DOCSLIB.ORG

Improved Drinking Water Sources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Improved Drinking Water Sources A different perspective on progress DRINKING WATER 21 The drinking water ladder Drinking water supply can be broken down Unimproved drinking water sources: into three categories, which are illustrated in VED Unprotected dug well, unprotected spring, the form of a ‘drinking water ladder’ similar to O cart with small tank/drum, tanker truck, and that developed for sanitation. The category surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, ‘improved drinking water sources’ includes MPR I canal, irrigation channels), bottled water. sources that, by nature of their construction N or through active intervention, are protected U from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter. These include piped water in a dwelling, plot or yard, and other improved sources. ‘Unimproved sources’ make up the third part of the ladder. In this report, drinking water coverage is Other improved drinking water sources: presented as a three-step ladder that includes VED Public taps or standpipes, tube wells or O the proportion of the population using: THER boreholes, protected dug wells, protected • unimproved drinking water sources O MPR springs and rainwater collection. • improved drinking water sources other I than piped water • water piped into a dwelling, plot or yard. Piped water on premises: Piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot or yard. R YARD R O T lo , P G N lli E W D O NT I PED Pi 22 Global drinking water coverage, 1990-2006 The population not using improved drinking water sources Figure 19 has fallen below one billion 13 Proportion of 89 Today, 87 per cent of the world’s population uses drinking water from the world’s improved sources: 54 per cent uses a piped connection in their dwelling, population plot or yard, and 33 per cent uses other improved drinking water sources. using a piped 33 drinking water This translates into 5.7 billion people worldwide who are now using connection, ) drinking water from an improved source, an increase of 1.6 billion since (% another 1990. About 3.6 billion people use a piped connection that provides ge improved ra running water in or near their homes. drinking water ve source or an Co Estimates for 2006 show that the population reliant on unimproved unimproved target MDG drinking water sources is below one billion, and now stands at 884 million. source, 2006 54 Improved drinking water coverage in sub-Saharan Africa is still considerably lower than in other regions. Nevertheless, it has increased from 49 per cent in 1990 to 58 per cent in 2006, which means that an additional 207 million Africans are now using safe drinking water. Improved drinking water coverage, according to the MDG indicator DRINKING WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE Coverage is improving in all regions*Piped water on premises Other improved PipedUnimproved water on premises Other improved Unimproved 2 1 2 1 7 6 8 8 7 6 10 8 8 10 7 6 7 6 12 12 1213 12 13 13 13 16 14 16 1414 16 14 16 23 26 23 12 12 27 29 26 27 14 10 32 14 10 29 22 21 22 21 32 17 15 17 42 15 42 17 17 30 30 51 51 33 33 38 38 29 29 17 17 54 54 65 35 65 35 54 54 93 57 91 57 91 93 80 80 78 80 78 80 73 73 73 42 42 71 69 71 73 67 67 69 33 33 58 58 54 54 51 51 48 48 32 46 32 46 22 36 22 36 20 20 16 16 16 16 16 16 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 1990 2006 20061990 1990 2006 19902006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 20061990 200619901990 200 6 200619901990 2006 200619901990 2006 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 Common- Latin America Northern WesternCommon-EasternLatin AmericaSouthern Northern South-easter Westernn Sub-SaharanEastern DevelopingSouthern DevelopedSouth-eastern WorldSub-Saharan Developing Developed World wealth of & Caribbean Africa Asia wealth of Asia& Caribbean Asia Africa Asia Asia Africa Asia regionsAsia regionsAsia Africa regions regions Independent Independent States States Figure 20 Trends in the proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region in 1990 and 2006 *Oceania is not included due to lack of complete data. 23 Progress towards the drinking water target The world is on track to meet the drinking water target 87 per cent of the world’s population uses The world is on track to meet the MDG drinking an improved drinking water source water target. Current trends suggest that more than 90 per cent of the global population will use 20 +20 improved drinking water sources by 2015. +13 +13 +13 15 +10 10 +8 +9 +4 +4 5 +1 +1 All regions report gains, 0 -5 -1 except Oceania 99 100 94 92 92 90 88 Eighty-seven per cent of the global population 87 86 84 87 now uses improved drinking water sources, 80 compared to 77 per cent in 1990. Gains were made in all regions except Oceania, where 60 58 drinking water coverage slipped back slightly. 50 Eastern Asia stands out for increasing its drinking 40 water coverage by 20 percentage points, which Coverage (%) represents 416 million people who have gained access to improved water sources since 1990. 