AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE you is, NO. JOURNAL JANUARY, 1941

SOUTH AMERICAN NUMBER

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JANUARY, 1941

PRIZE STORY JTINKER “The Last Legation” By Pierre de L. Boal (Page 31)

Cover Picture: S.S. Brazil leaving New York Harbor See page 14

Recent Developments in the Field of Inter-American Cultural Relations By Edward G. Trueblood

Press Comment

Aviation in the Americas

Office of the Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Relations Between the American Republics

The Founding of Santiago, 1541-1941 By Charles F. Knox, Jr Inter-American Maritime Traffic. 20 NORTH AMERICA Editor’s Column The Good Neighbor Policy, 22 SOUTH AMERICA

News from the Department CENTRAL AMERICA By Reginald P. Mitchell 23

News from the Field 26 CARIBREAN The Bookshelf /. Rives Childs, Review Editor 28 Consult your Travel Agent or JOURNAL PHOTOGRAPH CONTEST 30

The Last Legation By Pierre de L. Boal.... GRACE LINE Foreign Service Changes, 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or Service Glimpses 35 10 Hanover Square, New York Circulating Library in Mexico 38 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Marriage 38 Agents and Offices in all principal cities

Birth 38 Supplement to the Photographic Register 40

Excerpts from an Address by Ambassador Daniels 43

In Memoriatn 46 Visitors 59

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D .C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879. 1 EVERY HOUSE NEEDS W E S T I N G H 0 U S E Any boy can build a motor

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2 INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Export Lines ’ , 46 American International Underwriters Corporation 11 COVER American Republics Line - 48 American Security and Trust Company 37 HOST ioifie Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 59 Brewood (Engravers) 52

Calvert School 55 Campbell Company, W. D 57 Cathay Hotel _ . 59 Chase National Bank 57 Clark, Horace F., & Son 58

Fairfax Hotel _ 52 Federal Storage Company 50 Fessenden School, The _ 52 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. - . — 4

General Motors Overseas Operations 36 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Company 56 Grace Line 1 Gude Bros. Co. . . — 58

Hay-Adams House ._. 53 IN THE International Telephone & Telegraph Co 42 NATIONAL CAPITAL Mayflower Hotel 3 Metropole Hotel Shanghai 59 When you step into the lobby of this world- Montgomery Ward 47 famous hostelry you instantly feel that it is Moore-McCormack Lines 48 a great hotel, great in the sense that it is the home of international personages and a color National City Bank 49 ful setting for the great events occurring National Geographic Magazine 45 daily within its corridors. This endless pro¬ New England Mutual Life Insurance Co 53 cession of important happenings and distin¬ guished guests never fails to thrill the dis¬ Pacific Fisheries. Assn, of ..... 52 criminating traveler seeking a standard of Pan-American Airways, Inc — 51 service conforming with individual require¬ Park Hotel—Shanghai . - 59 ments in comfort, hospitality and service. That is why they stop at The Mayflower, Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U. 53 when visiting the National Capital. Its every Schenley Products III COVER modern service and convenient location as Sea Captains’ Shop. The 59 sures the most for a pleasant stay, yet, its Security Storage Company of Washington . 37 rates are no higher than at less finely ap¬ Sloane, W. & J. 54 pointed hotels. Socuny-\ acuum < li I Co., Inc. til> Dipl/nnatic discount extended Turner’s Diplomatic School 57 to officers of the Foreign Service Tyner, Miss E. J — 58 in Washington on active duty.

Underwriters II COVER Underwood Elliott Fisher Company. .... 39 WASHINGTON’S FINEST HOTEL United Fruit Company — 55 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company .... .51 United States Lines 41

Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc 53 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER Ihe UlRVFLOUIER Westinghouse Electric International Company 2 WASHINGTON, D. C. R. L. Pollio, Manager Woodward & Lothrop 44

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FOREIGN E JOURNAL cn PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 18, No. 1 WASHINGTON, D. C. JANUARY, 1941

Recent Developments in the Field of Inter- America n Cultural Relations: Cooperation between Government and Private Interests

By EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD, Assistant Chief of the Division of Cultural Relations

OUR Government has long been interested in in¬ visitor to our missions and consular offices was the ternational cultural relations but a more active business man seeking advice concerning “market” phase of governmental direction and promotion of possibilities, today our officers are receiving a activities in this field may be said to have begun stream of people interested in everything from folk¬ two years and a half ago, in July, 1938, with the lore to prison reform. Not that “cultural'’ activi¬ establishment, within the Department of State, of a ties are new to the Service: interesting books on division of “cultural relations.” The scope of ac¬ Argentina and Brazil have been written by recent tivities of this division is world-wide, but the out¬ ambassadors there, a consul in a small West Coast break of the war in Europe in 1939 has tended to port organized a string quartet, a secretary in an confine it principally to the Western Hemisphere. important capital conducted the national symphony This on the “good neighborhood” has orchestra, a consul in an isolated post wrote and also been deliberate, since private initiative and staged a three-act play, the wife of one of our sec¬ philanthropy have created a much denser network retaries at Buenos Aires wrote one of the few exist¬ of cultural ties between the United States and ing biographies in English of San Martin, a recent Europe and the Far East than with the other Ameri¬ Ambassador in Chile interested himself in the can Republics. There has thus been much more American schools there and still serves on the board need for governmental encouragement in this last- of directors of Santiago College. Less spectacular named area, and this need under the impact of activities have also gone on quietly at many posts, world events has become urgent and compelling. It where officers have taken keen interest in the cul¬ is generally realized that the close political, mili¬ tural resources of their communities, formed tary and economic cooperation among the Western friendships with leading artists, writers, teachers, Republics necessitated by the state of the world to¬ musicians or scientists and have in turn been of day must, in order to be successful, be satisfactorily great value, as a result, to visitors from the United complemented in the field of cultural relationships. States interested in these activities. The development of this program has placed a Despite these commendable efforts, more has heavy additional responsibility on the Foreign Serv¬ been needed, both from the Foreign Service, from ice. Whereas a few years ago the most frequent the government and private agencies in the United

5 LUNCHEON AT THE COSMOS CLUB, WASHINGTON, DECEM¬ BER 4, 1940, FOR MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE DIVI¬ SION OF CULTURAL RELA¬ TIONS, THE ART COMMITTEE AND OFFICIALS OF THE OF¬ FICE OF THE COORDINATOR OF CULTURAL AND COMMER¬ CIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS Head of table, left to right: Archibald MacLeish, Grace Mc¬ Cann Morley, Ben M. Cherring- lon, Concha Romero James, Monroe Wheeler, Carl II. Milam, Rodolfo O. Rivera. Sides of table, from foreground, left to right: Donald Goodchild, D. H. Daugherty, George Kubler, Dr. Robert C. Smith, Dr. Stephen Duggan, Irene A. Wright, Ed¬ ward G. Trueblood, Charles A. Thomson, Richard Pattee, Dr. John H. Patterson, George C. Vaillant, Dr. William Berrien.

States if really effective cultural rapprochment with South America has been in close touch with Latin America is to be brought about. A start has European culture ever since the middle of the last been made, however, even though results to date century; not only have its leisure classes studied may not seem as impressive as some sincere if im¬ and traveled there continually, but a return patient partisans would have them. The task is of travelers from Europe, professors, scientists and tremendously complex and results cannot be ex¬ public officials have left a deep imprint on the pected overnight. criollo culture. The foreign school, often teaching It should not be overlooked that the mere facts in foreign tongues, has played an important part in that cultural matters figure on the agenda of inter- this connection and it is significant that some of American conferences and that our Government as the earliest cultural contacts with the United States well as several others in this hemisphere have spe¬ were established as a result of American schools cial agencies devoted to “intellectual cooperation” founded in several of the Republics. Some of these or “cultural relations” are of themselves significant schools have been in existence a good many years; and important. for example, Santiago College in Chile recently In a sense this represents a more important celebrated its 50th anniversary. change of policy for the United States than for Yet at the same time, beginning early in the cen¬ many of its southern neighbors, who, by virtue of tury a small but growing cavalcade of students from the control of education by the national government South America began to make the long trip to the and other considerations, have been accustomed to United States for special study in our colleges and intervene more directly in such matters. Interna¬ universities. As their influence and numbers in¬ tional aspects of culture have probably also been creased, there began to be larger nuclei in most of closer to them than to the United States, since many the Republics of alumni of our institutions of higher of the Republics are small, with limited facilities learning who, for the most part, were enthusiastic for professional and graduate study, which has about the United States and anxious to spread the made it almost a matter of course for students, mu¬ gospel among their fellow citizens. American sicians and artists to conclude their studies in schools in the Republics also contributed to Europe, or, in an increasing degree in recent years strengthen feelings of friendship. in the United States. This of course explains in What was needed to complete the equation was part why so many of the intellectual classes in the a change in our governmental policy and when this other American republics speak or understand lan¬ occurred, the groundwork was laid for a new era in guages other than their own, which is in contrast friendly relations. The Pan American Conference to this country, where it is unusual to find anyone in Montevideo in 1933 gave first expression to the except a scholar in the Romanic language or history new dispensation and it has been followed by field who has a speaking knowledge of Spanish or equally successful and harmonious meetings at Portuguese. Buenos Aires, Lima, Panama and Habana. New types of cooperation have evolved and a new con¬ in this field; supervision of participation by this Govern¬ cept of the inter-dependence of the 21 American ment in international radio broadcasts; encouragement of a closer relationship between unofficial organizations of this Republics has been mutually agreed upon. and of foreign governments engaged in cultural and intel¬ The Inter-American Conference for Maintenance lectual activities; and, generally, the dissemination abroad of Peace held in 1936 at Buenos Aires marked an of tbe representative intellectual and cultural works of the important milestone in cultural relations in this United States and the improvement and broadening of the hemisphere since it resulted in the approval of acts scope of our cultural relations with other countries.” of great significance in this field, notably conven¬ A problem in nomenclature was encountered in tions for the exchange of students and professors selecting a suitable name for the new agency. The and for the exchange of hooks and publications. To English language seemed unable at this juncture to administer the former, it was recommended that supply a synonym for the word “cultural,’ which each country set up an appropriate agency. This has had, in recent years at any rate, a tendency to added another specific motive to others already cause Americans to raise their eyebrows and assume existing for the creation of an agency in the Govern¬ the defensive. The Pan American Union has had ment competent to deal with this type of activities. for some time a division of “intellectual coopera¬ The Division of Cultural Relations in the Depart¬ tion,” and this is the phrase used in the agency set ment was accordingly established by order effective July 28, 1938. As of possible interest a copy of up by the League of Nations. To avoid confusion part of this order, defining the functions of the new it was believed desirable not to use this term, which division, is inserted herewith. resulted in the present choice, faute de mieux. "For the purpose of encouraging and strengthening cul¬ The Division at the outset was conceived of as a tural relations and intellectual cooperation between the sort of clearing house or liaison agency to keep in United States and other countries, it is hereby ordered that touch with the many organizations and institutions there shall be established in the Department of State a Division of Cultural Relations. operating in the inter-American cultural field which The Division will have general charge of official inter¬ would, at the same time, stimulate these interests national activities of this Department with respect to cul¬ to greater activity. In the words of the first chief tural relations, embracing the exchange of professors, teach¬ of the Division, Dr. Ben M. Cherrington, it should ers, and students; cooperation in the field of music, art, literature, and other intellectual and cultural attainments; have the role of a “Junior partner.” Whenever the formulation and distribution of libraries of representa¬ possible, actual development and administration of tive works of the United States and suitable translations projects in the field were to be left to private agen¬ thereof; the preparations for and management of the par¬ ticipation by this Government in international expositions cies already in existence.

LUNCHEON TO CELEBRATE FIRST ANNI¬ VERSARY OF ALIANZA CULTURAL URUGUAY— ESTADOS UNIDOS DE NORTE AMERICA M e 1 d September 21 at the New Yacht Club Uru- guayo. Head of table, left to right: Dr. Estape; Sr. Pedro Cosio; Minister Edwin C. Wilson; Dr. Ed¬ uardo Blanco Ace¬ vedo ; Mr. Guy Whitney, Presi¬ dent of American Association; Dr. Horacio Garcia Lagos.

7 At the same time, however, the Division received tion provides that the sending government must among its first duties responsibility for the execu¬ pay all expenses in the case of professors. For the tion, in collaboration with the Office of Educa¬ fellowships, the sending government pays travel ex¬ tion, of the Convention for the Promotion of Inter penses to and from the institution and the receiv¬ American Cultural Relations, providing for the of¬ ing governments arrange for maintenance and ficial exchange of students and professors. Con¬ tuition. gress provided funds to meet our obligations under To assist the Division and the Office of Education this Convention for the first time in the 1939 bud¬ in selecting American students and professors whose get and the exchanges were officially begun in the names are proposed to the other governments, a spring of 1940 when two American graduate stu¬ special committee has been organized under the dents enrolled in the University of Chile. chairmanship of Dr. Stephen Duggan, Director of As the scope of the activities under the Conven¬ the Institute of International Education, which for tion has increased, they have required more and many years has been active in this field. Applica¬ more attention and time on the part of officers of tions are received by the Office of Education, which the Division. There are now 13 Republics in ad¬ has set up a special office for this purpose, headed dition to the United States which have ratified the by Dr. John Patterson, formerly of American Uni¬ act: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Domini¬ versity, Washington, D. C. can Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicara¬ The most important effort made by the Division gua, Panama, Paraguy, Peru and Venezuela. in its function as a liaison agency was the holding Student exchanges have begun with all of the of large public conferences in the fall of 1939 to countries named above excepting Brazil, Colombia which persons in this country interested in the chief (which has just ratified), Honduras and Peru: ten phases of cultural cooperation with the other American students have received fellowships in the American Republics took part. Separate confer¬ other Republics, while we have awarded 19 fellow¬ ences were held in the fields of music, art, educa¬ ships to citizens of the other participating countries. tion and books and publications. By bringing to¬ Two American professors, Professor Charles C. gether, practically for the first time, most of the Griffin of Vas- outstanding per- sar College and s o n s in the Professor John U n i t ed States Ashton of Tex¬ interested as Agricultural in these fields, and Mechanical the conferences College are now gave a tremen- residing in d o u s impetus Venezuela and to popular in¬ Nicaragua, re¬ terest and re¬ spectively, as sulted in the exchange pro¬ initiation of a fessors. Chile number of co¬ has chosen Pro¬ operative and fessor William continuing e f- Rex Crawford forts. Perma¬ of the Univer¬ nent inter- sity of Pennsyl¬ American com¬ vania; Costa mittees on art, Rica, Professor music and Arthur Aiton of medical educa¬ the University tion have been of Michigan, set up to act in and Guatemala, a consultative Professor Car- LAYING OF A CORNERSTONE, JULY 4TH, FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL capacity roll Dodge of AT EL PILAR, TORREON, MEXICO in those fields. Washi n g t o n With the Mexican flag flying side by side with the Stars and Stripes, A second University, St. American college students and members of the Friends of Peace Serv¬ phase may be Louis. ice Committee singing the “Star Spangled Banner’’ and the Mexican children iheir national hymn, a feeling of good will was created and (Continued on The Conven¬ sealed between the people of these two nations. page 47)

8 Press Conimeiif

NEEDED CHANGES IN FOREIGN SERVICE APPOINTMENT TO VICHY It is logical and proper that numerous shifts and . . . The (diplomatic) assignments which have new appointments in the diplomatic service should been made by Mr. Roosevelt since his reelection now be under discussion. Time was when such have been singularly felicitous. None could have posts as the embassies in London, and Berlin been more appropriate than the naming of Admiral were regarded as the most desirable in the foreign William D. Leahy to Vichy. service. Yet it would not be surprising if there Admiral Leahy, apparently, is the President’s were few if any candidates for those posts today.. . . second choice. To General Pershing the post was The truth of the matter is that not only for the offered first, and the reason, doubtless, was the chiefs of mission but for the entire diplomatic and closeness of the general’s relation with France’s consular staffs in the principal warring nations of chief of state, Marshal Petain. No call of duty Europe, the problem of change is of prime impor¬ has ever found the general unready, but, alas, our tance. It has its negative and its positive aspects. 80-year-old A. E. F. commander is in the doctor’s The fact that long service has given particular in¬ care. Upon them rested the decision, and the gen¬ dividuals an exceptional knowledge of a particu¬ eral reluctantly had to acquiesce in their no. lar post is an argument for keeping him on. But But, aside from the personal aspect of the matter, prolonged war-time service in London, and even in the mission is better entrusted to Admiral Leahy. Paris, Berlin and other such capitals, without any The admiral is younger, and in better physical real chance for a change and a vacation, imposes a trim for any move to Morocco that a disillusioned great strain on these men and their families. It is Petain government one of these fateful days may not enough to say that this is all “in line of duty” wish to make; he has naval eyes and ears for the and that they can as well bear it as can the citizens great Mediterranean epic that always seems about of the warring countries. This is true. But it does to open; and he already has had a proconsular not follow that special allowances should not be career which fits him for a diplomatic post of first made for them, so that they can get occasional re¬ rank. lief from the strain, and to transfer those who have The naming of Admiral Leahy is the latest rec¬ served long in dangerous areas. ognition of the overriding importance to the United President Roosevelt, to his credit be it said, has States of first-class representation in Europe. Gone, or at least shelved for the nonce, are the days when consistently recognized the importance of helping a diplomatic appointment abroad was the simplest and strengthening the career foreign service. He way of paying a political debt, or of finding a has placed and kept in positions of great importance berth for springtime “playboys.”—Washington such men as Joseph P. Grew, Ambassador to Ja¬ Post, November 24, 1940. pan; Nelson T. Johnson, Ambassador to China; William Phillips, Ambassador to Italy, and Norman Armour, Ambassador to Argentina .... U. S. FOREIGN SERVICE RANKS WITH But it is not enough to think only of the chiefs of BEST IN THE WORLD mission. There are devoted public servants among the secretarial and clerical in all the warring Various newspaper columnists and editorial wait¬ countries. These men and women will, of course, ers are urging the appointment of career men to the continue to do their duty without hesitation. But highest diplomatic posts in Europe. They want no the State Department, already aware of this prob¬ more ambassadors or ministers chosen from the big lem, has the opportunity of insuring the best pos¬ campaign contributors—at least not in this Admin¬ sible service from these people by making, if need istration. be, special arrangements to enable them to get away It has been only a few short years since the career from the war zones on leave and, where it seems men in our foreign service and in the State Depart¬ particularly desirable, to transfer some of them to ment in Washington were somewhat contemptuously the quieter and no less important posts in Latin referred to as “cookie-pushers.” They were sup¬ America. They have earned such a respite.—New posed to be interested chieflv in the social life that York Herald Tribune, November 23, 1940. (Continued on page 40) Aviation in the Americas

AMONG the first agencies to respond to the call pany, Pan American-Grace Airways. A wise and J~\ for a totally unified western hemisphere and far-seeing Congress, heeding the request of the U. S. closer unity between the countries of North and Post Office Department, lent legislative aid under the South America was the international air transport terms of the old Foreign Air Mail Act, which served system of the United States. Nothing, it has been a vital purpose in its day. But when these began to recognized, could be more important to that objec¬ expire and nothing from a legislative point of view tive than the service offered by modern commercial more properly geared and gaited to new times and air transportation. new conditions appeared, America’s efforts in inter¬ Such had existed for a number of years. The national air transportation reached a stalemate and routes of the Pan American Airways System, repre¬ threatened to bog down. senting the cooperative efforts of American business No serious emergency has been more satisfac¬ and the Federal Government, had linked all of the torily filled by the Civil Aeronautics Authority as twenty-one republics of the western hemisphere. But created by Congress of 1938 than has this one. Its the tightening of these power to certificate un¬ bonds has now been un¬ der the so-called “grand¬ dertaken through one of father” clause existent the most far-reaching contractural routes gave programs ever undertak¬ new stimulus and new en by the fifteen-year justification for long¬ old industry of civil term planning in the de¬ aviation in America. velopment of America’s The first feeble efforts merchant marine of the to link the United States air. Envisioning for the with all of the republics first time a sound future, to the South began ap¬ it was possible to plan proximately a dozen new schedules and new years ago with the pro¬ services and new, larger jection of the nation’s and faster equipment first international air commensurate with the line under the hopeful evident needs of that title of “Pan American future. Airways,” connecting So it is for these rea¬ the tip of Florida with sons that in the last the then seemingly (in quarter of 1940 there aeronautical terms) dis¬ was witnessed the begin¬ tant island of Cuba. ning of the far-reaching This ambitious effort program which excels was gradually carried any yet undertaken by forward until all of the the fifteen-year-old in¬ islands of the West In¬ dustry of civil aviation dies were joined by air, in America. the was One of the highlights crossed, the Canal Zone and most dramatic mo¬ — vital objective-—was ments in this new inter¬ reached and routes were national air service pro¬ gradually extended gram occurred at Miami down the east coast and on the morning of Sep¬ down the west coast of tember 1, 1940, when South America—the lat¬ Pan American Airways’ ter by Pan American Clipper Comet lifted Airways’ affiliated com¬ through the early morn-

