Pratiche E Politiche Israeliane Nei Confronti Della Popolazione Palestinese: Si Può Parlare Di Apartheid?

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Pratiche E Politiche Israeliane Nei Confronti Della Popolazione Palestinese: Si Può Parlare Di Apartheid? Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento di Culture, Politica e Società Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Antropologia culturale ed etnologia Pratiche e politiche israeliane nei confronti della popolazione palestinese: si può parlare di Apartheid? Dai meccanismi di controllo della popolazione all’occupazione dell’immaginario in Cisgiordania Relatore: Candidata: Roberto Beneduce Rebecca Ramirez Anno accademico 2018-2019 Ai compagni lontani. Nessun colonialismo dura per sempre, nessun regime di apartheid è eterno 2 Indice Introduzione ................................................................................................. 3 Capitolo 1 - L’occupazione delle risorse e i meccanismi di controllo della popolazione in Cisgiordania ............................................................ 11 1.1 Il sistema di apartheid: la costruzione del Muro e la divisione delle strade .............. 23 1.2 Gli insediamenti illegali ............................................................................................ 36 1.3 La guerra degli ulivi: risorsa economica e simbolo della resistenza ......................... 42 1.4 La guerra dei rifiuti e la toxic apartheid ................................................................... 51 1.5 La guerra dell’acqua in Jordan Valley ....................................................................... 56 1.6 La risposta palestinese: l’importanza della non violenza e le contraddizioni interne ......................................................................................................................................... 62 Capitolo 2 - L’occupazione dell’immaginario: dai presupposti del movimento sionista alla rielaborazione dell’Olocausto nazista ............ 76 2.1 Dal movimento sionista alla creazione dello Stato di Israele .................................... 85 2.2 La memoria della Nakba e la cancellazione della Storia ........................................... 91 2.3 La memoria della Shoah e la commemorazione collettiva ...................................... 101 Capitolo 3 - L’occupazione dell’immaginario: le pratiche israeliane odierne e le contro-memorie palestinesi ................................................ 116 3.1 Antisemitismo e antisionismo: un appiattimento strategico .................................... 122 3.2 La legittimazione dell’Occupazione attraverso la creazione dell’immagine dell’Altro e l'ossessione securitaria ............................................................................................... 128 3.3 La risposta palestinese: le contro-memorie e la testimonianza-resistenza .............. 140 1 Capitolo 4 - L’occupazione demografica .............................................. 158 4.1 Il demone demografico e il rapporto tra democrazia, geografia e demografia........ 166 4.2 Le pratiche etnocratiche e le politiche demografiche all’interno dei confini israeliani ....................................................................................................................................... 176 4.3 La questione demografica nella gestione della popolazione della Cisgiordania ..... 185 4.4 La risposta palestinese all’occupazione demografica .............................................. 195 Conclusioni ............................................................................................... 202 Riferimenti bibliografici ......................................................................... 213 Sitografia .................................................................................................. 219 Filmografia ............................................................................................... 220 2 Introduzione Questo lavoro nasce dalla volontà di compiere un’analisi antropologica del contesto conflittuale israelo-palestinese e, in particolare, delle modalità attraverso cui si esprime il regime di dominio imposto dall’autorità israeliana sull’area territoriale oggi sotto il suo controllo. In tal senso, con contesto israelo-palestinese si intendono, sul piano geografico, tutti quei territori facenti parte dello Stato di Israele e quelli che oggi vengono riconosciuti dalla comunità internazionale con il nome di Territori Palestinesi Occupati. Su quello antropologico verranno analizzati, in rapporto all’imposizione del regime israeliano, sia il contesto interno ai confini di Israele - scomponibile principalmente in popolazione ebraico-israeliana e palestinese-israeliana - sia quello caratterizzante la comunità palestinese nel suo complesso. Come vedremo, quest’ultima è caratterizzata da una grande frammentazione interna1. Nelle seguenti pagine, si presterà attenzione principalmente