20 Sub-Saharan Africa is making 0 the slowest progress & World Oceania Population forecasts suggest that an additional Caribbean Eastern Asia Western Asia 784 million people worldwide will need to gain Southern Asia Northern Africa Latin America Developed regions Commonwealth of South-eastern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa access to improved drinking water sources to Developing regions Independent States meet the MDG target. Accelerated progress is needed especially in sub-Saharan Africa, home Figure 21 Improved drinking water coverage, by region in to more than a third of those using unimproved 2006 and percentage-point change 1990-2006 drinking water sources. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa face the greatest challenges in drinking water Less than 50% 50% - 75% 76% - 90% 91% - 100% No or insufficient data Figure 22 Drinking water coverage, 2006 24 Progress towards the drinking water target Trends indicate that most countries are on track to meet the MDG drinking water target, except in sub-Saharan Africa On track Not on track Coverage in 2006 was less than 5 per cent below the rate it Coverage in 2006 was more than 10 per cent below the needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG coverage was higher than 95% target, or the 1990-2006 trend shows unchanged or de- creasing coverage Progress but insufficient Coverage in 2006 was 5 per cent to 10 per cent below the No or insufficient data rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends Figure 23 Progress towards the MDG drinking water target, 2006 Table 8 Regional and global progress towards the MDG drinking water target Drinking water Coverage needed to be MDG target Region coverage (%) Progress on track in 2006 (%) coverage (%) 1990 2006 Commonwealth of Independent States 93 94 95 97 On track Northern Africa 88 92 92 94 On track Latin America & Caribbean 84 92 89 92 On track Western Asia 86 90 90 93 On track Eastern Asia 68 88 78 84 On track Southern Asia 74 87 82 87 On track South-eastern Asia 73 86 82 87 On track Developing regions 71 84 80 86 On track Developed regions 98 99 99 99 On track World 77 87 84 89 On track Sub-Saharan Africa 49 58 65 75 Not on track Oceania 51 50 67 76 Not on track 25 Urban-rural disparities in drinking water coverage The MDG target for water and sanitation requires that indicators to measure progress be disaggregated % 99 98 100 100 97 96 95 95 97 96 by urban and rural populations. This 92 91 94 report therefore highlights urban 86 87 84 80 81 80 81 81 78 and rural disparities, which would 73 76 otherwise be masked by aggregate figures. 60 46 Rural access to improved 40 37 drinking water sources remains low 20 The world’s rural inhabitants represent 84 per cent of the 0 population using unimproved & World sources of drinking water. An Oceania Caribbean estimated 746 million rural dwellers Eastern Asia Western Asia Southern Asia Northern Africa are without improved drinking Latin America Developed regions Commonwealth of South-eastern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Developing regions water supplies, compared to 137 Independent States million urban residents. That said, Urban Rural there is some positive news: 717 3.5 million rural inhabitants have gained Figure 24 Urban and rural water supply coverage, 2006 access to safe drinking water since 3.0 1990. 2.5 2.0 Urban coverage is struggling to keep pace with population1.5 growth While the rural challenge remains significant, the urban challenge is growing fast. 1.0 Since 1990, the world’s urban population has risen by 956 million people.Population (billions) During that period, 926 million urban dwellers gained access to improved drinking0.5 water sources. At the same time, the urban population without improved drinking0.0 water sources increased from 107 million to 137 million. Most of this increase took1990 place Urban 2006 in urban areas of the developing world. Improved Unimproved 137 million people in urban areas do not use 746 million people in rural areas do not use an improved source of drinking water an improved source of drinking water 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 Population (billions) 0.5 Population (billions) 0.5 0.0 0.0 Rural 1990 Urban 2006 1990 2006 Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Figure 25 Trends in urban drinking water Figure 26 Trends in rural drinking water coverage coverage by population, 1990-2006 by population, 1990-2006 26 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 Population (billions) 0.5 0.0 1990 Rural 2006 Improved Unimproved Urban-rural disparities in drinking water coverage Urban-rural disparities in the use of improved drinking water sources are highest in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa Less than 50% 50% - 75% 76% - 90% 91% - 100% No or insufficient data Figure 27 Coverage of improved drinking water sources in urban areas, 2006 Less than 50% 50% - 75% 76% - 90% 91% - 100% No or insufficient data Figure 28 Coverage of improved drinking water sources in rural areas, 2006 27 Piped water on premises S Piped water on premises: E Piped connections into a dwelling, IS plot or yard.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