10 ing light and swung off into southern skies. Carry¬ five years. Believed to be covered with impenetrable ing 1,000 pounds of mail and seventeen passengers, jungle, this area was discovered by Pan American the Clipper Comet was inaugurating a new high¬ route pioneers to be only fringed with jungle while speed air express service, the first long-range inter¬ the great mass of the interior was open, flat savan¬ national operation of high-altitude ships, which re¬ nah country, ideal for flying and possible of tre¬ duced by two days the previous fastest air schedules mendous agricultural development. Following the between the United States and the important capi¬ initial surveys, the Brazilian Government has done tals and trade centers of the East Coast of South considerable aerial work in the area and the Bra¬ America. was now only three days zilian Air Corps has laid out and developed innu¬ from the United States and Buenos Aires but three merable airports through this region. and a half days. Leaving the old coastal route, over which steamers This new fast time to the most distant capital of require nine days between Rio and Belem, the Clip¬ South America by way of the east coast was made pers now fly directly south, cutting off 1,000 miles possible by the dramatic inauguration of a new of the great “hump” of the continent which extends overland air route in South America, known as the into the South Atlantic to a point nearly 2,600 miles “Cut-off to Rio.” Whereas previous service between east of New York—and which provides such an these points had been around the coast, the new ideal “landing arm” for European airline flying. high altitude equipment provided made possible With only one intermediate stop—at Barreiras, 750 service over the new cut-off route which begins at miles inland — the Strato-Clippers cover the 1,600 Para, on the north coast of South America. From miles in 9 hours, to arrive Rio de Janeiro at 3:55 this point it follows a new air-line course charted in the afternoon .... well under 29 flying hours through the heart of interior Brazil on a direct line from Miami, and just over 2^/2 days. Present air between Para and Rio de Janeiro. Originally sur¬ time between Miami and Rio de Janeiro is 5 days veyed by Pan American engineers in 1934, with the while steamers require 12 days for the express trip. cooperation of the Brazilian Government, this stra¬ Less dramatic perhaps but of equal importance in tegic route was quietly developed through the past the maintetnance of foreign trade and other rela-

II lions with South American countries, other new and will, in effect, complete the change-over from sea¬ faster air schedules were inaugurated at the same plane to landplane transports on the majority of time between the United States and all countries to inter-American routes. the south. The schedules planned for inauguration in Janu¬ Striking, when compared with the “contact” main¬ ary contemplate the operation of daily service be¬ tained between the United States and the far-South American nations before the airways were pioneered tween the U. S. and Puerto Rico; daily service from —when one steamer every two weeks represented the U. S. through Mexico and Central America to the American-flag services in the field—are these, the Panama Canal Zone; four times weekly service today’s regular air schedules: over the western trans-Caribbean route to Colombia and the east trans-Caribbean route to Venezuela, to¬ 16 schedules every week between North and South America, including: gether with ten daily schedules between Miami and 3 sub-stratosphere “express’ schedules to Buenos , and three daily schedules between Miami Aires via Rio and the Bahamas. 1 “local” schedule to Rio With the new schedules in operation, Pan Ameri¬ 3 express schedules to Buenos Aires via Lima can Airways will provide 137 departures weekly for on the Pacific Latin America, while the augmented air fleet will 3 non-stop trans-Caribbean schedules to the provide capacity for 500,000 passengers between the Panama Canal Zone U. S. and Latin America annually. Capacity will 2 trans-Caribbean schedules to Colombia via likewise be increased proportionately for air mail Jamaica and express cargo. 2 trans-Caribbean schedules to Venezuela via Inauguration of the two-day service between Haiti Brazil and the United States, and the institution of 5 schedules to San Juan, Puerto Rico (2 non¬ greatly increased schedules on all main trunk air stop, 3 “local”) routes between North 5 through schedules, and South America con¬ via Mexico and stitute an important fur¬ Central America, ther step in the long- to the Canal Zone. range program of the Effective January 1, Pan American Airways air transport schedules System to strengthen the between the East Coast network of United States of South America and airlines through the the U. S. will be further twenty Latin American reduced to provide two- day service from Rio de Republics. Janeiro, and additional The new services to schedules, in effect dou¬ go into operation in Jan¬ bling present capacity, uary will, in effect, com¬ will be inaugurated on plete the first major all main trunk air routes stage of the far-reaching between North and plan, adopted on the South America. basis of provisions in Establishment of the the Civil Aeronautics new 48-hour service Act, and which has for from Rio de Janeiro to its objective the alter¬ Miami will institute the nate operation of daily first night-and-day fly¬ 24-hour air schedules to ing on the inter-Ameri¬ Rio de Janeiro and 30- can express air routes, while delivery, in Janu¬ hour schedules to ary, of 20 additional Buenos Aires, the most distant capitals in the units to the Pan Ameri¬ PARA, BRAZIL can fleet of high-speed The beginning: of the new overland cut-off to Rio South American conti¬ landplane transports de Janeiro. nent.

12 Office of the Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Relations Retween the American Republics

On August 16, 1940, the Council of National De¬ the press, the cinema, and other cultural areas so as fense acting with the approval of the president to further national defense and strengthen the bonds established the Office for Coordination of Com¬ between the nations of the Western Hemisphere. mercial and Cultural Relations between the Ameri¬ Equipped with $3,000,000 obtained from the de¬ can Republics, Nelson A. Rockefeller, of New York fense budget—plus an additional sum for adminis¬ City, was named Coordinator and charged with the tration expenses — the Office began operations in following duties for which he was made account¬ early September. In order to carry out the func¬ able directly to the President: tions of the Office for Coordination, the following 1. To effect liaison between the Advisory Com¬ staff has been assembled: mission, the several departments and establishments Heading up the economic work are Mr. Joseph C. of the Government, and such other agencies, public Rovensky as Director of the Division of Finance or private, necessary for the purpose of insuring and Industry, and Mr. Berent Friele as Director of proper coordination of the activities of the Govern¬ the Commercial Development Section. Mr. Roven¬ ment with respect to hemis¬ sky is Vice - President of the phere defense and with par¬ Foreign Department of the ticular reference to the com¬ Chase National Bank and mercial and cultural aspects of President of the Bankers As¬ the problem. sociation for Foreign Trade. 2. To be a member and Mr. Friele is President of the chairman of the Interdepart¬ American Coffee Corporation, mental Committee on Inter- a subsidiary of the Great At¬ American Affairs (a body in¬ lantic and Pacific Tea Com¬ cluding the president of the pany, President of the Ameri- Export-Import Bank and des¬ can-Brazilian Association, and ignates from the Departments a director of the Pan Ameri¬ of State, Agriculture, the can Society and the Colom- Treasury, Commerce, and bian-American Chamber of such other agencies and de¬ Commerce. partments as may be needed Mr. James W. Young, Di¬ from time to time). This rector of the Bureau of For¬ Committee is to correlate pro¬ eign and Domestic Commerce posals of the Government with of the Department of Com¬ respect to hemisphere defense, merce is serving as Chairman commercial and cultural rela¬ of the Committee on Commu¬ tions, and make recommenda¬ nications. The Committee will tions to appropriate Govern¬ carry on the radio, news, mo¬ ment departments and agen¬ tion picture and related phases cies. of the program of the Office 3. To review existing laws, for Coordination. The other to coordinate research by the Nelson A. Rockefeller members of the Committee several Federal agencies, and are: Mr. Karl August Bickel, to recommend to the Inter-departmental Committee Mr. Don Francisco and Mr. John Hay Whitney. such new legislation as may be deemed essential to Mr. Bickel, who will direct activities in the fields the effective realization of the basic objectives of of the press, served as President of the United Press the Government program. from 1933 to 1935 and is Chairman of the Board of 4. To formulate and execute, in cooperation the Scripps-Howard Radio Company. Mr. Fran¬ with the State Department, a program utilizing gov¬ cisco, who will direct radio activities, is on leave ernmental and private facilities in the fields of the of absence as President of Lord and Thomas, New arts and sciences, education and travel, the radio, York advertising agency. Mr. Whitney, who di-

13 rects motion picture activities, is Chairman of the director, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York; Board of the Freeport Sulphur Company, Vice-Pres¬ Francis H. Taylor, director, Metropolitan Museum ident of the Museum of Modern Art, and formerly of Art, ; and George C. Vaillant, as¬ of Selznick International Pictures, Inc. sociate curator of Mexican archeology, American Idle task of organizing programs in the fields of Museum of Natural History, New York City. art, education, music, literature and publications has Mr. Carl B. Spaeth, formerly of the law faculties been assigned to Mr. Robert G. Caldwell, Dean of of Northwestern and Yale Universities, is Executive Humanities, of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ Assistant and General Counsel to the Coordinator. nology, and formerly Minister to Portugal (1933- It is noteworthy that the majority of those direct¬ 1937) and to Bolivia (1937-1939). Mr. Henry A. ing the programs of the Office are donating their Moe, Secretary of the John Simon Guggenheim Me¬ services. morial Foundation, is Director of the Division of The Coordinator, Mr. Nelson A. Rockefeller, has Scholarships. also been appointed Chairman of the Inter-Ameri¬ In carrying out the cultural program the follow¬ can Development Commission, which was estab¬ ing advisory committees have been appointed: lished by the Inter-American Financial and Eco¬ Policy Committee: William B. Benton, vice-presi¬ nomic Advisory Committee. The Executive Secre¬ dent, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.; and tary of the Commission is Mr. John C. McClintock, Henry R. Luce, chairman, Time, Inc., New York formerly Latin American trade specialist in the De¬ City. (Robert G. Caldwell and James W. Young, partment of Commerce. Mr. McClintock has also staff members of the Coordination Office, complete joined the staff of the Office for Coordination in this committee.) charge of the Division of Commodities and Natural Scholarship Committee: Henry A. Moe, secretary- Resources. general, Guggenheim Foundation, New York City (chairman) ; Frederick Keppel, president, Carnegie Foundation, New York City; and David H. Stevens, The following recent appointments to offices in director of humanities division, Rockefeller Foun¬ the Department have been made by the Secretary dation, New York City. of State: Literary Committee: Archibald MacLeish, Li¬ Mr. John K. Davis, a Foreign Service Officer of brarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.; and Harry Class I, has been designated Chief of the Office of M. Lydenberg, director, New York Public Library, Philippine Affairs, effective December 1. New York City (co-chairmen; other committee Mr. Howard Bucknell, Jr., a Foreign Service members to be announced). Officer of Class II, was designated on December 23 Publications Committee: Monroe Wheeler, direc¬ to serve as Assistant Chief of the Division of Cur¬ tor of publications, Museum of Modern Art, New rent Information, effective as of December 2. York City (chairman) ; George P. Brett, president, Mr. Richard Pattee has been designated to serve The Macmillan Company, New York City; Donald as Acting Assistant Chief of the Division of Cul¬ Geddes, director of publicity, Columbia University tural Relations, in the absence of the Chief or As¬ Press, New York City; Alfred Harcourt, president, sistant Chief of that Division. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York City; Mr. Maynard B. Lundgren was appointed on De¬ Frederick G. Melcher, editor, “The Publishers’ cember 16 an Assistant Chief of the Division of Weekly,” New York City; Richard Simon, presi¬ Foreign Service Administration, effective as of No¬ dent, Simon and Schuster, New York City; and Carl vember 16. van doren, author and editor, New York City. Music Committee: Carleton Sprague Smith, mu¬ COVER PICTURE sicologist, New York Public Library, New York City (chairman) ; Marshall Bartholomew, chairman The S.S. Brazil, of the Moore-McCormack Lines, of music department, Yale University, New Haven, leaving New York harbor. Conn.; William Berrien, specialist in Latin Ameri¬ can studies, American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C.; Evans Clark, executive director, JOURNAL INDEX Twentieth Century Fund, New York City; and Aaron Copland, composer, New York Citv. The Editors wish to announce that the 1940 In¬ Art Committee: John E. Abbott, executive vice- dex to Volume 17 of the JOURNAL has been printed president, Museum of Modern Art, New York City and is available to all subscribers of the JOURNAL (chairman); Alfred H. Barr, Jr., director, Museum upon request, addressed to the Editor of the JOUR¬ of Modern Art, New York City; Laurence Roberts, NAL at the Department of State.

14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Founding of Santiago 1541-1941

Four Hundredth Anniversary

By CHARLES F. KNOX, JR. Assistant Commercial Attache, Santiago de Chile

DECEMBER. 1540, found all Europe agog with to rock. the stories of the new world being discovered Arrived at the summit, Pedro de Valdivia paused beyond the seas. In Spain the lantern-jawed to control his heaving chest, to straighten his shin¬ Charles V was impatiently waiting to fill his coffers. ing plumed helmet, and to recover his dignity. With Cortez had captured Mexico, Fernando de Soto was sure and arrogant eye he surveyed the valley be¬ stumbling through the Florida everglades, and Pi- low him, seeing at a glance the advantage of the zarro. having landed on the Peruvian coast with a site to found an outpost of empire. While it is handful of men, had won an empire and was drunk probable that for the first few nervous nights the on Atualhapa’s gold. troop sought armed refuge on the barren heights In a land called “Chili.” Pedro de Valdivia, at of Santa Lucia2 it was not long before they estab¬ the head of a of 150 soldiers, three priests, lished themselves on more level and comfortable a white woman, and several hundred Peruvian vas¬ ground at the base of the hill—possibly where the sals or yanaconas, entered a pleasant valley and Municipal Opera House now stands. Houses of pitched camp on a level clearing between the forks timber and thatch—called rucas by the Indians— of a river the Indians called the Mapuche.1 The were constructed and everyone was enthusiastic, so journey down the long Inca Road from Peru and much so that Pedro de Valdivia, altogether en¬ up through the coastal mountains had been a gruel¬ chanted with the prospects and especially impressed ing one and the sight of the fertile, sunny valley of with the number of Indians living in the vallev (and the Mapocho, fed by the wandering river that flowed thus available as slaves) wrote a letter to Charles from the snow-capped mountains to the east, was V stating that the site was “a veritable town, and pleasing to the tired adventurers. An Indian popu¬ tilled land, and a gold mine, and there is no room lation of some 8,000 proved that the land could sup¬ for more people unless the houses be set one atop port inhabitants. Moreover, there was a sharp and the other ’! craggy hill around which the river forked, and All during January of 1541 scouting parties were which would serve as a splendid natural fortress. sent out to explore the valley and to urge the In¬ Th? Indians called this hill “Huelen” in honor of dians to submit to the rule of the Spanish king. their chief, but Pedro de Valdivia immediately Every effort was made to placate the savages. They named it the Cerro Santa Lucia, in honor of the were given little presents and extravagantly com¬ saint on whose birthday (December 13) he first plimented on their plantings of corn (which the sighted it. Spaniards looked forward to buying or exappro- T hus on a hot summer day in mid-December, priating as soon as it was harvested). The power¬ 1540, Pedro de Valdivia and his followers scram¬ ful caciques (chiefs), especially Huelen-Huara, bled to the top of the Cerro Santa Lucia. Their Michimalonco and Vitacura, were invited to a great heavy armour was a cruel and they must conclave which was held on the north side of the have resembled a line of leaky tanks as the sweat Mapocho, at the foot of the hill now called San poured from beneath their metal sheathing. No Cristobal. Pedro de Valdivia was a “Righte Royale doubt many an itching, silently cursing soldier Captaine of his Most Catholic Majestie Charles the gaz' d with choking envy at the lithe brown bodies Fifth” and had a sealed and be-ribboned parchment of the curious Indians who, encumbered with noth¬ scroll to prove it. But the Indians did not pay much ing more than a recently acquired hawk’s hell and attention to the commands of his Majesty, even a few leaves in their hair, leaped nimbly from rock when read in stentorian tones with all the “where-

aFrom the indian words mapu (land) and ch6 (people). This 3It was not until 1871 that the magnificent trees and gardens word, in Spanish, became Mapocho. now covering the Cerro Snnta Lucia were planted.

15 ases.” Instead the) listened suspiciously, accepted left the relative security of Peru to accompany her with sly thanks the proffered gifts, got drunk on lover in his quest for empire. Out of the shadows chicha,3 and finally slipped away into the forest. of four centuries the figure of Inez de Suarez looms Two months and one day after Pedro de Valdivia large but obscure. That she was brave, we know. had first sighted the Cerro Santa Lucia, the city of She must also have been attractive, for Pedro de Santiago was founded. The ceremony, on February Valdivia, at 37 years of age, had an eye for a 12, 1541, is recorded in the Calfskin Book4 of the pretty woman. Corporation: There were undoubtedly several days of celebra¬ “At noon on the twelfth day of the month of Feb¬ tion and revelry following the founded ceremony, ruary in the year Fifteen Hundred and forty and for it was not until 12 days later, on February 24th, one, this city was founded in the name of God, and that Pedro de Valdivia began to distribute dwelling of His Blessed Mother, and of the Apostle Saint sites to his captains and soldiers, after the Alarife8 James, by the Most Magnificent Pedro de Valdivia, Pedro de Gamboa had laid out the city, and the tree Lieutenant Governor and Captain General under the of justice had been set up. Most Illustrious Francisco Pizarro, His Majesty’s The site and plan of the city was admirably chos¬ Governor and Captain General in the Province of en. The main stream of the Mapocho River forked Peru. And he named it the City of Santiago del just east of the Cerro Santa Lucia, a secondary Nuevo Extremo, and this province and its vicinity stream7 flowing along what is now the Alameda (or and whatever territory his Majesty may deem prop¬ the Avenida Bernardo O’Higgins). The city was er to be a government he named the Province of the founded on the large triangular “island” of land New Extremadura.” that lay between these two streams of water, land February weather is fine and clear in Chile and that gently sloped to permit irrigation and was free we can well imagine that the ceremony was a bril¬ from the dense forest that covered other parts of liant one. In a cleared and level spot which was in the valley. Thus, Santiago del Nuevo Extremo had, all probability the present Plaza de Armas, an al¬ from the beginning, all of those advantages that tar was raised. The “Righte Royale Captaine” was have made it a garden spot for four centuries— flanked by his faithful captains Jeronimo Alderete, abundant water, rich land for cultivation and graz¬ Francisco de Aguirre, Francisco Villagra, Rodrigo ing, and a climate which Pedro de Valdivia de¬ de Quiroga, Alonso de Monroy, and others. Ar¬ scribed so well in a letter to Charles V: “This Coun- mour was burnished to gleaming brilliance, the red trie hath but four months of Winter, during the and yellow banners of Spain hung resplendent in which, except as the Moon be at the Quarter, when the bright sunshine. The cavalry and the foot sol¬ it rains a day or two, the sun shines soe faire that diers formed protecting ranks between the captains none needs stand by the fire. The summer is soe and several thousand Indians who, with sullen cur¬ tempered and the aires soe pleasant that a man may iosity, wondered what the Spaniards were up to. walk all day in the Sun and it shall not vex him.” Pedro de Valdivia, his red beard jutting at a de¬ Pedro de Gamboa was a rule-of-thumb architect, fiant angle, his blue eyes flashing a challenge, but a sound and practical one. He studied the ter¬ stepped forward and claimed the land in the name rain carefully and planned the city in accordance of his sovereign. Drawing his sword, he offered to with the royal wish of Charles V that “When they dispute the claim with all who dared to deny the make a plan of the place, let them divide it by line King’s right. No one having the temerity to do and rule into its squares, streets, and house plots, this, he set up a cross, drank a symbolic cup of beginning with the great square and leading the water, tossed a handful of earth into the air, and streets out of them to the gates and high roads, and mounting his caprisoned charger, galloped in a wide leaving so much open space that even though the circle, applauded by the frantic cheers of the troop population should multiply greatly the plan can be and the booming of cannon. pursued and extended in the same manner.” Somewhere in the assembly, standing modestly 5 The “great square” which Pedro de Gamboa laid* in the background, was Inez de Suarez. out was, of course, the Plaza de Armas, and Pedro Faithful mistress, courageous friend, and wise adviser of de Valdivia designated the western side of the Plaza Pedro de Valdivia, this extraordinary woman had as the site for the Cathedral, while on the northern

3This was probably fermented corn. Chicha today in Chile is side was to be located the House of Government, made from grapes. and his own private dwelling. The other favorite 4The original minute book of the Corporation, now preserved in the Historical Archives of the National Library. 5Benjamin Vincuiia Mackenna in his magnificent Historia de °From the Arabic, a translation of which today would be Santiago, Tomo 1, px>. 54-55, mentions that two white women “Director of Public Works.” accompanied the Spaniards to Chile—Inez de Suarez and Es- 7This stream has been canalized and runs under the present peranza de Rueda. Other historians rarely mention this second broad and magnificent Avenida Bernardo O’Higgins (or Ala¬ named woman and little is known of her. meda).

