Review on child and forced labor and land rights in ’s industry

a g r o g a p . c o m . a r Mill’s visited field. Irrigation system. worker.

Review on child and forced labor and land Prepared for: Photos: The Coca-Cola Company GAP Consultores rights in Nicaragua’s All the photos shown in this Prepared by: report were taken while doing GAP Consultores S.R.L. the study, with the consent of Authors: people involved. Andrés Sylvestre Begnis Date: [email protected] July 2018 Alejandro Nardone [email protected] Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicaragua’s sugar industry Table of contents

07. Introduction

08. Executive Summary

10. Methodology

13. Desk Research 15. Nicaraguan Sugar Sector 16. Legal Framework Of Child And Forced Labor 19. Chronic Kidney Disease (Ckd) 23. Land Rights 25. Legal Framework On Land Rights

26. Field Research Overview

28. Field Study Findings 28. General Information 31. Child Labor 31. Forced Labor 33. Land Rights

35. Conclusions 36. Annex I Definitions And Abbreviations / Glossary

42. Annex II Gap Consultores Interview Material

48. Annex III Stakeholders National And International List

50. Annex IV Selection Table Of Visited Sugarcane Growers

51. Annex V Revision History

52. References

4 Sugarcane field. Nicaragua. Introduction

The aim of this study is to analyze the sugar supply chain of The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) in Nicaragua, specifically orientated towards child labor, forced labor and land right statuses.

Although its scope is to obtain a baseline at the country’s levels in general terms, the field work was conducted only in a TCCC supplier mill in Nicaragua.

For this purpose, TCCC entrusted GAP Consultores S.R.L. the execution of a study based on public bibliography reviews and exchange with About GAP Consultores S.R.L. representatives of different organizations related to the GAP consultancy group started in 1979, sector through visits and / or interviews. providing technical assistance to farmers seeking to solve its major production problems, always supported by science, Additionally, a fieldwork was carried out together technology and experience. Currently with the help of authorities from the GAP is composed of a team that shares the initial philosophy, offering its expertise supplying the company; based on a representative to local and international companies number of cane producers and sugar cane workers looking for sustainability in a continuous improvement system. from the departments of León and Chinandega.

Team Leader: Andrés Sylvestre Begnis. 45 years. Agribusiness Magister, These actions correspond to the international Agronomic Engineer. commitment assumed by TCCC to develop, together Team Member: Alejandro Nardone. 39 with interested parties present in the region, strategies years. Farmer, Agronomic Engineer and farmer’s consultant. to mitigate the cases or risks that may be encountered. 6 7 Executive summary

Nicaragua is considered an emerging country, with significant poverty rates in relation to the rest of the world, where access to basic services is a daily challenge. This study provides a review of the status of child labor, forced labor and land rights in the Nicaraguan sugar sector, specifically the supply chain for The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC). TCCC retained GAP Consultores to conduct a qualitative study based on real events observed during the 2017/18 harvest in the León and Chinandega departments through interviews with interested parties as well as an extensive literature review of the information available on the issues in question. To meet this objective and according to the methodology required by TCCC, the researchers interviewed 30 interested parties, visited 16 supply fields owned by the sugar Child labor is strongly related No evidence was found The legal possession of mill plus 28 supply producers. A total of 76 to poverty and, therefore, is nor any complaints were productive territories not completely eradicated in received regarding forced has been in continuous workers were surveyed about field work Nicaragua. However, there labor. Despite the informal improvement by the among the 44 establishments. are specific sectors in the economy and poverty, there government in the last national economy that have is evidence of progress in the 25 years. After the Land The most relevant findings of the made great efforts for its recognition of labor rights Reform Law in 1981, many study are summarized below: eradication. Along with the for workers in the sugarcane properties were confiscated by government, the sugar sector. In recent years, health the government for a decade. At industry is recognized as care of field workers has been the beginning of the 90s, private one of the activities where improved, reducing the incidence properties began a technical- it has been best managed, of Chronic Kidney Disease juridical process by which their culturally setting the (CKDu), although it is not entirely original owners recovered importance of overcoming eradicated. Among the aspects possession and usufruct. In this, as well as promoting that can be improved is the level general terms, and according the schooling of of implementation of some good to published information, there children. Globalization and practices. Mainly the quality of are no conflicts over the use or international demands, including drinking water, within the group possession of the land at present, Mill’s visited field. Water, Rest, Shade certifications, played a crucial of independent producers that nor were there any cases of (WRS) System during the manual harvest. role to accelerate these supply the industry. community complaints in the area 8 processes. studied. 9 Review on child and forced labor and land Methodology rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

The methodology used for the development of Desk Research feedback and approval. Through the exchange this country’s (Nicaragua) study was based on with their representatives, information was the “Country Sugar Study Scoping Document” 1. Study and review of available collected about the actions executed around dated November 2015, provided by TCCC. information. child labor, forced labor and land rights in the This document describes the objectives, the past and present in Nicaragua. In some cases, This initial phase was carried out with the study criteria, the stages to be followed and a personal interview was conducted and in objective of understanding the general the tools to be used. other cases it was through telephone calls or situation of the country, specifically the sector email. In all cases, a guide list with questions in question, prior to the field visit. For this The stages carried out to structure this related to the topic of interest was used. qualitative study were the following: purpose, public documents of the government were granted, such as the national laws that A detailed list of the contacted organizations apply to study subjects and independent can be found in Annex II: Stakeholders organizations such as the World Bank, ILO, national and international List. UNICEF, USDOL, PAHO and other interested parties. 3. Field visits to sugar mills and its cane producers In the bibliography section the reader can find more details of the works read, analyzed and As a defining part of the study and to draw used in this report. a baseline based on facts, the field visit was scheduled during the 2018 harvest. The Details about the read, analyzed and used intention was to observe and evaluate the information in this report can be found by the existence of child labor and / or forced labor references. in the cane production establishments; and confirm the existence or not of acquisition and / or land use transactions that have not been Field Research legal in the last 15 years. 2. Interviews with interested parties. Hence, the mill that supplies sugar to TCCC was contacted and asked for information To obtain a broader point of view about study, from its suppliers, to meet and map the various organizations of local, national and entire supply chain, as well as to recognize international origin were contacted and then the different types of sugar cane producers. interviewed. Prior to contact, a list of interested The methodology used to establish a parties was presented to TCCC to obtain