    National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant in Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Nervous system or blood Added to water during sewage/ Acrylamide TT4 problems; increased risk of cancer wastewater treatment zero Eye, liver, kidney, or spleen Runoff from herbicide used on row Alachlor 0.002 problems; anemia; increased risk crops zero of cancer Erosion of natural deposits of certain 15 picocuries Alpha/photon minerals that are radioactive and per Liter Increased risk of cancer emitters may emit a form of radiation known zero (pCi/L) as alpha radiation Discharge from petroleum refineries; Increase in blood cholesterol; Antimony 0.006 fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; decrease in blood sugar 0.006 solder Skin damage or problems with Erosion of natural deposits; runoff Arsenic 0.010 circulatory systems, and may have from orchards; runoff from glass & 0 increased risk of getting cancer electronics production wastes Asbestos 7 million Increased risk of developing Decay of asbestos cement in water (fibers >10 fibers per Liter benign intestinal polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits 7 MFL micrometers) (MFL) Cardiovascular system or Runoff from herbicide used on row Atrazine 0.003 reproductive problems crops 0.003 Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge Barium 2 Increase in blood pressure from metal refineries; erosion 2 of natural deposits Anemia; decrease in blood Discharge from factories; leaching Benzene
    [Show full text]
  • Module 1 Basics of Water Supply System
    Module 1 BASICS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Training Module for Local Water and Sanitation Management Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) CEPT University 2012 Basics of Water Supply System- Training Module for Local Water and Sanitation Management CONTENT Introduction 3 Module A Components of Water Supply System 4 A1 Typical village/town Water Supply System 5 A2 Sources of Water 7 A3 Water Treatment 8 A4 Water Supply Mechanism 8 A5 Storage Facilities 8 A6 Water Distribution 9 A7 Types of Water Supply 10 Worksheet Section A 11 Module B Basics on Planning and Estimating Components of Water Supply 12 B1 Basic Planning Principles of Water Supply System 13 B2 Calculate Daily Domestic Need of Water 14 B3 Assess Domestic Waste Availability 14 B4 Assess Domestic Water Gap 17 B5 Estimate Components of Water Supply System 17 B6 Basics on Calculating Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting 18 Module C Basics on Water Pumping and Distribution 19 C1 Basics on Water Pumping 20 C2 Pipeline Distribution Networks 23 C3 Type of Pipe Materials 25 C4 Type of Valves for Water Flow Control 28 C5 Type of Pipe Fittings 30 C6 Type of Pipe Cutting and Assembling Tools 32 C7 Types of Line and Levelling Instruments for Laying Pipelines 34 C8 Basics About Laying of Distribution Pipelines 35 C9 Installation of Water Meters 42 Worksheet Section C 44 Module D Basics on Material Quality Check, Work Measurement and 45 Specifications in Water Supply System D1 Checklist for Quality Check of Basic Construction Materials 46 D2 Basics on Material and Item Specification and Mode of 48 Measurements Worksheet Section D 52 Module E Water Treatment and Quality Control 53 E1 Water Quality and Testing 54 E2 Water Treatment System 57 Worksheet Section E 62 References 63 1 Basics of Water Supply System- Training Module for Local Water and Sanitation Management ABBREVIATIONS CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation cu.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Production of Drinking-Water Supply Network
    OUR EXPERT ASSESSMENT DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF A DRINKING-WATER SUPPLY NETWORK Especially committed to fighting water related diseases and unsanitary conditions, SOLIDARITES INTERNATIONAL (SI) has been involved in the field of access to drinking water and sanitation for almost 35 years. The annual number of deaths caused by these diseases has risen to 2.6 million, making it one of the world’s leading causes of death; amongst these victims, 1.8 million children, aged less than 15, still succumb... Today, when more than a billion people are still deprived of access to drinking water and permanently exposed to water-related diseases, the right to drinking water remains a vital concern in developing countries. In this regard, drinking-water supply networks represent quite a relevant technical solution for supplying water to refugees, as well as to dense populations and areas with high population growth. In order to further advance technical and socioeconomic diagnoses, SOLIDARITES INTERNATIONAL has led many projects, sometimes lasting years, in partnership with institutions and legitimate operators from the water sector. Hydraulic components and civil engineering relating to rehabilitation, growth and the construction of infrastructure are inseparable from the accompanying social measures, which involve placing sustainability, with the concerted management of water services and the participation of the community, at the heart of the process. Repairing, renovating or building a drinking-water network is a relevant ANALYSING AND ADAPTING technical response when the humanitarian emergency situation requires the re-establishment of the water supply and following the very first emergency TO COMPLEX measures (tanks, mobile treatment units).
