Index

administration 4, 9, 80–82, 84–8, 98, procedure 191, 193, 216, 287, 285, 102–3, 130, 194, 288, 338, 340, 287, 378 350, 368–71, 373, 375–7, 379, national 346 381–3, 400 public 4, 164, 346 conflict with formalism 83, 96–7 conflicts about 74 decision-making 73–4, 82, 97, 269 impact of right to access Democratic Process Ideal 82, 86 government documents 86, Public Purposes Ideal 82, 84–6, 176 95–7, 100–102 transparency mechanisms in Rule of Law Ideal 82–3, 86–8, 59–60, 62, 65, 72 96–7 secrecy 4–5, 85, 105 discretion in 80–81, 98–9, 100–101, impact on secrecy in judiciary 4–5, 105 81, 95–6, 103–5 control of 96–7, 102 limitations on 100 judicial limitations on 96–8 role of state secrets privilege in justifications for 101–3 104 efficiency 100–102, 224 transparency of 88, 96, 98, 380 executive 80 relationship with judicial government 6, 65 transparency 95–6, 100, instrumentalism 85–6, 97 102–3, 105 judicial 88, 98–9, 103, 105 Afghanistan 173 challenges against 15 Operation Enduring Freedom influence over administrative (2001–) 256–7 discretion 96–8 African Commission on Human and of trial 89 Peoples’ Rights 347 legislation 59, 70, 73–4, 80–81, 94–5, African Development Bank 10 101, 215–16, 226, 284 Allen, Sir Douglas administrative procedure law 285 Croham Directive (1978) 267 conflict as key feature of regime Amanat, Abbas 142 67 American Civil Liberties Union global 24 (ACLU) 314 judicial review of administrative American University discretion 98–9 Washington College of Law 339 open-government law 87, 96, 98, Amnesty International 160 101–3, 105 Angola 256 transparency in administrative Annan, Kofi 64 law 65 architecture use in construction of glass in 4, 60–61 administrative procedures Modernist 60–61, 65 and regulations 216, 228 transparency in 59–62 litigation 221, 226–7, 372 Argentina 376–7 courts 101, 104, 162, 225 Asian Development Bank procedure 285 EIA procedures of 358

407

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Australia 3, 8, 31, 37–8, 40, 43, 46, Administrative Litigation Law 53–4, 255, 377 (1989) 216, 222, 226–8 New South Wales 36 Article 2 226 Public Interest Disclosures Act 36 Article 46 227 Austria 162 Judicial Interpretation of (2000) 226 Ba’ath 146 Archives Law (1988) 223–4 Bank of Mexico 203 Article 19 223 Barometer of the Americas (2012) 159, Eight Considerations 130, 135 161 government of 383 BCCI Bank Heilongjiang Province collapse of (1991) 271 Harbin 217 Bentham, Jeremy 61 Imperial Bixin, Jiang 222–4 clan system of 128–32 Blair, Tony 263, 279 Eastern Zhou Period 123 Bolivia 159, 161 Han Dynasty 126–8 Brazil 161, 258, 377 Qin Dynasty 126–8 Bremer, L. Paul 149 Tang Dynasty 248 British Broadcasting Corporation Warring States period 126 (BBC) 270 Western Zhou Period 120–21 British Standards Institution Zhou Dynasty 120, 126 Code of Practice on Whistleblowing Law on Guarding State Secrets 274 220–21 Brooke, Heather 275 Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) bureaucracy 82–3, 157, 165–6, 169 379 concept of governmental National People’s Congress transparency 164 (NPC) Bush, George W. 256 Standing Committee of 216–17, administration of 337 221–2 Protocols of Accession (WTO) Calderón, Felipe 171–2, 185–6, 198, 207 372–3, 375 examination of electoral ballots Regulations on Open Government (2006) 185–6, 188 Information (OGI Regulations kidnappings during administration 2008) 215–221, 223–8 of 160–61 Article 13 219 open government 165, 168 Article 23 222–3 Callaghan, James 266–7 Article 32.2 221 Calland, Richard Judicial Review of (2011) 227 member of AIAB 340 reverse OGI litigation of 223, 227 Campaign for FOI (CFOI) 267–9, 271 Shanghai Municipality Canada 255, 377 Xuhui District 217 Cardiff University State Council School of Journalism 278 General Office 219 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 355 Supreme People’s Court (SPC) 218, Carter, Jimmy 220–28 administration of 302 Judicial Interpretation on OGI Channel 4 270 Cases (2011) 218–20, 222–3, Chile 167, 377, 403 225, 228 China 7, 21, 115–16, 126, 129, 131–2, Article 11 222 224, 256, 258, 376, 381, 383 Tang Code 130