16 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL captains were assigned “solares” or dwelling sites men sought the advice of Inez de Suarez, who comprising one-fourth a city block, surrounding or wisely suggested that the matter be put to a popular near the Plaza, while the ordinary soldiers had to vote. Thus, on June 10, 1541, on the banks of the content themselves with smaller pieces of land on Mapocho River, was held the first election in Chile. which they could build their houses. It resulted in an almost unanimous vote for Pedro March, April and May were months of great ac¬ de Valdivia as Governor. tivity and hope in the embryo city. Pedro de Val¬ It was fortunate that the little colony settled its divia. as Lieutenant-Governor and Captain General, governmental problem with despatch, for a few days appointed a municipal government with Francisco after the election came news that caused the great¬ de Aguirre as “First Mayor.” The yanaconas, di¬ est alarm. The Indians in the Aconcagua valley rected by the soldiers, began the construction of were assembling under the leadership of the cacique houses of mud, stone, and straw, giving some form Michimalonco to attack the city. Worried men to the “great square.” Parties were sent out to the dropped their adzes and hoes and buckled on ar¬ Indian farms (chacaras) to trade for the crops of mour. Lances and swords were sharpened and the maiz and porotos (beans), then in process of har¬ horses rounded up. Following the tactics of the vest. The Indi¬ conq uistadores ans were seem¬ that he who ingly friendly. strikes first Wounds of bat¬ strikes hardest, tle healed. The the troop lean horses marched out to grew fat with attack. The rich grazing. hundred or so Captain Bartol- Spaniards, as¬ ome Flores built sisted by their a flour mill at allied yanaco¬ the foot of the nas, met 5,000 Cerro Santa Lu¬ Indians in a cia. The “chil¬ furious battle® dren of the that was won Christians”8 only when the romped in the cavalry whirled sunshine. The upon the Indi¬ days were busy ans and the val¬ and happy ones, iant Francisco and after work de Aguirre, al- was done the ways to be guitars and found where flutes that had the fighting was come all the long way from Spain filled the star-lit the thickest, personally captured Michimalonco. nights with gay music. Michimalonco was dragged, a captive, back to About the first of June, however, disturbing ru¬ the camp along with several other caciques, and mours reached the little colony. Francisco Pizarro, saved his life by telling the location of the famous Viceroy of Peru, had been deposed or was dead and gold mines of Malga-Malga,10 the source of the the Indians in the northern valleys were rising in precious metal that was sent each year as tribute revolt. Inasmuch as Pedro de Valdivia held his to the Inca ruler in Peru. commission and drew his authority from Pizarro, What excitement in the camp that night! The the Cabildo (City Corporation) became worried. soldiers immediately forgot their wounds and Among the captains were a few who were jealous clapped each other on the back with joy. Every of Pedro de Valdivia and who might incite the sol¬ man now knew that he would return home the en¬ diers against him on the grounds that, with Pizarro vied and conquering hero, the pockets of his britches dead, he could no longer be considered as having the bulging with gold. Gold! That precious bane that authority to govern. As usual, the worried council- "The place of battle is now unknown, but it was probably a few miles north of the city, somewhere along the road now named the Avenida Independencia. ^Children born of the Peruvin Indian women who formed 10Or Marga-Marga. These mines were near the present town part of the yanaconm. of Pena Blanca on the Santiago-Valparaiso railway.

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 Courtesy, Bulletin of the Pan American Union has brought more happiness and caused more dis¬ pall over the colony, and was a presentment of aster than anything known to man. It was to con¬ the terrible days that were to follow. tribute to the ruination of them all. On August 12, Indian runners brought in more At first things went well. Michimalonco not only grim news. A great army of Indians was massing showed the Spaniards the gold workings of Malga- on the Cachapoal River to attack the little garrison Malga, but he also provided some 1,200 Indians as of ten soldiers there, and help was needed imme¬ laborers. Pedro de Valdivia put a small garrison diately. A few days later exhausted runners from of 12 Spaniards in charge of the gold washings, the Maipu and Aconcagua valleys stumbled into and with the thought of establishing communication Santiago to gasp that the Araucanian war cry was with Peru by sea, ordered his carpenters to begin being raised on all sides. the construction of a brigantine on the beach at Historians have been critical of Pedro de Val¬ Concon. June and July passed in high hopes, with divia. He was headstrong, capricious, and he had Valdivia spending his time between the placer mines no talent for permanent colonization. But he was and the little shipyard. no coward. Ordering Alonso de Monroy to organ¬ Meanwhile there were signs of discontent in San¬ ize the defense of Santiago, he formed a troop of tiago. Who could be interested in the labor of some fifty men and rushed to the relief of the gar¬ building, who cared to soil his hands with mud and rison on the Cachapoal. plaster when the earth was full of wealth for the Monroy, with about seventy men under his com¬ taking? The greed of gold began to spread like mand, gathered the women and children into the slow poison. In the first week of August, Pedro de Plaza de Armas, posted sentries on both sides of Valdivia was hurriedly summoned back from the the Mapocho and waited for the inevitable. coast by Inez de Suarez and Alonso de Monroy, On the evening of September 10th, the trumpe- who had discovered a conspiracy headed by An¬ teers sounded the alarm. The Indians, 8,000 strong, tonio Pastrana and Sancho la Hoz. were advancing from the south and west in a move¬ Despite the evidence against the conspirators, ment to encircle the city. Between midnight and dawn on Sunday, September II, 1541, the dreaded Valdivia was loath to believe that now, when for¬ 11 tune was smiling on the colony, any one of his sol¬ “Malon” began. diers would turn traitor to him. He debated the The defense of Santiago is epochal. Monroy ex¬ matter with the Cabildo and, undecided, postponed tended his thin lines across the river, trying to pre¬ the matter until the following day. That afternoon, vent the savages from gaining the “island.” Hope¬ as the captains left the house of the Governor and lessly outnumbered and facing the fiercest warriors walked across the Plaza de Armas, they sighted a on the South American continent—the Araucanians fast moving spiral of dust down the valley that re¬ —he retreated to a line now marked by the Avenida solved itself into two horsemen riding at a furious Brasil. By daybreak the Indians had broken pace. As soon as one of the breathless riders, Gon- through and Monroy fell back to the west rim of zalo de los Rios, was able to gasp out his story, the the city (now Avenida Bandera). With blunder¬ dreadful truth was known. The Indians at Malga- buss, sword, lance, and bare hands, the Spaniards Malga had suddenly risen, murdered the soldiers fought the oncoming hordes until with the ranks cut of the garrison, thrown all the gold into the sea, to pieces and the city on fire, they made a last stand and going on to Concon, had set fire to the brigan¬ in the Plaza de Armas. tine! The Plaza de Armas of today is a garden spot of Forgotten was the conspiracy of the captains. stately trees and beautiful flowers where, on a Sun¬ Pedro de Valdivia immediately organized a column day morning, people leisurely stroll and listen to of forty mounted men, and as the last rays of the the Carabinero band, where young couples flirt and sun cast long shadows on the vallev floor, headed old couples sigh with contentment. All is peace at full gallop for the coast to punish the mutinous and calm, in an atmosphere of sunshine and music, Indians at Malga-Malga and Concon. Before he and the happy laughter of children rolling on the left he charged Alonso de Monroy with the defense smooth-clipped grass. of Santiago. But we can imagine what the Plaza de Armas was Within a week Pedro de Valdivia had confirmed that Sunday morning four hundred years ago. A the news of the disaster on the coast, and. arriving struggling, fighting mass of men engaged in hand- back in Santiago, examined the evidence against to-hand combat, half blinded by the smoke and Pastrana and la Hoz, and ordered the execution of flame of the burning buildings. The plunging five of the conspirators of whose guilt there was no (Continued on page 39) doubt. The grim spectacle of the limp forms bang¬ u‘‘Malon” is an Indian word meaning a surprise attack. In present day Spanish it means a surprise party of a more social ing from the gallows in the Plaza de Armas cast a nature!

19 Inter-America it Maritime Traffic

By ALFRED A. FRANTZ

LAST winter a North American traveler making previous year by the combined fleets of the two oth¬ the trip from Buenos Aires across the Argen¬ er lines which served the east coast prior to the new tine pampas and Patagonia to Nahuel Huapi Na¬ service. The second year of operation, ended only tional Park fell into conversation with an Argentine a short time ago, was even more successful, for in business man. that period 18,339 passengers were carried, an in¬ “I suppose,” the Argentine suggested archly, “you crease of 1,724 over the previous record. expect to see a lot of Indians. In fact, the travel trend to South America is Then soberly raising an imaginary gun to his marked enough to warrant the building of new pas¬ shoulder, he pointed out the train window, cried, senger ships, and those of the most modern con¬ “Bing, bing!” and laughed heartily at this little struction. Moore-MeCormack Lines now has under horse play. construction four new passenger and cargo liners, The North American did not laugh so heartily. the first ever built with air conditioning in all After all, a friend had just written him that she had cabins as well as public rooms. These will carry looked all over the map of Brazil for Buenos Aires. 197 passengers each and will be ready for service She eventually found it right where it should be— the last half of 1941. With the liners now in opera¬ in Argentina. tion, they will provide a weekly rather than the The Argentine talked on. “We know much more present fortnightly service. about the United States than you do about us,” he Like the liners Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, said, matter of factly. “We know about New York named in honor of the east coast republics, the four and the skyscrapers, Hollywood, Chicago, Detroit, new liners will also honor South America in their Washington, but you don’t know anything about names. The liner Rio Parana, for instance, will be us.” named in honor of the Argentine Republic, for the The Argentine of course was not far wrong, but great River Parana. The Parana drains a vast area, the situation is changing—slowly, it is true, but flowing south to Argentina, where it joins the River nevertheless surely. North America is coming to Uruguay to form the Rio de la Plata. The city of know more about South America and it is gaining Rosario, second largest in Argentina and a great that knowledge in the best possible way—through manufacturing center, is located on it. travel. More North Americans are traveling south; better ships are running there and more are being The liner Rio de la Plata will be so designated built expressly for passenger traffic; and finally, for a river on whose banks are located Montevideo, representatives of North American musical, cultural capital of Uruguay, and Buenos Aires, capital of and sports life are for the first time turning to South Argentina. Rio de la Plata, or River of Silver, as America in numbers. it is translated, is one of those phrases travelers The new trend in South American travel began learn in their first brush with South American when, in October, 1938, the luxury liners Argen¬ geography. It is a deceptive name, for there is no tina, Uruguay and Brazil went into service to South silver at all along the stream. The explorer Sebas¬ America’s east coast. These three fine, large ships tian Cabot, however, found Indians there who were of 33,000 tons each, had a reception in Rio de wearing silver ornaments, jumped to a few hasty Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires that conclusions, and as a result the River of Silver went was warm and enthusiastic. down on the maps and guides. South Americans said to themselves “The United The liner Rio de Janeiro, to be named for Brazil, States is recognizing our importance in the world honors the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, capital of the picture. It has always put its best ships on the country and the world’s most beautiful city. Dis¬ transatlantic run—now it is waking up and sending covered January 1, 1502, Rio de Janeiro was called th ree of its finest luxury liners here, not merely on the River of January because explorers believed winter cruises but in a steady, year-in and year-out they had found a great river, rather than a great service.” harbor. The fourth of the new ships is named, ap¬ The real test of the pudding, however, was public propriately enough, the Rio Hudson, after our own reaction, as shown by the travel figures. In its Hudson River. first year the Good Neighbor Fleet carried 16,615 New ships do not tell the whole story of the new passengers, more than twice the number carried the interest in South America. South American holi-

20 clays are coming in for more attention too. Take, can travel picture—the people who are going, and for instance, Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. This the South Americans who are coming here. Brazil, three-day celebration is always staged just before for instance, sent Carmen Miranda, the dancer and Lent, coming this year on February 23, 24 and 25. actress, who was to become a New York favorite For it many of the people of Rio de Janeiro save over night and a popular star in Hollywood. Miss money for months, to spend it all on this one grand Miranda introduced a great many Americans to the splurge. Balls and parties are arranged weeks in gaiety and vivacity of Brazil—and just as impor¬ advance; costumes are planned by rich and poor- tant, her success made Brazilians feel that North alike; great parades are staged. Everyone turns Americans are pretty people. After all, they out in masquerade dress, and for three days and like Carmen, don’t they? four nights the city gives itself over to merry-mak¬ In fact, one of the first questions asked North ing. This is a spectacle indeed, all taking place in American travelers in Rio last winter was, ‘‘Have a city which today is recognized as the most lovely you seen Carmen Miranda?” The traveler who had anywhere. was immediately received as a very fine fellow in¬ But as far as North Americans were concerned, deed, and nothing in Brazil was too good for him. th ere was always a fly in the ointment. They could Noteworthy North Americans are also doing some not cruise to Rio for Carnival, for the cruise ships traveling—to South America. Two groups, athletes which did go there missed Carnival completely, or and artists of the opera, the concert platform and stayed for only a few hours of the celebration. the screen, have received especially hearty welcomes This year the interest in Carnival is so great that below the Equator. Last winter, for instance, an the travel people are at last doing something about amateur swimming team from the United States it. Moore-McCormack Lines is sending not one toured South America. When it reached Buenos ship, hut two to this great celebration, and they will Aires, reporters turned out en masse for interviews, stay not just a day but for all three days of the fete. and next morning they wrote, pleased as punch, The liner Argentina will sail January 24 and the that the group could already say “Che” (buddy) Brazil, February 7, and their passengers will he able and “Que tal?” (how goes it?). The swimming to enjoy this great event to the fullest. meets were followed with avid interest and played 'Illere’s still another aspect of the South Ameri¬ (Continued on page 38)

S.S. Brazil of the Moore- MeCorinack Line, clocked at Rio de Janeiro

21 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN JiffiRMI The now well-established policy of the American FOREIGN IgjflHEJOlIRNAL Republics in their dealings with each other, involv¬ cR Vol. 18 JANUARY, 1911 No. 1 m ing full appreciation of the equality of all nations of the hemisphere, whether large or small, is in¬ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN creasingly bearing fruit in reciprocal manifestations SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. of good will and practical accomplishment. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of §4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ Both as a matter of timeliness and in recognition pearing herein represents only personal opinions. of the development of solidarity, the JOURNAL has Copyright, 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association embarked on a series of special issues devoted to The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this the Caribbean area, South America, Central Amer¬ publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. ica, and Mexico. The Caribbean issue has already appeared. This issue, the South American one, JOURNAL STAFF seeks along broad lines to further the knowledge HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman and understanding of that part of the hemisphere. CHARLES W. YOST HERBERT S. BURSLEY Editorial Obviously adequate coverage cannot be given in REGINALD P. MITCHELL. Board LEO D. STURGEON a single issue to any of these large areas but it is EDWARD PACE, JR. hoped from time to time to publish other articles JANE WILSON, Managing Editor relating to Latin America. GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager ROBERT F. WOODWARD Assistant Business Manager CHARLES B. HOSMER Treasurer The JOURNAL considers itself particularly for¬ tunate to be able to publish in this issue an article The American Foreign Service Association by Nelson Rockefeller, whose organization has al¬ ready accomplished much in the coordination of The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and our relations with Latin America, both cultural and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering commercial. That organization which has enlisted esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united the services, in most cases without compensation, efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. of so many of our distinguished citizens has pro¬ Honorary President vided a very helpful and broad-minded stimulus, CORDELL HULL Secretary of State assistance, and integration for activities already in the Department and for more extensive activities in Honorary Vice-Presidents cultural and commercial relations. SUMNER WELLES... Under Secretary of State ROBERT WALTON MOORE Counselor ADOLF A. BERLE, JR Assistant Secretary of State The aspects of our relations with the other nations HENRY F. GRADY Assistant Secretary of State of the Americas are numerous and varied, and it is BRECKINRIDGE LONG Assistant Secretary of State not sought here to list or describe all or even any JOSEPH E. JACOBS President of them but merely to suggest and call attention to S. PINKNEY TUCK Vice-President their existence. These aspects include the purely PAUL C. DANIELS Secretary-Treasurer cultural, the scientific, the commercial, economic cooperation, and the broadly social. In addition to EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE the Governmental agencies concerning themselves GEORGE L. BRANDT, Chairman with these problems, a number of private agencies LOY W. HENDERSON, Vice-Chairman are carrying on complementary work. Some of HERBERT S. BURSLEY, JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, J. RIVES CHILDS them have long engaged in such activities and re¬ Alternates lationships have been established which are mu¬ CABOT COVILLE, PAUL C. DANIELS tually helpful and so thoroughly understood that Entertainment Committee they have become the normal way of doing things. GLENN A. ABBEY, J. BARTLETT RICHARDS, This seems to represent the ideal aim of all forms EDWARD T. WAILES of mutual helpfulness.

22 News from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

Foreign Service Officers He left Washington on December 17 by train for Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., who has served for Miami where he will take a plane for Bogota to serve for about a month before proceeding to almost two years in the Division of European Af¬ Habana. fairs, completed his duties there on December 14 William F. Busser, Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, and left Washington on the following day for New spent late November and December with Mrs. Bus¬ York City for a stay of a few days preparatory to ser in visiting relatives in Philadelphia, New York taking a brief leave at his home in Los Animas, City, and Alexandria, Virginia. He arrived in Colorado, en route to his new post as Second Sec¬ Washington on November 23 after having proceeded retary and Consul at Moscow. He planned to sail from his post to Miami aboard a clipper plane. He from on January 10 on the S.S. joined Mrs. Busser and their two children, aged President Cleveland for Yokohama and thence go three years and one and one-half years, who had to Vladivostok, where by the time of his arrival a preceded him in August. He planned to have re¬ Consulate probably will have been established by visited Washington in late December before return¬ Angus I. Ward, until recently First Secretary and ing to Buenos Aires. Consul at Moscow. Mr. Thompson possibly also Christian M. Ravndal, Second Secretary and Con¬ may call at Harbin en route to Moscow. sul at Buenos Aires, has been on temporary duty Howard Bucknell, until recently Counselor and since November 13 in the Division of the American Consul General at , reported for duty in the Republics, having been called to the Department in Division of Current Information on December 3. connection with his duties relating to the visit of On leaving Madrid he motored to Lisbon and pro¬ an economic-financial mission from Argentina, now ceeded to New York City on the S.S. Excambion, in the United States. He planned to return to arriving there on November 29. He was joined by Buenos Aires possibly during the latter part of Mrs. Bucknell, who returned from Madrid several January. months ago. Howard, III, 16 years old, is a stu¬ John G. Ehrhardt, Consul General and First Sec¬ dent at Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Vir¬ retary at London, visited the Department for sev¬ ginia, and John, 12 years old, is a student in eral days beginning on December 10 while on home Americus, Georgia. leave following his arrival from London. He left Robert P. Joyce, accompanied by Mrs. Joyce, re¬ for Pinehurst, North Carolina, to join Mrs. Erhardt turned to Washington on December 9 by car from and their two sons, who have been residing there leave taken at his home in Pasadena, . since Mr. Erhardt was assigned to London while on He has been assigned Second Secretary at Habana. duty in Europe as Foreign Service Inspector.