1 Mill’s visited field. Personal Protection The Coca-Cola Company. November 2015. Country Sugar Study Equipment. Sugarcane cutter. Scoping Document 10 11 Desk Research

representative number of sugarcane producers Nicaragua is in the center of the Central development index places the country with to visit was described in the “Country Sugar American isthmus with a territorial extension high social inequality regarding healthy living, Study Scoping Document” provided by TCCC. of 130,373.47 km² of which 10,034 km² education and a dignified life. It determines a distribution and number of are lakes, lagoons and rivers. It presents a producers to visit depending on the population. division of three geographical regions: Pacific In relation to the School System Indicators, Once in the field and together with the work (predominance of urban population, social according to the same PAHO report, school teams of the mill, the definitive number of and ecological risk, the institutions of goods retention rates, school dropout rate and sugarcane producers to visit was established and services are concentrated), Central primary school completion rates improved, according to its size (volume of cane North (population with rural predominance, which shows the improvement of the delivered). with productive agricultural and livestock Education System to get more girls and boys development, limited development of road to finish their primary education. The selected producers can be found in and services infrastructure) and Atlantic In line with these assertions, the World Bank’s Annex IV: Selection table of visited sugarcane (population with indigenous predominance, growers. Overview states that they have worked jointly high rates of extreme poverty, population with the Government of Nicaragua in the dispersion, low levels of schooling, little Country Partnership Strategy (Estrategia access to social services and high maternal de Alianza con el País - EAP) for the 2013- and infant mortality rate)1. In 2014 the 2017 period, aiming to reduce poverty and estimated population ascended to 6,198,154 promoting prosperity for more Nicaraguans. inhabitants. This Strategy (EAP) focused on programs According to the Country Profile published to increase the coverage and quality of pre- in 2015 by the Pan American Health school, primary and secondary education, Organization (PAHO), levels of poverty and improve maternal and child health indexes, extreme poverty have been decreasing in expand access to water and sanitation recent years, a trend that matches the results services and promote the efficiency and published by the Survey on the Measurement transparency of social investment. In addition, of the Standard of Living made in 2014 it sought improvement in infrastructure, by the National Institute of Development increased productivity, diversification of Information2. In the same way and in the same exports, trade facilitation and access to period, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) financial services. increased considerably. However, the human

1 OPS. 2015 Nicaragua Perfil de país. Mill’s visited field. WC for field’s worker 2 Banco Mundial: Nicaragua, panorama general. http://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/nicaragua/overview#3 12 13 Nicaragua location Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

Moreover, according to the conclusion of 2016’s United States Department of Labor Nicaraguan Sugar Sector (USDOL) country report3, Nicaragua made a The cultivation of sugar cane in Nicaragua was introduced moderate advance in efforts to eliminate the at the end of the 16th century and since then it has been worst forms of child labor. The Government growing in size and importance for the national economy. The approved the Good Government Plan based first mill was founded at the end of the 14th century and today on greater control and protection of minors; four sugar mills located on the Pacific Ocean coast of the and the Ministry of Education continued to country process sugarcane. expand its national school supplies program. Currently, the planting of sugarcane in Nicaragua reaches an However, in Nicaragua, children continue to area larger than 70 thousand hectares; managed by some 800 participate in labor and the government does farmers which added to the fields of the mills, occupy some 35 not publish key data on these issues in any thousand direct employees and approximately 135 thousand official report, leaving a long necessary path indirectly. The activity generates more than 5% of the national ahead. GDP and an investment of more than 270 million US dollars. It produces tax revenues of more than 10 million US dollars, contributes 90 MW of energy to the public electricity network during the harvest period and occupies more than 10% of the Corinto’s port movement. The products offered by the sugar industry include sugar, alcohol, and energy. The National Committee of Sugar Producers (Comité Nacional de Productores de Azúcar- CNPA) is made up of the four sugar mills as a non-profit civil association with the objective of sustainably promoting the business activity of the Nicaraguan sugar industry. This Committee (CNPA) works on certain fundamental pillars of the commitment to assumed sustainability, such as compliance with the current legal framework, relationship with the public of interest, technological innovation and continuous improvement, prevention and mitigation of impacts and increase in productivity.

3 USDOL. 2016. Conclusiones sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil en Nicaragua Mill’s visited field. Irrigation system 14 15 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

Legal Framework of Child its Article 84 the protection against any kind ILO’s Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of economic and social exploitation towards of Child Labor was approved by Presidential Labor and Forced Labor children and adolescents, for which the State Decree, finally achieving Ratification by the According to International Labor Organization is committed to take all possible measures State of Nicaragua on 23rd October 2000 (ILO)4 information system records, Nicaragua to eradicate child labor and guarantee before the Secretary General of the United ratified its adherence to different agreements the protection of the work of adolescents, Nations, and so it became State party on throughout the 20th century, which are between 14 and 18 years of age. Likewise, November 6, 2000. Article 40 recognizes that no one shall be currently in force. Law No. 474 of 2003 reforms Title VI of subjected to servitude and that slavery and 8 Thus, it adhered to the international trafficking of any nature are prohibited in all the Labor Code of Nicaragua , establishing convention No. 29 on Forced Labor in its forms. the minimum ages, types of work and rights 1934 and later in the mid-60s, it adhered to of minors between 14 to 18 years old who other conventions concerning the working At the end of 1996, Law No. 185 called the integrate the labor force. Labor Code6 was passed, which regulates conditions of workers, covering issues such as In June 2007, the commitment to fight against union freedom, protection of the right to unite, labor relations, establishing workers and employers’ minimum rights and duties; child labor in agriculture was reinforced by collective negotiation, equal pay, the abolition the government and the Nicaraguan trade of forced labor and discrimination. contracts forms and types; staff training and promotions; contracts suspensions or union and business sectors, through the In November 1981, it added to Convention signing of the Joint Action Agreement “Child terminations; work and rest days and other 9 No. 138 on the minimum age of employment, aspects related to hygiene and safety of Labor Free Agriculture: The Future Harvest” , designating a limit of 14 years of age and workers. to direct efforts and effectively implement committing itself to following a national national legislation on child labor through the policy that ensures the effective abolition of On March 24, 1998, National Law No. 287, prevention and promotion of strategies as child labor and progressively increases the the Childhood and Adolescence Code7, well as programs aimed at improving living minimum age for admission to employment or was passed, which establishes that the conditions in rural towns through decent work work at a level that makes possible the most State, public or private institutions, with the offers, better work conditions, income and complete physical and mental development of participation of family, community and school, decent wages that facilitate the eradication of minors. will provide care and special protection poverty, social injustice and thus reduce the for girls, boys and adolescents who are in gaps between rural and urban schooling of The Political Constitution of the Republic of situations of conflict. boys and girls. Nicaragua5, issued in 1987, establishes in