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Tianjin Municipality clan 21 Housing Administration 217 managed 22–3 Christianity 2–3 Council of Europe 272, 347 Chydenius, Anders 248–9, 253 Clapham Junction train crash (1988) Daguang, Zhao 225 271 Daoism 127 Clinton, Bill democracy Executive Order 12,866 287, 293 delegative 159 Cold War 252 Denmark Colombia 161–2, 189 Aarhus 349 Community Rights Project 267 Descartes, Réne Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) theory of mind/body dualism 22 302 Dunion, Kevin Confucianism 5, 115, 123–9, 131–2, 136 member of AIAB 340 fă 135 guanxi 21 Ecuador 161 Imperial 126–7 Egypt 159 lĭ 120–25, 128, 132–5 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 252–3 outlawing of 126 environmental governance theory of human nature 128, 132, transparency 343–4, 348–50, 355 135–6 access to information rights 350–54 theory of nation 128, 131–2, 135–6 exceptions 353–4 theory of power 128–9, 135–6 international institutions 351–4 view of legal transparency 119, 135 Biosafety Clearing-House 355 opposition to legal transparency exceptions to disclosure 350, 353 128, 133–4 impact of EIA on 356–8, 361 xing shū 123, 133 international 10, 343, 347, 351, Confucius 120–22, 132–5 354–5, 357, 360 Analects 122 national 351, 355 death of 122 organizational mechanisms for use of Zhou lĭ 120–22 358–60 Congress of the International relationship with development Association of Legal effectiveness 353 Methodology (2012) right-to-know approach 358–60 definition of transparency 15 rights-based approach to promotion Conservative Party (UK) 265–6, 271 of 347, 349 Convention on Biological Diversity role of access rights in 348 Article 14 356–7 environmental impact assessment Cornell University (EIA) 355–60 eRulemaking Initiative (CeRI) 300 concept of 355–6 corporate governance role of EIA in environmental role of stakeholders in 23 governance transparency 355–6 corporate personality development funding bid impact on transparency 17–18 procedures 357–8 religious reaction to 19–20 status of EIA in international corporate social responsibility (CSR) environmental law 23 ICJ rulings 356–7, 361 corporations required disclosure of EIA 357–8, autonomy of 22–3 361 beneficial ownership of 23–4 use in global treaties 356

