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Helminth Infections and Hybridization Between Original Article ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) www.cbpv.org.br/rbpv Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, v. 27, n. 3, p. 280-288, july.-sept. 2018 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120180044 Helminth infections and hybridization between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in sheep from Santana do Livramento, Brazil Infecções helmínticas e hibridização entre Haemonchus contortus e Haemonchus placei em ovinos criados em Santana do Livramento, Brasil Fabiana Alves de Almeida1*; César Cristiano Bassetto1; Mônica Regina Vendrame Amarante1; Ana Cláudia Alexandre de Albuquerque2; Renan Zappavigna Costa Starling2; Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante1 1 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil 2 Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Received January 10, 2018 Accepted May 9, 2018 Abstract The occurrence and intensity of helminth infections were evaluated in sheep from pastures shared with cattle. In 2015 and 2016, young male sheep acquired in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were finished in integrated crop-livestock system. We selected the 12 sheep that showed the highest number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces to search for worms in the gastrointestinal tract. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the major parasites. H. contortus presented mean intensities of 1,159 and 257 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. T. colubriformis displayed mean intensities of 4,149 and 2,427 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 127 male specimens of Haemonchus spp. analysed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 125 were H. contortus, one Haemonchus placei and one hybrid. Other species detected were Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger, and Trichuris ovis. Twenty lambs presented cysts of Taenia hydatigena in the liver and mesentery. One lamb presented Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, in the brain. In conclusion, sheep from pasture shared with cattle presented a high diversity of nematode species. H. contortus and H. placei co-infection occur with consequent hybridization. Keywords: Cooperia, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Taenia hydatigena, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus. Resumo A ocorrência de infecções helmínticas foi avaliada em ovinos que compartilhavam pastagem com bovinos. Em 2015 e em 2016, cordeiros machos foram adquiridos em Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, para serem terminados em sistema de lavoura – pecuária (ILP). Em cada ano, 12 cordeiros que tinham maior contagem de ovos nas fezes foram abatidos para recuperação dos vermes. Haemonchus contortus e Trichostrongylus colubriformis foram as principais espécies registradas. H. contortus apresentou intensidade média de 1159 e 257 vermes em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. T. colubriformis apresentou intensidade média de 4149 e 2427 parasitas em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. De 127 machos de Haemonchus spp. analisados por “Polymerase Chain Reaction” (PCR), 125 foram identificados comoH. contortus, um como Haemonchus placei e um como híbrido. Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger e Trichuris ovis foram as outras espécies de nematódeos registradas. Vinte cordeiros apresentaram cistos de Taenia hydatigena no mesentério e no fígado. Um cordeiro apresentou no cérebro Coenurus cerebralis, o estágio larval de Taenia multiceps. Em conclusão, ovinos criados com bovinos apresentam grande diversidade de nematódeos. A co-infecção de H. contortus e H. placei favorece a produção de híbridos. Palavras-chave: Cooperia, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Taenia hydatigena, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus. *Corresponding author: Fabiana Alves de Almeida. Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. e-mail: [email protected] This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. v. 27, n. 3, july.-sept. 2018 Helminth infections in sheep 281/288 281 Introduction Materials and Methods Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) has the largest sheep population This study was conducted in accordance with the Ethics in Brazil, with an estimated 3,957,275 head (IBGE, 2015). In this Committee on Animal Use (CEUA) of São Paulo State University State, most sheep are raised by continuous grazing on grassland (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil vegetation (native pasture) that is usually shared with cattle in (protocol number 716-CEUA). the biome of the Pampa, located in the southern half of RS. In 2015 and 2016, young sheep were purchased in Santana Southern Brazil occupies a transitional zone between tropical and do Livramento, which is located in the southern half of RS State, temperate climates, with hot summers, cool winters, and no dry to be finished in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) in season. The southern half of RS and adjacent areas of Uruguay and Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, where they rotationally grazed Argentina have annual precipitation in the range of 1200-1600 mm paddocks for a total of 72 days. At the farm of origin lambs grazed and mean annual temperatures of 13-17 °C. Grass-dominated simultaneously with cattle (Bos taurus) of different ages. vegetation types prevail, with many herb, shrub, and tree let species They were allocated in a clean pasture that had been used co-occurring within the grass matrix (OVERBECK et al., 2007). in an ICL system in previous years. Before introduction of In this environment, sheep production faces gastrointestinal nematode the experimental sheep, the area was left without animals for (GIN) infections, which are a significant cause of productivity 300 days, for a period of crop production followed by pasture losses and mortality. This problem has become worse due to the seeding and growth. This resulted in a clean pasture that was widespread emergence of nematode populations with resistance free of contamination by the free-living stages of GIN parasites. Decontamination of the area was confirmed by the use of to anthelmintics (ECHEVARRIA et al., 1996). worm-free tracer lambs that grazed the pasture and remained Environmental conditions greatly influence the distribution free of helminth infection (data not publish). We then analysed of different nematode species and the risk of massive infections. the worm population acquired by the sheep on their farm of Santiago et al. (1975) published the first report on the prevalence origin in Santana do Livramento. of helminths in sheep and cattle sharing the same pasture in RS, reporting that Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Experimental animals Nematodirus filicollis were specifically found in sheep, while Cooperia spp. infected both sheep and cattle. Later, in a detailed study of In the first year (2015), we used 64 Poll Dorset x Corriedale GIN epizootiology in sheep in Itaqui, RS, Santiago et al. (1976) (crossbred) uncastrated male sheep of 8 months of age on average reported nine species of GINs. Among them, Haemonchus contortus, and with a mean body weight of 24.4 ± 3.4 kg. In the second year Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (2016), we used 48 Texel x Corriedale (crossbred) male young Oesophagostomum columbianum were the main causes of economic sheep of the same age as the animals from the previous year and with a body weight of 26.4 ± 3.5 kg. losses in sheep in that region. Regarding Haemonchus species, At the end of 72 days of grazing, we selected in each year the Santiago (1968) postulated that natural cross-infection of cattle 12 sheep with the highest numbers of eggs per gram of faeces and sheep with Haemonchus spp. in RS was negligible. Studies in (EPG) based on the average of six EPG counts of faecal samples São Paulo State demonstrated that cattle were the preferential host taken every two weeks. The selected lambs were slaughtered to of Haemonchus similis and Haemonchus placei and that sheep were count and characterize the worms in the gastrointestinal tract. the preferential host of Haemonchus contortus (AMARANTE et al., At necropsy, the abomasum and small and large intestines were 1997; SILVA et al., 2015). removed and opened and the contents were placed in graduated Most studies on GIN epidemiology were performed decades buckets. A 10% aliquot was frozen at -18 °C for subsequent ago, before the development of molecular techniques that can be enumeration and identification of the helminths (UENO & used to distinguish nematode species. In studies that aim to evaluate GONÇALVES, 1998). The small intestine was digested in saline the prevalence and intensity of infection, correct identification of solution (0.85% NaCl) for 4 h at 37 °C, and a 10% sample of parasite species is essential. The use of molecular tools is particularly the digested material was collected and frozen. important in Haemonchus spp. diagnosis because morphological All internal organs were examined to search for cysts of measurements of
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