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Virginia's Water Resource Planning and Management
    Commonwealth of Virginia House Document 8 (2017) October 2016 Report to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia Effectiveness of Virginia’s Water Resource Planning and Management 2016 JOINT LEGISLATIVE AUDIT AND REVIEW COMMISSION Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission Chair Delegate Robert D. Orrock, Sr. Vice-Chair Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Delegate David B. Albo Delegate M. Kirkland Cox Senator Emmett W. Hanger, Jr. Senator Janet D. Howell Delegate S. Chris Jones Delegate R. Steven Landes Delegate James P. Massie III Senator Ryan T. McDougle Delegate John M. O’Bannon III Delegate Kenneth R. Plum Senator Frank M. Ruff, Jr. Delegate Lionell Spruill, Sr. Martha S. Mavredes, Auditor of Public Accounts Director Hal E. Greer JLARC staff for this report Justin Brown, Senior Associate Director Jamie Bitz, Project Leader Susan Bond Joe McMahon Christine Wolfe Information graphics: Nathan Skreslet JLARC Report 486 ©2016 Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission http://jlarc.virginia.gov February 8, 2017 The Honorable Robert D. Orrock Sr., Chair Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission General Assembly Building Richmond, Virginia 23219 Dear Delegate Orrock: In 2015, the General Assembly directed the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC) to study water resource planning and management in Virginia (HJR 623 and SJR 272). As part of this study, the report, Effectiveness of Virginia’s Water Resource Planning and Management, was briefed to the Commission and authorized for printing on October 11, 2016. On behalf of Commission staff, I would like to express appreciation for the cooperation and assistance of the staff of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and the Virginia Water Resource Research Center at Virginia Tech.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference: Groundwater Quality and Groundwater Pollution
    PUBLICATION 8084 FWQP REFERENCE SHEET 11.2 Reference: Groundwater Quality and Groundwater Pollution THOMAS HARTER is UC Cooperative Extension Hydrogeology Specialist, University of California, Davis, and Kearney Agricultural Center. roundwater quality comprises the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of UNIVERSITY OF G ground water. Temperature, turbidity, color, taste, and odor make up the list of physi- CALIFORNIA cal water quality parameters. Since most ground water is colorless, odorless, and Division of Agriculture without specific taste, we are typically most concerned with its chemical and biologi- and Natural Resources cal qualities. Although spring water or groundwater products are often sold as “pure,” http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu their water quality is different from that of pure water. In partnership with Naturally, ground water contains mineral ions. These ions slowly dissolve from soil particles, sediments, and rocks as the water travels along mineral surfaces in the pores or fractures of the unsaturated zone and the aquifer. They are referred to as dis- solved solids. Some dissolved solids may have originated in the precipitation water or river water that recharges the aquifer. A list of the dissolved solids in any water is long, but it can be divided into three groups: major constituents, minor constituents, and trace elements (Table 1). The http://www.nrcs.usda.gov total mass of dissolved constituents is referred to as the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. In water, all of the dissolved solids are either positively charged ions Farm Water (cations) or negatively charged ions (anions). The total negative charge of the anions always equals the total positive charge of the cations.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 3 - Water and Sewage Treatment
    Unit: Chemistry D – Water Treatment LESSON 3 - WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT Overview: Through notes, discussion and research, students learn about how water and sewage are treated in rural and urban areas. Through discussion and online research, the sources, safety, treatment and cost of bottled water are considered. Using this information, students then share their views on bottled water. Suggested Timeline: 2 hours Materials: Watery Facts (Teacher Support Material) Water and Sewage Treatment (Teacher Support Material) A Closer Look at Water Treatment – Teacher Key (Teacher Support Material) All Tapped Out? – A Look At Bottled Water (Teacher Support Material) materials for bottled water demonstration: - plastic cups - 3 or more brands of bottled water - a sample of municipal tap water - a sample of local well water Water and Sewage Treatment (Student Handout – Individual) Water and Sewage Treatment (Student Handout – Group) A Closer Look at Water Treatment (Student Handout) All Tapped Out? – A Look At Bottled Water (Student Handout) student access to computers with the Internet and speakers Method: INDIVIDUAL FORMAT: 1. Have students read and complete the questions on ‘Water and Sewage Treatment’ (Student Handout – Individual). 