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Ernst and Young external ethics community 314, 320, Survey (2007) 274 324, 327 European Court of Human Rights 347 internal ethics community 313–14, European Parliament 321–2, 327 Directive 2003/4/EC 64, 66 potential improvement of 320, 325–7 European Union (EU) 337, 375, 381 supplemental regulations 321 violations 318–19 Facebook 315 government transparency 59, 142, 165, Falklands War (1982) 265 168–9, 176–7, 210–11, 247, 253–9 Fei, Han 123 access to electoral ballots 191–7, financial interest disclosure systems 199–202, 204–9 315–16, 318–21 access to health records 267 development of 323–4 accountability 158, 167 web-based disclosure 316–17, 319, bureaucratic concept of 164, 169 327 concept of 247–8 as potential violation of rights 316 democratic expansive 168–9 of civil servants 320 Freedom of Information (FOI/ Finland 248, 250, 253 FOIA) laws 6–8, 63, 67–8, 71, First World War (1914–18) 264 73, 81, 87, 96, 98–101, 103–4, Fisher, Mark 161–8, 185, 188–9, 210, 221–2, Right to Know Bill (1990) 268 247, 263–4, 266–70, 274–5, 279, Fox, Vicente 166 338, 346–7 France 15, 249 deterrence effect of 276–8 Franco, Fernando 206 impact on citizens 161 Frankel, Maurice 277 public relations approach to 169, Franks, Lord 172–3 Report (1971) 266 Gramsci, Antonio Freedom House 161 theory of ‘hegemony’ 176 Freud, Clement 267 Greece 249 Fuller, Lon Athens 249 Morality of Law, The 119 Guangyu, Li 222–3 Guatemala General Agreement on Tariffs and Ministry of Finance Trade (GATT)(1947) 11, 368, 373 Office of Public Credit 167 Article X 370–71 Guinea Conakry 256 Article X:2 370 Gunn, Katherine 265 Article X:3 370 Article XI 371 Habibullah, Wajahat Contracting Parties 370 member of AIAB 340 Germany 23, 162, 189 al-Hakim, Muhammad Baqir 141, 146 Berlin 4 Al-Hakim, Muhsen 146 Reichstag 4 death of (1970) 140 Constitutional Court of 193, 197–8 Heath, Edward 266 al-Ghita, Muhammad Husayn Kashif Henderson, Doug 267–8 140–41, 143, 146 Hinduism 20 Tahrir Al-Majalla 143 Hobbes, Thomas 17, 22 Gore, Al Hoover, J. Edgar 254 presidential election campaign of al-Huda, Bint 146 (2000) 188 Hughes, Robert 60–61 government ethics 313–14, 316, 322–6 Human Rights Watch

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Report on Mexican Drug War Islam 2, 19–20, 23, 145–6, 149 (2011) 160 Koran 19 Hussein, Saddam law 19, 140, 145, 148, 151 removed from power (2003) 141, codification of 143–4 146 public accountability 148 political 141, 145 India 20, 257–8, 377 shari’a 146, 148–9 Bhopal Disaster (1984) 358 Shi’i 5–6, 139–42, 144–6, 149 ‘Right-to-Know’ Law (2005) 257 eschatology of 142 Indonesia 258, 377 Imams 142 institutions 139–40 marja’ al-taqlid (Source of doctrinal shift in 140 Imitation) 140 Inter-American Commission on mujtahids 140 Human Rights (IACHR) 185, shura 19 189, 203, 205, 209, 347 Sunni 140, 143–4 Inter-American Convention against Islamism 146–7 Corruption 9 Italy Inter-American Court of Human Rome 171 Rights 347, 403 Vatican City 250 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Jamaica 159 Strategy for Civil Society Japan 7–8, 252, 257, 272, 337, 370–71, Participation 345–6 377 International Court of Justice (ICJ) government of 371 356 Jay Treaty (1794) 249 Uruguay-Argentina Pulp Mills case Jenkins, Roy 266 (2010) 356–7, 361 Jesus Christ 20 international economic relations Johnson, Lyndon B. 253 transparency 368–9 Judaism 2 impact of 383 law 20 mechanisms for 370–79 judicial transparency 4–5, 7, 80–81, uniformity 380–81, 383 89–93, 95–6, 98, 103–5 use in good governance 382–3 disclosure International Law Association 348 exemptions to 99–100 International Monetary Fund (IMF) discovery 94 10 formalism in 96–7 Iran 147 relationship with administrative Qom 140 transparency 95–6, 100, 102–3, Iran-Iraq War (1980–8) 147 105 Iraq 5–6, 141, 146–50, 256–7, 337 Civil Code (1952) 144, 151 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 146 Constitution (2005) 149–51 al-Khu’i, Abul Qasim 140, 146 Elections Law (2009) 150–51 Kirkwood, Archy 267 Kurdish population of 147 Kraujelis, Ramojus Najaf 140–44, 148–52 member of AIAB 340 Personal Status Code 144, 147, Kui, Li 123 152 Shi’i population of 142, 145 Labour Party (UK) 266, 271 Sunni population of 147 legal governance Uprising (1991) 146 Islamic 142–4