4 OIT. 2001. Listas de ratificaciones por convenio y por país. Informe III (Parte 2) 8 Ley 474. 2003. Código del Trabajo. 6 Ley 185. 1996. Código del Trabajo. 5 Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. 2014. 9 Mitrab. 2007. Acuerdo de Acción Conjunta: Agricultura Constitución Política de Nicaragua. 7 Ley 287. 1998. Código de la Niñez. Mill’s visited field. Worker’s transportation. Libre de Trabajo Infantil 16 17 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

According to the National Assembly held from the Ibero-American Development Chronic Kidney Disease in 201310 under the coordination of the Bank (IDB) and the Spanish Agency for Directorate for International Parliamentary International Development Cooperation (CKDu) Relations, the regional coordination of (Agencia Española de Cooperación In 2008, a group of 700 former mill workers the International Labor Organization (ILO) Internacional para el Desarrollo - AECID). filed a complaint with the Compliance Advisor recognized Nicaragua’s efforts to develop Ombudsman (CAO), which is the independent actions to reduce the hiring of minors. The • The Love Program, aimed at promoting the permanence of minors in the school system. reparation mechanism available to the document mentions actions and programs International Finance Corporation (IFC) and executed by the government, such as: • Attention to children, adolescents and young the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 11 • Inspections by the Ministry of Labor, to people, which carries out a specialized (MIGA) of the World Bank Group . supervise and control all activities that refer service aimed at young people at high social risk. The claimants were suffering and dying from to child labor. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKDu), a disease • Basic Education Project, supporting the they thought they had contracted while they process of prevention, eradication of child were working for the Mill. They also had little labor and protection of adolescents; financed information about the disease. Their ability with UNICEF funds. to feed their families, generate income or improve their living conditions was severely • The Roadmap, which articulates the compromised due to its progression. different public policies and complementary interventions with direct and indirect impact; What is chronic kidney disease 12? joint work between various government (CKDu) ministries, employer’s organizations, worker’s Chronic kidney disease is defined organizations and social organizations that either by a decreased glomerular have been developed with the support of the filtration rate (GFR) or by evidence International Program for the Eradication of kidney damage. The first stages of Child Labor (IPEC) and the International are manifested with mild kidney Labor Organization (ILO), with the financing damage, which is commonly marked by albumin in the urine. Clinical

11 CAO. 2008. Informe de Evaluación para las partes interesadas. Referente a preocupaciones de la comunidad y de la sociedad civil relativas a actividades de Nicaragua Sugar Estates Limited (NSEL), Nicaragua. 10 Asamblea Nacional Nicaragua. Dirección de Relaciones 12 Internacionales Parlamentarias. 2013. Análisis Convenio sobre Mill’s visited field. Personal Protection Equipment. CAO. 2009. Informe Final de Estudio de Alcance Epidemiología las peores formas de trabajo infantil y la acción inmediata para su Manual Pest Control. de Enfermedad Renal Crónica en Nicaragua. Informe Independiente eliminación. Preparado por la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Boston. 18 19 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

symptoms often do not appear until that one or more of these risk factors are and the work of other researchers have later stages when GFR becomes occupational and more research is needed to shown that this disease is prevalent worse. Research on the causes of identify them specifically. Heat stress -stress along the west coast of , CKDu suggests that there may be in the body related to strenuous work at high particularly in the Guanacaste region of multiple factors involved in each temperatures- is a factor that could play a Costa Rica and the Bajo Lempa region stage, including susceptibility factors role in the development of this type of CKDu. of El Salvador and in other countries like (which increase vulnerability to Although heat stress itself is an unlikely India and Sri Lanka. kidney damage), initiation factors explanation for this type of disease, it can (which cause kidney damage), and magnify the effect of low levels of exposure At the moment, the mill collaborates with progression factors (which cause to agents that may be toxic to the kidney, but the organization created by the affected worsening of the damage). which, on their own, would not cause a CKDu. workers in several ways: Such low-level exposures to toxic agents The School of Public Health of the University could occur at work or outside of work, and • It provides food aid for 2587 people of Boston (BU) was selected by the the susceptibility could potentially vary due participants in the dialogue to carry out the • 100 houses were build for members of to genetic factors. The potential role of non- the Association scoping study, bringing together a team of occupational factors is based on the discovery researchers with experience in epidemiology, of BU in that adolescents who had not yet • Micro-credits for the partners occupational and environmental health, entered the labor force showed biomarkers of • Toys and school supplies (school nephrology and preventive medicine. kidney damage. supplies, backpacks) BU found that, due to its unique BU’s research efforts, along with those of • Support medical attention for the ill characteristics, the type of CKDu found in other researchers over the past five years, direct (medicines, education and health Nicaragua, and also present in other countries have helped to understand better where in promotions). of Central America, is called by some scientific Nicaragua and Central America CKDu has researchers as “Mesoamerican nephropathy” manifested itself. While most of BU’s work • Support to the Social Security clinic and and by others as CKDu of “non-traditional or focused on Nicaraguan sugarcane workers, the hemodialysis clinic in unknown etiology”. The cause of this type of where the problem has been well described, (medical equipment, equipment and CKDu is still unknown, but ongoing research BU also found evidence that a CKDu with laboratory supplies, infrastructure by institutions in the region is analyzing a similar unique characteristics is also present improvements). combination of risk factors. in workers in other industries such as mining, • Monthly funds for the association’s The results of BU13 provided evidence construction and port activities. Mortality data proper operation

Farmer’s visited field. Mechanic Harvest 13 CAO. 2015. Informe de Conclusión de la Función de Resolución de provided by the Mill. Disputas de la CAO- Nicaragua Sugar Estates Limited-01. 20 21 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