2. Using computers with Internet access and speakers, allow students to research answers to questions on ‘A Closer Look at Water Treatment’ (Student Handout) 3. If possible, use one or more of the ideas on ‘All Tapped Out? – A Look At Bottled Water’ (Teacher Support Material) to spark students’ interest in the issues associated with bottled water. 4. Using computers with Internet access, have students complete the research on bottled water on ‘All Tapped Out? – A Look At Bottled Water’ (Student Handout).
    [Show full text]
  • A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water
    A Public Health Legal Guide to Safe Drinking Water Prepared by Alisha Duggal, Shannon Frede, and Taylor Kasky, student attorneys in the Public Health Law Clinic at the University of Maryland Carey School of Law, under the supervision of Professors Kathleen Hoke and William Piermattei. Generous funding provided by the Partnership for Public Health Law, comprised of the American Public Health Association, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Association of County & City Health Officials, and the National Association of Local Boards of Health August 2015 THE PROBLEM: DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION Clean drinking water is essential to public health. Contaminated water is a grave health risk and, despite great progress over the past 40 years, continues to threaten U.S. communities’ health and quality of life. Our water resources still lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pollution from fracking, farm runoff, industrial discharges and neglected water infrastructure. In the U.S., treatment and distribution of safe drinking water has all but eliminated diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A that continue to plague many parts of the world. However, despite these successes, an estimated 19.5 million Americans fall ill each year from drinking water contaminated with parasites, bacteria or viruses. In recent years, 40 percent of the nation’s community water systems violated the Safe Drinking Water Act at least once.1 Those violations ranged from failing to maintain proper paperwork to allowing carcinogens into tap water. Approximately 23 million people received drinking water from municipal systems that violated at least one health-based standard.2 In some cases, these violations can cause sickness quickly; in others, pollutants such as inorganic toxins and heavy metals can accumulate in the body for years or decades before contributing to serious health problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems Approach to Management of Water Resources—Toward Performance Based Water Resources Engineering
    water Article Systems Approach to Management of Water Resources—Toward Performance Based Water Resources Engineering Slobodan P. Simonovic Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-661-4075 Received: 29 March 2020; Accepted: 20 April 2020; Published: 24 April 2020 Abstract: Global change, that results from population growth, global warming and land use change (especially rapid urbanization), is directly affecting the complexity of water resources management problems and the uncertainty to which they are exposed. Both, the complexity and the uncertainty, are the result of dynamic interactions between multiple system elements within three major systems: (i) the physical environment; (ii) the social environment; and (iii) the constructed infrastructure environment including pipes, roads, bridges, buildings, and other components. Recent trends in dealing with complex water resources systems include consideration of the whole region being affected, explicit incorporation of all costs and benefits, development of a large number of alternative solutions, and the active (early) involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making. Systems approaches based on simulation, optimization, and multi-objective analyses, in deterministic, stochastic and fuzzy forms, have demonstrated in the last half of last century, a great success in supporting effective water resources management. This paper explores the future opportunities that will utilize advancements in systems theory that might transform management of water resources on a broader scale. The paper presents performance-based water resources engineering as a methodological framework to extend the role of the systems approach in improved sustainable water resources management under changing conditions (with special consideration given to rapid climate destabilization).