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legal transparency 115–17, 119 Article 254 199 concept of 117–18 Article 68 191 Confucianist view of 119–20, 129, Federal Criminal Procedures Code 133–5 168 Legalism 115, 123, 127–8 federal elections of (2006) 160, 171, fă 121, 123–5, 129–31, 133 185–8, 194–5, 209–10 view of lĭ 125 Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) 6, legislation 160, 185–8, 191–2, 195–200, administrative 96, 284–6 202–3, 205–7 transparency in 65, 74, 80–81 Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) public 85 6, 185–8, 192, 194, 197–9, use for social change 83 201–4, 208–9 whistleblowing protection 7–8, 37–8, Federal Institute for Access 98, 101–3, 274 to Information and Data Leventhal, Harold 289–90 Protection (IFAI) 158, 162, Lincoln, Abraham 249–50 170–71, 173 Lithuania 340 Federal Law of the Protection López Obrador, Andrés Manuel of Personal Information in electoral campaign of (2006) 186–7, the Possession of Private 198 Individuals 175 Federal Law of Transparency and Madison, James 248 Access to Public Government Mali 159 Information 158 Mamluk Empire 143 Freedom of Information (FOI/ Marxism 145 LFTAIPG) Law (2002) 6–7, Maude, Francis 275 162, 165, 188–90, 193, 200–202, Mexico 6, 157–9, 163–5, 167, 172–7, 205–8, 210–11 185, 257, 377–9 Article 2 189 #YoSoy 132 movement 170 Article 3 190 Banking Fund for the Protection of subsection III 191 Savings (FOBAPROA) 166 Article 6 189 Budget of Expenditures of the Article 13 163, 166, 190, 193–5, Federation (PEF) 167 207 Campeche 174 Article 14 163, 190–91, 193–5, Congress 168, 171 205, 207 Constitution 163, 165, 170, 174, Article 18 190, 193–5 198 Article 19 190, 193 Article 6 168, 175, 189, 201 First Title 208 Article 20 168 Second Title 208 Article 41 Article 49 208 Subsection IV 206 Article 50 208 corruption in 159–61, 165–6, 172, Article 60 208 175–6 Graphic Workshops of Mexico electoral fraud 169–72 192 Drug War (2006–) 160 Mexico City 185–6, 207 assassinations in 160 Michoacán 161 kidnappings in 160–61 Nayarit 167 Federal Code of Institutions and Oaxaca 165 Electoral Procedure (COFIPE) State Committee of Accounting 192, 194–5, 199–201, 207, 209 Harmonization 165

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Procuraduría General de la Repúlica Organization of American States Citizen Participation Council 160 (OAS) 351 Protection of Bank Savings (IPAB) Ottoman Empire 141, 143, 145 166 Majalla (Civil Code) 143–4 Querétaro 167 Secretary of Public Function (SFP) Paraguay 161 170, 172 Party of National Action (PAN) 186 Supreme Court (SCJN) 6, 158, 171, Party of the Institutional Revolution 174–5, 185, 199–200, 206 (PRI) 161, 169–71 Tamaulipas 161 Pasquill, Derek 265 Treasury Department 172 PEMEX 159 Ming, Dong 217 Peña Nieto, Enrique 169, 170–72 Mormon Church kidnappings during administration banning of polygamy 140 of 160–61 Moss, John 253, 255 Piper Alpha offshore rig explosion Muhammad, Prophet (1988) 271 descendants of 142 Plato 22 multilateral development banks concept of ‘diviso’ 22 (MDBs) Pollutant Release and Transfer regional 352 Registers (PRTRs) 361 mandatory 359 National Academy of Public web-based 360 Administration (NAPA) Study Pope, Jeremy 30–32 (2012) 312–13 Public Concern at Work (PCaW) 278 Nava, Salvador 203 establishment of (1993) 271 Nazism 198 New Zealand 8, 255, 377 Quietism 151 non-governmental organizations concept of 141, 145 (NGOs) 159, 322, 403 nonmarket economies (NME) 375 Radilla, Rosendo non-tariff barriers (NTBs) 368 disappearance of 174 Northern Ireland Ramos, Luna 207 Assembly 270 Reagan, Ronald Norway 258, 377 administration of 302, 337 Republic of Ireland 163, 272 Obama, Barack 314, 402 Roman Catholic Church 3, 171 administration of 15, 258, 326 Vatican 20 Executive Order 13,563 293 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 250–51 foreign policy of 257 New Deal 140 Open Government Directive (2009) rulemaking 288–9, 293–9 15 advanced notice of proposed Open Study Institute 162–3 rulemaking (ANPRM) 291, Organization for Economic Co- 295 operation and Development development of 300–301 (OECD) e-rulemaking 284, 294–6, 300–301 Council 359 negotiated 299–300 endorsement of PRTRs (1996) regulation room 300–302 359 informal 290 Guidelines for Multinational oral hearings 290–91 Enterprises 23 negotiated 291–2, 299–300