Land Rights Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - FSLN). This organization erased all existing legal The building of land property rights provisions until then15. throughout history in Nicaragua has made it possible to demonstrate the coexistence of During the 80s, the anti-latifundio and several sources of rights: redistributive Agrarian Reform was developed with the aim of transforming the structure • The rights assigned by the State of land possession radically. This was implemented through confiscation and • The rights acquired through possession expropriation in the process of transition during time to a centralized and nationalized economy • The rights of native communities based on state ownership of the means of production, especially the land. The Agrarian Reform Law14 sanctioned in 1963 during Engineer Luis Somoza’s It generated important changes in the government, presented “The fundamental redistribution of land ownership, using transformation of agrarian structure and the instruments such as the social function of the reintegration of rural population to economic, land and limiting the maximum property area social and political development of the nation” in full ownership to 500 “manzanas”16. as one of its main objectives. Although contrary to the objective sought, the While these benefited thousands of small reform favored the concentration of land since farmers who received land to produce, most small farms decreased their participation in of the land was mainly for prestigious officials land possessing, increasing the medium-size and military personnel close to the Somoza ones. family. That period and from the 90’onwards, was Because of this and other economic, social characterized by the return of rural and urban and political reasons, in 1979 the Nicaraguan land in compliance with peace agreements population rose in a revolutionary and violently, and the creation of a new legal and obtaining de facto power through the so-called institutional framework. Actions were taken to Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente stabilize the property, including: privatization

15 La propiedad de Nicaragua. http://www.monografias.com/ trabajos5/nicaragua/nicaragua2.shtml#ixzz5EBOslXiZ Farmer’s visited field. Pest Control System provided by the Mill. 14 Ley 797. 1963. Reforma Agraria 16 1 Manzana = 7000 m2 22 23 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

and / or return of state enterprises; the Legal Framework on Land equality of rights without discrimination by revision of land reform titles; the quantification gender. of compensation to those affected and Rights Reformed by Law 14/86: Agrarian Reform the establishment of the compensation The Political Constitution of Nicaragua that system through bonds; the continuity of the Law integrated women in the selection of has been in force since 1987 (with reforms beneficiaries. legalization and titling of the properties in until 2014) establishes the right to private possession of legitimate beneficiaries of the property through its Article 44. In addition, all Law 28/87 of Autonomy: recognizes the right Agrarian Reform15. persons have equal rights before the law and of all Nicaraguans living in the regions of the More recently, there is a marked process of the right of private property of movable and Caribbean Coast to communal, collective or land re-concentration, a strong speculative immovable possession as well as instruments individual forms of property. and means of production is guaranteed. market for land sustained by low prices Law 278/97: Reformed urban and agrarian due to the lack of legal security. Uprising The modification made in article 103 of the property, recognizing the legitimacy of new urbanizations, tourism, commercial and Magna Carta also refers to property rights, property and land tenure granted by the industrial centers, are developed on reformed specifically to the various forms of property Nicaraguan Institute of Agrarian Reform sector lands, without effective control of how that are recognized in the country: public, (INRA). Restriction for 5 years on the sale lands change or the environmental impact it private, cooperative, associative, community, or encumbrance of land reform parcels. The generates15. communal, family and mixed. parcelero can inherit the plot, contribute it to integrate capital of some cooperative, sell it in The right to property is also protected by the certain cases or mortgage it. Titles of Agrarian Protection Law and Title IV of the Criminal Reform extended in the name of the head of Code. Listed below are the main laws and the family shall be understood to be extended articles that influenced the regulation of land also in the name of the spouse or partner in a ownership: union of stable fact Agrarian Reform Law (Decree 782/81): Decree 70/2006: General Framework of fundamental instrument for the Land Policy is the guarantee of immovable democratization of property and fair property rights consigned in the articles 44, distribution of land, guaranteeing property to 99 and 108 of the Political Constitution the beneficiary farmers. Guarantee of land of Nicaragua the unrestricted respect to ownership to those who work it productive the private property, retaking the precept and efficiently. Promotion of the voluntary Constitutional law that prohibits the association of farmers in agrarian cooperatives confiscation of property and the guarantee without discrimination of sex. of land ownership to all owners who work it Decree 826/81: Participation of women in productive and efficiently. agrarian reform programs by recognizing Farmer’s visited field. Farmer interviewed. 24 25 Map 1: GAP Consultores Field study area in Nicaragua. research overview

Map 2: Farms surveyed by GAP Consultores.

The field study involved two different types of work: 1. Interviews with interested parties. 2. Visits to sugar mill fields and sugar cane producers-suppliers. In the first case, face-to-face meetings, teleconferences and / or communications were conducted via e-mail with 18 local stakeholders and 12 national and international organizations, from February to May 2018. The objective of this exchange was to know what information or opinion regarding the and 28 belong to supply producers. The • 16 temporary workers and 26 permanent topics of interest they have, what actions they owners (or managers in charge) and workers workers. have carried out in the past and what initiatives of supply producer fields were surveyed during Also, 34 more workers were interviewed during are being performed by each of the institutions the visits. the visit of the 16 fields that belong to the mill, contacted. These field visits happened during the harvest always surpassing 10% of the present in each To comply with the second modality, the GAP of sugarcane with the objective of observing case. Consultores researchers visited a sugar mill, and interviewing the workers who participate Considering the total of annual sugar cane which belongs to the TCCC supply chain, and in field work (mechanical harvesting, manual that the mill receives from suppliers, producers its entire area of influence in April 2018. cutting, monitoring of pests, spraying of phytosanitary products, irrigation of fields, were surveyed, who declare to produce some During the field visits, the mill’s policies and replanting of cane and fertilization). 306 thousand tons of cane, representing a little actions related to the three topics of interest more than 22%. for this study were verified: child labor, forced According to the methodology of study The following maps detail the study area within labor and land right of its own properties as requirements, 28 sugarcane producers were Nicaragua and specifically the location of the well as those owned by its suppliers. The visited and surveyed by coordinating the visits sites where the field visits took place. visited mill has about 210 sugarcane suppliers along with the mill’s field managers. At least annually, these represent approximately 44% 10% of the workers found in each case were of the total sugarcane production supply interviewed during the visit. A total of 42 processed by the mill. workers present during the visit were surveyed, distributed as follows: 44 sugarcane production fields were visited. Farmer’s visited field. Irrigation system 16 of which are owned or rented by the mill provided by the Mill.