23 William E. de Courcy, un¬ Randolph Harrison, Jr., til recently Consul at Naples, Second Secretary and Consul accompanied by Mrs. de at Rio, arrived in Washing¬ Courcy, arrived in New York ton on November 20 by City on December 16 on the plane from his post and took S.S. Excalibur from Lisbon. several days of home leave They proceeded from Naples in this city and in Virginia to Geneva, traveled by the before reporting for tempo¬ now-usual overland route rary duty on November 28 through unoccupied France in the Division of the Amer¬ by autobus, from the French- ican Republics. Spanish border by train to Madrid and thence to Lis¬ Stuart Allen, Consul at bon. Mr. de Courcy report¬ W. E. tie Courcy R. Harrison Lyon, accompanied by Mrs. ed for duty on December 18 Allen, visited the Department in the Office of Fiscal and Budget Affairs. for several days beginning on November 18 follow¬ ing their arrival at New York City on November 12 William W. Butterworth, Jr., Second Secretary at on the S.S. Exeter from Lisbon. On leaving Wash¬ London, spent several days in Washington in mid- ington they planned to visit the parents of Mrs. November upon his arrival from London on home Allen in Springfield, Illinois, and Mr. Allen’s family leave. He left Washington on November 21 to in St. Paul-Minneapolis. spend the greater part of his leave at his home in Frederick D. Hunt, Vice Consul and Third Sec¬ New Orleans. He returned to Washington on De¬ retary at Bucharest, registered at the Department cember 11 for a period of consultation at the on November 25 and planned to spend leave at his Treasury Department. home in this city. He arrived at New York City on November 21 on the S.S. Excalibur from Lis¬ Joseph P. Ragland, Consul at Brisbane, with Mrs. bon, and planned to leave for Bucharest about Ragland, have been spending home leave princi¬ January 18. pally in Washington with short visits to relatives in Richmond, Virginia, and New York City follow¬ Kennett F. Potter, Consul at Prague, arrived at ing their arrival in Washington on November 16 New York City on November 29 on the S.S. Ex- from Brisbane. They were accompanied by their cambion from Lisbon on home leave. daughter, Frances, and two sons, Pern, 18 years old, Eugene H. Dooman, Counselor at Tokyo, was on and John, 13 years old. They originally had booked consultation in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs passage on the ill-fated City of Rayville from Syd¬ for several days during the second week of Decem¬ ney. They proceeded from Sydney to on ber while on home leave, which he has been spend¬ the S.S. Mariposa and continued to San Francisco ing in part in New York City. He planned to sail on the S.S. Lurline, journeying to Washington via for Tokyo in early January. the Pacific Northwest. Carl A. Fisher, Consul at Zurich, visited the De¬ Kenneth C. Krentz, Consul at Canton, who has partment for several days beginning on December been on temporary duty in the Division of Far 3 following his arrival at New York City on No¬ Eastern Affairs for several months, concluded his vember 29 on the S.S. Excambion from Lisbon. On duty in late November and departed for leave in leaving Washington he planned to visit his son in Lakewood, Florida, preparatory to his scheduled New England and relatives in the Far West, and to sailing on January 4 from San Francisco on the return to Washington in January before his sched¬ S.S. President Polk for Japan en route to his new uled sailing from New York City about January 20 post as Consul at Mukden. for Lisbon en route to Zurich. Joseph Flack, who recently completed a four- Charles Will Wright, Vice Consul at Rio, was on years’ tour of duty in the Division of European Af¬ home leave during part of November and Decem¬ fairs, visited the Department for several days in ber, with plans to remain in Washington probably early December at the conclusion of leave taken until next February. preparatory to sailing from New York City on De¬ James Barclay Young, Consul General at Lisbon, cember 13 with Mrs. Flack on the S.S. Exeter for visited the Department for several days in mid- Lisbon en route to Madrid, where he will serve as November on home leave following his arrival by Counselor and Consul General. the “Atlantic Clipper” from Lisbon.

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Edward P. Maffitt, Third Joel C. Hudson, Second Secretary at Buenos Aires, Secretary and Consul at Ber¬ accompanied by Mrs. Maffitt, lin, spent most of November visited the Department on and December in California December 3 following their following his arrival at New arrival at New York City on York City on November 6 on November 11 on the S.S. the S.S. Excambion from Brazil from their post. They Lisbon. He joined Mrs. spent part of their leave in Hudson and their son in New York City and in Pine California, where they have Orchard, Connecticut, where been living in recent months Mr. Maffitt’s mother resides. following their evacuation On December 13 he began a from Berlin. Mr. Hudson temporary assignment as one E. P. Maffitt planned to return to Wash¬ of several “watch officers” ington about the first of the on duty attached to the Secretary s office. year to spend several days before returning to Berlin. Francis C. Jordan, Vice Consul at Porto Alegre, accompanied by Mrs. Jordan, visited the Depart¬ Karl deG. MacVitty, Consul at Amoy, visited ment for several days beginning on November 18 the Department for several days beginning on No¬ following their arrival at New York City on No¬ vember 18, following his arrival in late October in vember 11 from Santos on the S.S. Brazil. On leav¬ San Francisco on the S.S. President Coolidge from ing Washington they planned to visit relatives at . He spent the greater part of his leave Greensboro, North Carolina, Chicora Woods plan¬ at his home in Nashville, Tennessee. tation, Georgetown, South Carolina, and La Jolla, California. They tentatively planned to sail from Maurice L. Stafford, Consul at Guadalajara, ac¬ New York City about January 18 for Porto Alegre. companied by Mrs. Stafford, visited the Department Marshall M. Vance, Consul at Windsor, accom¬ for several days in mid-November on leave after a panied by Mrs. Vance, visited Washington on De¬ motor trip from their post. On leaving Washington cember 6 and 7 at the end of leave spent in an ex¬ they planned to visit in the South before returning tensive motor tour which included New Orleans, to Guadalajara. Charleston, and Key West, Florida. They left for Glen W. Bruner, Vice Consul at Kobe, accom¬ Windsor on December 7. panied by Mrs. Bruner, spent several days in Wash¬ In this connection, for the benefit of those in the ington beginning on December 10 following their service who possibly might consider motoring arrival at San Francisco on the S.S. President Cool¬ through Key West in journeying northward or idge from Kobe on home leave. On leaving Wash¬ southward via Habana, which connects with Key ington they proceeded by car to spend Christmas West by ferry, it may be mentioned that several with the parents of Mrs. Bruner, Mr. and Mrs. John Foreign Service Officer's have visited Key West dur¬ Williams, at Walsenburg, Colorado. They do not ing recent weeks and have reported that a moder¬ plan to return to Washington, Mr. Bruner having ately good highway runs between Miami and Key tentatively arranged to sail from San Francisco West, a distance of about 160 miles over which about March 1 for Kobe. reasonably good speed is possible. Final construc¬ tion work over the keys and the two remaining On the occasion of funeral services held on De¬ water hops, over which ferries formerly operated, cember 15 for the late British Ambassador, Lord has been completed and the road is now continuous. Lothian, at the Washington Cathedral in this city, It is a toll road, with a fee of $1 for car and driver nine officers from the Department were posted at and twenty-five cents for each additional passenger. doors of the Cathedral to facilitate the entry of members of the diplomatic corps and newspaper Basil D. Dahl, Consul at Batavia, was engaged correspondents. They were Stanley Woodward, H. in trade conference duties during the latter part of Charles Spruks and Raymond Muir, of the Protocol November and early December following his arrival Division; Edward T. Wailes, Robert B. Stewart, with Mrs. Dahl from Batavia on the S.S. City of Robert D. Coe, and Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., of the San Francisco at San Francisco in late September. Division of European Affairs; and Dorsey G. His trade conference itinerary included Wilming¬ Fisher, of the Division of Current Information. ton, Philadelphia, New York City, Cleveland, De¬ troit, Chicago and Minneapolis. (Continued on page 40)

JANUARY, 1941 25 News From the Field

VWWVWVWWWVVWbfl FIELD CORRESPONDENTS ACKERSON, GARRET G., JR.—Rumania, Hungary LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Turkey BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LYON, CECIL B.—Chile BOHLEN, CHARLES E.—U.S.S.R. MCGREGOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru MALEADY, THOMAS .1.—Colombia BYINGTON, HOMER, JR.—Yugoslavia PLITT, EDWIN A.—France CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain PRESTON, AUSTIN R.—Norway and Sweden FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada SCHULER, FRANK A., JR.—Tokyo area GROTH, EDWARD M.—India SIMMONS, JOHN FARR—Eastern Canada HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya ROBINSON, THOMAS 11.—British Columbia WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland American Embassy, Berlin—Germany American Consulate, Yokohama—Yokohama area .v.v.v.v.vv.v BUENOS AIRES Christian M. Ravndal departed by plane to accom¬ November 27, 1940. pany an Argentine financial mission to Washington. The Combined Office Vice Consul Leslie W. Johnson, who has also just The physical combination of the Foreign Service been assigned to Buenos Aires is due to arrive on establishment at Buenos Aires was effected last May, the SS Brazil on December 3, accompanied by Mrs. and the somewhat formidable organization which Johnson, as is also Mr. Dale W. Farringer, recently has resulted is now operating smoothly after an appointed Vice Consul and Clerk here. Mrs. Wil¬ initial period of adjustment. To cite a few facts liam Barnes, wife of Third Secretary and Vice Con¬ and figures, the mission now occupies the entire sul Barnes, is returning on the same boat after a top floor of the First National Bank of three months’ stay with her family in Wilmington, Building plus two tower floors, comprising in all Delaware. Also scheduled to arrive in early De¬ forty office rooms containing 1,273 square meters cember are Consul and Trade Commissioner R. of floor space. The combined establishment con¬ Horton Henry and Mrs. Henry, who are returning sists of the Chancery, with six officers in addition from home leave. In addition to the above pere¬ to the Ambassador; the Consulate General with five grinations of the official family here, George H. officers, and the commercial reporting section head¬ Butler, Second Secretary at Lima and Edwin ed by the Commercial Attache with a staff of five Schoenrich, Second Secretary and Consul at Asun¬ officers. The offices of the Military, Naval and Ag¬ cion, visited Buenos Aires in November on official ricultural Attaches constitute further appendages. business. In all, the personnel consists of 17 commissioned officers and 35 clerical and miscellaneous employees. Neiv Office Comings and Goings Vice Consul Robert E. Wilson has been instruct¬ This post has taken on much of the atmosphere ed to open a consular office at Bahia Blanca, an im¬ of a railway station in recent weeks by reason of portant Argentine port located approximately 400 the frequent comings and goings of officers. Am¬ miles southwest of Buenos Aires. Mr. Wilson, who bassador Armour returned from home leave, ac¬ expects to be doing business at his new post by the companied by Mrs. Armour in late October, to re¬ first of the year, spent Thanksgiving Day week-end sume charge of his post. Third Secretary Edward at Bahia Blanca looking about for suitable quarters P. Maflitt and Mrs. Maffitt departed on home leave for the new office and surveying the territory gen¬ the day of the Armours’ arrival, and Vice Consul erally. The United States formerly opened a con¬ William F. Busser, whose wife had left Buenos sulate at Bahia Blanca in 1920, which, however, Aires for the United States in early August, fol¬ functioned for only eleven months before it was lowed two days later, traveling by air. Second Sec¬ closed. Since the closing of the consulate at Ro¬ retary Sheldon Thomas and Mrs. Thomas, newly sario in 1934 Buenos Aires has been the only con¬ assigned to this post, arrived here on November 5 sular office in Argentina. and on November 8 Second Secretary and Consul WILLIAM BARNES.

26 VANCOUVER December 5, 1940. November 29, 1940. The office at Vancouver has recently been com¬ Vice Consul and Mrs. Robert F. Hale passed pelled to expand its office space in order to care for through Mexico City from their post in Veracruz the great increase in the number of nonimmigrant in November in order to take a short holiday in visas. This emergency office which is located on Taxco, south of Mexico City. the ground floor of the building housing the Con¬ Vice Consul William Raymond Wood, newly as¬ sulate General, is glass enclosed on three sides, and signed to Merida, Yucatan, spent two days in Mex¬ when applicants are well known stars of the silver ico City before flying to his post in the middle of screen, it affords an excellent stage for an unre¬ November. hearsed personal appearance which the nearby of¬ Vice Consul Louis B. Mazzeo, recently appointed fice workers and movie fans hasten to take advan¬ Vice Consul at the Consulate General in Mexico tage of. City arrived and assumed his duties here on No¬ One of the most recent applicants to appear was vember 25, 1940. Mrs. Mazzeo is expected to ar¬ Vivian Leigh and her arrival caused something of a rive shortly. Mr. Mazzeo comes from La Guaira. flutter even among the staff. One of the younger Readers of THE JOURNAL may be interested to officers to whose lot it fell to take the fingerprints learn that Ambassador Josephus Daniels inaugu¬ of the beauteous Scarlett O’Hara had advanced the rated a public school at Canoitas, Puebla, on No¬ ■requisite fee and procured a fee stamp in order that vember 16, 1940. The school house was construct¬ the proceedings might be gone through with the ed with funds advanced largely by the families of speed and precision of a Hollywood sequence. How¬ Messrs. Daniel S. Roosevelt and Bronson H. Rum- ever. he lost himself so completely in the glamor of sey, two American boys killed in an airplane crash the moment that the “papers” were signed, sealed near Canoitas in April, 1938. An account of the and delivered and the fair applicant out the door incidents following the crash appeared in THE before he bethought himself of the little matter of JOURNAL in the issue of November, 1939. asking her to pay the fee. ROBERT G. MCGREGOR, JR. THOMAS H. ROBINSON. (Continued, on page 51)

AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE. NASSAU, OCTOBER 2, 1940

The President’s Board of Naval Experts, sent to se¬ lect sites for the United Slates Naval and Air bases on the British West India Islands, is presented by Consul John W. Dye to II. R. II. the Governor. Left to right: Ilis Royal Highness, the Duke of Windsor, Governor of the Bahamas; Rear Admiral J. W. Greenslade, U. S. N., head of the Board; Briga¬ dier General J. L. Devers, U. S. A.; Consul John W. Dye; and in the rear Com¬ mander H. Beisemeier, U. S. N.

27 Tlie Bookshelf

J. RIVES CHILDS, Review Editor

How TO READ A BOOK, by M. J. Adler, Simon & Homer, Iliad, Odyssey; Schuster, New York, 1940, pp. 398. $2.50. The Old and New Testaments; PREFACE TO WORLD LITERATURE, by Albert Guerard, Aeschylus, Tragedies; Henry Holt & Co., 1940, pp. 536. $3.50. Sophocles, Tragedies; Of these two books the first has been by far the Euripides, Tragedies; most widely acclaimed but to this reviewer the sec¬ Herodotus, History; ond, notwithstanding that it is meant to serve as a Thucydides, History; textbook for students, is the more profitable as a Aristophanes, Comedies; reading guide. The books are in a sense complemen¬ Plato, Dialogues; tary but have one important distinction in common: Aristotle, Works; they both present lists of the world’s great books. Cicero, Orations, Republic, Laws, Tusculan Disputa¬ Mathew Arnold referred to the classics as “the tions, Offices; best which has been thought and said in the world.” Lucretius, Of the Nature of Things; Sainte-Beuve in his famous essay, “What is a Virgil, Aeneid; Classic,” defined the author falling within that cate¬ Horace, Odes and Epodes, The Art of Poetry; gory as one “who has enriched the human mind.” [Longinus, On the Sublime]; Few of us can hope, or even find it desirable, to Livy, History; Ovid, Metamorphoses; read all the classics of the world’s literature. To Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory; some of us Dante may be unutterably dull while Plutarch, Lives; others will be left cold by Tolstoi. There is a good Tacitus, Dialogue on Oratory, Germania; deal of cant and intellectual snobbery about the Epictetus, Discourses; classics. There is no more reason why everyone Lucian, Works; should find delight in Homer than that we should Marcus Aurelius, Meditations; all be equally moved by the Mona Lisa. But there (Petronius, Works) ; can be, however, no gainsaying that the time-tested (Juvenal, Satires) ; books of the world are more enriching to the mind St. Augustine, Confessions; Volsungu Saga; than the hundreds of ephemeral works which pour Song of Roland; from the presses annually. We may find the “Beer Burnt Njal; Barrel Polka” amusing for a few times but we shall Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed; tire of it eventually. The same cannot be said of St. Thomas Aquinas, Of Being and Essence, Summa Tchaikovsky’s Fifth Symphony nor of Chekhov’s Contra Gentiles, Of the Governance of Rulers, Sum¬ Tales. And that is one of the great tests of a classic, ma Theologica; that we never tire of it but go back to it to find hid¬ Dante, The Divine Comedy; den beauties which are inexhaustible. Perhaps the Chaucer, Canterbury Tales; best purpose of reading has been given by Mon¬ Thomas a Kemois, Of the Imitation of Christ; taigne: “I seek in the reading of books, only to Leonardo da Vinci, Notebooks; Machiavelli, The Prince; please myself by an honest diversion, or, if I study, Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, Colloquies; ’tis for no other science than what treats of the Sir Thomas More, Utopia; knowledge of myself, and instructs me how to die Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel; and how to live well.” Calvin, Institutes of Christian Religion; It is believed that readers of the JOURNAL may Montaigne, Essays; find a list of world classics useful for reference pur¬ Cervantes, Don Quixote; poses. In the list presented below Adler’s list (cor¬ Spenser, The Faerie Queene; responding to the list used at St. John’s College, Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, The No¬ Annapolis) has been used as a basis, omitting pure¬ vum Organum, The New Atlantis; ly scientific works, and with the addition of certain Shakespeare, Plays; (Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat) ; works included by Guerard and a few by the re¬ [Sa’di, Works]; viewer. Those added from Guerard are included in [Hafiz, Works]; parentheses and those by the reviewer in brackets. (The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night) Those italicized may be found in the Everyman’s [Mathers translation]; Library, Modern Library, or World’s Classics. (Petrarch, Sonnets) ;

28 (Boccacio, Decameron); (Sainte-Beuve, Port Royal, Causeries du Lundi) ; (Villon, Poems) ; (Gogol, Dead Souls); (Cellini, Autobiography) ; Balzac, Works; (Pascal. Thoughts); Lyell, The Antiquity of Man; (Lessing, Plays) ; J. S. Mill, System of Logic, Principles of Political Grotius, The Law of War and Peace; Economy, On Liberty, Of Representative Govern¬ Hobbes, Elements of Philosophy, Leviathan; ment, Utilitarianism, Autobiography; Descartes, A Discourse on Method, Principles of Phil¬ Darwin, The Origin of Species; osophy; Thackeray, Works; Corneille, Tragedies; Dickens, Works; Milton, Areopagitica, Paradise Lost, Samson Agonis- Boole, Laws of Thought; tes; Marx, Capital, The Communist Manifesto; Moliere, Comedies; Melville, Typee, Moby Dick; Spinoza, Political Treatises, Ethics; (Schopenhauer, Essays) ; Locke, Letter Concerning Toleration, Two Treatises of [Poe, Short Stories); Civil Government, Essay Concerning Human Under¬ [Byron, Poems] ; standing, Some Thoughts Concerning Education; [Madame de Stael, Germany]; Racine, Tragedies; Dostoevski, Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Newton, Mathematical Principles, Opticks; Brothers Karamazov; Leibnitz, Discourse on Metaphysics, New Essays Con¬ (Turgenef, Fathers and Sons) ; cerning Human Understanding, Monadology; (Renan, Life of Jesus, Souvenirs) ; Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders; Zola [Works]; Swift, Battle of the Books, Tale of a Tub, Journal to (Chekhov, Complete Short Stories, The Cherry Or¬ Stella, Gulliver’s Travels; chard) ; Montesquieu, Persian Letters, Spirit of Laws; Buckle, A History of Civilization in England; Voltaire, Candide, Philosophical Dictionary, Tolera¬ Flaubert, Madame Bovary; tion ; Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Develop¬ Berkeley, A New Theory of Vision, The Principles of Human Knowledge; ment; TCasanova, Memoirs, A. Machen’s translation]; Ibsen, Plays; Fielding, Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews; Tolstoi, War and Peace, Anna Karenina, What is Art; Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Enquiry Concern¬ Wundt, Physiological Psychology, Outline of Psychol¬ ing Human Understanding, History of England; ogy; Rousseau, Emile, The Social Contract, Confessions; Mark Twain, Innocents Abroad, Huckleberry Finn, Sterne. Tristram Shandy; A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court; Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, The Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams; IVealth oj Nations; William Sumner, Folkways; Blackstone, Commentaries; 0. W. Holmes, The Common Law, Collected Legal Pa¬ Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, Prolegomena to any pers; Future Metaphysics, Critique of Practical Reason, William James, Principles of Psychology, The Varieties Critique of Judgment; of Religious Experience, Pragmatism, A Pluralistic [ Boswell. Life of Johnson]; Universe, Essays in Radical Empiricism; Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Stendhal, The Red and the Black; Evil, The Genealogy of Morals, The Will to Power; The Federalist Papers; Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes; Bentham, Comment on the Commentaries, Introduction Poincare, The Foundations of Science; to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Theory Freud, Three Contributions to a Theory of Sex, In¬ of Fictions; troductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Beyond the Goethe. Faust, Poetry and Truth; Pleasure of Principle, Group Psychology, The Ego Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Tax¬ and the Id, Civilization and its Discontents, [The In¬ ation ; terpretation of Dreams]; Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population; Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class, The Higher Hegel. Phenomonology of Spirit, Science of Logic, Learning in America, The Place of Science in Mod¬ Philosophy of Right, Philosophy of History; ern Civilization, Vested Interest and the State of the Guizot, History of Civilization in France; Industrial Arts, Absentee Ownership; Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity; Lenin, Imperialism [Toward the Seizure of Power, The Comte, Positive Philosophy; Revolution of 1917]; (Schiller. Wilhelm Tell, The Robbers) ; Proust, The Remembrance of Things Past; (Heine, Works); Shaw, Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant, Man and Super¬ (Hugo, Les Miserables, Notre Dame de Paris) ; man, Androcles and the Lion; (Dumas, Count of Monte Crisco, Three Musketeers) ; (Continued on page 53)