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notice of proposed rulemaking administrative 3–4, 7, 65, 74, 80–81 (NPRM) 287–8, 290, 292 relationship with judicial Russian Empire 250 transparency 95–6, 100, Russian Federation 258 102–3, 105 architecture 67–8 al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir 141, 145 as anti-corruption measure 165, Our Economics 145 168–9, 401–2, 404–5 al-Sanhuri, Abdul Razzaq 144 as trust 52–4 Scalia, Justice Anton 21 concept of 1–2, 8, 11, 16–17, 62, 66, Schrameck, Olivier 157, 369 member of AIAB 340 corporate 22–4 Schweizer, Peter 313 counter 36 Second World War (1939–45) 4, 24, 61, good-government perspective on 258, 368, 400 401, 404 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and human-rights perspective of 403–5 Nagasaki (1945) 252 impact of privatization on 86 belligerents of 250–51 judicial transparency 4–5, 7, 80–81, Manhattan Project (1942–6) 251 89–93, 95–6, 98–100 Sen, Amartya 18–19 relationship with administrative Senegal 159 95–6, 100, 102–3, 105 Senior Executive Association 314 mechanisms for 51–2, 74 Serbia 163 market-regulation perspective of Shepherd, Richard 271 402–3 Shuchun, Wang 217 organizational 48 al-Sistani, Grand Ayatollah Ali 140, phenomenal 4, 61–3, 65–70, 72–4 147–9, 151–2 popular support for 38, 40, 43, 45 Slovenia 163 public relations concept of 165 South Africa 161, 163, 189, 272 public sector 74 South Korea 161, 189, 377 reform 30–31, 33–5, 54, 116 Soviet Union (USSR) 8, 251, 258 web-based disclosure 314–15 Spain 20 Transparency International Stanford University personnel of 30, 32 Hoover Institute 313 Truman, Harry S. Steel, David 267 Executive Orders of 252 Straw, Jack 269 trust sustainable development 343 public 3, 53–4, 321 Sweden 162, 189, 248–50, 253 transparency as 52–4 Switzerland 15, 162, 189, 377 Twitter 300

Taizong, Emperor 248–9 al-Ulum, Muhammad Bahr 145–6 Thailand 161, 189, 377 critique of Personal Status Code 144 Third Reich (1933–45) 4, 251–2 United Kingdom (UK) 3, 7–8, 15, 31, Toral, Rodríguez 203–5 37–8, 40, 43, 46, 53–4, 63–4, 162, Touhig, Don 271 189, 251, 257, 273 Transnational Private Regulation Access to Health Records Act (1988) (TPR) 24 267 transparency 9–10, 15–16, 19–22, 24–5, Bletchley Park 251 31–4, 38, 43, 47, 52–3, 59–60, 67, Care Quality Commission 273, 278 74–5, 88, 91, 100, 141–2, 158–9, Commonwealth 252, 255 164, 166–7, 176–7, 343–5, 400 Data Protection Act (1981) 267