alla popolazione palestinese sotto occupazione, ossia quella residente all’interno dei Territori Occupati, con degli accenni anche alle altre componenti della comunità palestinese, pur tenendo a mente che qualsiasi indagine esaustiva in grado di rendere conto della sua complessità interna richiederebbe un’analisi molto più approfondita. Questo lavoro parte dalla convinzione che il caso israelo-palestinese possa essere oggi considerato un vero e proprio laboratorio politico, all’interno del quale il regime egemonico, ossia il sistema di dominio israeliano, ha assunto forme e modalità di applicazione diversificate, le quali hanno permesso l’applicazione di un potere diffuso e onnicomprensivo. Tale differenziazione consiste principalmente nell’adozione di diversi strumenti e modalità di applicazione del potere, messi in atto strategicamente in base alla porzione territoriale e alla popolazione a cui essi sono rivolti. Ciò, come vedremo, rientra a far parte delle molteplici politiche di frammentazione che caratterizzano le strategie di controllo adottate negli anni 1La popolazione palestinese è caratterizzata da una grande frammentazione e diversificazione interna, dovuta principalmente ai molteplici sistemi di controllo che l’autorità israeliana attua nei suoi confronti in modo differenziato. Tale frammentazione dipende infatti dai diversi regimi legislativi, giuridici e territoriali che le forze sioniste impongono sulle diverse comunità: tra queste ultime possiamo riconoscere principalmente la comunità costituita dai palestinesi con cittadinanza israeliana, ossia dagli individui residenti all’interno di Israele, quella composta dai residenti nei Territori Occupati, con gli abitanti di Gerusalemme Est sottoposti ad un regime speciale, e le comunità che abitano all’interno dei campi profughi, ossia coloro che sono stati costretti ad un trasferimento forzato durante il processo di costituzione dello Stato israeliano. 3 dalle istituzioni israeliane. L’imposizione di un dominio di questo tipo si esprime con particolare intensità in rapporto alla gestione strategicamente diversificata del territorio e della popolazione all’interno dei confini israeliani, dove il sistema istituzionale è generalmente riconosciuto come democratico, e dei Territori Occupati, in cui oggi assistiamo alla realizzazione di un progetto coloniale e dove vige la legge militare e un regime di occupazione. La ricca varietà di pratiche e di modalità attraverso cui l’autorità israeliana ha imposto dei domini abilmente differenziati non è l’unico elemento che rende il caso israelo-palestinese interessante dal punto di vista teorico. All’interno del sistema dominante israeliano, come vedremo, molteplici concetti che rivestono ruoli fondamentali nell’applicazione del potere istituzionale moderno e in generale nelle pratiche di controllo della popolazione - quali la cittadinanza, le frontiere fisse e mobili, i meccanismi securitari, le modalità con cui la violenza viene organizzata e istituzionalizzata e la creazione di particolari narrative - assumono caratteristiche al tempo stesso paradigmatiche ed eccezionali. La scomposizione delle pratiche e delle politiche che costituiscono il sistema di dominio israeliano può essere utile quindi per comprendere come nel caso israelo-palestinese siamo di fronte ad una eccezionalità, da ricondurre alla complessità e alla diversificazione dei dispositivi di controllo attuati dal regime egemonico. Al tempo stesso però il contesto israelo- palestinese può essere considerato un caso paradigmatico, all’interno del quale, con maggiore concentrazione e con un’ istituzionalizzazione della violenza più manifesta, è possibile riconoscere le modalità con cui il potere e i sistemi di oppressione si esprimono a livello globale. In tal senso, quindi, questo lavoro può essere letto in linea con gli interrogativi che si pongono Massimiliano Guareschi e Federico Rahola nel loro articolo Laboratorio Israele. In esso, i due studiosi analizzano in che misura il caso Israele possa essere considerato uno spazio di eccezione e al tempo stesso un paradigma delle dinamiche globali contemporanee, con la convinzione che ‘sia legittimo vedere Israele come una sorta di prisma che riassume e rifrange tensioni e tendenze del presente proiettandole ingigantite e deformate: qualcosa che anziché eccepire sembra piuttosto sintetizzare ed eccedere’ (Guareschi, Rahola 2008). In particolare, l’obiettivo di questa trattazione è dimostrare come il dominio imposto dall’autorità israeliana sui territori sotto il suo controllo e sulla popolazione palestinese che li abita possa essere considerato un vero e proprio regime di apartheid, fondato su di una 4 segregazione etnica e sul predominio di una popolazione - quella ebraico-israeliana - su di un’altra, quella palestinese. Per quanto il termine ‘apartheid’ sia stato generalmente utilizzato in associazione al caso specifico
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