29 Journal Photograph Contest

RULES

1. The contest is strictly for amateurs. All sub¬ 8. Each month the JOURNAL will pay $3.00 to the scribers to the JOURNAL, and members of their winners in each classification and the pictures immediate families are eligible. Members of the selected will appear in the JOURNAL. In addi¬ JOURNAL staff in Washington are not eligible. tion, at the close of the contest a prize of $10 will be awarded the final winner in each of the 2. Entrants may submit as many pictures as de¬ three classifications listed below. sired at any time during the period of the con¬ test. 9. The Judging Committee will be composed of: 3. Pictures must have been made after October 1, Dr. Arthur J. Olmsted — Photographic au¬ 1940. The contest opens March 1, 1941, and thority of the Smithsonian Institution. closes September 1, 1941. Mr. Franklin Fisher—National Geographical Magazine. 4. Your snapshots may be made on any type of Mr. Henry S. Villard—Chairman, Editorial film. Developing and printing may be done Board of the JOURNAL. by a photo finisher or the entrant. No print or enlargement more than ten inches in the longest dimension will be accepted. No art Following are the classifications in which prizes work or retouching is permitted on prints or will be awarded monthly and at the end of the the negatives from which they are made. No contest: composite pictures, such as multiple printing or montages permitted. Pictures should not A. NEWS PICTURES: Photographs covering “spot” be mounted or framed. news and those of timely interest, including war-time scenes and pictures of the American 5. All pictures shall be judged solely on general Foreign Service in line of duty. interest and/or appeal. Photographic excel¬ lence or technique, while important, will not B. OFFICIAL ACTIVITIES, AND FOREIGN SERVICE be the deciding factor in determining prize OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES: Photographs winners. The decision of the judges shall be of official activities will include pictures of the accepted as final. type which usually appear in the News from 6. To enter the contest, mail a print or prints of the Field section of the JOURNAL not having as many pictures as you desire to The Editors, “spot” news interest. Also pictures of For¬ eign Service Officers and their families en¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, c/o De¬ partment of State, Washington, D. C. On the gaged in any activity, sports, games, hobbies; back of each picture print your name and ad¬ also children to be judged for expression of dress clearly in ink and the class in which you character or mood. Also household pets. wish the picture entered. (See classifications.) C. SCENES AND “STILL LIFE”: Pictures to be 7. No prints will be returned. Do not submit judged for scenic or pictorial appeal, land¬ negatives with your prints. The JOURNAL re¬ scapes, marine views, street scenes, buildings, serves the right to retain all pictures for pos¬ or unusual “still life’ subjects, such as monu¬ sible future use. ments, statues, etc.

30 FIRST PRIZE WINNING STORY IN “JOURNAL” CONTEST The Last Legation

By PIERRE DE L. BOAL, Counselor of Embassy, Mexico, D. F.

THE shell hole in the third floor front of the Ho¬ uniforms were captains, majors, greyhaired colonels tel Moskova had not yet been repaired when we and generals. Even those refugees who came as arrived. Why the Austrian guns across the Danube patrons were probably snatching a respite from had not demolished this perfect target, probably the humble labors, spending half their day’s earnings most conspicuous skyline building on the whole high in the manner most comprehensible to a Russian— ridge of the city of Belgrade, is a mystery to be con¬ and getting warm. They lived in such bitter quar¬ signed to the annuals of artillery. Perhaps a far¬ ters, these colonel newsboys and their sewing- sighted staff reckoned that when the city came to be women wives. A bucket of coal or an armful of occupied the Hotel Moskva would make better bil¬ wood meant less food, no sugar or no coffee for a lets for officers than the humble whitewashed dwell¬ week. No wonder we found them standing for a ings crowding the steep slopes below. Perhaps the moment, just a moment, in some paradise of battery commander, vis¬ warmth, a cafe, a res¬ iting Belgrade in peace¬ taurant or a hotel lobby, time, had slipped his PRIZE COMPETITION quietly rubbing their knees beneath a beer ta¬ The Editors of the JOURNAL are pleased to blue knuckles before ble in the great, smoky announce the following winners of the prize con¬ plunging out again into psuedo-Viennese cafe on test. All prize winning articles are to appear in a universe of cold. the ground floor and felt later issues of the JOURNAL: There were thousands at home. If so, how “The Last Legation,” by Pierre de L. Boal of them. Officers and could he destroy it? (Mexico, D. F.) $50.00 men, wives, daughters, When the winds cut “The Lion of Judah and Another,” by old people and infants bitterly from the Danu- Ralph J. Totten (retired) 25.00 from every corner of the bian plains across the “Before the Firing Squad,” by George P. vast domain that had promontory to the River Shaw (Mexico, D. F.) 15.00 been the Czar’s. They Save, when the wooden The members of the Judging Committee en¬ formed a sort of fourth pavement of the street countered great difficulty in making their deci¬ dimension in the norms in front of the great sion, due to the many stories of approximately of Serbian life. There steamy windows was equal merit which were submitted. “Simple was the Kingdom of the dangerous with ice, the Leave” by Thomas A. Hickok () and “Isle of Isolation” by Charles W. Lewis (Depart¬ Serbs, Croats and Slo¬ cafe was a refuge, a ment) were considered to be runners-up in the venes, with its people’s warm and crowded ha¬ competition and entitled to “Honorable Men¬ problems, new and old, ven resonant with the tion.” They will also appear in the JOURNAL at and their way of living, clatter of plates and cut¬ a later date and will be paid for at the JOURNAL’S and everywhere, perma¬ lery and a Macedoine of usual rates. nently transient, shad¬ half the languages of owy, there were the Rus¬ Europe. Serb, Croat, Slo¬ sians and their way of vene, Hungarian, German, Italian, Bulgar, Greek, living. They were varied but similar. The men French and of course Russian were the main ingre¬ were all more or less uniformed; their women in dients, and as months passed the Russian intona¬ dingy dresses, serviceable and worn, seemed some¬ tions overlay all excepting the Serb. Those were how less ghostlike. Peasants, shopkkeepsrs, provin¬ the months when the bulk of Wrangel’s army ar¬ cial nobles, courtiers and great personages differing rived. Before them there had been some survivors from each other in so many noticeable ways were from Denikin’s forces, and civilian refugees fleeing yet essentially in consonance. It was more than a the Bolshevik terror, but never in such numbers as community of misfortune. They were Russian— now came up the Danube from Constantinople pre¬ old Russian. ceding General Baron Wrangel. Of course there was a bazaar, small and crowded In the cafe they were not all customers. Boot¬ with refugee portables, jewels, silver, furs, oriental blacks, itinerant vendors, newsboys in faded khaki rugs and many wedding rings, symptoms of ulti-

31 mate distress. Lean officers with watery eyes came groups of Serbian students wi.li guitars were accus¬ to our door politely offering battered heirlooms. tomed to pass along the nearby streets on clear eve¬ “This silver platter is part of the field service of nings, singing and strumming gay repetitive Serbian my ancestor, a general of the Great Catherine.” kolas. In response, carrying far on the crystal of * * * “If you should buy it 1 would sell it by winter air, came the deep chorus of the exiles, hud¬ weight.” dled around their brasiers and samovars, singing Many came in search of work: the laments of the lost homeland like the Children “It is beginning to thaw: I will dig in your gar¬ of Israel in Egypt centuries before. den before it freezes again. It will help prepare it There were other colonies of refugees from the for spring—when it comes. Near East, in Poland, the Baltic States and France. Everywhere but in Serbia the of Soviet The snow fell till the slush in the streets topped successes had forced the abandonment of the Czar¬ the men’s high shoes. Then it froze into knife-like ist diplomatic missions. Only in Yugoslavia was ridges. Blizzards came till there were drifts in there still a legation, a legation staff and a minister. every crazy climbing street. Cars were put up and Serbian independence was accomplished and the droshky drivers came out with sleighs whose maintained through the support and friendship of tinkling bells cheered the snow-silent city. The the Czars. Gratitude may not frequently be an at¬ refugees cleared sidewalks with wooden shovels, tribute of governments, but the gratitude of the head down against the wind. An old lady who gave Serbs and of their Government was real and lasting. bridge lessons came to tea. Her poise was perfect. In days of need the Imperial Russian Treasury had She talked naturally of Paris before the war, of the lent the impoverished Serbs large sums of gold. The difficulty of finding “apartments” in Belgrade, of collapse of Imperial Russia might have supplied a some American friends. She was unhurried but she pretext to the new, hard-pressed Yugoslav nation to did not stay very long. If that half hour of hot tea postpone repayment indefinitely. Alexander and and toast before a fire was an interlude between his ministers chose otherwise. They admitted the two bleak eternities of winter she never showed it. army of refugees and repaid the debt to these last One reason for the fortitude, stoicism, uncom¬ defenders of the old empire as a daily quittance for plaining attitude of most of the Russians—call it their most urgent needs. This and many other what you will—may have been the example set them benefits to the exiled people of the Czar were largely by their Minister. This was the man sent some brought about through the tactful and persistent years before to the Serbian Government to repre¬ efforts of the last representative of the Emperor and sent the Government of His Imperial Majesty, the autocrat of all the Russias. Czar. Through war, exile and the triumph of re¬ He was an unassuming man, their minister, very turn he had stood unobtrusively next to the inner neat without being dapper, soft of voice, unobtru¬ councils of the Serbian realm. Alexander as Prince sive, experienced and accurate. A man to whom his Regent and as King relied upon his judgment and colleagues came naturally for guidance. counted on his friendship. Murder obliterated the It was the practice of the legations in Belgrade reigning Romanoffs. Czarist Russia ceased to exist to celebrate the national holidays of their countries except with a few thousands of refugees living in by giving midday receptions. Sometimes we used the courts of hunger, but the influence of their rep¬ to meet the Russian Minister, his wife, his daughter resentative in Yugoslavia did not diminish but in¬ and his staff and walk with them to such receptions. creased. He would be dressed impeccably and would talk He was host to a thousand problems and leader cheerfully and casually as we floundered through the of an army of misfortunes, yet no dilemma could slush in our galoshes. We slipped and stumbled on dispirit him and no misery could make him impor¬ the cobbles and would arrive bespattered. Not so tunate. Day after day, month after month, he the Minister! Without its attracting our attention worked at his desk in the finest legation in Belgrade, he would pick his way with catlike precision so that just across the street from the palace of his friend. at the end of the walk his patent-leather shoes were Its location symbolized the preponderant weight spotless. He made a luxury of overshoes and spent that Russia once had in the affairs of Serbia. Full their cost to better purpose. length portraits of the Czar, the Czarina and the His daughter married a certain young Prince Czarevitch hung in the ballroom, but these were who had a humble job some two miles from the now curtained with green baize and the room, al¬ Legation where they lived. We used to meet her at though kept dustless, was locked and never used. noontime trudging through the snow carrying warm At the foot of the garden which sloped southward food to him in a tin dinner pail. Sometimes, like toward the River Save, were stable buildings and so many refugees, she would stop in at the Ameri¬ other dependencies given over to refugees. Small can Consul’s house.

32 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Little Mrs. Patton must be warmly remembered doors showed us that each step of the staircase was by hundreds of Russians, now scattered throughout flanked by two of Baron WrangeTs cossacks in full- the world. Somehow or other she seemed always dress black uniforms. In the halls and reception to have an extra shawl or a pair of mittens that she rooms there was a general transformation. Flowers hoped somebody else could use. Hot tea, biscuits and lights were everywhere. Damasked tables dis¬ and milk for the children seemed always to have played silver and such an abundance of food as no just arrived on the table as her refugee friends came refugee had seen for many years. There were bot¬ in the door. She was to be found working quietly tles of Munim and Veuve Cliquot in silver buckets at the heart of every organization for relief. The and of course bowls of caviar. Liberied servants staff of the Consulate found themselves toiling un¬ remittingly to help her. Perhaps the infirm hardly came and went amid a throng of personages. The realized that she appeared at their lodgings for any elderly colonels and generals were no longer news¬ other purpose than to have a chat. The Christmas boys or street vendors, but were resplendent in baskets she carried to the needy were always deliv¬ field-uniforms and decorations, some even in dress ered as a gesture of social amenity. It is doubtful uniforms glinting with gold or silver braid. Laces whether anyone was able to compute just how- much and satin, silk, velvet and jewels had been found by good she did, and least of all would she have paused the ladies. Here and there we recognized rings, in her activity to take stock of it herself. bracelets and necklaces recovered for the evening There were many who worked to help the refugees from the counters of the Russian Bazaar. that winter. Cold and poverty and illness go hand Young officers of the cadet corps of St. Peters¬ in hand. Much nursing was needed and the kind¬ burg in dark blue with silver cartridge-cases and ness of the Serbs supplied medicine and provisions. gold-eagled sabretaches accompanied girls in new As the texture of the Imperial Legation’s diplomatic evening- gowns into the ballroom where a small raison d'etre grew thinner its quality as an organi¬ orchestra played a waltz. The girls’ cheeks were zation for relief became more apparent. One day flushed and their eyes shone. Most of them were at the Minister said to us: “The Legation is to be their first ball, and there might never be another in closed. We are going to turn it into headquarters lives from which all luxury had been banished. The for the Russian Red Cross.’ thought of what past and future privations these He said it quietly, almost casually, but we knew new ball-gowns might signify was staggering, but what it must mean to him. We also knew that just now the girls danced rapturously. The State although he would close the doors on the home of a portraits of the Czar, the Czarina and the Czare¬ tradition built up for centuries, that tradition would vitch, whose liaise coverings had been removed, be carried away by him and others like him to in¬ looked down upon them from their escutcheoned spire their new lives in distant lands. gilded frames with eyes both formal and affection¬ The legation prepared its own demise for many ate. Only the young people danced. The host and days. Safes were emptied and archives were packed. hostess stood watching them amid a group of guests. Smoky chimneys dispersed some of the secrets of The old Princess who gave bridge lessons came in the Empire into a cobalt sky. The sunshine and on the arm of her son. She touched his silver the snow combined to beautify the ancient Turkish epaulette with her fan and they exchanged some fortress of the Kalemegdan which overlooks the pleasantry and laughed softly. junction of the Save and the Danube on the tip of There was a hum of cheerful conversation under the long ridge of the city. The Palace guards in the high ceilings. Some talked quietly, some laughed, light blue greatcoats stamped their gold-braided all seemed at home and at their ease. There was boots on the icy pavements and stared impassively dignity without constraint, an evident realization at the shuttered windows of the Russian Minister’s of the significance of the occasion without its being ballroom. exteriorized in any way. It was a reenactment on a We received an invitation to attend an evening small scale of an evening at Court in St. Petersburg reception at the Imperial Russian Legation. The and on a great scale a manifestation of the survival refugees exchanged animated whispers and hurried of the reserve and taste of an old aristocracy. mysteriously about the streets carrying bundles. After midnight some of the officers and their When the day came the skies clouded and it began wives and daughters gathered around the candle¬ to snow. A tinkling sleigh carried us up the dark lit piano and sang. The voices were good and the streets. Infrequent lights gave us a glimpse of the songs simple. Gay or sad, all of the melodies were tracks of our runners fast vanishing in the whirl of obviously old favorites of the homeland. Only one the storm, but when we came to the Legation we or two were sufficiently well-known outside of Rus- found the ballroom windows brightly lit. The open (■Continued on page 41)

JANUARY, 1941 33 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the For¬ been assigned for duty in the Department of State. eign Service since November 9, 1940: Charles E. Bohlen of Ipswich, Massachusetts, The assignment of James G. Carter of Bruns¬ Second Secretary of the American Embassy and wick, Georgia, as American Consul to Funchal, American Consul at Moscow, U.S.S.R., has been Madeira, ha sheen canceled. Mr. Carter has now designated Second Secretary of the American Em¬ been assigned American Consul at Tananarive, bassy at Tokyo, Japan. Madagascar, where a Consulate will be established. Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., of Los Animas, Carton Hurst of Washington, District of Colum¬ Colorado, now serving in the Department of State, bia, American Consul at Berlin, Germany, has been has been designated Second Secretary of the Ameri¬ designated Second Secretary of the American Em¬ can Embassy and American Consul at Moscow, bassy at Berlin, Germany, and will serve in dual ca¬ U.S.S.R., and will serve in dual capacity. pacity. Marselis C. Parsons, Jr., of Rye, New York, H. Francis Cunningham, Jr., of Lincoln, Nebras¬ American Vice Consul at Batavia, Java, Nether¬ ka, American Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, has lands Indies, has been assigned American Vice Con¬ been designated Third Secretary of the American sul at Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Embassy at Berlin, Germany, and will serve in dual William H. Cordell of Ward, Arkansas, Ameri¬ capacity. can Vice Consul at Seville, Spain, has been as¬ Brewster H. Morris of Villanove, Pennsylvania, signed American Vice Consul at Lisbon, Portugal. American Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, has been Scott Lyon of Columbus, Ohio, now serving in designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ the Department of State, has been assigned Ameri¬ bassy at Berlin, Germany, and will serve in dual can Vice Consul at Lisbon, Portugal. capacity. The American Consulate at Gibraltar was tem¬ Non-Career porarily closed on November 11, 1940. Non-Career Robert H. Macy of Washington, District of Co¬ Jack G. Dwyre of Colorado, American Vice Con¬ lumbia, American Clerk formerly assigned to Riga, sul at Windsor, Ontario, Canada, has been ap¬ Latvia, has been appointed American Vice Con¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Guayaquil, Ecua¬ sul at Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. dor. Paul Dean Thompson of Los Angeles, California, American Vice Consul at London, England, has The following changes have occurred in the For¬ been appointed American Vice Consul at Dublin, eign Service since November 30, 1940: Ireland. Frederick L. Royt of Milwaukee, Wiscon, Ameri¬ J. Webb Benton of Pen Ryn, Cornwell Heights, can Vice Consul at Guayaquil, Ecuador, has been Pennsylvania, First Secretary of the American Le¬ appointed American Vice Consul at Valparaiso, gation to the Netherlands, has been designated Chile. First Secretary of the American Legation and Samuel A. Mcllhenny, Jr., of Texas, American American Consul at Bucharest, Rumania, and will Vice Consul at Valaparaiso, Chile, has been appoint¬ serve in dual capacity. ed American Vice Consul at Valdivia, Chile. Winthrop S. Greene of Worcester, Massachusetts, Second Secretary of the American Legation at Stockholm, Sweden, has been assigned American The following changes have occurred in the Consul at Stockholm, and will serve in dual ca¬ Foreign Service since November 23, 1940: pacity. Charles W. Lewis, Jr., of Ann Arbor, Michigan, S. Walter Washington of Charlestown, West Vir¬ Second Secretary of the American Legation and ginia, American Consul at Stockholm, Sweden, has American Consul at San Jose, Costa Rica, has been designated Second Secretary of the American

34 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL nist . hv Mi n

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, K«»» sSE^asss**'“‘ Legation at Stockholm, and will serve in dual ca¬ pacity. Douglas Jenkins, Jr., of Charleston, South Caro¬ lina, Third Secretary of the American Legation at Stockholm, Sweden, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Stockholm, and will serve in dual capacity. Fritz A. M. Alfsen of Brooklyn, New York, Amer¬ ican Vice Consul at Stockholm, Sweden, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Lega¬ tion at Stockholm, and will serve in dual capacity. William P. Snow of Bangor, Maine, American Vice Consul at Stockholm, Sweden, has been desig¬ nated Third Secretary of the American Legation at Stockholm, and will serve in dual capacity. John Goodyear of Springfield Center, New York, American Vice Consul at Panama, Panama, has been designated Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Panama, and will serve in dual ca¬ pacity. General Motors has a car to fit your purse Carmel Offie of Portage, Pennsylvania, Third and purpose. Our overseas organization is Secretary of the American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Paris, France, has been designated ready to show you the way to better motor¬ Third Secretary of the American Embassy and ing through world-wide sales and service of American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colombia, and will serve in dual capacity. CHEVROLET The assignment of John Hubner, II, of Baltimore, Maryland, as American Vice Consul at Florianopo- PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE lis, Brazil, has been canceled. Mr. Hubner will re¬ main as American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, Brazil. BUICK LA SALLE Reginald S. Kanzanjian of Newport, Rhode CADILLAC CMC TRUCKS Island, American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, Brazil, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Flori- anopolis, Brazil. Dealers in principal cities throughout the world. Factory sales and service at A SHROUD BY LEON D. GAITHE Adelaide I would not murder peaceful men Mexico City Alexandria For power or for fame. Antwerp Osaka I would not have ten million graves Batavia Paris To answer in my name. Bombay Ten thousand times I’d rather be Bienne Port Elizabeth A poor man at the plow, Buenos Aires Sao Paulo Than one who conquers by the sword Copenhagen Stockholm With vengeance on his brow. Lima Southampton I would not murder peaceful men, Lisbon Sydney Then like a cynic blame, The murdered dead who cannot rise To answer in their name. What glory can there be in blood? GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS OPERATIONS What nation can be proud 1775 Broadway New York City If every forward step it makes Is covered by a shroud?