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality : Selected Pollutants
    WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of pub- lic health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyl- ene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazard- ousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmen- SELECTED CHEMICALS SELECTED tal exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. POLLUTANTS They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards. World Health Organization Regional Offi ce for Europe Scherfi gsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.euro.who.int WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, WHO Regional Office for Europe coordinated the development of these WHO guidelines. Keywords AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR - prevention and control AIR POLLUTANTS - adverse effects ORGANIC CHEMICALS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - adverse effects GUIDELINES ISBN 978 92 890 0213 4 Address requests for publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for per- mission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest).
    [Show full text]
  • Concerns About Surface Water As a Drinking Water Source
    Concerns About Surface Water NEW YORK STATE as a Drinking Water Source DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH The New York State Department of Health wants to remind people that there are risks from using water from any surface water source as drinking water, unless that water is properly filtered and disinfected. Water from rivers, lakes, ponds and streams can contain bacteria, parasites, viruses and possibly other contaminants. To make surface water fit to drink, treatment is required. Remember, we use our drinking water in many different ways. We use it as a beverage, but also make ice cubes, mix baby formula, wash fruits and vegetables, and brush our teeth. If the water is contaminated, this may put you at risk. Depending on the kind of contamination, it may also be a concern to wash dishes, wash hands, shower or bathe. Public water systems are required to treat, disinfect and monitor water quality for their customers. A public water treatment system is well designed and employs trained technicians to test and maintain water quality. If you are not on a public water system and use surface water as your water supply source, please contact your local health department* for advice. They can talk to you about developing another source of drinking water in your area. If there are no other choices, then they can discuss the treatment options for your surface water source. In the meantime, avoid the use of surface water for your drinking water needs. You should use bottled water or disinfect small batches of water by bringing it to a rolling boil for one – two minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Elements for an Outline of a Review of Water Supply Reliability Estimation Related to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Delta Independent Science Board
    DRAFT Elements for an Outline of a Review of Water Supply Reliability Estimation related to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Delta Independent Science Board 7/6/2019 Summary findings and recommendations Section outlines 1) Introduction a) Purpose: Uses of water supply reliability estimates– questions asked b) Scope: Urban, agricultural, environmental, regulatory perspectives, regional systems c) Incomplete inventory of reliability estimation efforts d) Changing challenges and questions (Portfolios in reliability, Water quality, Environmental water reliability, Climate change, Conflicts in water management) e) Structure of report 2) Metrics of water supply reliability 3) Scientific underpinning of trends in water supply reliability a) Portfolios in reliability b) Water quality c) Environmental water reliability d) Climate change e) Multiple objectives and conflicts in water management 4) Developing and communicating insights for managers and policymakers a) Long-term education and insights for policy-makers b) Transparency c) Potential for decision analysis 5) Quality control in reliability estimation a) Peer review b) Common standards or expectations? c) Common efforts (1) Land use, inflows, groundwater modeling, portfolio characterization, etc. (2) Common water accounting 6) Priorities for future studies a) Ecological and environmental water reliability b) Incorporating climate change and sea level rise c) FIRO d) Fragility analysis 7) Conclusions and Recommendations Delta ISB Meeting Materials (7/11/19) 1 DRAFT References Appendices
    [Show full text]
  • Short-Term Water Management Decisions
    Short-Term Water Management Decisions User Needs for Improved Climate, Weather, and Hydrologic Information Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) January 2013 Technical Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Short-Term Water Management Decisions: 5b. GRANT NUMBER User Needs for Improved Climate, Weather, and Hydrologic Information 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER David Raff, Levi Brekke, Kevin Werner, Andy Wood, and Kathleen White 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bureau of Reclamation CWTS 2013-1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.
    [Show full text]