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Seal of Virginia WILLIAM MARY COLLEGE Quarterly Jistorial pap rs. VOL.III. OCTOBER, 1894. No. 2. THE SEAL OF VIRGINIA. BY THE EDITOR. As the changes in the seal of Virginia have never been fully traced, the following paper should be of interest: Under the double-headed charter of April 6, 1606, granted by King James to Sir Thomas Gates and others, two colonies were provided for-the first to be begun at any place on the North American coast between 34 and 41 degrees north latitude, and to be called the "First Colony;" and the second to be begun at any place on the same coast between 38 and 45 degrees, and to be called the "Second Colony." There was to be one supreme council in England for both, consisting of thirteen persons, to be called "Our Council of Virginia," and to have a seal with the inscription about one side Sigillurn Regis fltgncp, Britanni(e, Franciae and IIiberniam, enclosing the king's portraiture; and about the other side the words Pro C(oncilio Suo Virginia%, enclosing the king's arms. Cuts of this seal may be seen in Neill's Virginia Vetusta, Brown's Genesis of the United States, Vol. I., p. 57, and Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. IV., p. 140. In addition to the Supreme Council in England, each colony was to have a local council, with seals exactly similar to the seal of the Supreme Council, except that the legend "Pro concilio suo T7ir- giniae," was substituted, in the case of the first colony (at James- town), by the words "Pro Concilio Primae Coloniai3 Virginicc3," and in the case of the second, by the words " Pro Concilio Secundae (Coloniie Virginiam." The seal of the local council was the seal of the colony, as the council had the power to govern and order all matters, subject to the Supreme Council or the King. It appears that, despite the abolition of the charter in 1624, the seal This content downloaded from 128.239.109.85 on Tue, 25 Mar 2014 09:20:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 82 WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE QUARTERLY. of the old council still continued to be the emblem of State in the colony till the surrender of Virginia, in 1652, to the commissioners of the Parliament. Several instances of the use of this venerable device have passed under my notice. The oldest instances occur in the case of two original patents in my possession, badly muti- lated, granted by Sir John Harvey, Governor from 1629 to 1635, and from 1636 to 1639. One is a grant to Thomas Hawkins, " son of Thomas Hawkins, of Virginia, deceased," dated August 14, 1639, and bearing an assignment to Henry Heyward, witnessed by Samuel Snignell and Richard Nickson. The other is a grant, date torn off, to James Miller, of one hundred acres, '"upoii the great Otter dams, at the head of the New Poquoson, in York county, fifty acres due for his own personal adventure, and fifty acres for the adventure of his wife, Mary." On the back of the patent is an assignment of Robert Newman (mark) to Christopher Stoakes, dated January 1, 1640, witnessed by Humphrey Hanmer and John Watson (his mark); an assignment of Thomas Goddard (mark) to Christopher Stoakes, witnessed by Edward Mihill, and dated De- cember 14, 1640; and an assignment, dated October 3, 1642, by Edward Mihill to John Howard. (The early spelling of Howard was Heyward, Hayward, Haward.) The writing of the patents is very fine, but of wonderful art and beauty. The papers, which are double sheets, have red wax be- tween the leaves in the right hand corner, and on the outside of each sheet appear, respectively, the obverse and reverse impres- sions of the seal as described in the charter. It is oval, and in size about two and a half inches by two inches. The example seen by Mr. R. A. Brock in the collections of the Virginia Historical So- ciety, dated March 4, 1638, is undoubtedly the same impression, the slightly differing legend being accounted for by the wearing away of several letters.' I have seen in the same place a patent granted by Sir William Berkeley to Richard Kempe for 4,332 acres in James City county, called "Richneck," dated April 7, 1643, which certainly bears the same seal. In each of these in- stances the initial letters flanking the crown on the obverse are those of King James, "I." "IR." The cut here presented was made at my suggestion by Bailey, Banks & Biddle, of Philadel- phia, to whom I furnished a short account of the Virginia seal, and it is the first representation of the first seal of Virginia. I See Mr. R. A. Brock's instructive