36 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Officers Throughout the World

BAGGAGE DELIVERY, WASHINGTON, D. C. BANK Send us your claim checks for luggage HERE checked to Washington with your instruc¬ tions about delivery, or temporary storage. AMERICAN SECURITY is serv¬ ing the financial needs of foreign BAGGAGE DELIVERY—CITIES IN U.S. service officers stationed through¬ If you check baggage in other cities and out the world through its gen¬ want delivered, send us your checks and in¬ eral banking, trust and safe de¬ structions. We will forward by air mail to posit facilities. our correspondents. Wherever your post of duty INSURANCE may be, you will find it advan¬ tageous to establish and maintain Special policies for Government Service officers. Annual policies, world wide. Trip a banking connection here in policies, silverware, jewelry, fur policies. Washington, D.C. American Se¬ Travelers baggage policies, fire and burglary curity gives special attention to policies in Washington. the requirements of such ac¬ counts and their need for spe¬ cialized service. J&rurtfii We cordially invite your inquiry. STEEL VANS Steel and aluminum lift vans, available in AMERICAN SECURITY many places throughout the world. Safe, AND TRUST COMPANY economical, convenient. MAIN OFFICE: FIFTEENTH ST. AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. ( Opposite the United States Treasury) £miritg oragp (Jompang WASHINGTON, D. C. of UJashmsfron Capital - $3,400,000.00 Surplus ' $3,400,000.00 a safe depository for 50 years at 1140 FIFTEENTH STREET District 4040 MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION Affiliated with the American Security and Trust Co.

JANUARY, 1941 37 INTER-AMERICAN MARITIME that can visit South America. They will create good will for the United States, and they will come back TRAFFIC to tell us more of our neighbors to the south. Even (Continued from page 21) greater numbers of average travelers, such as you a vital, even though small, part in strengthening and I, will then be tempted to see and explore for the good neighborly feeling of the Americas. ourselves these fascinating lands that make up Now an American tennis team has just toured South America. the east coast of South America, and like the swim¬ ming team of last winter it too had a very popular CIRCULATING LIBRARY IN MEXICO reception. Young, energetic, dynamic North Amer¬ The Consulate General at Mexico City recently ican athletes click beautifully with South Ameri¬ sent out a mimeographed notice with a list of books cans, who themselves are energetic, young and dy¬ which the Embassy in that city is prepared to lend namic (one of their favorite words). to American consular officers in Mexico. The books North America’s cultural representatives are also on this list, numbering about 100, may be bor¬ traveling to rowed for a pe- South America riod of one these days. In month and not the past, the more than three greatopera volumes may be houses of Brazil requested at the and Argentina same time. —the T e a t r o Officers own¬ Colon, or opera, ing books not in Buenos Aires on the list, is one of the which might be world’s fi n e s t of interest to —depended on colleagues Europe for their in Mexico, are artists. France, invited to list Italy, Germany them with the sent singers and Embassy. The musicians; names of such if any came books are then from the United to be circulated States they were so that they almost inevi¬ may be b o r- tably of Euro- rowed directly pean back¬ from the owner, ground and using the frank¬ training. Now that situation is changing. Rise Stev¬ ing privilege for this purpose. ens, American-born opera star, has just completed The JOURNAL believes that the procedure out¬ a season at the Teatro Colon; Yehudi Menuhin is lined above may be of interest to other offices. getting ready for a South American tour; Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra, certainly a North American institution, have appeared in the MARRIAGE great east coast capitals; and perhaps most signifi¬ cantly of all, Stokowski and the All American LANE-BRAND. Miss Delys Brand and Mr. George Youth Symphony have visited South America and Bliss Lane, Consul and Third Secretary at Baghdad, proved rather convincingly that North American were married on November 1 at Wellington, New youth too can achieve the noteworthy in music. Zealand. Several months ago the Ambassador of Brazil to the United States was asked about the Good Neigh¬ BIRTH bor policy. “What we need,” he said, “is more Carmen Mirandas.” JOHANSEN. A son, Rolff Arthur, was born re¬ He might have added that we also need more cently to Mr. and Mrs. Beppo R. Johansen in Har¬ swimming teams, youth orchestras and musicians bin, where Mr. Johansen is Vice Consul.

38 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE FOUNDING OF SANTIAGO (Continued, from page 19) horses, slipping and falling on the blood soaked ground, the screams of the wounded and dying, the shrieks of the blood-thirsty savages and the hoarse shouts of the desperate Spaniards, must have made a horrifying spectacle. On the northwest corner of the Plaza, where the Post Office now stands, was the modest house of the Governor. Within those w alls, standing guard over seven caciques whom the Spaniards held as hostages, was Inez de Suarez. We can well imagine the feel¬ ings of this brave woman as she listened to the roar of battle outside the walls and realized that one of the objectives of the savages w as the release of their captive chiefs. By mid-day the Spaniards were fighting with their backs to the walls of the burn¬ ing buildings, and it was then that Inez de Suarez made a memorable decision. Without hesitation she ordered the captives killed. History and legend have it that the guards demurred, and it was she her¬ 00 self who performed the execution, cut the heads ,ooo,o from the caciques and flung them into the melee in MORE THAN UNDERWOODS the Plaza—to the dismay and confusion of the at¬ HAVE BEEN PRODUCED AND SOLD tacking Indians. Then sword in hand, she went into the stjuare and rallied the exhausted Spaniards who finally drove the Indians from the city. ONE hundred thousand Underwoods That Sunday night the sun went down on the have been sold to a single public shambles that had been the city of Santiago. Ex¬ service organization . . . 40,000 to a hausted men wiped the sweat and blood from their faces, sorted the wounded from the dead, and stared great oil company . . . 100,000 more in despair at the smoking ruins of their homes. If to the Board of Education of a great on February 12th Pedro de Valdivia had cast the American city! No wonder production founding mold, the battle on September 11. 1541 of the world’s favorite writing machine was the fire that forged the heart of steel that gave Santiago the strength to endure four centuries. continues to climb rapidly beyond this During 1941, the people of Chile will celebrate record-breaking height! American busi¬ the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the founding of ness has registered more than 5 million Santiago and will pay homage to the memory of those brave few who planted the cross and the flag votes for Underwood’s fine writing on the banks of the Mapocho. To Pedro de Val¬ qualities, Underwood’s ease of opera¬ divia, greatest of them all. To Alonso de Monroy, tion, Underwood’s world-famous typ¬ who organized the meagre defenses of the city (and ing speed. Note the Underwoods who, in January, 1542, volunteered along with Pe¬ dro de Miranda, Juan Pacheco, Juan Ronquillo, wherever you go! Martin de Castro, and Alonso Salguero, to make the long journey over desert and mountains to Peru to get aid.12) To that indomitable fighter Francisco de Aguirre who, on September 11, “fought without Typewriter Division resting . . . until, when the battle was over, his UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines, hand had to be pried loose from his lance.” To Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies the valiant Inez de Suarez. And to all the other Homer Building, 13th and F Streets, N. W. brave and forgotten men who struggled and died Washington, D. C. that Santiago might live through the ages. One Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Sales and Service Everywhere 12Only Monroy and Miranda got through. The others were killed by the Indians in the Valley of Copiapo.

JANUARY, 1941 39 SUPPLEMENT TO THE of State, chiefs of division, and chiefs of missions will also be included. No officer whose photograph PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER was contained in the 1936 edition is to appear in the An announcement was carried in the November new publication. issue of the JOURNAL that a supplement to the Pho¬ The JOURNAL confidently believes that the Sup¬ tographic Register was under preparation. Work plement will find a warm welcome in the Service. on the supplement is progressing, and the JOURNAL staff hopes to offer this addendum to its readers within two or three months. PRESS COMMENT For the benefit of those who may not be familiar (Continued from page 9) with the Photographic Register of 1936, it should goes with diplomacy, and, as a group, were widely be explained that in November of that year the suspected of being thoroughly under the influence JOURNAL published a Supplement, the first of its of the harder-headed, wilier, and better informed kind, containing nearly 1,500 separate photographs. foreign representatives of Great Britain and France. Individual pictures were included of the President, Some of them did, in fact, acquire British accents, the Secretary of State, the executive officers of the manners and habits of dress which are foreign to Department, 29 chiefs of divisions in the Depart¬ American customs. Some of them were nothing ment, 17 ambassadors, 37 ministers, 702 foreign but typical members of the small fringe of society service officers, 141 non-career vice consuls, 316 em¬ in this country which aped continental or British bassy, legation and consular buildings abroad, and ways and considered marriage into a titled family a miscellaneous group of appropriate scenes and the highest of human achievements. buildings in Washington and abroad. An outstand¬ The career service has gradually changed in qual¬ ing feature of the Register was the fact that it was ity, however, and with this change career men have 100% inclusive. Photographs of every officer in the won recognition for their competence at home as service and of every building housing a diplomatic well as abroad. The last of the cookie-pushers has or consular establishment at that time were obtained. not disappeared. But most of the career men of It will be appreciated that much time and effort wealth and social standing who have made their way were necessary to obtain some of these pictures and up in recent years have done it by hard work and that the Register represented a considerable expen¬ ability. And just below them is a strong under-layer diture of money as well. of the newer Foreign Service men, chosen in the The JOURNAL is able to report, after four years first instance for their ability, given special train¬ during which the Register has been used, that the ing, and brought back here periodically to renew attempt was entirely worth while. Numerous in¬ their acquaintance with their home country. . . .— quiries have been received from public libraries, Washington Post, November 24, 1940. commercial establishments, and private individuals concerning the Register, and copies have been used as a standard reference volume by chiefs of divi¬ NEWS FROM THE sions in the Department and others desirous of con¬ DEPARTMENT necting the names and faces of officers whom they have met. An executive officer of the Department (Continued from page 25) remarked recently that he found the photographic Henry E. Stebbins, Vice Consul at London, vis¬ supplement an invaluable aid in recalling to mind ited the Department for several days while on home officers with whom he had conversed for a short leave beginning on November 22 following his ar¬ while, and that he frequently consulted its pages to rival on the preceding day at New York City on the determine whether an officer whose despatch he was S.S. Excalibur from Lisbon. reading was the person he had in mind. The most general use of the Register, however, has been by Frank A. Schuler, Jr., Third Secretary at Tokyo, officers in the field, as an aid in refreshing the mem¬ has been on temporary duty in the Division of Far ory or gaining an impression of colleagues know'n Eastern Affairs since November 15 following two only by name. months’ home leave spent principally at his home in The new supplement to be published soon w'ill Muskegon, Michigan. contain the photographs of approximately 250 offi¬ Hiram A. Boucher, Consul at Geneva, visited the cers, both career and non-career, who have entered Department on December 5 following his arrival the service since 1936, including all of the former two days earlier on the S.S. Siboney from Lisbon. officers of the Departments of Commerce and Agri¬ He joined Mrs. Boucher who had arrived in Wash¬ culture. New executive officers of the Department ington from Geneva at the end of July. She had

40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL filed her application for naturalization within four days after her arrival, and was admitted to citizen¬ ship in the U. S. District Court in Washington on December 3. They left to spend leave with his fam¬ A //- American ily in Los Angeles. Mr. Boucher plans to return to Washington about March 1 preparatory to sailing VACATION from New York City about March 5 for Lisbon en route to Geneva. VOYAGES George D. Andrews, Second Secretary and Con¬ sul at Panama, accompanied by Mrs. Andrews and BY THE LUXURIOUS NEW SS. their son, George Roberts Andrews, eight years old, arrived at New York City on November 16 on the S.S. Cristobal from Panama. Mr. Andrews visited the Department on November 18 and 19 while America spending a part of his home leave at Baltimore. He (36,000 ton Displacement) planned to spend a week with his parents at Chat¬ tanooga, Tennessee, and to return to Baltimore to AMERICAS LARGEST, FASTEST, FINEST LINER join his family. They made plans to sail from New ★ ★ ★ York City about January 2 for Panama. * To SAN )UAN * ST. THOMAS (Puerto Rico) (Virgin Islands) THE LAST LEGATION * PORT AU PRINCE ★ HAVANA (Haiti) (Cuba) (Continued from page 33) • You cruise leisurely through warm sia to be familiar to us. They did not sing very Caribbean waters . . . visit the choicest long. of American West Indies ports. And for 12 matchless days, all the facilities When this was finished champagne was passed of America’s greatest luxury liner are again, the Minister raised his hand and silence fell. yours to enjoy . . . accommodations and He spoke in Russian for a few minutes and we a cuisine beyond compare . . . acres of deck . . . both an outdoor and indoor could only guess at the meaning of his words which pool . . . every cruise feature including were soft and grave. At one moment he lifted his professional entertainment. For once, glass toward the portraits and touched it to his lips it’s all play and no work. And you’ll as did all those in the room. After this no one spoke return a new person—relaxed, refreshed. for a short time that seemed long and then the rank¬ ing guests came up to their hosts and the Legation $ staff to bid them goodnight and goodbye. The offi¬ Sunny, Restful Carefree Days 150 up cers clicked their heels and bowed slightly as they NO Passports or Visas Required took the Minister’s hand. The young girls courtsied. Soon all the guests had filed by and we found Sailings from New York: ourselves in the hall receiving our wraps. The musicians went by carrying their instrument cases Nov. 7, Nov. 23, Dec. 7, Dec. 21 and we followed them out with the rest of the guests, One Way Fares Available from New passing the silent cossacks on the steps. Farewells York. Rates on request. For complete were exchanged. The doors of the Legation closed details, consult your Travel Agent or behind us with a slight metallic sound. Tomorrow the silver and china would be packed or sold, the portraits would be taken down, their baise covers would be replaced and they would be stored. The U.S. LINES Minister and his family would leave for a far coun¬ try to start life over again. The last legation of One Broadway, New York City Imperial Russia had ceased to exist. 912 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. We drove awray to the tinkling of bells. The snow fell gently, persistently, in the wake of our Offices in other principal cities. sleigh, beginning as soon as we passed its task of obliteration.

JANUARY, 1941 41 For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the West Indies, send your messages — via dll dmerica ITlackay Y\ Commercial Radio ILYW Cables Tostal Telegraph

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Cablegrams “via All America” may be sent from any Postal Telegraph Office

ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York Excerpts from an Address Made on Thanksgiving- Day, at Mexico City, by Ambassador Josephus Daniels

ITH death raining from the air, under the sea With the standards of the peoples plunging through the W thunder-storm; and on the land in most parts of the world, Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags this Thanksgiving for good gifts must he mingled were furl’d, with anxiety and prayers for a peace under brighter In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the World, There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm skies that will bring satisfaction to the individual in awe, and purer democracy to all countries. We are And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law. thankful as we celebrate our national anniversary that on this continent not a gun is drawn and that England’s poet laureate envisioned the character no Pan American country covets the possessions of of the present war, even the weapons “grappling in a neighbor. The leadership of Franklin D. Roose¬ the central blue” which for the first time have velt in the United States guarantees a continuation rained death and destruction upon cities and plains of the Good Neighbor policy and insures the co¬ and ships. But beyond the clash and noise of bat¬ operation of the United States with the other twenty tle, the poet saw that there would come an end to the sovereign republics in continental solidarity for mu¬ throbbing of war drums, with the furling of war tual good and for mutual protection. flags, when “the sense of most” will bring peace and contentment in the Parliament of Man and the Fed¬ The uplifting faith in these tragic days, and the eration of the World. inspiration of thanksgiving, are found chiefly in the The most significant passage in Tennyson’s bravery and sacrifice of men who now as in former prophecy is that the coming of better days will be Dark Ages rise superior to the forces of hate and attained through “the sense of most”—that is, that destruction. If you ask me today that for which the happier days to which we look forward with my heart goes up in supremest thankfulness, I the passing of the present blackout will not be answer: Because I dare to believe that in history handed down to the people by prophet, priest or as in nature the darkest hour is just before the king, but will be wrought out by the concerted ac¬ dawn, and that the coming century will witness tion in a working democracy of an educated and more miracles for human well-being than in any independent and prosperous electorate. hundred years which have preceded it. May I on Essaying the role of the uninspired prophet, I am this Thanksgiving anniversary seek to lift the veil most thankful today that I can see a world of To¬ from the future and draw a picture of what sort morrow, which will be shaped mostly by peaceful of a world men and women will live in when 2040 evolution and partly by revolution. It will be very dawns? I am taking as my text for this daring different and very much better than the planet this optimism the prophecy of Alfred Tennyson in these and former generations have known. May I sketch immortal lines: the vision I have of 2040? 1. There will not be a king or queen or emperor, Men, my brothers, men the workers, ever reaping something or ruler holding sway by the right of inheritance new, That which they have done but earnest of the things that or life tenure in all the world; nor any dictator they shall do; seizing power by force or holding it by denial of For 1 dip t into the future far as human eye can see, the popular will. Those in high office will be chosen Saw the Vision of the world and all the wonders that in free and fair elections, who will be subject only would be; Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails, to the mandate of the voters insuring the equal Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly rights of all the people. Public office will be ad¬ bales; ministered as a public trust. Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a 2. Colonialism and imperialism will be as dead ghastly dew, and turned to clay as imperial Caesar. Instead From the nations’ airy navies grappling in the central blue; Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rush¬ there will be a society of free and independent na¬ ing warm, tions. As no individual is capable of ruling the

43 way of life of any fellow-being, so it will be recog¬ nized that no nation has the right to control the WOODWARD & LOTHROP actions or make the laws for the government or 10th, 11th, F and G Streets peoples of any other part of the world. Poets who gloss over imperialism by praising the “taking up Washington, D. C., U. S. A. the white man’s burden” will be more out of date than Chaucer, and statesmen who describe taking ”A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” colonies by force as “benevolent assimilation” will have no following. Self-determination of small na¬ tions will be the rule for every continent and every island. 3. There will exist industrial and social democ¬ racy along with political democracy. The rewards of industry in every field will be shared in propor¬ tion to the value of the contribution of labor, capi¬ tal, science, initiative, and constructive leadership engaged in production. A fair distribution of earnings will eliminate strikes, lockouts, and war¬ fare in industry. “The injury of one will be the concern of all.” Cooperation will replace wrangling for advantage. There will be no need for poor- houses, since provision for the aged and infirm will call for no charity. Publicly supported hospitals and trained doctors and surgeons will provide treat¬ ment and care for all the sick. Community chests will be replaced by social security agencies support¬ ed from the public treasury. Private helpfulness will bless those who give and those who receive in a common brotherhood. 4. There will not be a tenant, a peon, or a peas¬ ant in any country. Every man who tills the soil Island Influence will own the land he cultivates. Absentee landlord- for Southern Waters ship, the curse of the ages, will no longer exist. Tolstoi’s insistence that every man earn by labor with his own hands as much as he needs for his Natural sustenance is not a vain Utopian dream, and for Southern Shores Thoreau’s insistence upon freedom from slavery to things will be an attained goal. Island Colors (left) . . . 5. Education from the kindergarten to the high¬ Your bathing- suit borrows its print from South est post-graduate instruction will be free to all, with Sea islands. Clean, brilliant red, white and blue special emphasis upon the education of the hand, rayon sharkskin—two piece. Misses’ sizes $10.95 along with the head and heart, to make a self- SPORTSWEAR, THIRD FLOOR reliant people. 6. The God-given natural resources will be de¬ Natural (right) . . . veloped exclusively by and for the whole people. Linen crash dress with lively leather accents. Their exploitation for private gain will give way to Leather lacing- at waistline—and, enchantingly, utilization for national well-being. The pouring of bracelets and a bib of leather studded with shining watered stock into holding companies will be out¬ nailheads. Dig your fists into two tremendous pockets—whirl the carefree hemline. Misses’ lawed. sizes 525 7. Property rights will be respected, competition MISSES’ DRESSES, THIRD FLOOR and cooperation upheld. Monopolies of all sorts will be as dead as any dinosaur. Kipling’s vision Address your communications to Woodward of the time when “no man will work for money and & Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S, A.; no man will work for fame” will give place to attention Mrs. Marion Tolson. every man’s obtaining and retaining rewards in fame and in financial return in proportion to his

44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Human-interest Photographs and Narratives Always Welcomed by the National Qeographic . . . .