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Department of Constitutional Public Interest Disclosures Act Affairs (PIDA)(1998) 36, 263, 271–5, Frontier Economics Report (2006) 276–9 277 Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) 268 Employment Rights Act (1996) Security Service (MI5) 268 272 Welsh Assembly Government Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (WAG) 70, 270 Act (2013) 272 United Nations (UN) 10, 15, 337, 340, Environment and Safety 357 Information Act (1984) 267 Agenda 21 359 Environmental Information Almaty Guidelines on Promoting the Regulations (EIR 2004) 59, Application of the Principles 62–74 of the Aarhus Convention in Regulation 12(4)(b) 59, 65, 70 International Forums (Almaty Financial Conduct Authority 272, Guidelines)(2005) 352 278 Convention on Climate Change First Tier General Regulatory 356 Chamber Tribunal (Information Convention on the Law of the Sea Rights) 59, 63, 68 356 Freedom of Information Act Convention to Combat (FOIA/FOI)(2000) 63, 67–8, Desertification 355 71, 73, 254–9, 263–4, 266–70, Development Programme (UNDP) 274–9 354 Section 14 71 Economic Commission for Europe Section 39 67–8 (UNECE) 63, 349 Government Communication Aarhus Convention on Access Headquarters (GCHQ) 268 to Information, Public Health and Safety Executive 273 Participation in Decision- Home Office 268–9 Making and Access to Justice Local Government Access to in Environmental Matters Information Act (1978) 267 (Aarhus Convention) 10–11, Local Government Act (1972) 267 63–6, 69, 349–52, 359–60 Ministry of Justice 266, 276 Kiev Protocol on Pollutant MP’s Expenses Scandal (2008) 275 Release and Transfer National Health Service (NHS) 263, Registers 359–60 270 Transboundary EIA Convention Official Secrets Act (OSA) Article 3 357 (1889/1911/1989) 264–5, 272, Environment Programme (UNEP) 279 354 Outer Circle Policy Unit 267 Goals and Principles of EIA 357 Parliament 266, 272 Governing Council 354 House of Commons 267–9, 275 General Assembly 257–8, 349 Justice Select Committee High Commissioner 160 276–7 International Covenant on Civil Public Administration Select and Political Rights (ICCPR) Committee 269 Article 19 347 House of Lords 269 Rio Declaration on Environment Parliamentary Commissioner and Development 349, 351 for Administration Principle 10 63, 347–9, 351–2 (Ombudsman) 266, 268 Principle 17 355–6

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Rio Summit (1992) 348, 360 Ethics in Government Act (1978) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of 326–7 Opinion and Expression 347 Federal Bureau of Investigation United States of America (USA) (FBI) 254 7–9, 15, 80, 83, 103, 146–9, Federal Deposit Insurance 161–2, 166, 176, 188–9, 247, Corporation (FDIC) 166 249, 251, 266, 344–5, 370–71, Federal Register 285–6, 294, 302 374–8, 381 Federal Register Act (1935) 285 9/11 Attacks 256–7, 297–8 Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Administrative Conference of the 91–2 United States (ACUS) 287–9, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 84, 298–9, 302 87, 90, 93–4, 105 Study (2011) 296 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (FISA) 81, 96 (1946) 284–7, 291–3, 303, 370 FISA Court 104 notice-and-comment procedures Freedom of Information Act of 288 (FOIA)(1966) 8, 81, 87, 96, Title 5 98–101, 103–4, 221, 250, 253–9, Section 553 286–7, 289–90 284, 290, 338–9, 402 Civil War (1861–5) 249 Government Accountability Office Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (GAO) 302 285, 294, 296 government of 250, 358 Congress 32, 97, 101–2, 252–4, Los Alamos, New Mexico 251 284–5, 291, 312–16, 324, 326–7, Merit Systems Protection 101 357, 370 National Environmental Policy Act House of Representatives 302–3 (NEPA)(1969) 344, 357 Senate 82, 252, 303, 315 Negotiated Rulemaking Act 292 Constitution 248 Social Security Administration 99 First Amendment 94–5 military of 251 Seventh Amendment 88 New York 316–17 Court of Appeals 101 Occupational Safety and Health Federal Circuit 101–2 Administration (OSHA) 291, Ninth Circuit 92 358 Court of Claims 101 Office of Government Ethics (OGE) Court of Customs and Patent 322–3 Appeals 101 Office of Information and Democratic Party 252, 303 Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) 293 Department of Transportation Office of Management and Budget (DOT) 300 (OMB) 287–8, 290, 295, 303 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Open Government Partnership and Consumer Protection Act (OGP) 258 (2010) 302 Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) E-Government Act (2002) 294 287, 292–3, 299 Emergency Planning and presidential elections of (2006) 185 Community Right-to-Know Presidential Records Act 284 Law (EPCRA) (1986) 358 Privacy Act (1974) 299 Environmental Protection Agency Regulations.gov 287, 290, 294, 296, (EPA) 288, 299 298, 300 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Regulatory Flexibility Act (1980) 358–9 287, 290, 293

