Perspectives on the World: an Interdisciplinary Reflection
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The Worldviews group Perspectives on the World: an interdisciplinary reflection /1 VUBPRESS CLEA is an interdisciplinary centre at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel This volume is part of the cLEA-series on Interdisciplinary Studies CLEA tel + 32 2 6293373 fax + 32 2 6292276 e-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction 7 First published as Cirkelen om de wereld, concrete invullingen van het The Worldviews group wereldbeelden-project, 1994, Uitgeverij Pelckmans, Kapellen The game of the biomousa: A view of discovery and creation 17 DiederikAerts From cell to consciousness: a world of life 49 Edel Maex The many faces of the world: World views in agrarian civilisations and in modern societies 71 Staf Hellemans World views, science and technology 103 Bart De Moor The conceptual framework of the system theory 125 Translation by Gregory BalI, Ghent Hubert Van Belle Cover: Danny Somers Layout: Boudewijn Bardyn No man without a cosmos. No cosmos without man? 159 Illustrations in contribution pg 51-55 by Patricia Konings Jan Van der Veken Symmetry and symmetry breaking: ontology in science (An Outline of a © Copyright 1995 VUBPRESS-VUB university press, Brussels Whoie) 175 ISBN 90 5487113X NUGI 611 DI 1995 I 1885 1017 LeoApostel The Unfinished Symphony: Positions, Agreements, Disagreements and All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in Gaps 219 any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. LeoApostel References 241 VUBPRESS-VUB university Press, Pleinlaan 2 - B 1050 Brussels - Belgium fax + 32 62(2694 e-mail: [email protected] i!- The Authors 245 \ Introduction From proj ect to preliminary sketches We are quickly approaehing the end of the millennium and the 'magical' year 2000. Many futurologists in the sixties thought science and technolo gywould offer man unprecedented possibilities for solving hls problems. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the implosion of the Eastern Block also created, just a, few years ago, grand expectations. The dream did not come true, however. Rather than ending up in a technological paradise and a peace-Ioving world, we woke up in a torn world with virtually unsolvable environmental problems and agonising social conditions. Although the level of prosperity in the West has increased greatly, the side effects of technological and economic developments can no longer be ignored and the lirnits to growth are becoming dear. The old dividing lines between the nations, and the suppressed antitheses among ideolo gies, have reappeared on the surface and are causing extreme ten sion and conflicts. The general faith in progress has disappeared and important current problems seem insoluble. Fast-paced developments, increased mobility and the growing impact of the mass media have also disoriented many people. The world around them has changed so fast that they have become alienated from it and can no longer find their way. They no long er find anything to hold onto in the traditional ideologieal, social and political systems, which have lost much of their naturalness, credibility, attractiveness and influence. Even science do not offer intellectuals a satisfactory final answer. The large amount of information that has been collected through specialistic science does not form a coherent whole and leaves the fundament al questions unanswered. We are experiencing the end of the big dreams and the 'great narratives'. It seems that there are no longer clear and generally accepted views about the nature of reality and about man's task in the world. A pluriform society is not succeeding in formulating universally agreed and powerfull answer to the pressing and worldwide problems with which it is being confronted. Many young people can no longer find a place for themselves, lack a project to which l C--C��-" '--,-, -� Intraductian Intraductian they can dedicate themselves and see no goal for which to live. For this tried to form a picture of the whoIe. Most of us are of the opinion that reason, some turn against society or flee from reality. humankind may not remain passive but that traversabie paths to a better Our complex and rapidly evolving world is extremely fragmented in world need to be marked out once more. Reliable maps are essential, the ideological, social, political, cultural and scientific areas. There maps that correctly show the dangerous sandbanks and the safe sea remains little or no trace of culturW unity. We have to deal with many cul ways. The 'maps' that allow people to orient themselves in the world we tures, sub cultures ànd cultural fragments. The trend of differentiation in call 'world views'. Many parts of existing world views have become science is continuing unabated. The chasm between specialists and the unreliable or have fallen into disuse. We are therefore of the opinion that layman is widening, and even specialists are no longer able to have an a deliberate effort must be made to construct new world views. Not only overall view of their discipline. The rapid changes and the large-scale must this be done individually and spontaneously, but we believe that a structures are leading to an increased alienation from the modern world. concerted effort seeking justification, must be made in unifying research So many changes have taken place in such a short time that we no longer into world views. An attempt must also be made to reach as much agree recognise ourselves in the world. The overview is lost and we become ment as possible. Not everyone in our group agrees to the same extent unsure. Questions about values and meaning are no longer given a clear with this action-oriented view and with the necessity of collective and generally accepted answer by the collective systems from the past J world-view construction in which a wide-ranging consensus is the goal. which provided a meaning. Meaningful orientations and projects for the Some do not share the opinion that the present crisis can in the first future are lacking or are no longer accepted. For many, the world is instance be reduced to the issue of world views. According to them becoming meaningless and hopeless. All that remains are a number of world views -do not necessarily lead to a solution and do not guarantee fragments that have little structure or coherence. When a satisfactory progress. They blame the current dominant pessimistic atmosphere on and coherent view of the whole is lacking, the individual is forced to try economic, political, social and ecological elements rather than on a lack to find his own way and to make his own choices among the immense of fairly generally accepted world views. In addition, they point out the and confusing possibilities that are offered. Little time remains for funda danger of domineering world views. Yet, everyone in our group pleads mental questions and no unanimity develops around certain insights. for the creation of ei positive c1imate for personal world-view construc Everything seems to end in a chaotic entanglement of contradictory ideas tion in which enriching confrontations are of great importance. and actions that neutralise each other. This leads to paralysis and indeci sion. The attitude of the West with regard to the civil war in Bosnia and the peace in ex-Yugoslavia is a painful example. Although a uniformly Wo rld views I: {rom {ragmentation to integration thinking society ruid one single imposed world view are neither attain able nor desirabIe, the members of a society need to be sufficiently in What are world views, from what components are they constructed and agreement about a number of points for the society to be viabIe. In the what is their purpose? For a comprehensive answer to these questions current fragmented world there is often a lack of the necessary minimum we refer to Wa rld Views: Fram Fragmentatian ta Integratian in which the agreement required for urgently-needed common measures to be taken. project of Warldviews is introduced.1 In this introduction we will limit Wa rldviews, a non-profit organisation established in 1990, is unwilling ourselves to a brief summary. A world view can be defined as a coherent to resign itself to this situation of fragmentatiàn and disintegration and is whole of concepts and propositions, enabling one to form a global pic calling for integrating world-view research. This interdisciplinary pro ture of reality which can incorporate as many elements of one's experi ject presents itself as a challenge to the entire scientific community, and ence as possible. A world view offers .clarity regarding man's place in especially to the members of the group. Wa rldviews wishes to provide a the world, gives insight into the greater relationships, provides man with framework in which the world views that are developing in the various orientation and calls for responsible action. With the help of a world fields of culture and science can confront each other. view, man finds his place in the universe, tries to comprehend the evolu As is true of many scientists who are unhappy with the disintegration, tion of the cosmos, and tries to give stature to his task on earth. In world we are seeking universalising theories. From within our own area of spe views, both societies and individuals find an answer to the deeper-lying cialisation we were driven to consider the world-view problem and we questions relative to being human and the world in which we live. Nor C Introduction Introduction can one evade the intuitive sensing of that which transcends man and They must be as reliable as possible and they may not contradict each the world, and questions of destiny.