F you like to record by word and camera your observations of peoples, places, and customs in the world about you, then you have an unusual Making geography a living subject are opportunity to take part in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE’S far-reaching such GEOGRAPHIC educational work. Why not submit for editorial consideration a preliminary pictures as this one outline of a timely, informative article? Generous remuneration is made for by Capt. Hans Koes- ter, showing excited photographs and personal narratives which the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC can use. Chinese attracted by Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor a strange metal bird from the sky. The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, Washington, D.C.

JANUARY. 1941 contribution to the weal of his fellow beings. The Edisons will receive larger rewards than the Roth¬ schilds. 8. In the Federation of the World there will be no need for standing armies, great navies or mili¬ tarized aircraft beyond an international police force sufficient to preserve peace or “haud the wretch in order” if any would-be Caesar seeks to bestride the world or if any nations aspires to dominion over other countries, by armies or navies. There will be fewer monuments to warriors and more to men of science who have cured the ills of the body, im¬ proved the mind, made discoveries and inventions which bring comfort and happiness, not hitherto enjoyed, to mankind. 9. The riches of the world will be available for the needs and wants of all human beings. Barriers and quotas and high tariffs and other restraints upon international commerce and hampering regu¬ lations of transportation and communications and currency will be as archaic as walled cities. 10. The press will be as free from the temptation of gain or power by its owners, the patronage of its advertisers, or the influence of any class or cult as from attempts of government to dictate its ut¬ terances. 11. There will be no state-ruled church and no NEW WEEKLY DIRECT church-ruled state. Freedom of religion will be universal. Free from man-made dogma, the simple PASSENGER SERVICE teachings of Jesus will be the only rule of life. BETWEEN NEW YORK AND “May these things be!” LISBON, PORTUGAL Sighing she spoke; “I fear they will not, by THE FOUR ACES Dear, but let us type them now EXCAMBION June 27 EXOCHORDA July 11 In our own lives, EXETER July 3 EXCALIBUR July 18 And this proud watchword rest. and uieekly thereafter on Thursdays Of equal ” Fare $250 From Neutral Portugal connections can be made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. Detailed information on application

THE SECURITY OF IN MEMORIAM

AMERICAN SHIPS Henry Boernstein, son of Ralph A. Boernstein ALWAYS IMPORTANT TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER who is Consul at Leghorn, died recently in Wash¬

The demand by relatives and friends here for prepaid ington. tickets to America from all Europe demonstrates it. Walter T. Costello, Vice Consul at Budapest, died AMERICAN EXPORT LINES November 17 at his post. 25 Broadway, New York Mrs. W. 0. Ballantine, mother of Joseph W. Bal- Balto. Office: 203 Keyser Bldg. CAlvert 0340 lantine, died on November 17 at Fitchburg, Massa¬ chusetts.

46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INTER- AMERICAN CULTURAL RELATIONS (Continued from page 8) said to have begun in the Division’s development with the approval by Congress in the Second De¬ ficiency Act of 1940 of funds totalling $69,000 for payment of travel expenses of citizens of the United States and of the other American Republics classified as students or professors (later amended, in the Third Deficiency Act, to cover “educational, professional and artistic lead¬ A GREAT WORLD-WIDE ers”) . While part of this appropriation was for the payment of travel in the United States of com¬ SOURCE OF SUPPLY mittees which consult with the Division, the balance was available for payment of travel expenses be¬ tween the United States and Latin America of the For nearly 55 years, the whole world over, demand for Ward merchandise has been types of persons mentioned in the Act. steady and increasing. And rightly so! For the first time (excepting the official exchanges under the Buenos Aires Convention), therefore, the Backed by advanced engineering and Government has taken a direct interest in encour¬ painstaking research, Wards products are aging the movement of students and intellectual of unexcelled performance and modern leaders between the United States and the other Re¬ design. Mass produced and mass distrib¬ publics. Under this authority the Division ar¬ uted, their prices are truly competitive. ranged last fall for the transportation to this coun¬ Hence M W’s leadership in the electrical, try of 18 students from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, automotive, mechanical and implement Peru and Ecuador who had been awarded scholar¬ lines. Wards specialties, as follows, are ships in American colleges and universities by the sold abroad through Distributors and Institute of International Education. Every effort Dealers ONLY: was made to limit this assistance to students with Radio Receiving Sets scholarships who were unable to pay the high cost Electric Refrigerators of travel from their homes to the United States. Electric Washing Machines Another case which it was possible to handle as Electric Vacuum Cleaners a result of this appropriation involved payment of Electric Light Plants travel expenses of an American professor to a cer¬ Cream Separators tain Latin American capital where he was perform¬ Auto and Truck Tires ing an important work in cultural rapprochement Automotive Products which would have been prematurely interrupted had Paints and Varnishes not aid been possible. One of the private founda¬ Hardware and Tools tions cooperated by making a grant available to Tractors cover his living expenses for a year. This case is Radio Sound Equipment especially noteworthy since it represents a carefully Distributors interested in exclusive worked out cooperative effort between Government franchise rights for one or more of these and private philanthropy to serve the national in¬ products are invited to write at once to terest. the Factory Export Division. The most important activity made possible by the Second Deficiency Act, however, is the author¬ ity granted to invite distinguished “educational, professional and artistic leaders” from the other American Republics to visit the United States at MONTGOMERY WARD Government expense. Arrangements to place this Established 1872 plan into execution have been carefully studied over W + FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION * 4 a period of many months and a list of suitaote per¬ f t 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, U. S. A. f 9 sons compiled in consultation with our diplomatic Cables — Thor n ward missions, the General Advisory Committee of the Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters Division and various groups familiar with scholars

JANUARY, 1941 47 and professional men in Latin America. Approxi¬ mately 30 invitations have been authorized and the first persons traveling on these invitations are ex¬ pected to arrive in the United States about the first of the year. In view of the higher travel costs, preference in allotting grants has been given to the more distant countries. In selecting individuals, an THE "GOOD NEIGHBOR" LAND attempt has been made to have invitations reach persons especially interested in an opportunity to It's a great land — greater than you've visit this country and who might, without the in¬ ever imagined — with scenic wonders vitation, be unlikely to make the trip. The greater that will leave you breathless — cities percentage of those invited are historians, journal¬ ists, writers and artists, since the private founda¬ that stand proudly among the great urban tions have been more active in bringing scientists, centers of the world—a life pulsing with engineers, doctors, et cetera, to this country. forward-looking enthusiasm. Mingling In working out itineraries for the visitors which the pioneer spirit of our own past with will enable them to spend their time productively the rich heritage of Latin culture, these a careful attempt has been made to enlist the as¬ "good neighbor" lands to the South sistance of the colleges and universities and the challenge the attention of every well- learned and professional societies of the United States. Lectures will be arranged in some cases, traveled person. while in other cases, trips will be for study only. The task of perfecting these arrangements has been a large one and has severely taxed the Division’s small staff. In addition to the large volume of cor¬ respondence required, officers of the Division have ON AFRICAN HAG visited many universities personally. S 3TOO-TON tuxuR. UNWI The modest beginning in governmental activity in inter-American cultural relations made possible by ?»*«*•*•*• u“w funds provided in the Second Deficiency Act was followed closely by an important development: the . New York for creation on August 16, 1940, of the Office of the K Janeiro Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural Relations Barbados de0 between the American Republics and the appoint¬ Sanl° SWres Trinidad ment of Mr. Nelson Rockefeller as Coordinator. s The chief activities of this organization are de¬ Boen” scribed in a separate article in this issue of the AH «>omS ° ’1 acres of deck JOURNAL. dimming POOnd-.t.oned dining The Division of Cultural Relations has worked sp0Ce;_0;teresfingP^rmS r in close collaboration with the Coordinator’s Office ° shipboard actWd.es since its organization, especially in the fields of fellowships, art and music, education and books and publications. The Division’s facilities, its advisory 38-DAY CRUISES for those whose committees and the experience which it has ac¬ quired in dealing with these problems in the two time is limited — to Barbados, Rio de years and a half it has been in existence have been Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, Buenos made freely available to Mr. Rockefeller’s office. Aires and Trinidad. While some confusion has arisen in the public mind regarding the relation between the Coordina¬ Consult yourTravel Agent or tor’s office and the Division, a satisfactory working MOORE- agreement respecting delimitation of functions was arrived at shortly after the former was set up. In figjl McCOHMACK general, the Coordinator is concerned with cultural objectives which can be realized within the period 5 BROADWAY, NEW YORK— of activity assigned to the Office, terminating on June 30, 1942. It is not equipped to administer

48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL projects. Its function is to select agencies or in¬ strumentalities able to execute successfully worth¬ while undertakings of a type approved by the Office, which will make funds available for the purpose within the limits of the appropriation at its disposal. The Division of Cultural Relations on the other hand is regarded as a permanent agency in the executive branch of the Government entrusted with carrying out a long-term program. It is generally recognized that a definite need exists for such an agency. The Coordinator’s Office is in entire agree¬ ment with this distinction between permanent and shorter-range undertakings and its officers are keep¬ ing in mind the time when its own program is fin¬ ished and the Division will follow through uncom¬ pleted projects. At the present time, the Division not only has its own program of activities, but also occupies an ad¬ visory position in connection with projects requir¬ ing funds presented for the consideration of the Coordinator’s Office. Some of these projects are worked up by the Division and presented to the Coordinator, while others reach him directly. The important thing is that consultation is close and continuous and that a footing of friendly, informal relations between the two organizations was early set up, and the elfectiveness of each agency has thereby been increased. Projects under consideration in this program em¬ brace a wide variety of activities. Hospitality ar¬ rangements to assure visiting students and distin¬ guished travellers from the other American repub¬ lics suitable welcome in this country have been worked out between the Division and the Coordina¬ tor. Music and art committees have in project traveling exhibitions, tours of artists and musicians and other proposals of a similar nature. It is hoped to establish a music center in the Pan American Union which will have a large collection of records and music scores by Latin American composers. In the book and publication field, many proposals designed to stimulate the availability of American books in the other American Republics have been Community branches throughout Greater studied. The Division has given particular atten¬ New York; overseas offices, affiliates tion to this important problem during the past year and correspondent banks in every com¬ and has been successful in stimulating interest in it on the part of private organizations such as the mercially important city in the world. American Library Association, which now has a committee on Latin American cooperation. The THE NATIONAL CITY BANK success of the expositions of outstanding American OF NEW YORK

books held in 1939 in Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo "Your personal representative throughout the world and Buenos Aires is recalled in this connection. Each exhibit was made up of approximately 2,200 books, donated by American publishers, which were given Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to local libraries when the expositions closed.

JANUARY. 1941 49 The problem in books is essentially two-fold: first, to reduce costs of American publications and thus increase circulation, and second, to stimulate the preparation and publication of more accurate and significant works in this field, whether trans¬ lations of existing books or entirely new produc¬ tions. From every side come complaints on lack of ma¬ terial: professors in South American colleges trying to teach American literature plead to be furnished with suitable text and reference books; elementary school teachers in this country are eager for ma¬ terial on inter-American themes appropriate for children; universities here also find great difficulty FEDERAL STORAGE in locating accurate and comprehensive studies in Hispanic-American history, languages and litera¬ ture, geography and sociology for the use of their students. While the current interest in Latin COMPANY America has stimulated the preparation of a large crop of books, many are written from a journalistic Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling point of view which reduces their value to scholars and Care of Household Treasures and students. Another line along which progress is being made Private Rooms for Furniture is that of creating a supply of well-made educational Cold Storage for Furs motion pictures available for exhibition in foreign Rug Cleaning and Storage countries and which will present informatively and authoritatively interesting and significant aspects of Vault for Silverware American customs and civilization. The FOREIGN Home Inspection and Insurance Service SERVICE JOURNAL in its November, 1940, issue, pub¬ Fumigation Chambers lished an article on this subject which emphasized the importance of the cooperation of the Foreign Piano and Art Section Service in this field. Local and Long Distance Moving The foregoing brief comments will perhaps serve Packing and Shipping to show that the task is many-sided and complex, Lift Vans for Foreign Removals and one which requires the sustained and coopera¬ tive efforts of a large number of organizations, pub¬ ♦ lic and private, if effective, lasting progress is to be achieved. Fortunately leadership from the Gov¬ ernment is now available to point the way and assist 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 in achieving objectives, since no private entity has WASHINGTON, D. C., U.S.A. a sufficiently broad, over-all mandate to direct and correlate activity in the inter-American cultural Officers Directors field. This does not detract in the slightest from E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD the importance of the contribution which our edu¬ President CHARLES S. BAKER cational foundations, our schools and universities HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN and learned and professional organizations are mak¬ JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENDERSON S. DUNN Vice-Pres. and Treasurer ing in this field. They are, practically without ex¬ HENRY P. ERWIN H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD ception, showing an increasing desire to make their Secretary PAUL E. TOLSON JAMES M. JOHNSTON resources and facilities available to worthwhile in¬ Asst. Vice-Pres. HAROLD N. MARSH ter-American projects. Without their loyal partici¬ S. WEBSTER ADAMS ALLISON N. MILLER Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN pation, no effective program could be worked out. A. RUSSELL BARBEE E. K. MORRIS And, in conclusion, no discussion of this subject Asst. Treasurer DONALD F. ROBERTS RAYMOND O. BABB CHARLES G. TREAT would be complete without mention of the indis¬ Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD pensable role played in inter-American cultural re¬ lations by the American Foreign Service. There are occasional suggestions from organizations with

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL special interests that the United States needs “cul¬ tural” attaches or employees who would concen¬ trate exclusively on intellectual cooperation. Those who are completely familiar with what the Foreign Service is doing along this line feel that such a sug¬ gestion is unwarranted. In practically every diplo¬ matic or consular office in the other American Re¬ publics, officers interest themselves actively in the cultural life of the communities in which they are serving. The chief limitation is pressure of work; in many places there are so many other duties to be performed that little time is left to become familiar with a country’s cultural life and resources. The Division of Cultural Relations hopes therefore that officers with special aptitude for this type of work can he given more time to devote to it in the future, even though it is realized that this will undoubtedly Save Days or Weeks by Pan American necessitate increased personnel. No successful, long-term program of cultural reapprochement with • The Flying Clipper Ships get you there sooner, let you stay longer, get you back quicker. On duty the American Republics can be carried out unless j or on pleasure, you can reach 5 5 countries and governmental and private agencies in this country ’ colonies 3 to 30 times faster. You gain whole can rely at all times upon an informed Foreign Serv¬ » days, even weeks, just in travel time saved by Pan , American. Each flight, too, is a unique and exhila- ice sympathetic to the objectives involved. - rating experience. Use the Clippers for mail and packages, too! Rates are moderate. £ZT/%f AMERICAN IMPERVIOUS TO REASON The following is an extract of a letter recently received in the Special Division: SIRS: Perhaps you can advise me in a very personal To the foreign Service Officers matter. I have a young brother, an American citi¬ zen resident for some years in England, who flatly leiuses to return. First, because he was sick; then, of the United States because he fell in love; tnen, Decause he was get¬ ♦ ting married; now because a bomb fell on his mother-in-law . . . What can I do to persuade the THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ boy (and his wife) to return while it is still pos¬ ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ sible!' ice in writing vour bond. Special attention Very truly yours. is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes NEWS FROM THE FIELD in this service. (Continued, from page 27) ♦ JERUSALEM Consul Albert Scott in August inaugurated the UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND courier service between Jerusalem and Istanbul. GUARANTY COMPANY The journey takes three and a half days and is Lee H. Bowei,, Manager made with changes at Beirut and Tripoli. Recent couriers from Ankara calling at Jerusalem 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. were Joseph Satterthwaite, Gardner Richardson, Telephone—National 0913 and Major Walter Kluss, who was accompanied by Mrs. Kluss. Vice Consul Francis Spaulding had Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide." the first courier assignment from Cairo and passed through Jerusalem in October.