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Republican Party 252, 302–3 Access to Information Committee Revolutionary War (1775–83) 249 339–40 State Department 258 Access to Information Policy (2009) STOCK Act (2012) 312–18, 322–7 10, 337–9, 353 Supreme Court 85, 94, 100, 104, 140, EIA procedures of 357 249 personnel of 337 Seattle Times v Rhinehart 94 Transparency Policy Totten v United States 249–50 Section 7 339 Tariff Act (1930) World Online Whistleblowing Society Section 701 375 (WOWS) 31, 37–8 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act data from 43, 45–6, 49, 53 287, 293 World Resources Institute (WRI) Washington DC 249, 294, 296 Access Initiative and Partnership for Whistleblower Protection Act Principle 10 351 (WPA) 98, 101–3 World Trade Organization (WTO) 11, University College London 369, 403 Constitution Unit 276, 278 Agreement on Subsidies and University of Cape Town 340 Countervailing Measures 376 Uruguay 161, 361 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) 371, Venezuela 161 379 Vietnam 376 Article 2.4 380 Vogl, Frank 32 Article 3 378 Agreement on Trade-Related Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin 278 Aspects of Intellectual Property War on Terror 257 Rights (TRIPS) 372–3, 396 Washington, George 249 Article 63 372 whistleblowing 3, 34–6, 40, 43, 46–8, Charter 53, 264, 272–3, 278, 400–401 Article XVI 378 as transparency mechanism 51–2 Council for Trade in Services 372 concept of 30–31 Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) 369, internal 36 373, 375–6 legislation 7–8, 37–8, 98, 101–3, Appellate Body 369, 373–4, 377–9, 274 381–2 maximum 43, 45 China – Measures Related to the media image of 50–51, 278–9 Exportation of Various Raw protection 34–5, 40, 98, 270–72 Materials (China – Raw regulatory 36 Materials) 377–9, 381 social media 46 European Communities – Selected support for 43, 45, 48–52 Customs Matters (EC – WikiLeaks 33, 52 Selected Customs Matters) Williams of Mostyn, Lord (Gareth 381–2 Williams) 269 Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Wilson, Harold Measures on Cigarettes Fulton Report 266 from the Philippines (Thai – Wolfowitz, Paul Cigarettes) 382 President of World Bank 337 United States – Countervailing and World Bank 10, 23, 256, 346, 352 Anti-Dumping Measures on Access to Information Appeals Certain Products from China Board (AIAB) 340 375

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United States – Measures member states of 368–9, 372, 374–5, Affecting the Importation of 378, 380–83, 400 Fresh Lemons 376 protocols of accession 372–3, 375 establishment of (1995) 368, 371, Trade Policy Review Mechanism 400–401 (TPRM) 372, 382 General Agreement on Tariffs Uruguay Round of Multilateral and Trade (GATT)(Customs Trade Negotiations Valuation Agreement)(1994) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) 373, 377, 379, 381 Agreement 371, 380 Annex 1A 371 Article 3:1 381 Article VII 371 Article 3:2 381 Article X 371–2, 375–7, 382 Article X:1 373, 376 Yan, Zhang 217 Article X:2 373, 376 Yang, Shang 123 Article X:3 378 Article X:3(a) 376, 379, 381 Zedillo, Ernest 166 Article X:3(b) 376, 381–2 Zheng, Ying (Qin Shi Huangdi) 126 Article XX 377–8 Zhongshu, Dong 127 General Agreement on Trade in Zi, Meng 122, 124, 127, 135 Services (GATS) 368 theory of human nature 132–3 Article III 371 Zi, Xun 122, 124, 127, 135 Article VI 372–3 theory of human nature 132–3 mandate of 369–70 view of lĭ 132 Marrakesh Agreement (1994) Zoellick, Robert B. 375 President of World Bank 337

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