugia and population replacement (infecting lambs with susceptible population worms). • Lots of papers on the effect of condensed tannins from various plants, on GI nematodes either in vitro or in vivo. • Also work on zinc oxide nanoparticles, copper capsules, various plants, essential oils, fungal proteins and repurposing drugs as well as looking for new anthelmintic chemicals compounds. • Effects on environmental stages of nematodes with the golden death bacillus Chryseobacterium nematophagum and also more work on Duddingtonia flagrans (already commercially available in some countries) as an in feed product. • Continued work on identifying animals resistant to GI nematodes. • Continued work on Teladorsagia circumcincta vaccine development. 1 Cestodes • One of the most important is the development of a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of 4 important Taenia species that seriously impact livestock health (Taenia hydatigena, T. multiceps, T. pisiformis and Dipylidium caninum) and infect dogs and other canids. This could potentially aid epidemiological studies and prevention and control strategies. • The molecular detection of Taenia crassiceps, a known parasite of foxes, in a captive animal (Cape fur seal) emphasized its zoonotic potential and the regular need of the parasitological testing of pet dogs. • An important publication molecularly did not differentiate between Taenia multiceps, the cause of cerebral Coenurus cerebralis in herbivores and Taenia gaigeri, a species originally described on morphological grounds. • A recent publication describes the development of a rapid coenurosis diagnostic method. Based on an ELISA assay it was shown to have 96% sensitivity and 88% specificity using antigen B (AgB) from T. mulitceps and thus may have good serodiagnostic potential for the infection. • A study on bovine cysticercosis caused by Cysticercus bovis from Iran investigated the use of serology and meat inspection for the detection of this parasite. • There were several reports on prevalence and importance of Taenia solium porcine infection in Africa and its comparison with Taenia hydatigena which was found to be as prevalent as the former and the cause of huge economic losses. • Publications on cystic and alveolar echinococcosis also featured widely in the last year. A study on bovine cystic echinococcosis in northern Italy underlined the importance of surveillance systems that include testing dogs of transhumant flocks thought to be the source of infection in cattle. • A PCR-RFLP for the differentiation of Echinococcus granulosus sesnu stricto and Taenia species coproDNA has also been published. This method was tested using experimentally and naturally infected faecal samples. The assay is said to be sensitive enough to detect a single egg from patent infections. Difficulties normally associated with dealing with coproDNA and enzyme restriction digestion were not discussed. • The transmission dynamics and control measures of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes were reassessed within a mathematical framework using a novel approach called petrinet (PN) potentially useful in analysing and controlling parasite dynamics. • Since 2012 Echinococcus multilocularis has been described in southern Ontario, Canada from an area previously thought to be free of this parasite. The use of spatial scan test, allowed the discovery of an infection cluster in densely population human areas, suggesting zoonotic transmission. • A systematic review of surveillance methods for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in humans and animals emphasized the need for International consensus on gold standard methods and harmonization of surveillance data to allow the assessment of the global burden and distribution of this parasite within a One Health Approach. • Literature reviews on Echinococcus included the Food and Waterborne Parasitology Special issue which compiled aspects of molecular markers of disease 2 emergence, diagnostics, treatment of Echinococcus multilocularis and control strategies of the definitive hosts. • Another excellent review discussed the advances made in detection and control of Echinococcosis in the 21st century including those in genomics,
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