JANUARY, 1941 51 Other visitors from the Legation at Cairo includ¬ ed Raymond Hare and Evan Wilson, who paid visits to their evacuee families now living at the Ameri¬ WZSHIXGTOXD-C. can School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem. The American Minister to Egypt, Judge Bert *5% DIPLOMATIC DISCOUNT Fish, recently passed through Palestine en route to taurant; also Apartments for Houackeepinf; Outstanding Residen- Location; Modern and Moderate. Cairo on his return from home leave. The Minister HUDSON S. MOSES, Manager. arrived at Haifa where he was met by Consul Gen¬ eral Wadsworth. Consul and Mrs. William M. Gwynn of Beirut recently were in Jerusalem on a fleeting visit to the Holy Land. Consul General Ely Palmer, whose transfer to Sydney was announced some time ago, paid a hur¬ ried visit to the Australian encampments in Pales¬ THE FESSENDEN SCHOOL tine, where he took numerous pictures of the troops WEST NEWTON to take with him to . MASSACHUSETTS Vice Consul William Witman of Beirut crashes For Young1 Boys only with the best. While en route to Haifa on a The Fessenden School was founded in 1903 to week-end visit, Bill had the bad luck to meet a re¬ prepare boys of six to fourteen for the secondary tired British general—in a head-on collision. Both schools. It is particularly designed to give these young boys a wholesome introduction to school miraculously escaped with their lives. Witman sub¬ life. sequently spent a week in Jerusalem as the guest of American diplomatic and consular officers who desire to offer to their sons early in life the best the Consul General. He returned to Beirut early traditions of American education are cordially in- i in September. vited to write for a catalogue. Vice Consul Edward W. Blatchford spent a fort¬ night in the Lebanon visiting his sister, Mrs. How¬ ard Bliss, and his niece, Mrs. Bayard Dodge, wife of Dr. Dodge, President of the American University at Beirut. CANNED SALMON Consul General Wadsworth drove to El Arish early in October, where he spent a week-end as the An Appetizing, Nutritious, Easily Kept and guest of A. H. St. G. Hammersley Bey, the Gover¬ Transported Sea Food nor of Sinai. As part of his tour of the Near East, Mr. Anthony Eden, the British War Minister, spent two days in Palestine as the guest of His Excellency, the High ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC FISHERIES Commissioner, Sir Harold Mac Michael, K.C.M.G., 826 Skinner Building Seattle, Washington D.S.O. Mr. Eden lunched with His Highness the Amir Abdullah at Amman, the picturesque capital of Trans-Jordan. Amman was recently the scene of a fete celebrat¬ ing the 25th anniversary of King Hussein’s declara¬ & tion of the Arab revolt against Turkish overlord¬ Members of the American Foreign Service ship. Thousands of villagers flocked “to town.” can depend upon this firm promptly to Sweet-meat venders garnered a rich harvest of half¬ fill orders for Engraved cards, Invitations, piasters. Peepshows delighted long-robed bedu and Stationery, etc. settled fellah. Arab flags flew everywhere. Arab Legionaires and Frontier Force units paraded. ^BlRt

A2 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 29) (D p Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, Anthropology and Modern Life; tJLivbru^- Dewey, How We Think, Democracy and Education, Experience and Education, Experience and Nature, Hay-Adams House continues The Quest for Certainty, Logic; the traditions of the famous Bergson, Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, names which it perpetuates— Creative Evolution, Two Sources of Morality and the charm, dignity, the inborn Religion; graciousness of gentility . . yet Whitehead, Science and the Modern World, Process mindful always of the demands and Reality, Adventures of Ideas; of the present day—for ex¬ Santayana, Skepticism and Animal Faith, Realm of ample, Hay-Adams House is Essence, Realm of Matter. Realm of Truth; Russell, Principles of Mathematics; COMPLETELY Thomas Mann. The Magic Mountain; cAn Conditioned Einstein. The Theory of Relativity, Sidelights on Rela¬ tivity. The Evolution of Physics; DAILY RATES Trotsky. The. History of the Russian Revolution; 00 Joyce, Ulysses; FROM *350 SINGLE *5 DOUBLE [T. E. Lawrence, Letters, The Mint]; [Frazer, The Golden Bough]. Those who may desire to pursue their reading HAY-ADAMS HOUSE among the classics will find Professor Guerard a SIXTEENTH STREET AT H most useful guide and Adler but little less so. Directly Opposite the White House After all there is oftentimes nothing more mod¬ Overlooking Lafayette Park ern than a classic. Consider how apposite for our times is this observation of Cicero (Republic, II, WASHINGTON, D. C. XXXI) : “Liberty has no home except in a state in which the people have supreme power; certainly nothing is sweeter than liberty, but if liberty is not evenly distributed, it is not liberty at all.” J. R. C.

THE AMERICAN EMPIRE, edited by William H. Haas, University of Chicago Press, 1940, pp. 408. $4.00. Professor Taussig, in a text-book on economics, made the remark that the two primary instincts of Man are to get and to beget. In our Caribbean possessions, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the latter instinct is apparently preponderant. Only in St. John, V. L. with a population of 718 negroes and 4 whites, is there a balance between population and resources which permits a care-free if relatively primitive economy based on subsistence agriculture. That balance was achieved during the middle third of the nineteenth century, when population declined rapidR following a loss of European sugar markets and emancipation of the slaves. For St. Thomas and St. Croix, the same is indicated. In both, the population is substan- tiallv lower than it was 100 years ago, but it is still much too great for a subsistence economy. St. Croix raises sugar at a cost that does not permit the industry to flourish even with access to the American market. St. Thomas, with an excellent natural harbor, has lost its entrepot and ship- chandlering trade because of changes in shipping

JANUARY, 1941 53 routes. Bay rum and potable rum bring in a mod¬ feel that they would be better off with an economy est revenue but it seems improbable that the Virgin independent of that of the United States. On the Islands can be other than an economic liability to other hand, with an excessive population, they would the United States. probably be at an even more serious disadvantage In Puerto Rico, on the other hand, the poverty economically without free access to the American is apparently due to the growing pressure of popula¬ market. tion, which increased from 155,426 in 1800 to The Philippines and Alaska, with very few sim¬ 953,243 in 1899 and 1,723,534 in 1935. In the ilarities, are alike in that each could support a much latter year, the density was 506.8* to the square larger population. Alaska, with rich resources in mile, which would be heavy even in a more highly minerals, fisheries, and furs and some opportunities industrialized area. Exports have increased enor¬ in agriculture and reindeer herding, needs cheaper mously since the American occupation, but this is transportation and development companies to or¬ not an unmixed blessing, as it means that all the ganize and finance settlements. Alaska continues best land is devoted to production of sugar cane, a land of exploitation and only an infinitesimal part from which the bulk of the population derive no of the $2,000,000,000 estimated to have been taken benefit. They do benefit from improved sanitation out has been used for development of the territory. (which is probably partly responsible for the in¬ Very few white people have gone there with any crease in population) and from roads and schools. intention of making it their home, but it offers good It is doubtful if they benefit from the American opportunities for a resourceful people willing to Wage-Hour Law, as recent newspaper reports indi¬ lead a pioneer life. cate that acceptance of the provisions of that law by The Philippines, with rich natural resources, have the embroidery industry has caused a reduction in benefited perhaps more than most territories from employment from 75,000 to about 500. Prices of inclusion in the “American Empire.” Even there, necessities are high, due to the American tariff and it is true that most of the benefit has gone to the few the coastwise shipping law and some Puerto Ricans but tbe masses have been greatly helped by sanita¬ tion, roads and education and by an improved scale *It is now 550, according to a report of the Wage-Hour Division. of living. It might be said that they have benefited

54 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL even more from protection against exploitation by countries with less liberal colonial policies. They are preparing, however, to give up those advantages GREAT for the spiritual satisfactions of independence. Economically, that preparation will probably take the form of achieving a greater degree of self- sufficiency through expansion of industry and diver¬ FLEET sification of agriculture. Though their population has doubled since the American occupation, the density is still only 140 to the square mile, or about one-fourth that of Puerto Rico, and there seems to be ample room for expansion. If they can be as¬ sured of freedom from outside interference, their independence may not prove disastrously expensive. has a cosmopolitan population devoted AMERICAN FLAG LINERS almost entirely to the production of sugar and pine¬ iatirinej apples. There is some cattle raising and some pro¬ duction of foods for domestic consumption, but HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA most of the rice, fruit and vegetables consumed are brought from the United States. Less than 10 COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA per cent of the area of the islands (4.118,000 acres) GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS is classified as cultivable and nearly half is classified as pasture. Only 5 per cent of the population is For information apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or racially Hawaiian and another 10 per cent is part UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Hawaiian, while 38 per cent is Japanese, 12 per 1514 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in cent Filipino, 7 per cent Chinese and about 25 per New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston cent Caucasian. Though the communities retain their individuality, an admirable racial harmony has been achieved through education and economic opportunity. School With File Panama Canal Zone is devoted mainly to the operation of the canal, which employs about 7,500 "Classrooms" All of the population of 29.000 (excluding the Army and Navy). Over The World The other members of the “American Empire” Give Your Child a Broad, also have their place in the strategic plans of the Useful Education Wherever United States. The Philippines, as an outpost, is a You May Be foot in the Open Door to Asia, but its value is ques¬ tioned by some, due to the difficulty of defending it. For 31 years, Calvert Home Instruction Courses have been used by Hawaii has a strong naval base and is the key point Foreign Service Officials, Army and Navy Officers, missionaries, and others traveling or living in foreign countries, to provide their children in the line of defense for the Pacific Coast. Alaska education right in their own homes. More than 5 5,000 children have is an outpost against possible aggression from the been educated through these Courses, in 40 different countries. north. Puerto Rico, with an excellent harbor, is PROM KINDERGARTEN UP TO HIGH SCHOOL Calvert Home Instruction Courses give your child superior education— well situated to defend the eastern approach to the a sound foundation in fundamentals and a broad cultural education as well. Calvert instruction keeps them well ahead, enabling them to enter Panama Canal. The Virgin Islands are hardly nec¬ the best American schools, without loss, on return to the States. essary to us as a naval base, but our possession of The Courses are the same as used in the famous 42-year-old Calvert Day School at Baltimore, especially adapted for home instruction and them is valuable in preventing their falling into the used successfully the world over. Supplied complete, with guidance hands of possibly unfriendly powers. and grading by the school, instructions for the parent, all books and other materials, at very low cost. No previous teaching experience The American Empire, the several chapters of needed by parent. Write today for Catalog giving complete informa¬ which are prepared by different individuals (all tion. Give the age of your child and schooling up to present time. of them college professors), gives a great deal of interesting information about the history and the economic and social problems of our outlying pos¬ CALVERT SCHOOL sessions. Less attention is given to their strategic I 3 I TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD„ U. S. A. importance, though it is not entirely neglected.

JANUARY, 1941 55 Wherever you drive—on country road, or city street—you see this imprint more often than that of any other tyre. It's the sign of safety—the imprint of the famous All- Weather Tread with its sharp-edged, dia¬ mond shaped blocks. Throughout the world, Goodyear tyres have earned their reputation for safety, and for long, trouble- free mileage. That is the biggest reason why, more people the world over ride on Goodyear tyres than on any other make. There are a few negligible errors in the chapter on the Philippines. For example, they are said to have been opened to commerce in 1837, when actually it Outstanding was 30 years earlier. On the whole, however, it is a very useful reference book. Foreign Banking Facilities J. BARTLETT RICHARDS.

GUATEMALA, PAST AND PRESENT, by Chester Lloyd The foreign banking organization of The Jones, University of Minnesota, 1940, pp. 420. $5.00. Chase National Bank includes branches Professor Jones has made a very valuable con¬ and representatives on three continents tribution to the rapidly growing list of books deal¬ supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ ing with the other republics of the Western Hemis¬ phere. While it is not a work which will appeal dents. Branches are located in London, to readers seeking a thumb-nail sketch of all twenty Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San of the other American Republics, dressed up at¬ Juan. In addition, the bank maintains tractively with a coating of local “color” and filled offices for its representatives in Rome, with the personal impressions of some author who Berlin and Mexico City. Through an has “done” the area in a two weeks’ airplane dash, affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are it is unhesitatingly recommended to any one seek¬ ing a scholarly study of the political, social and operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong economic development of a typical agricultural na- and Tientsin. tion of this hemisphere, written by an author who is exceptionally well qualified for the task. THE Worthy of special mention are the chapters de¬ CHASE NATIONAL BANK voted to the role of the Indian population in the economic life of the country. Beginning with a OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK description of the treatment accorded the indigenous Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation population by the Spanish administrators under the colonial regime, the author proceeds to trace the policies of successive administrations toward the Indian up to the present time, with a clear discussion of the labor laws which have brought FOREIGN SERVICE CAREERS about the shift from the old mandamiento system A fully equipped Institution devoted exclusively to the preparation to the recent laws which free the Indian from of college graduates for the written examination for the Foreign * Service. Teaching staff of 12 experienced university instructors. harsh exploitation and at the same time assure Regular Course for 1941 Written Examinations an adequate supply of labor to harvest the coun¬ Will Begin on Monday, February 3rd. try’s coffee crop. For further information and bulletin, address Careful thought has been given to the problems COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director. inherent in a situation where a large part of the TURNER’S population has resisted assimilation to the Euro¬ Diplomatic School pean type of civilization and remains apart, so¬ 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W., cially and politically, from the ruling white or WASHINGTON, D. C. ladino classes. While the author does not pretend to see any easy or immediate solution to the prob¬ lem, he does have this to say: “In the long run the better maintenance of Foreign Service Officers and personnel are order, better transportation, better health condi¬ cordially invited to visit our show rooms, tions, and better education may bring a social where our complete line of office equipment revolution in Guatemalan conditions by both is on display. incorporating the Indian in the active citizenry and increasing the opportunities open to the THE W. D. CAMPBELL COMPANY ladino. From them there may arise a better uni¬ Government Contractors — Business Furniture fied nationality, in which the rise of a social Exclusive Agents for Stnndnrd Desks and surplus above the minimum of subsistence may Gunlocke Chairs make possible increasing expenditures by indi¬ viduals and private associations of cultural na¬ 1014 15TH ST., N. W. (Investment Building) ture. These will help raise the standard of civili¬ Free Parking in Building WASH., D. C. zation in the republic.” (Page 349.)

JANUARY, 1941 If Professor Jones has emphasized the Indian problem, he is only sharing the view of students of Latin American affairs who believe that the economic and political future of the often-neg¬ lected Indian population may prove to be a domi¬ nant factor in determining the shape to come of the Western Hemisphere. For the casual reader the book has a large num¬ ber of interesting photographs of Indian scenes and groups, and for the student, it is unusually well documented with references to source mate¬ rials. It is to be hoped that our growing interest in our Southern neighbors will lead to some plan for the publication of similar books on each of the American Republics. If this should come about, Professor Jones' “Guatemala” could well serve as a model. GERALD A. DREW.

SUICIDE OF A DEMOCRACY, by Heinz Pol, Reynal and Hitchcock, New York, 1940, pp. 296. $2.50. Mr. Pol’s colorful portrait of the personalities and events leading to the tragic defeat of France in June is written from the viewpoint of a journalist rather than that of an historian, and his account of the intrigues and conspiracies in and out of the Government of France from 1936 to 1940 reflects the fever and confusion that characterized the po¬ litical disintegration of those years. The author review's the growth of Fascism in France from the early efforts to organize the war veterans in 1929 with the support of men high in the army, such as Lyautey, the development of the Croix de Feu under the leadership of de la Rocque and its downfall in 1934, and the infiltration of Nazi influence and accompanying treachery through the numerous groups and organizations that pro¬ moted Fascist ideas in France, culminating finally in the disaster of 1940, and the abandonment of demo¬ cratic forms at Vichy. Much of the book traces the infinite detail of German intrigue through the multitude of group¬ ings, political parties and individuals who had + + either openly deserted the French Republic for the Our advertisers are friends of the Fascist form of Government, or w'ho were discour¬ aged and critical of the various individuals in Service and of the JOURNAL. If you French official life who walked on and off the po¬ cooperate with them whenever pos¬ litical stage. The devious methods used by the Nazis and their fellow travelers, the multitude of sible, and mention the JOURNAL to names and faces that succeed one another through this short period, are as confusing as are their pur¬ them, it will help your Staff to pro¬ poses, and this confusion itself contributed greatly duce a better and more useful publi¬ to the single minded German objective: the destruc¬ tion of democracy in France. Mr. Pol credits few cation. of the principal figures in contemporary French of- 4. ficial life w i h sincerity or patriotism.

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This is a dark picture—too black almost for full weight and is without noiseless and with a quick¬ credence. The gossip and conversations of jour¬ ness from 2,000 kilometers and more pro hour. nalists and functionaires, though interesting and The impuls is only a magnet and the whole ap¬ provocative are in fact not greatly different, nor paratus does cost french francs 100,000—perhaps. probably more accurate than much of the daily po¬ If you have interest for this important invention litical comment and speculation that fills our own you will be so kindly to bring my friend and me newspapers. Current opinion and inside informa¬ to the U. S. A. or a undangerous country to fabri¬ tion are put forward as immutable fact. It is cate the avions for the war and to win the war. The hard to believe that the intrigues of comparative¬ apparatus is better than all the avions till now. ly few men—even of the importance of Bonnet The conditions we shall to fixe with your pleni¬ and Laval—the mistakes of a few leaders, in the potentiary what you be to want to sent at here. The years following 1936 determined the fate of French affair is important. democracy. The ground for its destruction was I beg a answer with telegraph with the word prepared by greater influences—the consequences of “accepted, letters on the way.” Versailles, the bitter depression of the thirties, and Yours respectfully, the inability or unwillingness of the French and s. British people to support the liberal German Gov¬ ernments that preceded Adolph Hitler. The men VISITORS and leaders largely reflected the apathy and cyni¬ The following visitors called at the Department cism of the times. during the past month: November JOHN P. GREGG. Ethel F. Grover, Athens 5 Kenneth S. Barker, Punta Arenas 5 FLIGHT OF FANCY Charles Will Wright, Rio de Janeiro 5 Raymond E. Cox, Oslo 7 President Cordell Hull R. Henry Norweb, Lima 7 Secretar de U. S. A. Regency, Washington, U. S. A. Walter P. McConaughy, Osaka 7 DEAR SIR: Joel C. Hudson, Berlin 8 1 have made together with my friend a invention Homer M. Byington, Montreal 8 Will L. Lowrie, retired 12 full importance for your country or England. It is Roger L. Smith, Department of State 12 a avion to work without benzin or material or mo¬ Clemence L. Mundale, Department of State 12 tors. The avion can carry more than 20.000 tons Paul M. Ursin, Jr., Prague 10

JANUARY, 1941 59 James K. Penfield, Godthaab 12 George L. West, Godthaab 12 Maurice L. Stafford, Guadalajara 12 William W. Butterworth, Jr., London 12 Helene van Gelder, Brussels 12 CONFIDENCE James B. Young, Lisbon 12 Mrs. H. F. Hawley, Gibralter...... 12 Wainwrigbt Abbott, Hamburg 12 Walter A. Leonard, Tallinn 12 IN A NAME Carl F. Norden, Lisbon 13 Christian M. Ravndal, Buenos Aires 13 R. Horton Henry, Buenos Aires 13 Henry P. Leverich, Berlin .. 14 Joseph P. Ragland, Brisbane 14 Willys R. Peck, Chungking 14 Edmund B. Montgomery, San Luis Potosi 14 James P. Moffett, Amsterdam 14 Frank A. Schuler, Jr., Tokyo 16 Hubert F. Ferrell, Department of State 18 Karl de J. MacVitty, Amoy 18 Stuart Allen, Lyon 18 George D. Andrews, Panama 18 Francis C. Jordan, Porto Alegre 18 Herbert C. Hengstler, Toronto 18 Scott Lyon, Lisbon 18 James Kolinski, Sao Vicente 19 Robert Sheehan, Guadeloupe 19 Clay Merrell. Hamilton 19 William F. Busser, Buenos Aires 19 Glenn C. Hayes, Department of State __ 20 Nora Legins, Riga . 20 Richard W. Byrd, Calcutta 20 OR the past 73 years, America’s lead¬ Randolph Harrison, Rio de Janeiro 20 F Albert W. Horn, Berlin 22 ing machine and equipment builders Henry E. Stebbins, London 22 have recommended the use of Gargoyle Garret G. Ackerson, Jr., Budapest 22 Horace H. Smith, Shanghai 25 Industrial Lubricants. Halvern L. Norris, Belgrade . 25 Frederick D. Hunt, Bucharest 25 Important, too, is the fact that plant John Carter Vincent, Geneva 25 engineers the world over specify Gargoyle Robert English, Wellington 26 Kenneth C. Krentz, Mukden 27 Lubricants for the valuable equipment James Carter, Tananarive „ 27 in their care. Today, Socony-Vacuum John Cudahy, Brussels 27 Robert Prescott Hall, Moscow 28 products protect leading plants in more Kennett F. Potter, Habana 30 than 100 different industries! December This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants Frederick P. Hibbard, Bucharest 2 Edward P. Maffitt, Buenos Aires 2 by technical men—builders and engi¬ Howard Bucknell, Jr., Madrid 3 neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ John Hubner, II, Sao Paulo 3 Carl F. Fisher, Zurich 3 tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in F. B. Clark, Shanghai : 3 Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ Charles W. Lewis, Jr., San Jose 4 Donald Albert Dumont, Department of State 4 dence in the name, Hugh S. Miller, Yarmouth ... 4 Socony-Vacuum. This H. A. Boucher, Geneva 5 Marshall M. Vance, Windsor 5 confidence is Socony- James T. Scott, Cairo 5 Vacuum’s most Wesley Frost, Wellington 6 William F. Gentner, Jr., Department of State 9 valued asset. Robert P. Joyce, Department of State 10 Glen Bruner, Kobe 10 Rudolph Schoenfeld, London 10 Adelaide Wood Guthrie, Prague . 10 SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. Paul M. Ursin, Jr., Prague 10 John G. Erhardt, London 10 Joseph Flack, Madrid 11 Lucile G. Wetzler, Brussels 12

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