26 27 Review on child and forced labor and land Field Study rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry Findings

General Information constant inspection by the Ministry of Labor department with the collaboration of the in the mills and the following of correction occupational health personnel, controlling that A noteworthy aspect of the Nicaraguan and improvement actions, the situation of the the aforementioned policies are complied with. sugar sector is the joint work carried out workers imporved substancially in all aspects, by the sugar industry through the National as well as awarness among the managers and As part of the globalization process of the Committee of Sugar Producers of Nicaragua workers. company, the mill has eight international (CNPA) that brings together the four sugar certifications that testify to its commitment to mills in the country, in a joint and coordinated These outstanding aspects make the sugar the sustainability criteria of the international work, advancing proactively on aspects of sector of Nicaragua one of the pioneers market. The ISO9001 Quality Management Quality Management and Corporate Social and more powerful in leading the work of System; the Food Safety Management Responsibility (CSR). mitigating the problems of child labor, forced System: HACCP (Hazard Analysis & Critical labor and formalization of the land-use right. Control Points); the Food Safety Management At the same time, these are nucleated System: FSSC22000 (Food Safety System within the Superior Council of the Private The visited mill has specific references in its Certification); and the Management System Enterprise of Nicaragua (Consejo Superior de internal, written and public policy regarding for Food Security of the Jewish Community: la Empresa Privada de Nicaragua - COSEP), the prohibition of hiring minors and protection OK KOSHER; Certification RFS2 EPA where they are integrated with the rest of the against forced labor. These can be seen (Renewable Fuel Standard # 2); the chambers and associations of the industry and displayed in different sectors of the mill and Management System for Sustainability ISCC commerce of the country. were also mentioned clearly by the workers (International System Certification & Carbon); during their interviews. the OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Some of the actions that were carried out Safety Systems Occupational Health and in the last years include the signing of an These policies are strictly communicated, Safety Management System and recently the Agreement of Joint Action in 2015 between implemented and monitored within the mill and certification of BONSUCRO sugar production the COSEP, The Ministry of Labor of its properties, mainly by the human resources and certification of FAIRTRADE USA. Nicaragua and the International Organization and occupational health teams. of Labor for Central America and . The practical implementation of this policy The mill provides extraordinary benefits to all Training activities, constant support of is made at the time of hiring employees, its workers, such as: education and scholarship, promotion of requiring the submission of the identity card hygiene, security and operation practices; Education: infrastructure and quality of the person prior to signing the employment educational level, from kindergarten to added to the oversight actions by the Ministry contract, ensuring that he/she is the of Labor generated changes and improvement secondary school for the worker’s children for appropriate age, before formally incorporating free. in different sectors of the economy. him/her as an employee. Health: Access to the high complexity As part of the Agreement, within the CNPA, The monitoring of the personnel that does this actions were taken and comitted to medical centers, with medical specialists and field work is carried out daily through planners state-of-the-art equipment. Field medical seriously and with shared vision, particularly and supervisors of the human resources regarding hygiene and security. Through Mill’s visited Hospital. Medical health system.

28 29 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

brigades with professionals who monitor the the mill, mechanized harvest represents Child Labor health of workers permanently. approximately 95% of the total harvest these days. Child labor is a cultural and multifactorial Mobility: Free transfer of all personnel from problem, generated by poverty as a common their place of residence to their place of work This data coincides with the information factor and deepened by other factors such as daily gathered in the surveys, since 83% of child marriage, pregnancy and / or teenage the producers declared performing 100% Food: Provision subsidized by 50% of a basic fatherhood, among others and is naturalized in mechanical harvesting while 17% do it in a the idiosyncrasy of society. monthly food basket for the worker and his mixed manner (75% mechanical and 25% family. manual). In the fieldwork, 76 workers were surveyed, most of them were cutters, planters and Regarding their sugarcane suppliers, they Recently, the mill has started adding an did not have formal policies on these issues, irrigators, 100% of which declared to be over addendum in its contracts, where it requires 18 years old. No minors were seen doing other however awareness regarding the subjects them to comply with the legal standards of of study was noticed. The mandatory signing field work during the tours, nor during the child labor and forced labor, both for their transfers to the field. of a contract for the purchase and sale of employees and for their direct contractors and sugarcane between the producers and the those of their service contractors. 40% of them are in an age range between sugar mill over the years may have helped 20 and 30 years old and 92% left school regarding the issues of the Study. The visits made by the mill to the supply during elementary school or in the first years producers are mainly related to the production of high school.33% of the workers have an The suppliers have the option to employ the and harvesting of sugarcane, therefore there mill for the execution of the field tasks. The intermediate age, between 30 and 40 years is no formal and specific mechanism of old, 72% from which did not finish high school high quality of service, the competitive price control over the conditions of the workers and the easy payment, mean that a high and, finally, older workers, with an average of hired or employed by the suppliers. However, 60 years, did not finish high school by 80%. percentage of the work (sowing, reseeding, the breach of the signed contract may trigger pest control) and 100% of the harvest, are the temporary or permanent suspension of the employed to the mill. commercial relationship between the supply These last mentioned aspects mean that producer and the mill. Forced Labor most of the risky tasks are carried out by Suppliers personnel of the mill, ensuring a higher quality of environmental and human health protection. 100% of the suppliers’ workers declared having water available for drinking, either Mechanical harvesting has grown provided by the producer or taken from their considerably in the last ten years. According place of residence. However, neither producer to the information provided by the personnel nor the worker verify it is suitable for drinking. responsible for sugar cane reception at

Mill’s primary School. English lessons.