note on the seal of Virginia, Virginia Historical Collections, Vol. VII., Part I., p. 152. This content downloaded from 128.239.109.85 on Tue, 25 Mar 2014 09:20:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 83 SEAL OF VIRGINIA 1606-1652 (OBVERSE AND REVERSE.) The kin-g's arms, which appear on the seal, are the arms com- mon to the Stuart kings: Quarterly 1st and 4th, France and England, quarterly (three fleurs-de-lis for France, and three lions passant, guardant for England): 2d, or, a lion rampant, within a double tressure flory counterflory gu, for Scotland; 3rd, az. a harp, or, stringed, az., for Ireland. The arms of France first appeared on the royal shield in the time of Edward III., who assumed the title of king of France in supposed right of his mother, Isabel, daughter of Philip IV., who became that monarch's sole heiress, his three sons having died issueless.' After the surrender of Virginia to the Parliament, 12th March, 1651-'52, the old seal, with its royal devices, was abandoned. Hitherto the patents for land were said by the governor to be " given under my hand and the seal of the colony," but under the Commonwealth the concluding words were "given under my hand," and the instrument was also attested by the Secretary of State, Col. William Clayborne or Thomas Ludwell. In March, 1655, the Grand Assembly, consisting of the Governor, Council and Bur- gesses, pardoned 2 CCLeift.-Coll. Thos. Swann, accused and im- peached for the death of his servant, one Elizabeth Buck," the or- dinary course by petition to the chancellor being impossible, as "this collony is not as yet settled with such officers as belong to passing such pardon, and noe publick seale being in the countrey." The record of two patents in York county granted after the re- storation of Charles II., the one dated 16th October, 1660, and the other 26th March, 1660-'61, shows that the custom of the Common- I See Burke's General Armory for an account of royal armory. H ening Stats i., 406. This content downloaded from 128.239.109.85 on Tue, 25 Mar 2014 09:20:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 84 WILLIAMAND MARY COLLEGE QUARTERLY. wealth was kept up for some time after it had succumbed. How- ever, it was only until time could be had for devising a new em- blem.' There is a patent among the Ludwell MSS. in the Virginia Historical Society, dated 27th October, 1663, to which is attached a white wafer on which can be detected the impression of a shield surrounded in part by the words "Honi soit qui mal y pense," the whole surmounted by a crown, flanked by the letters " C." " R." All else is obliterated. Another patent by Sir William Berkeley for 345 acres to Thomas Bushrod in Westmoreland county., dated July 2, 1669, and hanging framed in the State Library, displays the Stuart arms and the words in the exergon En dat Virginia Quintum. I have personally two fine specimens of this seal, the one on a white wafer attached to a patent given by Gov. Herbert Jeffreys to Mr. Henrv Heyward for 216 acres in the New Poquoson Parish, York county, on the southside of Cheesman's mill, dated 28th September, 1678; and the other authenticating a grant by Lord Effingham to Dr. John Toton for 100 acres in York county, dated February 1, 1686. Mrs. Charles M. Wallace, of Richmond, Va., has an old land grant, dated 1674, which has a perfect specimen of this seal. An- other example of this year, though somewhat mutilated, is in the collections of the Historical Society; and Dr. William P. Palmer has described 2 one in the State archives attached to a document dated September 1, 1686.3 William Lee says4 that his an- cestor, Richard Lee, visited Charles ,4F>/. >@g9@ II. at Breda to know if he would 7/>>/ G{R.\g~sW undertake to protect the colony if } b /&i\they t returned to their allegiance M - [ t@/X4$10tohim, but finding no support {sol+ t could be obtained, he returned to Virginia, and remained quiet until the death of Cromwell, when he, Vh\ \> /with the assistance of Sir William Berkeley, contrived to get Charles II. proclaimed there King of Eng- SEAL OF VIRGINIA AFTER Tap RzSTORA- land, Scotland, France, Ireland, TION OF CHARLES II. and Virginia two years before he ' A patent issued by Francis Moryson, who officiated as governor in the ab- sence of Berkeley, reads, " given under my hand and seal of the colony." It is dated 13th January, 1661-'62. 1 Calendar of State Papers, vol. I., xxv. 3 These impressions are, as stated, on wafers in the right hand corner of the first page of the documents.
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