30 31 Most of the people interviewed declare that for the sale of sugarcane, which obliges day (average of 6.7 hours), mainly in the most hours, limited periods of continuous work, they have not signed any type of contract the supplier to ensure legal compliance in rigorous field work. mandatory interruptions for rest and hydration with the employer, although this is not a all workers involved in the cane production (consumption of drinking water and isotonic compulsory requirement by national legislation. process, whether they are owned, hired 50% of the sugar mill workers recognize the rehydration solutions produced in the On the other hand, many sign a salary receipt or hired by contractors, will promote an existence of at least one union that groups the company’s laboratories). form, which is mandatory for both temporary improvement in cases where there are still workers. and permanent staff. irregularities. To meet this requirement, mobile tents to The collective labor agreement established generate artificial shade and transportable From the 28 sugarcane producers visited, Mill between the mill and its workers through chemical toilets as well as personnel from 78% (22) claims to give the Equipments the intermediation in the negotiation of the fields that distribute drinking water and (Equipos) claims to give the Personal All the mill’s workers have drinking water worker’s unions, denotes a high degree of moisturizing solutions are provided. Thecorrect Protective Equipments (Equipos de Protección provided by the company. In addition, there commitment of the company and benefits execution of this protocol is supervised and Personal) to their workers, especially are tanks in each field as well as in transport for workers superior to the general labor monitored by medical professionals who arrive the protection for spraying work with vehicles, for recharging their personal agreements of other activities or current legal in their mobile clinics at the work field and agrochemicals. Coincidentally, 80% of workers containers. Transportation from residence requirements (for example: subsidized food control the workers. say they use EPP in field work. place to work field is free. basket, social coverage for the whole family, education for their children, etc). Of a total of 26 permanent workers hired by 100% of the workers hired by the sugar mill providers, only two (less than 8%) claims not declared having signed a contract for the Moreover, in February 2016, the company Land rights to receive the corresponding extra payment provision of services in which the rights and decided to eliminate the contractor figure, Property rights in Nicaragua are a historical for doing extra hours. Five (less than 20%) obligations of each of the parties are detailed. which oversaw hiring temporary workers under problem caused by the alternation of claim not having a day off. Also, 10 workers Although this is not a mandatory requirement its responsibility, from its work scheme. This democratic and de facto governments, (more than 38%) claims not taking their of national legislation, it is favorable evidence decision made by the board meant completely generating legal uncertainty about private corresponding holidays. Only 5 of the 42 of transparent labor agreement between the overtaking control of the hiring and so, property. Periods of expropriations, (12%) workers interviewed on the supply parties. decreasing the risk of breaches in the working confiscations, seizure of lands and irregular fields claim knowing the existence of at least conditions of the employees. In addition, when they receive their salary, they assignments generated important conflicts one union that ties workers together. receive a written ticket with the details of their Another important modification was over a prolonged period. Some producers and workers surveyed work and the amount received. All workers transferring control of the manual harvest and In the last 10 years, the greater political mentioned that contractors usually present declare that they receive the necessary PPE advance harvest groups to be managed by stability of the country and numerous works some drawbacks of legal breach, which is why according to their position and are obliged to human resources, promoting the prioritization carried out by governmental entities and it is currently a figure with low incidence in the use them. of working conditions of the employees. international organizations promoted the provision of temporary work services among All permanent workers declare to receive the The mill makes all field workers who are formalization of private property and especially suppliers. corresponding overtime, as well as celebrate exposed to thermal heat stress conditions of land tenure. According to the information Researchers consider that the recent their corresponding annual paid vacation. follow the Hydration, Shade and Rest provided by the interested parties interviewed, incorporation of the addendum to the contract protocol for prevention and protection of there are currently no conflicts over the land The duration of the working day is 7.5 hours their health. It consists of shortened working on average, 85% being less than 8 hours a right in the study area. 32 33 Review on child and forced labor and land Conclusions rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

As for land right policies, the mill does not were no complaints or suspicions currently in Nicaragua is an emerging country with high Recommended practices to reduce the have written policies regarding the established existence. poverty rates, especially in rural areas and in incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease are requirements and the necessary conditions the Central and Caribbean areas. During the carried out in all tasks of greatest risk: having for an adequate acquisition, but it counts Of the producers interviewed, 97% declared last 40 years it suffered a series of changes reduced the duration of the working day, with a defined revision process of each land either having their property titled properly or in government with different rules creating an setting mandatory breaks in the shade, having to be purchased (or rented) to avoid conflict. a current rental contract and 100% of the unstable context of low legal security. quality water at the operator’s mill, measuring The mill owns 14,943 hectares on its own surveyed workers declared no knowledge of dehydration and controlling the workers’ Despite this, the sugar industry has managed agricultural properties and another 2,134 conflicts in land right in the study area. health, providing personal protection elements, to promote a favorable evolution in joint action hectares leased to third parties. etc. Finally, in the registry office of the with the government and other organizations However, managers of the Sugar Mill corresponding town hall, it was indicated in the last decade, according to all aspects of Also, the advance of mechanical harvest, mentioned that the acquisition of the farms that there have been no complaints in the the study of this report. The strong influence which today embodies more than 95% of happened always in a legal and fair manner, acquisition of land by the mill, nor any conflicts of international trade through the requirements the sugarcane surface, reduced the number not registering a demand from their former over land right in the area were common. of the buyers, the financing entities and the of workers performing manual tasks that owners in its 120 years of history, since control agencies favored the cultural change represent the highest risk of contraction of the prior to defining a transaction, a field-expert that was needed. This effort involved a great disease. attorney who is a member of the Comission investment in human and economic resources Finally, despite a long history of changes in ensure that there are no conflicts or claims on in a continuous and forceful manner, with the land tenure policies, including two agrarian the property. Likewise, the entire agricultural aim of transforming their own structures, and reforms and one counter-reform, there are area under lease has the corresponding then also doing so in the supply bases that currently no conflicts over the land right in the written lease agreements between the parties also provide them. study area. involved. Researchers consider that although child labor The supply producers of the mill do not is not eradicated in the country, has hardly or if possess any formal politics regarding land any presence in the sugar sector. right, but the mill requires the submission of Additionally, there were advances regarding corresponding documentation of the land the occupational health care of field workers (deed or rent contract) when signing the and the enforcement of their rights, a favorable sugarcane purchase deed, as ‘sine qua non’ situation especially among the workers of the condition. sugar mill. These improvements are being In all the surveys carried out with producers, carried out throughout the sugar sector in a workers and interested parties, land rights and coordinated manner thanks to the cooperation the existence of conflicts within land use in between the four mills present in the country, the studied area was questioned (see Annex through described actions of CNPA and II GAP Consultores Interview Material). There COSEP.

34 35 Review on child and forced labor and land Annex I rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

Definitions and attitudes and experience, and helps to prepare labor depends on the child’s age, the types of them to be useful and productive members of work performed, the conditions under which Abbreviations / Glossary society during their adult life. it is performed and the objectives pursued by BONSUCRO individual countries. The answer varies from In no way can such activities be equated country to country, as well as among sectors Bonsucro’s vision is a sugarcane sector with child labor. Child labor refers to work within countries. with thriving, sustainable producer that is mentally, physically, socially or morally communities and resilient, assured supply dangerous and harmful to children; and Worst Forms of Child Labor chains. Bonsucro’s mission is to ensure that interferes with their schooling: Convention: 1999 (No. 182) - [ratifications] responsible sugarcane production creates • by depriving them of the opportunity to lasting value for the people, communities, attend school; This fundamental convention defines as businesses, economies and eco-systems in a “child” a person under 18 years of age. all cane-growing origins. Bonsucro’s strategy • by obliging them to leave school It requires ratifying states to eliminate builds a platform to accelerate change for the prematurely; or the worst forms of child labor, including largest agricultural commodity in the world – all forms of slavery or practices similar to sugarcane. • by requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of and heavy work. children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labor, including forced Child Labor: 1981 (No. 138) - In its most extreme forms, it involves children or compulsory recruitment of children for [ratifications] being enslaved, separated from their families, use in armed conflict; child prostitution and exposed to serious hazards and illnesses and/ pornography; using children for illicit activities, According to ILO, it is first necessary to clarify or left to fend for themselves on the streets what is not meant by the term child labor. in particular for the production and trafficking of large cities - all of this often at a very early of drugs; and work which is likely to harm Children’s or teenagers’ participation in work age. that does not affect their health and personal the health, safety or morals of children. The convention requires ratifying states to development or interfere with their schooling Therefore, Child labor is work that deprives provide the necessary and appropriate direct is generally regarded as being something children of their childhood, their potential and assistance for the removal of children from positive. This includes activities such as their dignity, and that is harmful to physical the worst forms of child labor and for their helping their parents care for the home and and mental development. But it is difficult to rehabilitation and social integration. It also the family, assisting in a family business or give a precise dictionary definition of the term requires states to ensure access to free earning pocket money outside school hours “child labor” applicable to all situations and all basic education and, wherever possible and and during school holidays. It contributes to countries. How can a line be drawn between appropriate, vocational training for children children’s development and to the welfare “acceptable” forms of work by children on removed from the worst forms of child labor. of their families; it provides them with skills, the one hand and child labor on the other? If particular forms of work can be called child

36 37 Farmer’s visited field. Temporary workers for irrigation.

Forced Labor: 1934 (No. 29) - ILO – International Labor Organization Land rights PAHO [ratifications] The only tripartite U.N. (United Nations) It refers to the tenure of the land. IFC Is the specialized international health agency According to ILO Forced labor refers to agency, since 1919 the ILO (International (International Finance Corporation) for the Americas. It works with countries situations in which persons are coerced Labor Organization) brings together Performance Standard 5 recognizes throughout the region to improve and to work through the use of violence or governments, employers and workers that project-related land acquisition and protect people’s health. PAHO engages intimidation, or by more subtle means such as representatives of 187 member States , to restrictions on land use can have adverse in technical cooperation with its member accumulated debt, retention of identity papers set labor standards, develop policies and impacts on communities and persons that countries to fight communicable and non- or threats of denunciation to immigration devise programs promoting decent work for all use this land. Involuntary resettlement refers communicable diseases and their causes, to authorities. women and men. It was founded in the wake both to physical displacement (relocation or strengthen health systems, and to respond of a destructive war, to pursue a vision based loss of shelter) and to economic displacement to emergencies and disasters. PAHO is Forced labor, contemporary forms of slavery, on the premise that universal, lasting peace (loss of assets or access to assets that leads committed to ensuring that all people have debt bondage and human trafficking are can be established only if it is based on social to loss of income sources or other means of access to the health care they need, when closely related terms though not identical in justice. The ILO became the first specialized livelihood) because of project-related land they need it, with quality and without fear of a legal sense. Most situations of slavery or agency of the UN in 1946. acquisition and/or restrictions on land use. falling into poverty. Through its work, PAHO human trafficking are however covered by Resettlement is considered involuntary when promotes and supports the right of everyone ILO’s definition of forced labor. affected persons or communities do not to good health. have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on land use that result in physical IFC- International Finance Corporation or economic displacement. La Isla IFC is a member of the World Bank Group. It La Isla Network is dedicated to ending is the largest global development institution the epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease focused exclusively on the private sector in of undetermined causes (CKDu) through developing countries. a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. Established in 1956, IFC is owned by 184 They are improving working conditions, member countries, a group that collectively standardizing research protocols, supporting determines its policies. Through a Board responsible transitions to modernized of Governors and a Board of Directors, its industrial practices, and providing data-driven member countries guide IFC’s programs policy recommendations to address the CKDu and activities. Its mission is to fight poverty crisis.40. with passion and professionalism, for lasting results. IFC helps to improve the lives of more poor people in the developing world.

38 39 Review on child and forced labor and land rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry

Solidaridad UNDP – United Nations Development UNICEF – United Nations International USDOL – United States Department of Program Children’s Emergency Fund Labor It is an international network organization with offices across the globe. The network consists UNDP works in nearly 170 countries and UNICEF is a leading humanitarian and The United States Department of Labor of nine regional expertise centers located in territories, helping to achieve the eradication development agency working globally for the mission is to foster, promote, and develop South and South-East Asia, South America, of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities rights of every child. Child rights begin with the welfare of the wage earners, job seekers, Southern Africa, East and Central Africa, West and exclusion. It helps countries to develop safe shelter, nutrition, protection from disaster and retirees of the United States; improve Africa, China, Central America, North America, policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, and conflict and traverse the life cycle: pre- working conditions; advance opportunities and the Netherlands — each with their own institutional capabilities and build resilience in natal care for healthy births, clean water and for profitable employment; and assure work- specific expertise and focus. order to sustain development results. sanitation, health care and education. related benefits and rights. UNDP focuses on helping countries build and UNICEF has spent nearly 70 years working share solutions in three main areas: to improve the lives of children and their TCCC – The Coca-Cola Company families. Working with and for children through Water. Rest. Shade (WRS) • Sustainable development It is the world’s largest beverage company, adolescence and into adulthood requires a Is a protocol developed by the U.S. refreshing consumers with more than 500 • Democratic governance and global presence whose goal is to produce Occupational Safety and Health sparkling and still brands and more than 3,800 peacebuilding results and monitor their effects. UNICEF also Administration to protect agricultural workers beverage choices. lobbies and partners with leaders, thinkers and against the risks of heat stress. The WE • Climate and disaster resilience. policy makers to help all children realize their Program applies WRS data to the working rights—especially the most disadvantaged. conditions of industries affected by CKDu, beginning with sugarcane in Central America, in order to generate recommendations for a USAID - United States Agency for healthy and safe working environment. International Development It is the lead U.S. Government agency that works to end extreme global poverty and enable resilient, democratic societies to realize their potential.

40 41 Annex II: Encuesta 2018 a trabajadores rurales (Nicaragua) Gap Consultores interview material

42 43 Encuesta 2018 a PRODUCTORES rurales (Nicaragua)

44 45 ENCUESTA 2018 a INGENIO (NICARAGUA)

46 47 Review on child and forced labor and land Annex III: rights in Nicargua’s sugar industry Stakeholders national and international list

Stakeholders List - Nicaragua

Category Organization name Office location Type of communication Category Organization name Office location Type of communication

Asociación Española de Cooperacion Government Alcaldia de Chichigalpa Chichigalpa Physical meeting NGO España E-mail Internacional para el Desarrollo Government Ministerio de Educación Nicaragua (MINED) Chinandega E-mail NGO Bonsucro América Latina Buenos Aires Physical meeting Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio Government Physical meeting (MIFIC) NGO La Isla Network USA Skype call

Government Ministerio de Trabajo Nicaragua (MITRAB) Managua Physical meeting NGO LANDESA (Rural development Institute) USA Skype call

Journalist No name was given Managua Physical meeting NGO OXFAM America USA Skype call

Asociacion de Personas Afectadas por ERC NGO Chichigalpa Physical meeting NGO Save the Children Managua Physical meeting (ASOCHIVIDA) NGO Solidaridad Internacional Buenos Aires Physical meeting NGO Centro Humboldt Managua E-mail NGO World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Guatemala E-mail Federación Coordinadora Nicaragüense NGO Managua Physical meeting (CODENI) Private Sector International Finance Corporation (IFC) Managua E-mail

NGO Fundacion Chinandega 2001 Chinandega Physical meeting Private Sector SCS Global Services USA E-mail

Comité Nacional de Productores de Azúcar / I nt e rnational N ational Private Sector Managua Physical meeting Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la (CNPA) UN agency Managua E-mail

LOCAL Infancia (UNICEF) Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada Private Sector Managua Physical meeting UN agency International Labor Organization (ILO) Costa Rica E-mail (COSEP)

Private Sector Ingenio San Antonio (ISA-NSEL) Chichigalpa Physical meeting

Asociación de Productores Privados de Union Chinandega Physical meeting Caña de Azúcar de Occidente (APRICO) Confederación Trabajadores Agroindustria Union Managua Physical meeting Azucarera y Derivados (CONFETRAYD)

Union Sindicato ISA - Sindicato Faustino Martinez Nicaragua Physical meeting

Union Sindicato ISA - Sindicato Ronald Altamirano Nicaragua Physical meeting

Union Sindicato ISA - Trabajadores Democráticos Nicaragua Physical meeting

Union de Productores Agropecuarios Union Chichigalpa Physical meeting Nicaragua (UPANIC)

48 49 Annex IV: Annex V: Selection table of visited Revision history sugarcane growers

Version N° 1 N° supply N° visited Range farmers Volume % Sample % farmers Objective Surveys May 2018. Completion of final report. < 0.5% 182 19,48% minimum 20 24 23 Following round of internal and external review. 0.5 - 1% 21 13,81% 5% 2 3 5

1 - 5% 7 10,30% 10% 1 2 2 Version N°2 5 - 10% 0 25% 0 0 0 June 2018. Final report with internal review > 25% 1 56,42% 100% 1 1 1 comments verified.

Version N° 3 July 2018. Final report with additional comments.

Mill’s visited field. Water, Shade, Rest (WSR) System during manual seed harvest. 50 51 Review on child and forced labor and land References rightsrights in inNicargua’s Bolivia’s sugar industry

• Alcaldía Municipal de Villanueva. • CAO. Nicaragua / Nicaragua Sugar Estates • Grupo de Trabajo de los Viceministros • OIT. 2001. Listas de ratificaciones por 2010. Política Municipal de Atención Integral Limited-01/León and Chinandega. http:// de Comercio y de Trabajo de los países convenio y por país. Informe III (Parte 2) a la Niñez y la Adolescencia de Villanueva, www.cao-ombudsman.org/cases/case_detail. de Centroamérica y de la República Departamento de Chinandega. aspx?id=82 Dominicana. 2005. La Dimensión Laboral • OIT. 2011. Informe de Verificación de la en Centroamérica y la República Dominicana. Implementación de las Recomendaciones del • Asamblea Nacional Constituyente. • CENAGRO. 2012. Informe Final IV Censo Libro Blanco. 2014. Constitución Política de Nicaragua. Nacional Agropecuario. • IFC. Nicaragua Sugar Estates Limited. https://disclosures.ifc.org/#/projectDetail/ • OIT. 2017. Nicaragua - Encuesta Continua • Asamblea Nacional Nicaragua. • CNPA. 2018. Manual de Buenas Prácticas ESRS/25331 de Hogares, Cuarto Trimestre. Dirección de Relaciones Internacionales para la producción de azúcar. Parlamentarias. 2013. Análisis Convenio • IRAM. 2000. Estudios sobre la Tenencia de • OIT. http://www.ilo.org/Search5/search. sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil y la • CODENI. Observatorio sobre los derechos la Tierra, Parte I - Marco Legal Institucional. acción inmediata para su eliminación. humanos de la niñez y la adolescencia nicaragüense. Día Mundial Contra el Trabajo • La propiedad de Nicaragua. • Banco Mundial: Nicaragua, panorama Infantil. general. http://www.bancomundial.org/es/ http://www.monografias.com/trabajos5/ country/nicaragua/overview#3 • Consejo de Ministros y Ministras de nicaragua/nicaragua2.shtml#ixzz5EBOslXiZ Trabajo de Centroamérica y República • CAO. 2008. Informe de Evaluación Dominicana. 2017. Plan de Acción Regional • La isla network, Reports & para las partes interesadas. Referente a 2016-2017. Newsletters: https://laislanetwork.org/ preocupaciones de la comunidad y de la media/publications/ • FAO-INEC. Análisis de la tenencia de sociedad civil relativas a actividades de • Ley 797. 1963. Reforma Agraria. Nicaragua Sugar Estates Limited (NSEL), la Tierra en Nicaragua a partir del Censo Nicaragua. Agropecuario 2001. • Ley 185. 1996. Código del Trabajo. • CAO. 2009. Informe Final de Estudio de • FAO. Base de Datos Género y Derecho a la • Ley 287. 1998. Código de la Niñez. Alcance Epidemiología de Enfermedad Renal Tierra. http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights- • Ley 474. 2003. Código del Trabajo. Crónica en Nicaragua. Informe Independiente database/country-profiles/listcountries/ nationallegalframework/es/?country_ Preparado por la Escuela de Salud Pública de • Mitrab. 2007. Acuerdo de Acción Conjunta: iso3=NIC la Universidad de Boston. Agricultura Libre de Trabajo Infantil. • Funides. • CAO. 2015. Informe de Conclusión de la 2011. Mercado de Tierras y • Montelimar, Comunicación sobre el Seguridad en su tenencia. Función de Resolución de Disputas de la progreso 2017. http://www.montelimar.com. CAO- Nicaragua Sugar Estates Limited-01. ni/images/pdf/CoP2017.pdf

52 53